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1300:(completion of a BA degree), compared to a system-wide recidivism rate between 40 and 43 percent.10 One report, sponsored by the Correctional Education Association, focused on recidivism in three states, concluding that education prevented crime. More recently, a 2013 Department of Justice funded study from the RAND Corporation found that incarcerated individuals who participated in correctional education were 43% less likely to return to prison within 3 years than prisoners who did not participate in such programmes. The research implies that education has the potential to impact recidivism rates positively by lowering them.
1139:
adapted to prison life he termed "prisonization", which he defined as the "taking on, in a greater or lesser degree, the folkways, mores, customs and general culture of the penitentiary". However, while
Clemmer argued that all prisoners experienced some degree of "prisonization" this was not a uniform process and factors such as the extent to which a prisoner involved himself in primary group relations in the prison and the degree to which he identified with the external society all had a considerable impact.
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code referred to the behaviour of inmates in antagonising staff members and to the mutual solidarity between inmates as well as the tendency to the non-disclosure to prison authorities of prisoner activities and to resistance to rehabilitation programmer. Thus, it was seen as providing an expression and form of communal resistance and allowed for the psychological survival of the individual under extremely repressive and regimented systems of carceral control.
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1142:"Prisonization" as the inculcation of a convict culture was defined by identification with primary groups in prison, the use of prison slang and argot, the adoption of specified rituals and a hostility to prison authority in contrast to inmate solidarity and was asserted by Clemmer to create individuals who were acculturated into a criminal and deviant way of life that stymied all attempts to reform their behaviour.
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The convict code was theorized as a set of tacit behavioural norms which exercised a pervasive impact on the conduct of prisoners. Competency in following the routines demanded by the code partly determined the inmate's identity as a convict. As a set of values and behavioural guidelines, the convict
1138:
In this world, for
Clemmer, these values, formalized as the "inmate code", provided behavioural precepts that unified prisoners and fostered antagonism to prison officers and the prison institution as a whole. The process whereby inmates acquired this set of values and behavioural guidelines as they
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A psychopathological condition identified as "SHU syndrome" has been observed among such prisoners. Symptoms are characterized as problems with concentration and memory, distortions of perception, and hallucinations. Most convicts suffering from SHU syndrome exhibit extreme generalized anxiety and
1076:
Long durations may lead to depression and changes in brain physiology. In the absence of a social context that is needed to validate perceptions of their environment, prisoners become highly malleable, abnormally sensitive, and exhibit increased vulnerability to the influence of those controlling
1035:(STAI) was developed to understand the mechanisms behind anxiety. State anxiety describes anxiety that takes place in a stressful situation while trait anxiety is the tendency of feeling anxious in many situations because of a set of beliefs that an individual has that threatens their well-being
1294:
Growing research associates education with a number of positive outcomes for prisoners, the institution, and society. Although at the time of the ban's enactment there was limited knowledge about the relationship between education and recidivism, there is growing merit to idea that education in
1080:
Prisoners exhibit the paradoxical effect of social withdrawal after long periods of solitary confinement. A shift takes place from a craving for greater social contact to a fear of it. They may grow lethargic and apathetic, and no longer be able to control their own conduct when released from
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reduced the likelihood of re-incarceration by 29 percent. In 2000, the Texas
Department of Education conducted a longitudinal study of 883 men and women who earned college degrees while incarcerated, finding recidivism rates between 27.2 percent (completion of an AA degree) and 7.8 percent
1041:
SHU syndrome is a term that was created by
Psychiatrist Stuart Grassian to describe the six basic mechanisms that happen in a cognitive matter in prisoners that are in solitary confinements or supermax level cell prison. The six basic mechanisms that occur together are:
1145:
Opposed to these theories, several
European sociologists have shown that inmates were often fragmented and the links they have with society are often stronger than those forged in prison, particularly through the action of work on time perception
1100:
describes a paradoxical phenomenon where, over time, hostages develop positive feelings towards their captors. The victim's ego develops a series of defense mechanisms to achieve survival and cope with stress in a traumatic situation.
