Pricing - Knowledge (XXG)

1448:. According to Vigneron and Johnson's figure on "Prestige-Seeking Consumer Behaviours", Consumers can be categorized into four groups. These groups being; Hedonist & Perfectionist, snob, bandwagon and veblenian. These categories rank from level of self-consciousness, to importance of price as an indicator of prestige. The Veblen Effect explains how this group of consumers makes purchase decisions based on conspicuous value, as they tend to purchase publicly consumed luxury products. This shows they are likely to make the purchase to show power, status and wealth. Consumers that fall under the "Snob Effect" can be described as individuals that search for perceived unique value, and will purchase exclusive products in order to be the first or very few who has it. They will also avoid purchasing products consumed by a general mass of people, as it is perceived that items in limited supply hold a higher value than items that do not. (Vigneron & Johnson, 1999). The bandwagon effect explains that consumers that fit into this category make purchasing decisions to fit into a social group, and gain a perceived social value out of purchasing popular products within said social group at premium prices. Research shows that people will often conform to what the majority of the group they are a member of thinks when it comes to the attitude of a product. Paying a premium price for a product can act as a way of gaining acceptance, due to the pressure placed on them by their peers. The Hedonic effect can be described as a certain group of people whose purchasing decisions are not affected by the status and exclusivity gained by purchasing a product at a premium, nor susceptible to the fear of being left out and peer pressure. Consumers who fit into this category base their purchasing decisions on a perceived emotional value, and gain intangible benefits such as sensory pleasure, aesthetic beauty and excitement. Consumers of this type have a higher interest on their own wellbeing. (Vigneron & Johnson, 1999). The last category on Vigneron and Johnson's figure of "Prestige-Seeking Consumer Behaviours" is the perfectionism effect. Prestige brands are expected to show high quality, and it is this reassurance of the highest quality that can actually enhance the value of the product. According to this effect, those that fit into this group value the prestige's brands to have a superior quality and higher performance than other similar brands. Research has indicated that consumer's perceive quality of a product to be relational to its price. Consumers often believe a high price of a product indicates a higher level of quality. 1188:(2015) figure on "signal preference and taxonomy based on wealth and need for status" two social groups known as "Parvenus" and "Poseurs" are individuals generally more self-conscious, and base purchases on a need to reach a higher status or gain a social prestige value. Further market research shows the role of possessions in consumer's lives and how people make assumptions about others solely based on their possessions. People associate high priced items with success. (Han et al., 2010). Marketers understand this concept, and price items at a premium to create the illusion of exclusivity and high quality. Consumers are likely to purchase a product at a higher price than a similar product as they crave the status, and feeling of superiority as being part of a minority that can in fact afford the said product. (Han et al., 2010). 1184:

consumers have a larger source of disposable income, they now have the power to purchase products that meet their aspirational needs. This phenomenon enables premium pricing opportunities for marketers in luxury markets. Luxurification in society can be seen when middle class members of society, are willing to pay premium prices for a service or product of the highest quality when compared with similar goods. Examples of this can be seen with items such as clothing and electronics. Charging a premium price for a product also makes it more inaccessible and helps it gain an exclusive appeal. Luxury brands such as Louis Vuitton and Gucci are more than just clothing and become more of a status symbol. (Yeoman, 2011).

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time, depending on a range of internal considerations (e.g. such as the need to clear surplus inventory) or external factors (e.g. a response to competitive pricing tactics). Accordingly, a number of different pricing tactics may be employed in the course of a single planning period or across a single year. Typically line managers are given the latitude necessary to vary individual prices providing that they operate within the broad strategic approach. For example, some premium brands never offer discounts because the use of low prices may tarnish the brand image. Instead of discounting, premium brands are more likely to offer customer value through price-bundling or giveaways.

922:. Loss leading is widely used in supermarkets and budget-priced retail outlets where the store as a means of generating store traffic. The low price is widely promoted and the store is prepared to take a small loss on an individual item, with an expectation that it will recoup that loss when customers purchase other higher priced-higher margin items. In service industries, loss leading may refer to the practice of charging a reduced price on the first order as an inducement and with anticipation of charging higher prices on subsequent orders. Loss leading is often found in retail, where the loss leader is used to drive store traffic and generate sales of complementary items. 1346: 605:. The strategy is designed to provide broad guidance for price-setters and ensures that the pricing strategy is consistent with other elements of the marketing plan. While the actual price of goods or services may vary in response to different conditions, the broad approach to pricing (i.e., the pricing strategy) remains a constant for the planning outlook period which is typically 3–5 years, but in some industries may be a longer period of 7–10 years. The pricing strategy established the overall, long-term goals of the pricing function, without specifying an actual price-point. 1192:

seafood ecolabel reward those who practice sustainable fishing. Pressure from environmental groups have caused the implementation of Associations such as these, rather than consumers demanding it. The value consumer's gain from purchasing environmentally conscious products may create a premium price over non eco-labelled products. This means that producers have some sort of incentive for supplying goods worthy of eco-labelling standard. Usually more costs are incurred when practicing sustainable business, and charging at a premium is a way businesses can recover extra costs.

934:) is the service industry's equivalent of loss leading. A service may price one component of the offer at a very low price with an expectation that it can recoup any losses by cross-selling additional services. For example, a carpet steam cleaning service may charge a very low basic price for the first three rooms, but charges higher prices for additional rooms, furniture and curtain cleaning. The operator may also try to cross-sell the client on additional services such as spot-cleaning products, or stain-resistant treatments for fabrics and carpets. 1501:: Organizations that offer items or administrations that are exceptionally simple to imitate at equivalent costs by contenders regularly have low exchanging costs. For example, clothing company have restricted exchanging costs among customers, who can discover garments bargains effectively and can rapidly think about costs by strolling starting with one store then onto the next. The ascent of Internet retailers and quick transportation has made it significantly simpler for customers to search for attire at their homes over numerous online stages. 1326: 1127: 798: 1495:: Organizations that produce that have scarcely any substitutes and require huge exertion to ace their utilization appreciate huge exchanging costs. Some firms has additionally fused membership deals, which add greater consistency to its plan of action and further secure their clients. Similarly as with numerous innovation organizations, vulnerability remains in regards to its new item improvement cycle and reception of new items. 1051: 3986: 1302:, Uber implemented surge pricing, resulting in fares of up to four times normal charges; while it defended the surge pricing at first, it later apologized and refunded the surcharges. Uber CEO Travis Kalanick has responded to criticism by saying: "...because this is so new, it's going to take some time for folks to accept it. There's 70 years of conditioning around the fixed price of taxis." 734: 3975: 1650: 1403: 780:, occurs where different prices are charged to different customers or market-segments, and may be dependent on the service provider's assessment of the customer's willingness or ability to pay. There are various forms of price difference including: the type of customer, the geographic area served, the quantity ordered, delivery time, payment terms, etc. 1309:. For example, rather than seeing the increased cost of an Uber ride on a holiday as a way of encouraging more drivers to work that day instead of celebrating the holiday themselves, through the mechanism of paying the drivers more to work during peak hours, or as a way of encouraging would-be buyers to reduce demand by using alternatives like 1161:(also called prestige pricing) is the strategy of consistently pricing at, or near, the high end of the possible price range to help attract status-conscious consumers. The high pricing of a premium product is used to enhance and reinforce a product's luxury image. Examples of companies that partake in premium pricing in the marketplace include 453: 716:. The marketing literature identifies literally hundreds of pricing tactics. It is difficult to do justice to the variety of tactics in widespread use. Rao and Kartono carried out a cross-cultural study to identify the pricing strategies and tactics that are most widely used. The following listing is largely based on their work. 824: 806:

powerful as they purchase in mass. It is normally difficult to rival these retailers dependent on a rebate estimating technique. This type of pricing strategy is a predominant showcasing procedure to draw in shoppers by providing an additional worth or motivator, which urges customers to buy the advanced items right away.

