Cloud computing - Knowledge (XXG)

529:, chief technology officer at Emagined Security, said that hackers are spending substantial time and effort looking for ways to penetrate the cloud. "There are some real Achilles' heels in the cloud infrastructure that are making big holes for the bad guys to get into". Because data from hundreds or thousands of companies can be stored on large cloud servers, hackers can theoretically gain control of huge stores of information through a single attack—a process he called "hyperjacking". Some examples of this include the Dropbox security breach, and iCloud 2014 leak. Dropbox had been breached in October 2014, having over seven million of its users passwords stolen by hackers in an effort to get monetary value from it by Bitcoins (BTC). By having these passwords, they are able to read 809:. Cloud providers manage the infrastructure and platforms that run the applications. SaaS is sometimes referred to as "on-demand software" and is usually priced on a pay-per-use basis or using a subscription fee. In the SaaS model, cloud providers install and operate application software in the cloud and cloud users access the software from cloud clients. Cloud users do not manage the cloud infrastructure and platform where the application runs. This eliminates the need to install and run the application on the cloud user's own computers, which simplifies maintenance and support. Cloud applications differ from other applications in their scalability—which can be achieved by cloning tasks onto multiple virtual machines at run-time to meet changing work demand. 1097:– Volunteer cloud computing is characterized as the intersection of public-resource computing and cloud computing, where a cloud computing infrastructure is built using volunteered resources. Many challenges arise from this type of infrastructure, because of the volatility of the resources used to build it and the dynamic environment it operates in. It can also be called peer-to-peer clouds, or ad-hoc clouds. An interesting effort in such direction is Cloud@Home, it aims to implement a cloud computing infrastructure using volunteered resources providing a business-model to incentivize contributions through financial restitution. 582: 334:, as infrastructure is typically provided by a third party and need not be purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks. Pricing on a utility computing basis is "fine-grained", with usage-based billing options. As well, less in-house IT skills are required for implementation of projects that use cloud computing. The e-FISCAL project's state-of-the-art repository contains several articles looking into cost aspects in more detail, most of them concluding that costs savings depend on the type of activities supported and the type of infrastructure available in-house. 590: 771:. iPaaS enables customers to develop, execute and govern integration flows. Under the iPaaS integration model, customers drive the development and deployment of integrations without installing or managing any hardware or middleware. dPaaS delivers integration—and data-management—products as a fully managed service. Under the dPaaS model, the PaaS provider, not the customer, manages the development and execution of programs by building data applications for the customer. dPaaS users access data through 1187: 432:. Security is often as good as or better than other traditional systems, in part because service providers are able to devote resources to solving security issues that many customers cannot afford to tackle or which they lack the technical skills to address. However, the complexity of security is greatly increased when data is distributed over a wider area or over a greater number of devices, as well as in multi-tenant systems shared by unrelated users. In addition, user access to security 491: 760:, typically including an operating system, programming-language execution environment, database, and the web server. Application developers develop and run their software on a cloud platform instead of directly buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. With some PaaS, the underlying computer and storage resources scale automatically to match application demand so that the cloud user does not have to allocate resources manually. 801:. The applications are accessible from various client devices through either a thin client interface, such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email), or a program interface. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. 959: 6738: 5956: 709:'s definition of cloud computing describes IaaS as "where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, and deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls)." 40: 728:). To deploy their applications, cloud users install operating-system images and their application software on the cloud infrastructure. In this model, the cloud user patches and maintains the operating systems and the application software. Cloud providers typically bill IaaS services on a utility computing basis: cost reflects the number of resources allocated and consumed. 5968: 5232: 1466:– Distributed computing paradigm that provides data, compute, storage and application services closer to the client or near-user edge devices, such as network routers. Furthermore, fog computing handles data at the network level, on smart devices and on the end-user client-side (e.g. mobile devices), instead of sending data to a remote location for processing. 1045:

cloud extends the capabilities of the enterprise to deliver a specific business service through the addition of externally available public cloud services. Hybrid cloud adoption depends on a number of factors such as data security and compliance requirements, level of control needed over data, and the applications an organization uses.

505:

without a warrant. That is permitted in their privacy policies, which users must agree to before they start using cloud services. Solutions to privacy include policy and legislation as well as end-users' choices for how data is stored. Users can encrypt data that is processed or stored within the cloud to prevent unauthorized access.

525:—which accounted for 29%, 25% and 10% of all cloud security outages respectively. Together, these form shared technology vulnerabilities. In a cloud provider platform being shared by different users, there may be a possibility that information belonging to different customers resides on the same data server. Additionally, 417:

time-efficient benefit of cloud scalability also means faster time to market, more business flexibility, and adaptability, as adding new resources does not take as much time as it used to. Emerging approaches for managing elasticity include the use of machine learning techniques to propose efficient elasticity models.