1084:
Long-term stays in solitary confinement can cause prisoners to develop clinical depression, and long-term impulse control disorder. Those with pre-existing mental illnesses are at a higher risk for developing psychiatric
1109:
The founding of ethnographic prison sociology as a discipline, from which most of the meaningful knowledge of prison life and culture stems, is commonly credited to the publication of two key texts: Donald
Clemmer's
1122:
where he worked as a clinical sociologist, propagated the notion of the existence of a distinct inmate culture and society with values and norms antithetical to both the prison authority and the wider society.
1374:
are historically defined as prisoners held as security for the fulfillment of an agreement, or as a deterrent against an act of war. In modern times, it refers to someone who is seized by a criminal abductor.
1408:
are prisoners that are illegally held captive for their use as illegal laborers. Various methods have been used throughout history to deprive slaves of their liberty, including forcible restraint., which is
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prison is a preventative to re-incarceration. Several studies help illustrate the point. For example, one study in 1997 that focused on 3,200 prisoners in
Maryland, Minnesota, and Ohio, showed that
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is a frequent term used by certain governments to refer to individuals who are held in custody and are not liable to be classified and treated under the law as either
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their environment. Social connection and the support provided by social interaction are prerequisites to long-term social adjustment as a prisoner.
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Bruce A. Arrigo, Jennifer Leslie
Bullock (November 2007). "The Psychological Effects of Solitary Confinement on Prisoners in Supermax Units".
1346:, who is then incarcerated at a federal prison that exclusively houses similar criminals. The term most often applies to those convicted of a
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1291:. However, the mass incarcerations in the United States prisons raise concerns about the 8th Amendment being overridden by these conditions.
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Glanville
Williams described as "invidious" the practice of using the term "prisoner" in reference to a person who had not been convicted.
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describe those imprisoned for participation or connection to political activity. Such inmates challenge the legitimacy of the detention.
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Both federal and state laws govern the rights of prisoners. Prisoners in the United States do not have full rights under the
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1760:"Separate Roles for State and Trait Anxiety in the Formation of SHU Syndrome: Testing a Moderated Mediation Hypothesis"
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Sykes outlined some of the most salient points of this code as it applied in the post-war period in the United States:
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1118:, which was also published in 1958. Clemmer's text, based on his study of 2,400 convicts over three years at the
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solitary confinement. They can come to depend upon the prison structure to control and limit their conduct.
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1879:"Stockholm Syndrome - Law Enforcement Policy and Ego Defenses of the Hostage | Office of Justice Programs"
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The earliest evidence of the existence of the prisoner dates back to 8,000 BC from prehistoric graves in
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2159:, T. (1965) The Defences of the Weak: a Study of Norwegian Correctional Institution, London: Tavistock
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224:
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Victorian
Prisoners' Photograph Albums from Wandsworth prison on The National Archives' website.
2466:
1929:
Crewe, Ben (2006). "Male prisoners' orientations towards female officers in an English prison".
1902:
Simon, Jonathan (1 August 2000). "The 'Society of Captives' in the Era of Hyper-Incarceration".
1154:
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Prison overcrowding and the eighth amendments' prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment
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Stuart Grassian proposed that the symptoms are unique and are not found in any other situation.
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311:
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1114:, which was first published in 1940 and republished in 1958; and Gresham Sykes classic study
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1940:
1911:
1806:
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who is deprived of liberty against their will. This can be by confinement or captivity in a
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2133:
The Powers that Punish : Prison and Politics in the Era of the "Big House," 1920-2009
1534:
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1440:
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and lack of social contact that can have a severe negative impact on their mental health.
773:
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355:
350:
335:
267:
262:
184:
164:
1824:
Pratt, John; Brown, David; Brown, Mark; Hallsworth, Simon; Morrison, Wayne (2013-06-17).