1533:: The price proportion cost refers to the percent of the total cost of the end benefit accounted for by a given component that helps to produce the end benefit (e.g., think CPU and PCs). The smaller the given components share of the total cost of the end benefit, the less sensitive buyers will be to the component's price. 1118:

is a quasi- membership type relationship, credit cards where an annual fee is charged and theme parks where an entrance fee is charged for admission while the customer pays for rides and extras. One part of the price represents a membership fee or joining fee, while the second part represents the usage component.

1169:. As well as brand, product attributes such as eco-labelling and provenance (e.g. 'certified organic' and 'product of Australia') may add value for consumers and attract premium pricing. A component of such premiums may reflect the increased cost of production. People will buy a premium priced product because: 1336:

is the pricing of a product or service using multiple numbers. In this practice, price no longer consists of a single monetary amount (e.g., sticker price of a car), but rather consists of various dimensions (e.g., monthly payments, number of payments, and a downpayment). Research has shown that this

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is an approach that can be considered at the time of market entry. In this approach, the price of a product is initially set low in an effort to penetrate the market quickly. Low prices and low margins also act as a deterrent, preventing potential rivals from entering the market since they would have

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are relatively high such as in home loans and financial investments. It is also common in categories where a subscription model is used, especially if this is coupled with automatic regular payments, such as in newspaper and magazine subscriptions, cable TV, broadband and cell phone subscriptions and

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is a pricing tactic in which multiple products or services are offered together as a package, at a discounted price. Bundle pricing can take various forms. It is important for businesses to carefully consider the products or services included in a bundle, as well as the price point of the bundle, to

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Promotional pricing is a temporary measure that involves setting prices at levels lower than normally charged for a good or service. Promotional pricing is sometimes a reaction to unforeseen circumstances, as when a downturn in demand leaves a company with excess stocks; or when competitive activity

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refers to the process of pricing a product at or near a rival's price in order to remain competitive. Markets can be sectioned empowering the firm to segregate between the fare and homegrown market it is indicated that the defectively serious firm can differentially cost. Besides, as the quantity of

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Guaranteed pricing is a variant of contingency pricing. It refers to the practice of including an undertaking or promise that certain results or outcomes will be achieved. For instance, some business consultants undertake to improve productivity or profitability by 10%. In the event that the result

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Exit fees are fees charged to customers who depart from the service process prior to natural completion or the end of a contract. The objective of an exit fee is to deter premature exit. Exit fees are often found in financial services, telecommunications services and aged care facilities. Regulatory

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comprises consumers' perceptions of value. High prices are often taken as a sign of quality, especially when the product or service lacks search qualities that can be inspected prior to purchase. Understanding consumers’ perceptions of the price/quality relationship is most important in the case of

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Competitive pricing is a pricing tactic used by companies to set prices for their products or services based on the prices charged by their competitors. This pricing strategy involves closely monitoring the prices charged by competitors, and adjusting prices accordingly to remain competitive in the

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is a variant of captive-market pricing used in service industries. Two-part pricing breaks the actual price into two parts; a fixed service fee plus a variable consumption rate. Two-part pricing tactics are widely used by utility companies such as electricity, gas and water and services where there

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High-low pricing refers to the practice of offering goods at a high price for a period of time, followed by offering the same goods at a low price for a predetermined time. This practice is widely used by chain stores selling homewares. The main disadvantage of the high-low tactic is that consumers

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When decision-makers have determined the broad approach to pricing (i.e., the pricing strategy), they turn their attention to pricing tactics. Tactical pricing decisions are shorter term prices, designed to accomplish specific short-term goals. The tactical approach to pricing may vary from time to

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system requires more setup and maintenance but may prevent pricing errors. The needs of the consumer can be converted into demand only if the consumer has the willingness and capacity to buy the product. Thus, pricing is the most important concept in the field of marketing, it is used as a tactical

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Prestige goods are usually sold by companies that have a monopoly on the market and hold competitive advantage. Due to a firm having great market power they are able to charge at a premium for goods, and are able to spend a larger sum on promotion and advertising. According to Han, Nunes and Dreze

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Peak and off-peak pricing is a form of price discrimination where the price variation is due to some type of seasonal factor. The objective of peak and off peak pricing is to use prices to even out peaks and troughs in demand. Peak and off-peak pricing is widely used in tourism, travel and also in

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Pricing can be a manual or automatic process of applying prices to purchase and sales orders, based on factors such as a fixed amount, quantity break, promotion or sales campaign, specific vendor quote, price prevailing on entry, shipment or invoice date, a combination of multiple orders or lines,

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occurs when different prices are charged in different geographic markets for an identical product. For example, publishers often make text-books available at lower prices in Asian countries because average wages tend to be lower with implications for the customer's ability to pay. In other cases,

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Discount pricing is where the marketer or retailer offers a reduced price. Discounts in a variety of forms - e.g. quantity rebates, loyalty rebates, seasonal discounts, periodic or random discounts etc. Enormous retailers can request value limits from providers and make a rebate evaluating system

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Complementary pricing is an umbrella category of "captive-market" pricing tactics. It refers to a method in which one of two or more complementary products (a deskjet printer, for example) is priced to maximize sales volume, while the complementary product (printer ink cartridges) are priced at a

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The old association of luxury only being for the kings and queens of the world is almost non-existent in today's world. People have generally become wealthier, therefore the mass marketing phenomenon of luxury has simply become a part of everyday life, and no longer reserved for the elite. Since

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Personalized pricing uses information about the would-be buyers to offer different prices to different buyers, based on what the seller knows about the buyer. In principle, this would offer lower prices to customers who are price-sensitive or who are unlikely to buy the product or service, and

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is a pricing tactic where businesses charge different prices for the same product or service based on different customer groups. This tactic is used to maximize profits by charging customers the highest price they are willing to pay. Price discrimination can take various forms, such as charging

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A price premium can also be charged to consumers when purchasing eco-labelled products. Market based incentives are given in order to encourage people to practice their business in an eco-friendly way in regard to the environment. Associations such as the MSC's fishery certification program and

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production plus a reasonable profit. Credits ("RRCs") granted for reduction in resources consumed or provided offer the enterprise customer some comfort, but the savings on credits tend not to be equivalent to the increased costs when paying for incremental resources in excess of the threshold.

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Experience curve pricing occurs when a manufacturer prices a product or service at a low rate in order to obtain volume and with the expectation that the cost of production will decrease with the acquisition of manufacturing experience. This approach, which is often used in the pricing of high

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Even though it is suggested that high prices seem to make certain products more desirable, consumers that fall in this category have their own perception of quality and make decisions based upon their own judgement. They may also use the premium price as an indicator of the product's level of

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Honeymoon Pricing refers to the practice of using a low introductory price with subsequent price increases once relationship is established. The objective of honeymoon pricing is to "lock" customers into a long-term association with the vendor. This approach is widely used in situations where

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A traditional tactic used in outsourcing that uses a fixed fee for a fixed volume of services, with variations on fees for volumes above or below target thresholds. Charges for additional resources ("ARCs") above the threshold are priced at rates to reflect the marginal cost of the additional

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Discrete Pricing occurs when prices are set at a level that the price comes within the competence of the decision making unit (DMU). This method of pricing is often used in B2B contexts where the purchasing officer may be authorized to make purchases up to a predetermined level, beyond which

661:) occurs when the company uses prices to signal market value or associates price with the desired value position in the mind of the buyer. The aim of value-based pricing is to reinforce the overall positioning strategy, e.g., premium pricing posture to pursue or maintain a luxury image. 1441:

complex products that are hard to test, and experiential products that cannot be tested until used (such as most services). The greater the uncertainty surrounding a product, the more consumers depend on the price/quality signal and the greater premium they may be prepared to pay.