466:

specific needs or preferences. Complete understanding of all technology may be impossible, especially given the scale, complexity, and deliberate opacity of contemporary systems; however, there is a need for understanding complex technologies and their interconnections to have power and agency within them. The

1112:

Multicloud is the use of multiple cloud computing services in a single heterogeneous architecture to reduce reliance on single vendors, increase flexibility through choice, mitigate against disasters, etc. It differs from hybrid cloud in that it refers to multiple cloud services, rather than multiple

998:

Cloud services are considered "public" when they are delivered over the public Internet, and they may be offered as a paid subscription, or free of charge. Architecturally, there are few differences between public- and private-cloud services, but security concerns increase substantially when services

937:

as necessary to serve requests. Requests are billed by an abstract measure of the resources required to satisfy the request, rather than per virtual machine per hour. Despite the name, serverless computing does not actually involve running code without servers. The business or person using the system

453:

One of the main challenges of cloud computing, in comparison to more traditional on-premises computing, is data security and privacy. Cloud users entrust their sensitive data to third-party providers, who may not have adequate measures to protect it from unauthorized access, breaches, or leaks. Cloud

1229:

disciplines of cloud computing. It brings a systematic approach to the high-level concerns of commercialization, standardization and governance in conceiving, developing, operating and maintaining cloud computing systems. It is a multidisciplinary method encompassing contributions from diverse areas

1044:

Varied use cases for hybrid cloud composition exist. For example, an organization may store sensitive client data in house on a private cloud application, but interconnect that application to a business intelligence application provided on a public cloud as a software service. This example of hybrid

969:

Reverse cloud migration, also known as cloud repatriation, refers to moving cloud-based workloads back to on-premises infrastructures including enterprise data centers, colocation providers, and managed service providers. Cloud repatriation occurs due to security concerns, costs, performance issues,

391:

Productivity may be increased when multiple users can work on the same data simultaneously, rather than waiting for it to be saved and emailed. Time may be saved as information does not need to be re-entered when fields are matched, nor do users need to install application software upgrades to their

342:

Device and location independence enable users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they use (e.g., PC, mobile phone). As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect to it from anywhere.

1385:

The goal of cloud computing is to allow users to take benefit from all of these technologies, without the need for deep knowledge about or expertise with each one of them. The cloud aims to cut costs and helps the users focus on their core business instead of being impeded by IT obstacles. The main

983:

are generally capital intensive. They have a significant physical footprint, requiring allocations of space, hardware, and environmental controls. These assets have to be refreshed periodically, resulting in additional capital expenditures. They have attracted criticism because users "still have to

1074:

shares infrastructure between several organizations from a specific community with common concerns (security, compliance, jurisdiction, etc.), whether it is managed internally or by a third-party, and hosted internally or externally, the costs are distributed among fewer users compared to a public

1057:

is an application deployment model in which an application runs in a private cloud or data center and "bursts" to a public cloud when the demand for computing capacity increases. A primary advantage of cloud bursting and a hybrid cloud model is that an organization pays for extra compute resources

536:

There is the problem of legal ownership of the data (If a user stores some data in the cloud, can the cloud provider profit from it?). Many Terms of Service agreements are silent on the question of ownership. Physical control of the computer equipment (private cloud) is more secure than having the

481:

Additionally, cloud migration is a significant challenge. This process involves transferring data, applications, or workloads from one cloud environment to another, or from on-premises infrastructure to the cloud. Cloud migration can be complicated, time-consuming, and expensive, particularly when

351:

Maintenance of cloud environment is easier because the data is hosted on an outside server maintained by a provider without the need to invest in data center hardware. IT maintenance of cloud computing is managed and updated by the cloud provider's IT maintenance team which reduces cloud computing

1121:

Poly cloud refers to the use of multiple public clouds for the purpose of leveraging specific services that each provider offers. It differs from Multi cloud in that it is not designed to increase flexibility or mitigate against failures but is rather used to allow an organization to achieve more

978:

Private cloud is cloud infrastructure operated solely for a single organization, whether managed internally or by a third party, and hosted either internally or externally. Undertaking a private cloud project requires significant engagement to virtualize the business environment, and requires the

832:

hardware and software maintenance and support to the cloud provider. This enables the business to reallocate IT operations costs away from hardware/software spending and from personnel expenses, towards meeting other goals. In addition, with applications hosted centrally, updates can be released

465:

Another challenge of cloud computing is reduced visibility and control. Cloud users may not have full insight into how their cloud resources are managed, configured, or optimized by their providers. They may also have limited ability to customize or modify their cloud services according to their

138:

Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing

1040:

defines a hybrid cloud service as a cloud computing service that is composed of some combination of private, public and community cloud services, from different service providers. A hybrid cloud service crosses isolation and provider boundaries so that it cannot be simply put in one category of

1035:

cloud is a composition of a public cloud and a private environment, such as a private cloud or on-premises resources, that remain distinct entities but are bound together, offering the benefits of multiple deployment models. Hybrid cloud can also mean the ability to connect collocation, managed

750:

The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure

509:

can also provide practical solutions to privacy concerns in cloud computing. These systems distinguish between authorized and unauthorized users and determine the amount of data that is accessible to each entity. The systems work by creating and describing identities, recording activities, and

504:

Cloud computing poses privacy concerns because the service provider can access the data that is in the cloud at any time. It could accidentally or deliberately alter or delete information. Many cloud providers can share information with third parties if necessary for purposes of law and order

416:

Scalability and elasticity via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a fine-grained, self-service basis in near real-time, without users having to engineer for peak loads. This gives the ability to scale up when the usage need increases or down if resources are not being used. The

541:

security could find that it is more secure for them to use a public cloud. There is the risk that end users do not understand the issues involved when signing on to a cloud service (persons sometimes do not read the many pages of the terms of service agreement, and just click "Accept" without

131:

Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any

671:

are the underlying Linux kernel technologies used to isolate, secure and manage the containers. The use of containers offers higher performance than virtualization because there is no hypervisor overhead. IaaS clouds often offer additional resources such as a virtual-machine

537:

equipment off-site and under someone else's control (public cloud). This delivers great incentive to public cloud computing service providers to prioritize building and maintaining strong management of secure services. Some small businesses that do not have expertise in

1394:

essentially creating a scalable system of multiple independent computing devices, idle computing resources can be allocated and used more efficiently. Virtualization provides the agility required to speed up IT operations and reduces cost by increasing infrastructure

1083:

A cloud computing platform can be assembled from a distributed set of machines in different locations, connected to a single network or hub service. It is possible to distinguish between two types of distributed clouds: public-resource computing and volunteer cloud.

158:(RJE). The "data center" model, where users submitted jobs to operators to run on mainframes, was predominantly used during this era. This was a time of exploration and experimentation with ways to make large-scale computing power available to more users through 945:

Function as a Service (FaaS) is a remote procedure call hosted as a service, leveraging serverless computing to deploy individual functions in the cloud that run in response to specific events. Some consider FaaS to fall under the umbrella of

43:

Cloud computing metaphor: the group of networked elements providing services does not need to be addressed or managed individually by users; instead, the entire provider-managed suite of hardware and software can be thought of as an amorphous

999:(applications, storage, and other resources) are shared by multiple customers. Most public-cloud providers offer direct-connection services that allow customers to securely link their legacy data centers to their cloud-resident applications. 4875: 823:

The pricing model for SaaS applications is typically a monthly or yearly flat fee per user, so prices become scalable and adjustable if users are added or removed at any point. It may also be free. Proponents claim that SaaS gives a

755:

PaaS vendors offer a development environment to application developers. The provider typically develops toolkit and standards for development and channels for distribution and payment. In the PaaS models, cloud providers deliver a

1058:

only when they are needed. Cloud bursting enables data centers to create an in-house IT infrastructure that supports average workloads, and use cloud resources from public or private clouds, during spikes in processing demands.

1091:– This type of distributed cloud results from an expansive definition of cloud computing, because they are more akin to distributed computing than cloud computing. Nonetheless, it is considered a sub-class of cloud computing. 1211:

communicating with each other over a loose coupling mechanism such as a messaging queue. Elastic provision implies intelligence in the use of tight or loose coupling as applied to mechanisms such as these and others.

1052:

organizations use public cloud computing resources to meet temporary capacity needs that can not be met by the private cloud. This capability enables hybrid clouds to employ cloud bursting for scaling across clouds.

3145: 3082: 813:

distribute the work over the set of virtual machines. This process is transparent to the cloud user, who sees only a single access-point. To accommodate a large number of cloud users, cloud applications can be

979:

organization to reevaluate decisions about existing resources. It can improve business, but every step in the project raises security issues that must be addressed to prevent serious vulnerabilities. Self-run

554:). Fundamentally, private cloud is seen as more secure with higher levels of control for the owner, however public cloud is seen to be more flexible and requires less time and money investment from the user. 427:

Security can improve due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources, etc., but concerns can persist about loss of control over certain sensitive data, and the lack of security for stored

139:

transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service, although for some organisations the revenue impact of high usage may affect profitability, compared to an option of sunk capital costs.