1595:
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for long durations. When held in "Special Housing Units" (SHU), prisoners are subject to
861:
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957:. The abolition of the distinction between felony and misdemeanour by section 1 of the
916:
897:
865:
532:
159:
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Some of the most extreme adverse effects suffered by prisoners appear to be caused by
942:
as a result of any requirement imposed by a court or otherwise that he be detained in
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2168:
Guilbaud, Fabrice (2010) "Working in Prison: Time as Experienced by Inmate-Workers",
1952:
1923:
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cases. It is generally defined with the broad definition: "someone held in custody".
61:
deal primarily with the United States and the United Kingdom and do not represent a
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4154:
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3823:
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3380:
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2725:
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1618:
1606:
1509:
1504:
1432:
928:
683:
257:
2418:
Psychopathological effects of solitary confinement. American Journal of Psychiatry
2425:
Effects of sensory deprivation in psychiatric seclusion and solitary confinement.
1982:
1852:
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1915:
1596:
Johan Knutsonin kivipiirros moninkertaisesta murhamiehestä Juhani Aataminpojasta
1454:
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1088:
Some common behaviours are self-mutilation, suicidal tendencies, and psychosis.
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728:
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for security reasons. They can either be friendly, neutral, or enemy nationals.
124:
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2709:
2695:
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2543:
2076:
Faine, John R. (Autumn 1973). "A self-consistency approach to prisonization".
1810:
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748:
743:
549:
2361:
Gillen, S. & Nebraska Legislature Legislative Research Division. (1989).
1944:
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SpearIt, Restoring Pell Grants for Prisoners- Growing Momentum for Reform
2299:
4523:
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4348:
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4272:
4257:
4217:
3962:
2529:
2170:
1793:"Subjects Without a World? A Husserlian Analysis of Solitary Confinement"
1576:"Prisoner - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"
1385:
1365:
1331:
1307:
Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population, 2017.
474:
116:
17:
2472:
A Voice From Prison, NGO reporting from within the Federal prison system
908:
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1717:
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
1428:
1405:
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1260:
950:
939:
889:
885:
505:
139:
2454:
2389:"Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population"
2376:
2260:
2027:
1380:, also known as a POWs, are individuals incarcerated in relation to
2471:
2432:"Infamous punishment": The psychological consequences of isolation.
1334:
are prisoners that are incarcerated under the legal system. In the
1275:
1912 illustration of an inmate being punished in an American prison
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4227:
3778:
3544:
2577:
1302:
1264:
1250:
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1153:
1125:
907:
500:
281:
2245:
Language and Social Reality: The Case of Telling the Convict Code
4309:
3851:
2476:
2109:. Ontario: Jones & Bartlett Publishers Inc. pp. 95–96.
1702:
Simon and Schuster; Rockefeller Centre; New York, New York; 1997
1381:
4553:
3910:
3650:
3646:
2480:
938:, the word "prisoner" means any person for the time being in a
3227:
Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted
2243:
Brannigan, Augustine (May 1976). "Review: D. Lawrence Wieder,
1325:
45:
2365:. Nebraska Legislative Council Legislative Research Division.
1984:
The Society of Captives: A Study of a Maximum Security Prison
2341:"Prisoners' rights | LII / Legal Information Institute"
2319:. Ontario: Jones & Bartlett Publishers Inc. p. 94.
919:, also known as "Kerpeikkari", in the 1849 lithography by
2055:(1. publ. ed.). Westport, CT: Praeger. p. 23.
949:"Prisoner" was a legal term for a person prosecuted for
70:
2136:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 6.
1247:
Human rights in the United States § Prison system
27:
Person who is deprived of liberty against their will
4850:
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3365:
3218:
3022:
2937:
2897:
2816:
2763:
2638:
2629:
2560:
2514:
2282:Colvin, Mark (February 2010). "Review: David Ward.
2188:"Conversational actions and organizational actions"
1854:
Six Days in August: The Story of Stockholm Syndrome
1166:
US Marshals and prisoners on board a Con Air flight
953:. It was not applicable to a person prosecuted for
2427:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 8(1).