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Price signaling is where the price is used as an indicator of some other attribute. For example, some travel resorts promote that when two adults make a booking, the kids stay for free. This type of pricing is designed to signal that the resort is a family friendly operation.

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A "price waterfall" analysis helps businesses and sales personnel to understand the differences which arise between the reference or list price, the invoiced sale price and the actual price paid by a customer taking account of contract, sales and payment discounts.

1406: 1267:, and computer based modeling tools will often facilitate simulations of different prices and the outcome on sales and profit. More sophisticated tools help determine price at the SKU level across a portfolio of products. Retailers will optimize the price of their 1411: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1029:

or unstable prices. Price lining continues to be widely used in department stores where customers often note racks of garments or accessories priced at predetermined price points e.g. separate racks of men's ties, where each rack is priced at $ 10, $ 20 and $ 40.

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Diversionary Pricing is a variation of loss leading used extensively in services; a low price is charged on a basic service with the intention of recouping on the extras; can also refer to low prices on some parts of the service to develop an image of low price.

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stores in which everything cost either 5 or 10 cents. In price lining, the price remains constant but quality or extent of product or service adjusted to reflect changes in cost. The underlying rationale of this tactic is that these amounts are seen as suitable

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is the process where a fee is only charged contingent on certain results. Contingency pricing is widely used in professional services such as legal services and consultancy services. In the United Kingdom, a contingency fee is known as a conditional fee.

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to the producer. A good pricing strategy would be the one that could balance between the price floor (the price below which the organization ends up in losses) and the price ceiling (the price by which the organization experiences a no-demand situation).

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different prices for the same product or service at different locations, offering discounts or promotions to certain groups of customers, or using dynamic pricing to adjust prices in real-time based on customer behavior or market conditions.

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authorities, around the globe, have often expressed their discontent with the practice of exit fees as it has the potential to be anti-competitive and restricts consumers' abilities to switch freely, but the practice has not been proscribed.

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higher prices to customers who are more able or willing to pay higher prices. This may be calculated from aggregated customer data (e.g., indicating that buyers from a high-income city will pay higher prices) or, during an individual

1509:: Buyers are less sensitive to price the more that higher prices signal higher quality. Products for which this effect is particularly relevant include: image products, exclusive products, and products with minimal cues for quality. 558:

Price is influenced by the type of distribution channel used, the type of promotions used, and the quality of the product. Where manufacturing is expensive, distribution is exclusive, and the product is supported by extensive

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in the market. By responding in real-time, an equilibrium between demand and supply of drivers can be approached. Customers receive notice when making an Uber reservation that prices have increased. The company applied for a

601:". Where pricing is strategic, marketers develop an overall pricing strategy which is consistent with the organization's mission and values. This pricing strategy typically becomes part of the company's overall long-term 1096:

is a tactic that might be considered at market entry. The objective is to charge relatively high prices in order to recoup the cost of product development early in the life-cycle and before competitors enter the market.

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homegrown firms is expanded, and if these organizations can portion the market, the differential among homegrown and unfamiliar costs is diminished. The import equality cost might be charged in the homegrown market.

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is an example of personalized pricing, as universities offer different amounts and types of discounts and loan options to different students based on what the school knows about the student's family and income.

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decisions must go to a committee for authorization. With the advent of data analytics differential price is becoming popular with most companies using customer specific data to give prices to specific customer.

1260:: as shortages cause the price to rise, either demand weakens (as the price becomes too high to attract as many buyers) or the supply increases (as high profits encourage new suppliers to enter the market). 1553:: Buyers are more price sensitive when they perceive the price as a loss rather than a forgone gain, and they have greater price sensitivity when the price is paid separately rather than as part of a bundle. 1477:: Buyer's price sensitivity for a given product increases the higher the product's price relative to perceived alternatives. Perceived alternatives can vary by buyer segment, by occasion, and other factors. 2797:

Estelami, H., & Rostami-Nejad, M. (2017). The impact of cognitive style, entrepreneurial attitudes and gender on competitive price responses. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 26(7), 759–770.

1470:, Thomas Nagle and Reed Holden outline nine laws or factors that influence how a consumer perceives a given price and how price-sensitive s/he is likely to be with respect to different purchase decisions: 615:: where the objective is to optimize productive capacity, to achieve operational efficiencies or to match supply and demand through varying prices. In some cases, prices might be set to de-market. 2365: 5389: 1353:

may consider factors that signal the buyer's socioeconomic status, such as how the buyer is dressed and whether they sound educated, to decide what price to offer during price negotiations.

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They believe it to be a sign of self-worth - "They are worth it;" it authenticates the buyer's success and status; it is a signal to others that the owner is a member of an exclusive group

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Psychological pricing is a range of tactics designed to have a positive psychological impact. Price tags using the terminal digit "9", ($ 9.99, $ 19.99 or $ 199.99) can be used to signal

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Taleizadeh, A. A., Babaei, M. S., Niaki, S. T. A., & Noori-Daryan, M. (2020). Bundle pricing and inventory decisions on complementary products. Operational Research, 20(2), 517–541.

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The practice has often caused passengers to become upset and invited criticism when it happens as a result of holidays, inclement weather, natural disasters, or other factors. During

2910: 2072: 1407: 567:, then prices are likely to be higher. Price can act as a substitute for product quality, effective promotions, or an energetic selling effort by distributors in certain markets. 3007: 1576:

Pricing at the transaction level focuses on managing the implementation of discounts away from the reference, or list price, which occur both on and off the invoice or receipt.

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Pricing at the market level focuses on the competitive position of the price in comparison to the value differential of the product to that of comparative competing products.

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refers to the practice of maintaining a regular low price - in which consumers are not forced to wait for discounting or specials. This method is used by supermarkets.

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for a whole range of products by prospective customers. It has the advantage of ease of administering, but the disadvantage of inflexibility, particularly in times of

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Xu, Yin, and Jin-Song Huang. "Effects of price discounts and bonus packs on online impulse buying." Social Behavior and Personality, vol. 42, no. 8, 2014, pp 798-820.

647:: where the objective is to maximize the number of customers; encourage cross-selling opportunities or to recognize different levels in the customer's ability to pay. 1910: 5382: 1179:

They require flawless performance in this application - The cost of product malfunction is too high to buy anything but the best - for example, a heart pacemaker.

1527:: The more sensitive buyers are to the price of the end benefit, the more sensitive they will be to the prices of those products that contribute to that benefit. 1201:

market. Companies may use a variety of pricing tactics to achieve this. Competitive pricing is not always the best pricing strategy for every company or market.

1489:: The higher the product-specific investment a buyer must make to switch suppliers, the less price sensitive that buyer is when choosing between alternatives. 2281: 2112: 4022: 3236: 1547:: Buyers are more sensitive to the price of a product when the price is outside the range they perceive as "fair" or "reasonable" given the purchase context. 3273: 974:

where the goods can be purchased individually or as a package. The prices of the bundle is typically less than when the two items are purchased separately.

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utilities such as electricity providers. Peak pricing has caught the public's imagination since the ride-sharing service provider, Uber, commenced using

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the consistency of prices across categories and products (consistency indicates reliability and supports customer confidence and customer satisfaction)

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El Efecto "Pricebo": Cómo los precios pueden influenciar la percepción sobre la calidad del cannabis y sus implicaciones en las políticas de precios"

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is a price that is very close to the maximum that customers are prepared to pay. In economic terms, it is a price that shifts most of the consumer's

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within a market. It is a type of market customization that deals with pricing of customer/product combinations at the store or individual level.