124:

The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer

2315: 1290:

companies as up for grabs in 2030. In 2022, more than $ 1.3 trillion in enterprise IT spending was at stake from the shift to the cloud, growing to almost $ 1.8 trillion in 2025, according to Gartner.

1041:

private, public, or community cloud service. It allows one to extend either the capacity or the capability of a cloud service, by aggregation, integration or customization with another cloud service.

482:

there are compatibility issues between different cloud platforms or architectures. If not carefully planned and executed, cloud migration can lead to downtime, reduced performance, or even data loss.

2869:

Nouri, Seyed; Han, Li; Srikumar, Venugopal; Wenxia, Guo; MingYun, He; Wenhong, Tian (2019). "Autonomic decentralized elasticity based on a reinforcement learning controller for cloud applications".

4900: 4925: 4871: 1174:, Sabalcore, Gomput, and Penguin Computing offered a high-performance computing cloud. The Penguin On Demand (POD) cloud was one of the first non-virtualized remote HPC services offered on a 436:

may be difficult or impossible. Private cloud installations are in part motivated by users' desire to retain control over the infrastructure and avoid losing control of information security.

298:

up and running faster, with improved manageability and less maintenance, and that it enables IT teams to more rapidly adjust resources to meet fluctuating and unpredictable demand, providing

3545: 105:

A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider.

3749: 2150: 278:

of 2020, cloud technology has surged in popularity due to the level of data security it offers and the flexibility of working options it provides for all employees, notably remote workers.

5166:

Armbrust, Michael; Stoica, Ion; Zaharia, Matei; Fox, Armando; Griffith, Rean; Joseph, Anthony D.; Katz, Randy; Konwinski, Andy; Lee, Gunho; Patterson, David; Rabkin, Ariel (1 April 2010).

3842: 3452: 3708: 1330:

set out a series of "digital agenda actions" which the Commission proposed to undertake in order to support the development of a fair and effective market for cloud computing services.

601:(SOA) promotes the idea of "Everything as a Service" (EaaS or XaaS, or simply aAsS). This concept is operationalized in cloud computing through several service models as defined by the 1482:– A distributed architecture without the need for central coordination. Participants are both suppliers and consumers of resources (in contrast to the traditional client-server model). 173:

environment could "go". The metaphor is credited to David Hoffman, a General Magic communications specialist, based on its long-standing use in networking and telecom. The expression

4356: 3686: 2260: 751:

including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-hosting environment.

193:

with "cloud computing-enabled applications". The business plan foresaw that online consumer file storage would likely be commercially successful. As a result, Compaq decided to sell

6064: 111:

Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets,

3025: 3872: 2194: 1796:

The European Commission has observed that locations of data and processes " not in principle have to concern the user", but they may have "an important bearing on the applicable

1390:. Virtualization software separates a physical computing device into one or more "virtual" devices, each of which can be easily used and managed to perform computing tasks. With 2231: 2742: 3241:

Duan, Yucong; Fu, Guohua; Zhou, Nianjun; Sun, Xiaobing; Narendra, Nanjangud; Hu, Bo (2015). "Everything as a Service (XaaS) on the Cloud: Origins, Current and Future Trends".

1948: 984:

buy, build, and manage them" and thus do not benefit from less hands-on management, essentially " the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept".

837:

comes with storing the users' data on the cloud provider's server. As a result, there could be unauthorized access to the data. Examples of applications offered as SaaS are

3170: 4510: 4820: 3141: 3090: 4326: 3576: 4110: 4661:

Netto, M.; Calheiros, R.; Rodrigues, E.; Cunha, R.; Buyya, R. (2018). "HPC Cloud for Scientific and Business Applications: Taxonomy, Vision, and Research Challenges".

3120: 4300: 3475: 4971: 3780: 3908: 602: 95: 4044: 2401: 647:

various low-level details of underlying network infrastructure like physical computing resources, location, data partitioning, scaling, security, backup, etc. A

6154: 4422: 4271: 2311: 1130:

The issues of transferring large amounts of data to the cloud as well as data security once the data is in the cloud initially hampered adoption of cloud for

573:. Recent research conducted in 2022 has revealed that the Trojan horse injection method is a serious problem with harmful impacts on cloud computing systems. 6006: 4066: 4560: 4479: 4534: 2666:

Bruneo, Dario; Distefano, Salvatore; Longo, Francesco; Puliafito, Antonio; Scarpa, Marco (2013). "Workload-Based Software Rejuvenation in Cloud Systems".