1673:. Eleventh Edition. Stevens. 1982. Page 3, note 3.
1427:Other types of prisoners can include those under
3567:United Kingdom and British overseas territories
1392:, or combatants acting within the bounds of the
1342:or a felon, is a person convicted of violating
2052:Living Inside Prison Walls: Adjustment Behavior
927:"Prisoner" is a legal term for a person who is
2176:-Annual English Selection-Supplement, p. 41-68
1029:panic disorder, with some suffering amnesia.
3662:
2492:
1684:Historical survey > Slave-owning societies
1443:, and peoples restricted to a specific area.
838:
59:The examples and perspective in this article
38:"Inmate" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
4346:
2010:"Leadership Phenomena in a Prison Community"
896:. The term usually applies to one serving a
4572:
4563:
4550:
4069:
3920:
3907:
3720:
3669:
3655:
3647:
3249:International Network of Prison Ministries
2635:
2499:
2485:
2477:
996:. This evidence suggests that people from
845:
831:
479:
108:
2423:Grassian, S., & Friedman, N. (1986).
1987:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1970:. New York: Holt, Rhineheart and Winston.
97:Learn how and when to remove this message
3075:Mentally ill people in the United States
1270:
971:
961:has rendered this distinction obsolete.
856:
2015:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
1567:
1530:List of countries by incarceration rate
1495:History of United States Prison Systems
1415:are anyone imprisoned because of their
557:
111:
3328:Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)
2434:National Prison Project Journal, 8(1).
2225:
2214:
1179:Don't interfere with inmate interests.
1283:, however, they are protected by the
1046:Hyperresponsivity to External Stimuli
7:
3630:
2343:. Topics.law.cornell.edu. 2012-03-02
1710:
1708:
1096:The psychological syndrome known as
1013:Special Housing Units (SHU) syndrome
2186:Watson, Rod; Sharrock, Wes (1990).
3912:
2090:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1973.tb01392.x
25:
2377:https://ssrn.com/abstract=2814358
1657:. Fourth Edition. 1960. Page 151.
1324:who are detained by a party to a
1033:The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
864:'s image of the exercise yard at
4914:
4913:
3629:
3618:
3617:
2008:Clemmer, Donald (Mar–Apr 1938).
1453:
200:Risk & actuarial criminology
123:
50:
3399:Countries by incarceration rate
3312:Prison Fellowship International
2445:Human Rights Watch on Detainees
1423:, religion, or political views.
4555:
2288:The American Historical Review
1470:Arbitrary arrest and detention
1064:Intrusive Obsessional Thoughts
1:
2313:Pollack, Joycelyn M. (2006).
2103:Pollack, Joycelyn M. (2006).
2049:DeRosia, Victoria R. (1998).
1857:. National Geographic Books.
1215:Be wary, and try to be a man.
1052:Illusions, and Hallucinations
983:
3291:Prison Advice and Care Trust
2284:Alcatraz: The Gangster Years
1525:Judicial corporal punishment
1289:cruel and unusual punishment
1191:Don't put a guy on the spot.
2316:Prisons: Today and Tomorrow
2106:Prisons: Today and Tomorrow
1916:10.1177/1362480600004003003
1651:A First Book of English Law
1520:Independent custody visitor
73:, discuss the issue on the
4971:
4950:Imprisonment and detention
3761:Weberian (three-component)
3623:Imprisonment and detention
2551:Stanford prison experiment
1981:Sykes, Gresham M. (1958).
1851:King, David (2020-08-04).
1244:
1233:
1120:Menard Correctional Center
1058:Difficulties with Thinking
180:Expressive function of law
29:
4909:
4575:
4562:
4549:
3919:
3906:
3719:
3690:
3612:
3284:Prison abolition movement
3242:Florida Justice Institute
1811:10.1007/s10746-011-9182-0
1778:10.1177/00328855211069142
1255:A police bus used by the
33:Prisoner (disambiguation)
4883:Pre-industrial East Asia
3335:The Prison Phoenix Trust
2779:Administrative detention
2455:Prisoner Search in U.S.A
2130:Bright, Charles (1996).