679:: Where the objective is to encourage or discourage specific social attitudes and behaviours. e.g. high tariffs on tobacco to discourage smoking. 954: 5029: 2924: 852:

technology products and services, is based on the insight that manufacturers learn to trim production costs over time in a phenomenon known as

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Pricing at the industry level focuses on the overall economics of the industry, including supplier price changes and customer demand changes.

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Buyers are less sensitive to the price of a known / more reputable product when they have difficulty comparing it to potential alternatives.

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Roheim, C.; Asche, F.; Santos, J. (2011). "The Elusive Price Premium for Ecolabelled Products: Evidence from Seafood in the UK Market".

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Premium brands rarely discount due to the potential to tarnish the brand. Instead they offer gift packs to provide customers with value.

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The purchase of a printer leads to a lifetime of purchases of replacement parts. In such cases, complementary pricing may be considered.

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Engineering New Product Success: the New Product Pricing Process at Emerson Electric. A case study by Jerry Bernstein and David Macias

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Holden, M. "The Economics of Import Parity Pricing: A Pedagogical Note" South African Journal of Economics, vol. 73:3, September, 2005

2541: 5415: 5022: 2578: 1256:, is a pricing method that uses consumer demand – based on perceived value – as the central element. It is fundamentally a type of 2999: 5461: 4973: 4015: 966:) occurs where two or more products or services are priced as a package with a single price. There are several types of bundles: 2958: 4966: 4754: 3070: 1444:

Consumers can have different perceptions on premium pricing, and this factor makes it important for the marketer to understand

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is the use of a limited number of prices for all product offered by a business. Price lining is a tradition started in the old

942: 2253: 3030: 687:: Where the objective is to allow consumer to have an option on their purchase. e.g. buying a car optional to have CD player 2877: 1655: 1635: 3547: 2981: 2822:

Fabra, N., & Reguant, M. (2020). A model of search with price discrimination. European Economic Review, 129, 103571.

1521:: The effect refers to the relationship a given purchase has to a larger overall benefit, and is divided into two parts: 1515:: Buyers are more price sensitive when the expense accounts for a large percentage of buyers’ available income or budget. 3348: 1834: 631:) - where the marketer seeks to maximize the profits (i.e., the surplus income over costs) or simply to cover costs and 2849: 4777: 4008: 3841: 3793: 3481: 3043: 2755:

Kumcu, Erdogan; McClure, James E. (2003-03-01). "Explaining Prestige Pricing: An Alternative to Back-Bending Demand".

1541:: The smaller the portion of the purchase price buyers must pay for themselves, the less price sensitive they will be. 1291:

on surge pricing in 2013, though airlines are known to have been using similar techniques in seat pricing for years.

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Vigneron, F., & Johnson, W., L.W., "A Review and a Conceptual Framework Of Prestige-Seeking Consumer Behavior",

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Demand-based pricing is perceived by buyers as unfair, and during emergencies or other difficulties, as a type of

671:: where the marketer sets prices in order to build or maintain relationships with existing or potential customers. 4734: 4095: 3921: 3397: 1664: 3253: 1325: 4273: 4268: 3587: 3456: 3142: 1849: 1709: 1699: 1609: 874:

geographic variations in prices may reflect the different costs of distribution and servicing certain markets.

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When setting individual prices, decision-makers require a solid understanding of pricing economics, notably

542: 503: 475:. In setting prices, the business will take into account the price at which it could acquire the goods, the 432: 378: 358: 343: 157: 132: 107: 47: 5410: 4651: 4347: 3906: 3866: 3861: 3643: 3614: 3471: 3393: 3209: 2693:

Han, Y.; Nunes, J.; Drèze, X. (2010). "Signaling Status with Luxury Goods: The Role of Brand Prominence".

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D'Aloisio, T., , "Rules on exit fees are clear", Speech given in November, 2010 and also published in the

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tend to become aware of the price cycles and time their purchases to coincide with a low-price cycle.

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Estelami, H: "Consumer Perceptions of Multi-Dimensional Prices", Advances in Consumer Research, 1997.

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practice can significantly influence consumers' ability to understand and process price information.

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Pricing Strategy: Setting Price Levels, Managing Price Discounts and Establishing Price Structures

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Pricing Strategy: Setting Price Levels, Managing Price Discounts and Establishing Price Structures

5430: 5311: 5301: 5296: 5245: 5139: 5129: 5099: 4956: 4719: 4618: 4608: 4558: 4477: 4258: 4253: 4145: 4031: 3826: 3772: 3699: 3609: 3567: 3557: 3525: 3520: 3466: 3461: 3295: 3182:"How your pricing and marketing strategy should be influenced by your customer's reference point" 2780: 2710: 2675: 2658:

Kumcu, E.; McClure (2003). "Explaining Prestige Pricing: An Alternative to Back-Bending Demand".

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Martin, P., "Be alert and informed and you may pay less", The Age , 16 January 2013, <Online:

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This car prominently displays the cost of monthly payments, rather than the total sticker price.

704:, as well as an appreciation of the psychological aspects of consumer decision-making including 5250: 5225: 5220: 5195: 5154: 5149: 4865: 4802: 4578: 4548: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4405: 4385: 4243: 4228: 4180: 4125: 3959: 3947: 3926: 3896: 3758: 3682: 3638: 3327: 3213: 2772: 2574: 1995:

The Brand Flip: Why customers now run companies and how to profit from it (Voices That Matter)

1759: 1724: 1615: 1420: 1350: 1317:, the buyers see it as the company exploiting their increased need for services on holidays. 1295: 1283: 1145: 705: 519: 411: 280: 255: 250: 225: 142: 137: 608:

Broadly, there are six approaches to pricing strategy mentioned in the marketing literature:

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Rao, V.R. and Kartono, B., "Pricing Strategies and Objectives: A Cross-cultural Survey", in

2195:

Rao, V.R. and Kartono, B., "Pricing Strategies and Objectives: A Cross-cultural Survey", in

2058:

Rao, V.R. and Kartono, B., "Pricing Strategies and Objectives: A Cross-cultural Survey", in

1829: 1754: 1734: 1416: 1314: 1264: 1253: 1209: 996: 963: 919: 636: 575: 511: 464: 406: 303: 240: 230: 210: 195: 162: 147: 112: 97: 77: 797: 5240: 5084: 4993: 4978: 4923: 4744: 4520: 4367: 4342: 4307: 4150: 3979: 3451: 3388: 3260: 3240: 3188: 3149: 2953: 2570: 2537: 1814: 1789: 1719: 1669: 1566:. Pricing can be approached at three levels: the industry, market, and transaction level. 1275: 1249: 1157: 1130:

Extensive use of the terminal digit 'nine' suggests that psychological pricing is at play.

1114: 1060: 396: 270: 72: 1638:, price is not the most important factor for consumers, when deciding to buy a product. 1298:

2011, Uber prices were as high as seven times normal rates, causing outrage. During the

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refers to the deliberate pursuit of a high price posture to create an image of quality.

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Kaufmann, P., "Deception in retailer high-low pricing: A 'rule of reason' approach",

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Tellis, G., "Beyond the Many Faces of Price: An Integration of Pricing Strategies",

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decision in response to changing competitive, market and organizational situations.

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much higher level in order to cover any shortfall sustained by the first product.

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at which it will sell its products and services and may be part of the business's

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Process of determining what a company will receive in exchange for its products

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Yeoman, I; McMahon-Beattie, Una (2005). "Luxury markets and premium pricing".