5072: 4896: 2593: 1178:

basis. Penguin Computing launched its HPC cloud in 2016 as an alternative to Amazon's EC2 Elastic Compute Cloud, which uses virtualized computing nodes.

4443:

Cunsolo, Vincenzo D.; Distefano, Salvatore; Puliafito, Antonio; Scarpa, Marco (2009). "Volunteer Computing and Desktop Cloud: The Cloud@Home Paradigm".

3399: 2542:

He, Sijin; Guo, L.; Guo, Y.; Ghanem, M. (June 2012). "Improving Resource Utilisation in the Cloud Environment Using Multivariate Probabilistic Models".

1391: 5427: 5263: 4921: 2909: 3741: 3536: 3287: 2782:

He, Sijin; L. Guo; Y. Guo; C. Wu; M. Ghanem (March 2012). "Elastic Application Container: A Lightweight Approach for Cloud Resource Provisioning".

2146: 4401: 3834: 4241: 3597: 3448: 2852: 4715: 4381: 4133: 6135: 2708: 2098: 1751: 3718: 2823:

Marston, Sean; Li, Zhi; Bandyopadhyay, Subhajyoti; Zhang, Juheng; Ghalsasi, Anand (2011-04-01). "Cloud computing – The business perspective".

5210: 5126: 5108: 4965: 3299: 3262: 2961: 2799: 2642: 2559: 2513: 4348: 3811: 6402: 5801: 3678: 2337: 2252: 74:. Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and typically uses a pay-as-you-go model, which can help in reducing 4089: 3112: 94:

communication issued in 2012 argued that the breadth of scope offered by cloud computing made a general definition "elusive", whereas the

3017: 2381: 915:

dating from 2011 or later but trends indicate that these services are gaining significant mainstream traction with enterprise consumers.

379:

Performance is monitored by IT experts from the service provider, and consistent and loosely coupled architectures are constructed using

366:

peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer and pay for the resources and equipment to meet their highest possible load-levels)

6425: 3864: 2202: 763:

Some integration and data management providers also use specialized applications of PaaS as delivery models for data. Examples include

154:

Cloud computing has a rich history which extends back to the 1960s, with the initial concepts of time-sharing becoming popularized via

6314: 2720: 2223: 1514: 1286:

report, cloud cost-optimization levers and value-oriented business use cases foresee more than $ 1 trillion in run-rate EBITDA across

1247: 4850: 4590: 1403:. By minimizing user involvement, automation speeds up the process, reduces labor costs and reduces the possibility of human errors. 1158:(HPC) applications. These applications consume a considerable amount of computing power and memory and are traditionally executed on 6420: 6397: 5382: 4217: 3968: 2130: 1938: 1664: 1488:– A live, isolated computer environment in which a program, code or file can run without affecting the application in which it runs. 1411: 892: 170: 5098: 4114: 2934: 5999: 3166: 1075:

cloud (but more than a private cloud). As a result, only a portion of the potential cost savings of cloud computing is achieved.

4772: 3938: 3192:

Kanaker, Hasan; Karim, Nader Abdel; Awwad, Samer A. B.; Ismail, Nurul H. A.; Zraqou, Jamal; Ali, Abdulla M. F. Al (2022-12-20).

2993: 6392: 6207: 5002: 4824: 3513: 3372:. 5th International Conference on Internet and Web Applications and Services (ICIW). Barcelona, Spain: IEEE. pp. 155–160. 2484: 454:

users also face compliance risks if they have to adhere to certain regulations or standards regarding data protection, such as

4502: 4322: 3570: 1278:(IDC), global spending on cloud computing services has reached $ 706 billion and is expected to reach $ 1.3 trillion by 2025. 6499: 6362: 5941: 2374: 1275: 1171: 644: 618: 543: 2289: 4292: 3479: 1916: 651:

runs the virtual machines as guests. Pools of hypervisors within the cloud operational system can support large numbers of

6768: 6723: 6557: 6175: 6095: 5256: 1761: 598: 542:

reading). This is important now that cloud computing is common and required for some services to work, for example for an

119: 4952: 4163: 3772: 1195: 217: 4070: 3898: 581: 400:

Availability improves with the use of multiple redundant sites, which makes well-designed cloud computing suitable for