1966:Clemmer, Donald (1940).
1945:10.1177/1462474506067565
1932:Punishment & Society
1729:10.1177/0306624X07309720
1688:Encyclopædia Britannica.
1632:Prison Security Act 1992
1437:psychiatric institutions
1158:Inmates in a prison yard
1061:Concentration and Memory
936:Prison Security Act 1992
170:Differential association
3931:Administrative detainee
3413:Films featuring prisons
3270:Mount Tamalpais College
2924:Prisoner-of-war escapes
2654:Corrective labor colony
2197:(2): 26. Archived from
1904:Theoretical Criminology
1758:Walters, G. D. (2022).
1394:laws and customs of war
1194:Be loyal to your class.
1116:The Society of Captives
977:To Visit the Imprisoned
923:while he was imprisoned
230:Symbolic interactionism
40:Inmate (disambiguation)
4347:
3047:Contemplative programs
2754:Youth detention center
2606:Prisoner of conscience
2249:Contemporary Sociology
2224:Cite journal requires
2078:Sociological Quarterly
1413:Prisoner of conscience
1308:
1276:
1268:
1218:Never talk to a screw.
1206:Don't exploit inmates.
1188:Keep off a man's back.
1167:
1159:
1135:
1049:Perceptual Distortions
989:
924:
869:
210:Social disorganization
4888:Pre-industrial Europe
3298:Prison-Ashram Project
2416:Grassian, S. (1983).
2300:10.1086/ahr.115.1.246
1791:Guenther, L. (2011).
1578:. Merriam-webster.com
1485:Detention of suspects
1384:. They can be either
1306:
1274:
1254:
1245:Further information:
1165:
1157:
1129:
1008:Psychological effects
975:
959:Criminal Law Act 1967
911:
860:
719:Biosocial criminology
426:Uniform Crime Reports
145:Biosocial criminology
4745: or countries
4556:By country or region
3794:Class discrimination
3482:Ireland, Republic of
3172:Solitary confinement
2733:Prisoner-of-war camp
1968:The Prison Community
1827:The New Punitiveness
1112:The Prison Community
1019:solitary confinement
934:In section 1 of the
594:Solitary confinement
79:create a new article
71:improve this article
31:For other uses, see
4955:Criminals by status
4277:Vanniar (Chieftain)
3349:Prison Reform Trust
1400:Political prisoners
1182:Never rat on a con.
1023:sensory deprivation
784:Radical criminology
155:Collective efficacy
4858:18th-century Spain
4712:Standard of living
4416:Upper middle class
4411:Lower middle class
4002:Political prisoner
3784:Chattering classes
3756:Spoon class theory
3356:WriteAPrisoner.com
3119:Protective custody
2668:Extermination camp
2599:Political prisoner
2460:2020-08-12 at the
2430:Haney, C. (1993).
1667:Glanville Williams
1613:. 1636. Page 202.
1545:Prisoner's dilemma
1421:sexual orientation
1318:Civilian internees
1309:
1277:
1269:
1257:Maharashtra Police
1221:Have a connection.
1168:
1160:
1136:
1098:Stockholm syndrome
1092:Stockholm syndrome
990:
979:by Flemish artist
925:
894:physical restraint
876:(also known as an
870:
4927:
4926:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4738:
4737:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4439:Lumpenproletariat
3941:illegal immigrant
3902:
3901:
3814:Classless society
3644:
3643:
3580:England and Wales
3320:Prison Legal News
3305:Prison Fellowship
3263:Justice Defenders
2933:
2932:
2537:Prison healthcare
2450:ACLU on Detainees
2393:Our World in Data
2326:978-0-7637-2904-2
2143:978-0-472-10732-2
2116:978-0-7637-2904-2
2062:978-0-275-95895-4
1864:978-0-393-63508-9
1837:978-1-134-01855-0
1655:Sweet and Maxwell
1550:Prisoners' rights
1236:Prisoners' rights
1203:Don't bring heat.