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Inadequate systems for tracking competitors' selling prices and market share (

1310: 373: 3274:"Council Post: Three Ways to Crush E-Commerce: Busting Common Misconceptions" 2776: 1282:

to increase prices to "surge price" levels, responding rapidly to changes of

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Hoch, S.J., Dreze, X. and Purk, M. E., "EDLP, Hi-Lo, and Margin Arithmetic",

1739: 1729: 1362:, based on the seller's beliefs about how much the buyer is willing to pay. 1279: 1257: 1026: 594: 333: 265: 22: 1237:, market place, competition, market condition, and the quality of product. 597:

observed in 2007 that for some businesses, "pricing is the last bastion of

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A Review and a Conceptual Framework Of Prestige-Seeking Consumer Behavior,

1649: 5326: 4812: 4588: 4412: 4395: 4332: 4195: 4113: 4105: 3734: 3729: 3604: 2901:"That time Uber almost charged me $ 1,099 for a Boston-to-Cambridge trip" 2706: 2563: 2217:

Hoch, S.J., Dreze, X. and Purk, M., "EDLP, Hi-Lo, and Margin Arithmetic",

2608: 2591: 2177:

Bernhardt, D., "Discrete Pricing and the Design of Dealership Markets",

2034:

The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing: A Guide to Growing More Profitably,

1969:

The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing: A Guide to Growing More Profitably,

1148:. Psychological pricing is widely used in a variety of retail settings. 4928: 4797: 4714: 4432: 4200: 4130: 3788: 3599: 1627: 1589:

Many companies make common pricing mistakes. Jerry Bernstein's article

1166: 495: 3023:"What Uber's Sydney Surge Pricing Debacle Says About Its Public Image" 987:

and has sought to patent the technologies that support this approach.

538:

the fit with marketplace realities (will customers buy at that price?)

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Priceless: The Myth of Fair Value (and How to Take Advantage of It),

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and so enable price increases to drive greater revenue and profits.

3300:

Priceless: The Myth of Fair Value (and How to Take Advantage of It)

3115:

Vigneron, F., & Johnson, W., L. (1999). Interpersonal effects.

510:. However, the other Ps of marketing will contribute to decreasing 5180: 4895: 4495: 3648: 3530: 3510: 3099:

Zeithaml, V., "Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality and Value",

1563: 1401: 1397: 1344: 1324: 1162: 1125: 1049: 953: 823: 822: 796: 732: 593:

Pricing is not always seen as a strategic process. Greg Cudahy of

484: 468: 451: 220: 200: 3333: 4377: 3805: 2109:"What is complementary products pricing? Definition and meaning" 5371: 5018: 4004: 3337: 2925:"Uber Seeks to Patent Pricing Surges That Critics Call Gouging" 1274:

Uber's pricing policy is an example of short-term demand-based

3243:, Sales Management Association, 2012, accessed 28 October 2016 2232:

How to avoid paying an exit fee when you switch energy tariffs

1911:"The Price Is Right, but Maybe It's Not, and How Do You Know?" 3111: 3109: 2484:

Rao, V.R. (ed), Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar, 2009, pp 31-32

1626:

Paying sales representatives on sales volume vs. addition of

1263:

Price modeling using econometric techniques can help measure

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Rao, V.R. (ed), Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar, 2009, pp 9-36

1173:

They believe the high price is an indication of good quality

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A price tag is a highly visual and objective guide to value.

883:

is not achieved, the client does not pay for the service.

3000:"Disruptions: Taxi Supply and Demand, Priced by the Mile" 2199:

Rao, V.R. (ed), Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar, 2009, p.15

3071:"Chicago Cubs Host First World Series Games in 71 Years" 502:, the other three aspects being product, promotion, and 2949:"Uber Is Trying to Patent Its Surge Pricing Technology" 535:

the financial goals of the company (i.e. profitability)

2191: 2189: 2187: 1909:

Knowledge at Wharton staff writers (October 3, 2007).

827:"Everyday Low Prices" are widely used in supermarkets. 2436:

Uber Is Trying to Patent Its Surge Pricing Technology

1954:

Dibb, S., Simkin, L., Pride, W.C. and Ferrell, O.C.,

2238:, published 13 November 2017, accessed 15 April 2021 970:

where the goods can only be purchased as package or

5259: 5168: 5052: 4949: 4894: 4826: 4768: 4700: 4617: 4534: 4486: 4376: 4287: 4214: 4104: 4038: 3935: 3814: 3371: 541:the extent to which the price supports a product's 3201: 2514:Vol. 60, no. 1, 1987, pp 41–54. doi:10.1086/296384 2450: 2448: 2421:Guiltnan, J.P., "The Price Bundling of Services", 1144:and bring an item in at just under the consumer's 545:and be consistent with the other variables in the 1384:), and promotions to meet the needs and wants of 2824:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103571 2538:"Prestige Pricing: Pros & Cons and Examples" 2318:Pricing of Services: An Interdisciplinary Review 2137:Pricing of Services: An Interdisciplinary Review 1106:is making inroads into market share or profits. 1042:to undercut the low margins to gain a foothold. 2592:"The changing behaviours of luxury consumption" 2454:Dean, J., "Pricing Policies for New Products", 1950: 1948: 1946: 1380:is the practice of tailoring products, brands ( 3200:Dolan, Robert J. & Simon, Hermann (1996). 1593:outlines several sales errors, which include: 1213:ensure that it is profitable for the company. 635:. For example, dynamic pricing (also known as 5383: 5030: 4016: 3349: 2878:"Is Uber Really a Good Alternative to Taxis?" 2131: 2129: 801:A discount is any form of reduction in price. 433: 8: 2871: 2869: 2362:"Be alert and informed and you may pay less" 2275:Herald-Sun',' 19 November 2010, <Online: 918:is a product that has a price set below the 3323:How To Price and Sell Your Software Product 2471:, Mason, OH, Cengage Learning, 2010, p. 596 531:The objectives of pricing should consider: 5390: 5376: 5368: 5037: 5023: 5015: 4023: 4009: 4001: 3356: 3342: 3334: 2993: 2991: 2974:"This Is How Uber's 'Surge Pricing' Works" 2482:Handbook of Pricing Research in Marketing, 2307:, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp 5-7 2197:Handbook of Pricing Research in Marketing, 2060:Handbook of Pricing Research in Marketing, 1980:Brennan, R., Canning,L. and McDowell, R., 1366:Student financial aid in the United States 440: 426: 18: 2812:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12351-017-0335-4 2800:https://doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-05-2016-1189 2625:Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management 2607: 2596:Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management 2403:, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009, pp 30-31 2401:Handbook of Pricing Research in Marketing 1456:Price sensitivity and consumer psychology 1001: 3130:Academy of Marketing Science Review, 2168:, Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 5 2080:Virginia Information Technologies Agency 639:) is a form of revenue oriented pricing. 2984:from the original on December 16, 2014. 2961:from the original on December 21, 2014. 2937:from the original on November 29, 2016. 1901: 1665:Allocation of purchase price difference 21: 3010:from the original on January 16, 2012. 2350:Volume 70, Issue 2, 1994, pp 115–1383. 995:Price discrimination is also known as 570:From the marketer's point of view, an 2888:from the original on January 2, 2012. 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2305:The Economics of Price Discrimination 2166:The Economics of Price Discrimination 1562:Pricing is the most effective profit 1392:Theoretical considerations in pricing 7: 3167:The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing, 3044:In Praise of Efficient Price Gouging 3021:Issie Lapowsky (December 15, 2014). 2913:from the original on April 25, 2014. 2540:. Inevitable Steps. March 15, 2016. 2181:Volume 71, Issue 1, 1996, pp 148-182 1940:, Cengage Learning, 2011, pp 270-272 1271:SKUs with those of national brands. 768:Differential pricing, also known as 2544:from the original on March 23, 2016 2527:NY, Hill and Wang, 2011, pp 184-200 2337:Volume 58, Number 4, 1994, pp 16-27 2221:Volume 58, Number 4, 1994, pp 16-27 2032:Nagle, T., Hogan, J. and Zale, J., 1967:Nagle, T., Hogan, J. and Zale, J., 1468:The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing 490:Pricing is a fundamental aspect of 3912:Microfoundations of macroeconomics 3081:from the original on 10 March 2018 3033:from the original on June 1, 2015. 2998:Bilton, Nreick (January 8, 2012). 1984:2nd ed., London, Sage, 2011, p.331 1956:Marketing: Concepts and Strategies 1058:Prestige pricing is also known as 14: 3254:"Use Suppliers' Pricing Mistakes" 2730:Journal of Agricultural Economics 2316:Schlissel, M.R. and Chasin, J., " 2135:Schlissel, M.R. and Chasin, J., " 2036:Oxon, Routledge, 2016, pp 207-243 1971:Oxon, Routledge, 2016, p. 1 and 6 1423:, the first world series game at 483:, competition, market condition, 3985: 3984: 3973: 3165:Nagle, Thomas and Holden, Reed, 2972:Dan Kedmey (December 15, 2014). 2899:Harris, David (April 24, 2014). 2876:Clay, Kelly (October 27, 2011). 2848:Beam, Christopher (2024-04-16). 2742:10.1111/j.1477-9552.2011.00299.x 2508:Competition and Two-Part Tariffs 1648: 4667:Party platforms (or manifestos) 3317:Industrial Marketing Management 3232:Erasso, A. and Linnenkamp, M., 3169:Prentice Hall, 2002, pp 84-104. 2390:, Cengage Learning, 2011, p. 74 2368:from the original on 2017-02-02 2322:The Service Industries Journal, 2284:from the original on 2017-02-02 2256:from the original on 2017-02-02 2141:The Service Industries Journal, 2115:from the original on 2017-02-02 1982:Business-to-Business Marketing, 1623:Worldwide price inconsistencies 1620:Price increases poorly executed 1591:Use Suppliers' Pricing Mistakes 2769:10.1080/10528008.2003.11488811 2672:10.1080/10528008.2003.11488811 2278:"Rules on exit fees are clear" 2049:vol. 50, October, 1985, p. 158 962:Price bundling (also known as 930:Offset pricing (also known as 554:To meet or prevent competition 487:, and quality of the product. 1: 2467:Pride, W. and Ferrell, O.C., 1656:Business and Economics portal 668:Relationship-oriented pricing 4755:Rally 'round the flag effect 3234:"Beyond the Price Waterfall" 3141:Carrasco-Villanueva, M. A., 3103:vol. 52, July, 1988, pp 2-22 2637:10.1057/palgrave.rpm.5170155 2458:, Vol 54, No. 6, pp 141–153. 2082:. March 2015. Archived from 2008:Modern Cost-Benefit Methods, 1835:Real prices and ideal prices 906:in utilities and insurance. 467:whereby a business sets the 3857:Civil engineering economics 3842:Statistical decision theory 3482:Income elasticity of demand 2179:Journal of Economic Theory, 2010:Macmillan, 1978, pp 137-160 1958:, Cengage, 2013, Chapter 12 1481:Difficult comparison effect 1419:about ticket prices at the 613:Operations-oriented pricing 5478: 3492:Price elasticity of supply 3487:Price elasticity of demand 3477:Cross elasticity of demand 2757:Marketing Education Review 2660:Marketing Education Review 2564:The Value of Eco-Labelling 2073:"Pricing Structure Review" 1462:Price elasticity of demand 1459: 1438:price/quality relationship 1432:Price/quality relationship 1395: 1300:2014 Sydney hostage crisis 1133: 863: 761: 586: 364:Promotional representative 5406: 4096:Manipulation (psychology) 3968: 3156:vol. 22, n. 2, pp 175-210 2850:"Welcome to Pricing Hell" 2497:Macmillan, 1976, pp 77-82 2335:The Journal of Marketing, 2324:vol.11, no. 3, July, 1991 2219:The Journal of Marketing, 2143:vol.11, no. 3, July, 1991 1229:Methods of setting prices 978:Peak and off-peak pricing 677:Socially-oriented pricing 645:Customer-oriented pricing 621:Revenue-oriented pricing: 4274:Criticism of advertising 3548:Income–consumption curve 1850:Resale price maintenance 1710:Dumping (pricing policy) 1610:Competitive intelligence 1334:Multidimensional pricing 1321:Multidimensional pricing 1233:Pricing factors include 847:Experience curve pricing 5462:Competition (economics) 5337:Promotional merchandise 5317:Out-of-home advertising 5145:Account-based marketing 4936:Promotional merchandise 4647:Character assassination 4584:Narcotizing dysfunction 4458:Photograph manipulation 4171:Guerrilla communication 3882:Industrial organization 2906:Boston Business Journal 2456:Harvard Business Review 2153:Black's Law Dictionary, 2021:Principle of Marketing, 1916:Wharton Business School 1690:Cost the limit of price 1278:. It uses an automated 958:Xbox price bundle price 625:profit-oriented pricing 359:Promotional merchandise 344:Out-of-home advertising 133:Account-based marketing 4919:Product demonstrations 4348:Historical negationism 3302:, Hill and Wang, 2010. 3132:No. 1, 1999, pp 1-17. 2348:Journal of Retailing, 2155:8th ed., 2004, p. 338. 1865:Suggested retail price 1487:Switching costs effect 1475:Reference price effect 1428: 1354: 1330: 1131: 1094:skim-the-cream pricing 1070:high price maintenance 1055: 959: 828: 802: 738: 457: 168:Horizontal integration 5332:Product demonstration 5186:Corporate anniversary 4851:Reputation management 4770:Psychological warfare 4619:Political campaigning 4428:Firehose of falsehood 3852:Engineering economics 3447:Cost–benefit analysis 3101:Journal of Marketing, 3049:MIT Technology Review 2957:. December 19, 2014. 