6742: 6688: 6148: 5992: 5748: 5306: 4036: 2786:. 2012 IEEE 26th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA). pp. 15–22. 2397: 1731: 1685: 1476:, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility, such as electricity." 1259: 634: 606: 506: 178: 4011: 4418: 2462: 6667: 6462: 6347: 6309: 6159: 6049: 5971: 5236: 4263: 4186:"Customer Relationship Management in a Public Cloud environment - Key influencing factors for European enterprises" 3347: 1574: 1534: 1155: 993: 685: 656: 149: 2004: 6683: 6662: 6607: 6494: 6484: 6457: 6319: 5766: 1589: 908: 429: 198: 4552: 4475: 2074: 1282:

estimated that global public cloud services end-user spending would reach $ 600 billion by 2023. According to a

286:

Advocates of public and hybrid clouds claim that cloud computing allows companies to avoid or minimize up-front

6763: 6637: 6263: 6202: 6115: 5960: 5866: 5417: 5402: 5249: 4741: 3425: 1539: 1519: 896: 570: 558: 499: 5068: 4922:"Gartner Says More Than Half of Enterprise IT Spending in Key Market Segments Will Shift to the Cloud by 2025" 4531: 2601: 1425: 494:

Cloud suppliers security and privacy agreements must be aligned to the demand(s) requirements and requlations.

267:

in 2012. In December 2019, Amazon launched AWS Outposts, a service that extends AWS infrastructure, services,

6552: 3391: 6698: 6693: 6143: 5387: 5311: 2582:

He, Qiang, et al. "Formulating Cost-Effective Monitoring Strategies for Service-based Systems." (2013): 1–1.

2429: 1659: 1594: 1509: 1433: 1243: 725: 327: 31: 2905: 6437: 6369: 6273: 6165: 6120: 5397: 5357: 1726: 1716: 1629: 1614: 1599: 1554: 1473: 1175: 1049: 538: 448: 6227: 4798: 208:(AWS) in 2002, which allowed developers to build applications independently. In 2006 the beta version of 6529: 6489: 6442: 6432: 6170: 6090: 6029: 5806: 5796: 5570: 5452: 5442: 5367: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5301: 3305: 1776: 1654: 1624: 1609: 1452:– A form of distributed and parallel computing, whereby a 'super and virtual computer' is composed of a 1302: 930: 834: 784: 737: 614: 610: 67: 4398: 1832:"An Introduction to Dew Computing: Definition, Concept and Implications - IEEE Journals & Magazine" 1283: 841:

and productivity software like Google Docs and Office Online. SaaS applications may be integrated with

712:

IaaS-cloud providers supply these resources on-demand from their large pools of equipment installed in

589: 363:

centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower costs (such as real estate, electricity, etc.)

4233: 3604: 2849: 162:, optimizing the infrastructure, platform, and applications, and increasing efficiency for end users. 6469: 6357: 6352: 6342: 6329: 6125: 5535: 5422: 5321: 5316: 5296: 5286: 4707: 4625: 4378: 4129: 1771: 1701: 1619: 1339: 1255: 1251: 1235: 1200: 1027: 1015: 947: 924: 874: 846: 798: 295: 240: 225: 2095: 1186: 1054: 360:

Multitenancy enables sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of users thus allowing for:

6632: 6587: 6413: 6408: 6387: 6253: 5761: 5583: 5221: 1797: 1711: 1529: 1504: 1453: 1344: 1231: 1163: 1143: 621:. However, these layers are not necessarily interdependent. For instance, SaaS can be delivered on 530: 401: 323: 205: 91: 4872:"Gartner Forecasts Worldwide Public Cloud End-User Spending to Reach Nearly $ 500 Billion in 2022" 2521: 655:

and the ability to scale services up and down according to customers' varying requirements. Linux

625:, bypassing PaaS and IaaS, and a program can run directly on IaaS without being packaged as SaaS. 490: 6657: 6506: 6479: 6304: 6268: 6258: 6059: 6039: 6034: 6015: 5718: 5189: 5154: 5049: 4688: 4670: 4643: 4456: 3803: 3660: 3339: 3268: 3223: 3193: 2886: 2805: 2756: 2736: 2683: 2648: 2565: 2038:(Technical report). National Institute of Standards and Technology: U.S. Department of Commerce. 1908: 1861: 1756: 1706: 1696: 1407: 1396: 772: 757: 260: 194: 6217: 4085: 2345: 1879:

Montazerolghaem, Ahmadreza; Yaghmaee, Mohammad Hossein; Leon-Garcia, Alberto (September 2020).