1200:Do your own time.
855:
854:
601:
600:
538:Prisoners' rights
442:Positivist school
107:
106:
99:
81:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
4962:
4917:
4916:
4744:
4645:Mexican-American
4573:
4564:
4551:
4352:
4295:Business magnate
4185:Knowledge worker
4070:
3958:dual or multiple
3921:
3908:
3862:Social exclusion
3857:Social cleansing
3771:
3721:
3710:Economic classes
3671:
3664:
3657:
3648:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3625:
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3605:
3596:
3589:
3587:Northern Ireland
3582:
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2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2793:Maximum security
2788:
2781:
2774:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
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2222:
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2209:
2203:
2192:
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2177:
2166:
2160:
2157:Thomas Mathiesen
2154:
2148:
2147:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2046:
2040:
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2005:
1999:
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1978:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1927:
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1749:
1748:
1712:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1680:
1674:
1671:Learning the Law
1664:
1658:
1647:O. Hood Phillips
1644:
1638:
1628:
1622:
1611:Termes de la Ley
1604:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1572:
1540:Prisoner support
1463:
1458:
1457:
1441:internment camps
1388:affiliated with
1378:Prisoners of war
1358:prisoners of war
1297:prison education
1287:which prohibits
1285:Eighth Amendment
988:
985:
981:Cornelis de Wael
847:
840:
833:
480:
437:Crime statistics
363:
127:
109:
102:
95:
91:
88:
82:
54:
53:
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36:
21:
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4706:
4673:
4657:Underprivileged
4599:
4558:
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4533:
4463:
4420:
4380:
4362:
4281:
4199:
4159:
4061:
4016:
3915:
3914:
3898:
3877:Social position
3867:Social mobility
3765:
3715:
3686:
3685:
3675:
3645:
3640:
3628:
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3592:
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3200:Women in prison
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
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3140:
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3124:
3117:
3108:
3103:Private prisons
3101:
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2764:Security levels
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2724:
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2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
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2613:Prisoner of war
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
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2462:Wayback Machine
2441:
2413:
2411:Further reading
2408:
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2261:10.2307/2064132
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2097:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2028:10.2307/1136755
2007:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1928:
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1900:
1896:
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1790:
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1700:The Slave Trade
1697:
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1629:
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1605:
1601:
1594:
1590:
1581:
1579:
1574:
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1569:
1564:
1559:
1535:Older prisoners
1475:Civil liberties
1459:
1452:
1449:
1314:
1249:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1227:
1152:
1107:
1094:
1015:
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906:
851:
822:
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797:
789:
788:
714:Anthropological
704:
696:
695:
611:
603:
602:
477:
467:
466:
416:Critical theory
401:
393:
392:
373:State-corporate
361:
284:
273:
272:
268:Archibald Reiss
263:Cesare Lombroso
248:
247:Major theorists
240:
239:
215:Social learning
195:Rational choice
185:Labeling theory
165:Criminalization
135:
103:
92:
86:
83:
68:
55:
51:
44:
37:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
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4902:
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4878:Ottoman Empire
4875:
4870:
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4863:Ancient Greece
4860:
4854:
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4837:United Kingdom
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4730:Home-ownership
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4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4699:
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4689:
4683:
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4630:
4625:
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4609:
4607:
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4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4585:American Dream
4582:
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4018:
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4009:
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3999:
3997:Migrant worker
3994:
3989:
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3977:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3917:
3916:
3913:By demographic
3911:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3893:Status Anxiety
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3847:Ranked society
3844:
3839:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3789:Class conflict
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3772: topics
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3746:Mudsill theory
3743:
3738:
3733:
3727:
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3717:
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3394:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3374:Rehabilitation
3369:
3367:
3366:Leaving prison
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
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3259:
3256:Justice Action
3252:
3245:
3238:
3235:Black and Pink
3231:
3222:
3220:
3216:
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2949:
2941:
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2928:
2927:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2908:Prison escapes
2903:
2901:
2895:
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2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
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2439:External links
2437:
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2255:(3): 349–350.