2423:Journal of Marketing, 2106:Business Dictionary, 2047:Journal of Marketing, 1531:Price proportion cost 1414: 1348: 1328: 1136:Psychological pricing 1129: 1122:Psychological pricing 1053: 957: 826: 800: 736: 729:Complementary pricing 565:promotional campaigns 527:Objectives of pricing 455: 354:Product demonstration 206:Corporate anniversary 5347:Visual merchandising 5267:Behavioral targeting 5169:Promotional contents 4886:Corporate propaganda 3669:Price discrimination 3563:Intertemporal choice 3154:Pensamiento Crítico, 2707:10.1509/jmkg.74.4.15 2695:Journal of Marketing 2512:Journal of Business, 2495:Promotional Pricing, 1695:Demand-based pricing 1636:common misconception 1507:Price-quality effect 1493:High switching costs 1341:Personalized pricing 1246:Demand-based pricing 1241:Demand-based pricing 1222:Price discrimination 1217:Price discrimination 1002:differential pricing 991:Price discrimination 932:diversionary pricing 810:Diversionary pricing 778:price discrimination 764:Differential pricing 758:Differential pricing 520:An automated pricing 369:Visual merchandising 299:Behavioral targeting 173:Vertical integration 153:Influencer marketing 5401:performance drivers 5292:In-game advertising 5282:Display advertising 4974:Media concentration 4846:Non-apology apology 4836:Cult of personality 4564:Emotive conjugation 4318:Burying of scholars 3980:Business portal 3917:Operations research 3744:Substitution effect 3046:(August 19, 2014), 2933:December 19, 2014. 2609:10.1057/rpm.2010.43 2562:Paull, John, 2009, 1750:Market segmentation 1685:Contribution margin 1499:Low switching costs 1196:Competitive pricing 1101:Promotional pricing 1039:Penetration pricing 1034:Penetration pricing 832:Everyday low prices 819:Everyday low prices 751:Contingency pricing 746:Contingency pricing 702:break-even analysis 659:image-based pricing 654:Value-based pricing 319:In-game advertising 309:Display advertising 185:Promotional content 5312:Online advertising 5302:Native advertising 5297:Mobile advertising 5246:Sex in advertising 5100:Corporate identity 4957:Influence-for-hire 4750:National mythology 4720:Crowd manipulation 4609:Tabloid journalism 4478:Video manipulation 4423:Fictitious entries 4146:Civil disobedience 4032:Media manipulation 3558:Indifference curve 3526:Goods and services 3467:Economies of scope 3462:Economies of scale 3296:William Poundstone 3259:2016-10-29 at the 3239:2016-10-20 at the 3187:2015-03-11 at the 3179:Mind of Marketing, 3148:2018-03-07 at the 3004:The New York Times 2590:Yeoman, I (2011). 2569:2011-09-30 at the 1880:Time-based pricing 1860:Sliding scale fees 1820:Pricing strategies 1780:Price fixing cases 1680:Congestion pricing 1675:Base point pricing 1539:Shared-cost effect 1519:End-benefit effect 1513:Expenditure effect 1446:consumer behaviour 1429: 1355: 1331: 1235:manufacturing cost 1132: 1056: 960: 878:Guaranteed pricing 871:Geographic pricing 860:Geographic pricing 854:experience effects 829: 803: 739: 706:reservation prices 629:cost-based pricing 589:Pricing strategies 583:Pricing strategies 543:market positioning 494:and is one of the 492:product management 477:manufacturing cost 458: 402:Marketing research 339:Online advertising 329:Native advertising 324:Mobile advertising 276:Sex in advertising 93:Consumer behaviour 5444: 5443: 5365: 5364: 5260:Promotional media 5251:Underwriting spot 5226:Product placement 5206:On-hold messaging 5196:Loyalty marketing 5155:Product marketing 5150:Digital marketing 5012: 5011: 4778:Airborne leaflets 4657:Election promises 4511:Product placement 4386:Alternative facts 4126:Alternative media 3998: 3997: 3960:Political economy 3759:Supply and demand 3639:Pareto efficiency 3328:Redpoint Ventures 3219:978-0-684-83443-6 1760:Pay what you want 1725:Free price system 1616:Cost-plus pricing 1597:Weak controls on 1421:2016 World Series 1412: 1351:used-car salesman 1284:supply and demand 1146:reservation price 1064:and occasionally 896:Honeymoon pricing 657:: (also known as 518:and many others. 450: 449: 412:Consumer research 293:Promotional media 281:Underwriting spot 256:Product placement 236:On-hold messaging 226:Loyalty marketing 143:Product marketing 138:Digital marketing 5469: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5369: 5272:Brand ambassador 5211:Personal selling 5201:Mobile marketing 5191:Direct marketing 5160:Social marketing 5090:Brand management 5039: 5032: 5025: 5016: 5004:Media proprietor 4828:Public relations 4808:Public diplomacy 4793:Information (IT) 4672:Name recognition 4297:Media regulation 4279:Annoyance factor 4136:Call-out culture 4051:Crowd psychology 4025: 4018: 4011: 4002: 3988: 3987: 3978: 3977: 3720:Returns to scale 3578:Market structure 3358: 3351: 3344: 3335: 3284: 3283: 3270: 3264: 3250: 3244: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3207: 3197: 3191: 3176: 3170: 3163: 3157: 3139: 3133: 3126: 3120: 3113: 3104: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3052: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3018: 3012: 3011: 2995: 2986: 2985: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2873: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2860: 2845: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2587: 2581: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2534: 2528: 2523:Poundstone, W., 2521: 2515: 2504: 2498: 2491: 2485: 2478: 2472: 2465: 2459: 2452: 2443: 2442:19 December 2014 2432: 2426: 2419: 2413: 2410: 2404: 2397: 2391: 2384: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2373: 2357: 2351: 2344: 2338: 2331: 2325: 2314: 2308: 2301: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2289: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2261: 2247:Investopedia, , 2245: 2239: 2228: 2222: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2200: 2193: 2182: 2175: 2169: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2133: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2120: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2094: 2088: 2077: 2069: 2063: 2056: 2050: 2043: 2037: 2030: 2024: 2017: 2011: 2004: 1998: 1991: 1985: 1978: 1972: 1965: 1959: 1952: 1941: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1906: 1830:Purchasing power 1755:Opportunity cost 1735:High-low pricing 1658: 1653: 1652: 1585:Pricing mistakes 1417:Voice of America 1413: 1265:price elasticity 1254:yield management 1248:, also known as 1115:Two-part pricing 1110:Two-part pricing 1092:, also known as 1046:Prestige pricing 997:variable pricing 964:product bundling 920:operating margin 887:High-low pricing 793:Discount pricing 784:Discrete pricing 774:multiple pricing 770:flexible pricing 685:Optional pricing 637:yield management 576:economic surplus 512:price elasticity 442: 435: 428: 407:Mystery shopping 304:Brand ambassador 241:Personal selling 231:Mobile marketing 211:Direct marketing 196:Ambush marketing 163:Annoyance factor 148:Social marketing 98:Consumer culture 78:Brand management 19: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5440: 5402: 5396: 5366: 5361: 5255: 5241:Sales promotion 5164: 5085:Brand licensing 5048: 5043: 5013: 5008: 4999:Media influence 4994:Media franchise 4979:Media democracy 4945: 4890: 4822: 4764: 4745:Loaded language 4696: 4613: 4530: 4482: 4372: 4301: 4283: 4210: 4151:Culture jamming 4100: 4034: 4029: 3999: 3994: 3972: 3964: 3931: 3810: 3452:Deadweight loss 3389:Consumer choice 3367: 3362: 3315:. Published in 3309: 3292: 3290:Further reading 3287: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3263:, Control, 2009 3261:Wayback Machine 3252:Bernstein, J., 3251: 3247: 3241:Wayback Machine 3231: 3227: 3220: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3189:Wayback Machine 3177: 3173: 3164: 3160: 3150:Wayback Machine 3140: 3136: 3127: 3123: 3114: 3107: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3042: 3038: 3020: 3019: 3015: 2997: 2996: 2989: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2875: 2874: 2867: 2858: 2856: 2847: 2846: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2796: 2792: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2571:Wayback Machine 2561: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2522: 2518: 2505: 2501: 2492: 2488: 2479: 2475: 2466: 2462: 2453: 2446: 2433: 2429: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2398: 2394: 2385: 2381: 2371: 2369: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2345: 2341: 2332: 2328: 2315: 2311: 2302: 2298: 2287: 2285: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2259: 2257: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2229: 2225: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2194: 2185: 2176: 2172: 2163: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2134: 2127: 2118: 2116: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2057: 2053: 2044: 2040: 2031: 2027: 2018: 2014: 2005: 2001: 1992: 1988: 1979: 1975: 1966: 1962: 1953: 1944: 1935: 1931: 1921: 1919: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1815:Pricing science 1790:Price mechanism 1720:Formula pricing 1654: 1647: 1644: 1587: 1560: 1545:Fairness effect 1466:In their book, 1464: 1458: 1434: 1415:News report by 1402: 1400: 1394: 1375: 1343: 1323: 1276:dynamic pricing 1250:dynamic pricing 1243: 1231: 1219: 1207: 1198: 1158:Premium pricing 1154: 1152:Premium pricing 1138: 1124: 1112: 1103: 1087: 1078: 1076:Price signaling 1061:premium pricing 1048: 1036: 1011: 993: 980: 952: 940: 928: 912: 903:switching costs 898: 889: 880: 868: 862: 849: 840: 821: 812: 795: 786: 766: 760: 748: 731: 722: 720:ARC/RRC pricing 694: 692:Pricing tactics 623:(also known as 591: 585: 572:efficient price 529: 446: 417: 416: 397:Market research 392: 384: 383: 294: 286: 285: 271:Sales promotion 186: 178: 177: 73:Brand licensing 43: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5475: 5473: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5449: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5436:Transportation 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5372: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5287:Drip marketing 