2235:
2226:|journal=
2178:
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2022:(6): 861–872.
2000:
1994:978-0691130644
1993:
1973:
1958:
1939:(4): 395–421.
1894:
1870:
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1816:
1805:(3): 257–276.
1783:
1765:Prison Journal
1750:
1704:
1698:Thomas, Hugh:
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1555:Prison uniform
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1429:police custody
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1340:federal inmate
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1234:Main article:
1231:
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1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:Don't cop out.
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1185:Don't be nosy.
1183:
1180:
1176:
1151:
1148:
1132:Newgate Prison
1106:
1105:Inmate culture
1103:
1093:
1090:
1069:
1068:
1067:Overt Paranoia
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
969:
966:
917:Johan Adamsson
915:serial killer
905:
902:
866:Newgate Prison
853:
852:
850:
849:
842:
835:
827:
824:
823:
820:
819:
814:
809:
804:
798:
795:
794:
791:
790:
787:
786:
781:
776:
771:
769:Organizational
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
705:
702:
701:
698:
697:
694:
693:
692:
691:
686:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
599:
598:
597:
596:
591:
586:
581:
579:Transformative
576:
571:
563:
562:
555:
554:
553:
552:
547:
545:Rehabilitation
542:
541:
540:
535:
533:Prisoner abuse
525:
524:
523:
518:
513:
503:
498:
496:Incapacitation
493:
488:
478:
473:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
402:
399:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
332:
331:
321:
320:
319:
314:
306:
305:
304:
299:
294:
285:
279:
278:
275:
274:
271:
270:
265:
260:
255:
253:Émile Durkheim
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
205:Social control
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
160:Crime analysis
157:
152:
150:Broken windows
147:
142:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
120:
119:
105:
104:
65:of the subject
63:worldwide view
58:
56:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4967:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4920:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4842:United States
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4743:Other regions
4741:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4568:United States
4565:
4561:
4552:
4548:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4007:Socioeconomic
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3909:
3905:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3882:Social stigma
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3872:Social orphan
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3831:
3830:Nouveau riche
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3804:Class traitor
3802:
3800:
3799:Class society
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3736:Gilbert model
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3672:
3667:
3665:
3660:
3658:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3636:
3627:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3604:
3603:United States
3600:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:Organizations
3217:
3208:
3207:United States
3204:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3149:United States
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3133:United States
3130:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3110:United States
3107:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3082:Mobile phones
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3038:United States
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:Social issues
3021:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2967:United States
2964:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2881:Trusty system
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2508:Incarceration
2502:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2218:
2204:on 2015-09-24
2200:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1830:. Routledge.
1829:
1828:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1798:Human Studies
1794:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1723:(6): 622–40.
1722:
1718:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:Incarceration
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:Foot whipping
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:United States
1333:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1241:United States
1240:
1237:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1055:Panic Attacks
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1004:-like tribe.
1003:
999:
995:
982:
978:
974:
967:
965:
962:
960:
956:
952:
947:
945:
944:legal custody
941:
937:
932:
930:
922:
921:Johan Knutson
918:
914:
910:
903:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
867:
863:
859:
848:
843:
841:
836:
834:
829:
828:
826:
825:
818:
815:
813:
812:Organizations
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
793:
792:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
759:Environmental
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
700:
699:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
679:
677:
676:Postmodernist
674:
672:
669:
667:
666:Neo-classical
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
641:Environmental
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
607:
606:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
569:Participatory
567:
566:
565:
564:
560:
556:
551:
548:
546:
543:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
529:
526:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
482:
481:
476:
471:
470:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
432:
431:Crime mapping
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
397:
396:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
378:Transnational
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
346:International
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
330:
327:
326:
325:
322:
318:
315:
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1615:Digital copy
1607:John Rastell
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4082:Aristocracy
3968:naturalized
3963:native-born
3510:North Korea
3503:New Zealand
3096:Pay-to-stay
2523:Criminology
1883:www.ojp.gov
1435:, those in
1344:federal law
1130:A scene in
1000:enslaved a
994:Lower Egypt
987: 1640
904:English law
900:in prison.
754:Development
729:Criminology
651:Integrative
589:Utilitarian
584:Retributive
574:Restorative
561:in penology
447:Qualitative
421:Ethnography
406:Comparative
312:Blue-collar
235:Victimology
190:Psychopathy
113:Criminology
4934:Categories
4802:Luxembourg
4692:Inequality
4357:Superclass
4148:Hereditary
4124:Post-Roman
4115:Patrician
3985:adolescent
3809:Classicide
3424:By country
3061:Informants
2976:Literature
2915:Helicopter
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2817:Components
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1888:2023-11-14
1582:2012-04-19
1562:References
1461:Law portal
1390:combatants
929:imprisoned
749:Demography
671:Positivist
550:Recidivism
491:Deterrence
383:Victimless
225:Subculture
4827:Sri Lanka
4720:Education
4687:Household
4580:Affluence
4515:Rat tribe
4477:Ant tribe
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4434:Lazzaroni
4376:Bohemians
4337:Overclass
4332:Old money
4268:Spartiate
4243:Kshatriya
4233:Hashashin
4190:Professor
4131:Political
4104:Oligarchy
4094:Hanseaten
4012:Stateless
3992:Convicted
3924:By status
3887:Subaltern
3819:Euthenics
3751:New class
3433:Australia
3165:Sexuality
3054:Education
3013:Tattooing
2807:Death row
2703:Battalion
2562:Prisoners
1953:145696051
1924:145534095
1480:Detention
1386:civilians
1354:Detainees
1322:civilians
1224:Be sharp.
1212:Be tough.
1085:symptoms.
774:Political
703:Subfields
626:Classical
616:Anarchist
511:abolition
411:Profiling
356:Political
351:Organized
336:Corporate
324:Cold case
280:Types of
75:talk page
18:Prisoners
4945:Penology
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4851:Historic
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4762:Cambodia
4697:Personal
4595:Mobility
4524:Freedman
4510:Plebeian
4496:Prisoner
4482:Commoner
4368:Creative
4349:Seigneur
4315:Nobility
4273:Vanniyar
4258:Pendekar
4218:Cossacks
3852:Snobbery
3724:Theories
3594:Scotland
3229:(Brazil)
3193:Violence
3142:Religion
2983:American
2832:Cemetery
2800:Supermax
2719:Military
2661:Debtors'
2585:Detainee
2578:Criminal
2530:Penology
2458:Archived
1745:10433547
1737:18025074
1447:See also
1409:illegal.
1372:Hostages
1366:criminal
1362:suspects
1332:Convicts
1197:Be cool.
1134:, London
898:sentence
882:detainee
874:prisoner
807:Journals
734:Critical
724:Conflict
709:American
680:Realism
646:Feminist
636:Critical
631:Conflict
528:Prisoner
475:Penology
341:Juvenile
292:Humanity
288:Against
175:Deviance
117:penology
87:May 2021
69:You may
4822:Romania
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4702:Poverty
4605:Classes
4590:History
4501:Peasant
4487:Outcast
4426:Working
4406:Burgher
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3770:Related
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3406:Prisons
3186:Suicide
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2867:Officer
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2592:Hostage
2571:Convict
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2398:6 March
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2036:1136755
1500:Hostage
968:History
913:Finnish
884:) is a
739:Culture
661:Marxist
656:Italian
621:Chicago
610:Schools
559:Justice
400:Methods
329:Perfect
4777:France
4757:Belize
4752:Africa
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521:reform
506:Prison
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