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5019: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4959: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4900: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4876:Understatement 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4832: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4774: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4740:Indoctrination 4737: 4732: 4727: 4725:Disinformation 4722: 4717: 4712: 4706: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4687:Smear campaign 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4623: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4604:Sensationalism 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4544:Agenda-setting 4540: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4492: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4418:False document 4415: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4382: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4323:Catch and kill 4320: 4315: 4310: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4220: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4156:Demonstrations 4153: 4148: 4143: 4141:Cancel culture 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4110: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4020: 4013: 4005: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3982: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3955:Macroeconomics 3952: 3951: 3950: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3801: 3796: 3786: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3770: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3654:Price controls 3646: 3641: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3602: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3590: 3575: 3573:Market failure 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3426: 3425: 3415: 3410: 3400: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3368: 3365:Microeconomics 3363: 3361: 3360: 3353: 3346: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3320: 3308: 3307:External links 3305: 3304: 3303: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3285: 3265: 3245: 3225: 3218: 3210:The Free Press 3192: 3171: 3158: 3134: 3121: 3105: 3092: 3062: 3053: 3036: 3027:Wired Magazine 3013: 2987: 2964: 2940: 2930:Bloomberg L.P. 2916: 2891: 2865: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2790: 2747: 2736:(3): 655–668. 2720: 2685: 2650: 2631:(4): 319–328. 2615: 2582: 2573:, VDM Verlag, 2555: 2529: 2516: 2499: 2486: 2473: 2460: 2444: 2427: 2414: 2405: 2392: 2379: 2364:. 2013-01-15. 2352: 2339: 2326: 2309: 2296: 2266: 2252:. 2007-06-11. 2240: 2223: 2210: 2201: 2183: 2170: 2157: 2145: 2125: 2099: 2064: 2051: 2038: 2025: 2012: 1999: 1993:Neumeier, M., 1986: 1973: 1960: 1942: 1929: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1870:Target pricing 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1840:Relative price 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1810:Price umbrella 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1770:Price controls 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1643: 1640: 1632: 1631: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1606: 1603:price override 1586: 1583: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1551:Framing effect 1548: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1528: 1525:Derived demand 1516: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1496: 1484: 1478: 1460:Main article: 1457: 1454: 1433: 1430: 1396:Main article: 1393: 1390: 1378:Micromarketing 1374: 1373:Micromarketing 1371: 1342: 1339: 1322: 1319: 1296:New Year's Eve 1242: 1239: 1230: 1227: 1218: 1215: 1210:Bundle pricing 1206: 1205:Bundle pricing 1203: 1197: 1194: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1153: 1150: 1134:Main article: 1123: 1120: 1111: 1108: 1102: 1099: 1090:Price skimming 1086: 1085:Price skimming 1083: 1077: 1074: 1066:luxury pricing 1047: 1044: 1035: 1032: 1010: 1007: 992: 989: 979: 976: 951: 950:Price bundling 948: 943:Parity pricing 939: 938:Parity pricing 936: 927: 926:Offset pricing 924: 911: 908: 897: 894: 888: 885: 879: 876: 861: 858: 848: 845: 839: 836: 820: 817: 811: 808: 794: 791: 785: 782: 762:Main article: 759: 756: 747: 744: 730: 727: 721: 718: 710:ceiling prices 693: 690: 689: 688: 681: 680: 673: 672: 663: 662: 649: 648: 641: 640: 617: 616: 603:strategic plan 587:Main article: 584: 581: 556: 555: 552: 549: 539: 536: 528: 525: 473:marketing plan 448: 447: 445: 444: 437: 430: 422: 419: 418: 415: 414: 409: 404: 399: 393: 390: 389: 386: 385: 382: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 314:Drip marketing 311: 306: 301: 295: 292: 291: 288: 287: 284: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 187: 184: 183: 180: 179: 176: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 88:Communications 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 44: 41: 40: 37: 36: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5474: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5400: 5393: 5388: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5358: 5357:Word-of-mouth 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5322:Point of sale 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5110:Effectiveness 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5035: 5033: 5028: 5026: 5021: 5020: 5017: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4984:Media ecology 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4968: 4967:United States 4965: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4941:Telemarketing 4939: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4730:Fearmongering 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4569:False balance 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4526:Word of mouth 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4313:Broadcast law 4311: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4161:Deplatforming 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4066:False balance 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4021: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4007: 4006: 4003: 3991: 3983: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3970: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3887:Institutional 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3832:Computational 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3777:Law of supply 3774: 3771: 3769: 3768:Law of demand 3765: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3754:Social choice 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3739:Excess supply 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3725:Risk aversion 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3659:Price ceiling 3657: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3615:Complementary 3613: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3398:non-convexity 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3354: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3340: 3339: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3221: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3205: 3204:Power Pricing 3196: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2978:Time Magazine 2975: 2968: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2794: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2724: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2579:3-639-15495-9 2576: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2559: 2556: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2493:Livesay, F., 2490: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2367: 2363: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2283: 2279: 2270: 2267: 2255: 2251: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2230:Ingrams, S., 2227: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2114: 2110: 2103: 2100: 2089:on 2017-01-08 2085: 2081: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2003: 2000: 1997:, 2008, p. 55 1996: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1918: 1917: 1912: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1885:Value pricing 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1875:Ticket resale 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1795:Price premium 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1785:Price gouging 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1765:Price ceiling 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1745:Marketing 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Retrieved 3074: 3065: 3056: 3047: 3039: 3026: 3016: 3003: 2977: 2967: 2952: 2943: 2928: 2919: 2904: 2894: 2881: 2857:. Retrieved 2854:The Atlantic 2853: 2818: 2806: 2793: 2763:(1): 49–57. 2760: 2756: 2750: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2701:(4): 15–30. 2698: 2694: 2688: 2666:(1): 49–57. 2663: 2659: 2653: 2628: 2624: 2618: 2602:(1): 47–50. 2599: 2595: 2585: 2558: 2546:. Retrieved 2532: 2524: 2519: 2511: 2506:Hayes, B., " 2502: 2494: 2489: 2481: 2476: 2468: 2463: 2455: 2439: 2430: 2422: 2417: 2408: 2400: 2395: 2387: 2382: 2370:. Retrieved 2355: 2347: 2342: 2334: 2329: 2321: 2312: 2304: 2303:Phlips, L., 2299: 2286:. Retrieved 2274: 2269: 2258:. Retrieved 2243: 2235: 2226: 2218: 2213: 2204: 2196: 2178: 2173: 2165: 2164:Phlips, L., 2160: 2152: 2148: 2140: 2117:. Retrieved 2102: 2091:. Retrieved 2084:the original 2079: 2067: 2059: 2054: 2046: 2041: 2033: 2028: 2020: 2015: 2007: 2002: 1994: 1989: 1981: 1976: 1968: 1963: 1955: 1937: 1932: 1920:. 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