204:

In the 2000s, the application of cloud computing began to take shape with the establishment of

6703: 6379: 6337: 6232: 5771: 5633: 5628: 5432: 5291: 5206: 5122: 5104: 4961: 4213: 3964: 3652: 3295: 3258: 3215: 2957: 2795: 2638: 2555: 2378: 2370: 2126: 1900: 1853: 1469: 1221: 1135: 939: 879:

In the "backend" as a service (m) model, also known as "mobile backend as a service" (MBaaS),

717: 422: 405: 331: 287: 275: 79: 2701:

Kuperberg, Michael; Herbst, Nikolas; Kistowski, Joakim Von; Reussner, Ralf (1 January 2011).

2120: 1297:

identified several issues which were impeding the development of the cloud computing market:

6713: 6512: 6447: 6294: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6069: 5901: 5560: 5475: 5407: 5179: 5146: 5039: 4680: 4633: 4448: 4203: 4193: 3642: 3373: 3250: 3205: 3083:"Google Drive, Dropbox, Box and iCloud Reach the Top 5 Cloud Storage Security Breaches List" 3059: 2878: 2832: 2787: 2712: 2675: 2630: 2547: 2546:. 2012 2012 IEEE 5th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD). pp. 574–581. 2066: 2039: 1892: 1843: 1584: 1549: 1313: 1204: 1159: 934: 900: 551: 155: 75: 2784:

2012 IEEE 26th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications

1399:. Autonomic computing automates the process through which the user can provision resources 797:

The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider's applications running on a

6577: 6517: 6452: 6299: 6289: 6222: 6054: 5896: 5846: 5663: 5653: 4846: 4582: 4538: 4405: 4385: 4264:"What is hybrid cloud computing? The benefits of mixing private and public cloud services" 2856: 2704:

Defining and Quantifying Elasticity of Resources in Cloud Computing and Scalable Platforms

2625:

Mao, Ming; M. Humphrey (2012). "A Performance Study on the VM Startup Time in the Cloud".

2385: 2102: 1736: 1681: 1485: 1439: 1359: 1263: 1239: 1071: 1014:

are influencing the decision of enterprises and organizations to choose a public cloud or

912: 904: 652: 478:; it is something experienced without precisely understanding what it is or how it works. 236: 63: 55: 6212: 5225:. Retrieved November 1, 2015, from National Institute of Standards and Technology website 805:

In the software as a service (SaaS) model, users gain access to application software and

470:

of the cloud can be seen as problematic as cloud computing retains the aura of something

4629: 3370:

Platform-as-a-Service Architecture for Real-Time Quality of Service Management in Clouds

1436:

that distinguishes between service providers (servers) and service requestors (clients).

1410:

for the services used. Cloud computing attempts to address QoS (quality of service) and

533:

as well as have this data be indexed by search engines (making the information public).

369:

utilization and efficiency improvements for systems that are often only 10–20% utilized.

6708: 6524: 6181: 6074: 5781: 5698: 5608: 5412: 5352: 1881:"Green Cloud Multimedia Networking: NFV/SDN Based Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation" 1746: 1691: 1639: 1564: 1559: 1457: 1449: 1443: 1415: 1400: 1387: 1317: 681: 617:(SaaS). They are commonly depicted as layers in a stack, providing different levels of 526: 5134: 2702: 1154:

HPC cloud refers to the use of cloud computing services and infrastructure to execute

958: 6757: 6597: 6474: 5756: 5603: 5593: 5578: 5555: 5503: 5460: 5377: 5362: 5053: 5026:

Vaquero, Luis M.; Rodero-Merino, Luis; Caceres, Juan; Lindner, Maik (December 2008).

4764: 4192:. Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2017). 3930: 3501: 3227: 2173: 2059:"Network Specifications for Remote Job Entry and Remote Job Output Retrieval at UCSB" 1912: 1721: 1671: 1604: 1569: 1463: 888: 858: 842: 810: 721: 700: 677: 639:

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) refers to online services that provide high-level

271:, and tools to customer data centers, co-location spaces, or on-premises facilities. 182: 166: 59: 4995: 4460: 3664: 3194:"Trojan Horse Infection Detection in Cloud Based Environment Using Machine Learning" 2890: 2687: 2569: 2492: 6197: 5926: 5886: 5786: 5776: 5678: 5530: 5520: 5480: 5193: 5158: 4692: 4647: 3272: 2809: 2652: 1865: 1766: 1741: 1676: 1544: 1524: 1499: 1479: 1369: 1349: 1007: 854: 838: 713: 660: 380: 264: 159: 98:'s 2011 definition of cloud computing identified "five essential characteristics": 4638: 4613: 2281: 2007:, COM(2012) 529 final, page 3, published 27 September 2012, accessed 26 April 2024 66:, without direct active management by the user. Large clouds often have functions 3985: 3064: 3047: 2882: 1972: 569:

attacks. One of the largest threats is considered to be malware attacks, such as

513:

According to the Cloud Security Alliance, the top three threats in the cloud are

165:

The "cloud" metaphor for virtualized services dates to 1994, when it was used by

6718: 5811: 5618: 5372: 5118: 4847:"IDC Forecasts Worldwide "Whole Cloud" Spending to Reach $ 1.3 Trillion by 2025" 3835:"MobStac Raises $ 2 Million in Series B To Help Brands Leverage Mobile Commerce" 3048:"Identity and access management in cloud environment: Mechanisms and challenges" 1848: 1831: 1649: 1644: 1287: 1226: 980: 850: 829: 816: 209: 71: 3742:"Kii Cloud Opens Doors For Mobile Developer Platform With 25 Million End Users" 1880: 938:

does not have to purchase, rent or provide servers or virtual machines for the

911:

and more. This is a relatively recent model in cloud computing, with most BaaS

5931: 5916: 5876: 5816: 5733: 5713: 5703: 5683: 5668: 5638: 5623: 5540: 4445:

2009 Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications

3903: 3713: 3509: 3210: 2836: 2760: 2253:"Remote work helps Zoom grow 169% in one year, posting $ 328.2M in Q1 revenue" 1896: 1107: 884: 689: 673: 648: 622: 39: 4155: 3656: 3219: 1904: 1857: 17: 6592: 6567: 5881: 5841: 5821: 5791: 5738: 5693: 5648: 5598: 5550: 5515: 5498: 5493: 5184: 5167: 5044: 5027: 4198: 4185: 4067:"Private Clouds Take Shape – Services – Business services – Informationweek" 3804:"Mobile Backend As A Service Parse Raises $ 5.5 Million in Series A Funding" 3629:

Sun, Yunchuan; Zhang, Junsheng; Xiong, Yongping; Zhu, Guangyu (2014-07-01).

2716: 2488: 2043: 1634: 1374: 1364: 1354: 1139: 966:

The deployment of services to the cloud is referred to as cloud migration.

820:, meaning that any machine may serve more than one cloud-user organization. 806: 668: 433: 256: 248: 232: 213: 5133:

Singh, Jatinder; Powles, Julia; Pasquier, Thomas; Bacon, Jean (July 2015).

3709:"AnyPresence partners with Heroku to beef up its enterprise mBaaS offering" 2634: 5231: 3647: 3630: 3254: 3142:"Security of virtualization, cloud computing divides IT and security pros" 2551: 6642: 6622: 6547: 5851: 5658: 5588: 5525: 5508: 5487: 5392: 3377: 2791: 2454: 1579: 1309: 1207:

involved in the delivery of cloud computing, typically involves multiple

1131: 1011: 862: 825: 562: 475: 471: 467: 186: 52: 5150: 4452: 3343: 3327: 3286:

Amies, Alex; Sluiman, Harm; Tong, Qiang Guo; Liu, Guo Ning (July 2012).

1809:

The VM startup time varies by VM type, location, OS and cloud provider.

1134:, but now that much data originates in the cloud and with the advent of 231:

The following decade saw the launch of various cloud services. In 2010,

6647: 6627: 6602: 6237: 5911: 5891: 5861: 5856: 5688: 5673: 5613: 5545: 5465: 5437: 4614:"Big Data and cloud computing: innovation opportunities and challenges" 4208: 2679: 1279: 1037: 1003: 880: 664: 566: 291: 3046:

Indu, I.; Anand, P.M. Rubesh; Bhaskar, Vidhyacharan (August 1, 2018).

933:

model in which the cloud provider fully manages starting and stopping

6617: 6612: 5984: 5936: 5906: 5871: 5836: 5831: 5728: 5723: 5643: 5470: 2070: 2058: 1943: 112: 4737: 4684: 3421: 833:

without the need for users to install new software. One drawback of

302:

capability: high computing power at certain periods of peak demand.

4675: 1138:, the cloud has become a solution for use cases including business 793:'s definition of cloud computing defines Software as a Service as: 746:'s definition of cloud computing defines Platform as a Service as: 5921: 5826: 5708: 5241: 1446:

providing computer services, particularly from the 1960s to 1980s.

1185: 1167: 957: 580: 489: 459: 190: 38: 4503:"Pivotal's head of products: We're moving to a multi-cloud world" 2433: 2312:"The Rising Cloud Storage Market Opportunity Strengthens Vendors" 887:

developers are provided with a way to link their applications to

6652: 6582: 6572: 4037:"Self-Run Private Cloud Computing Solution – GovConnection" 3246: 1406:

Cloud computing uses concepts from utility computing to provide

992:

For a comparison of cloud-computing software and providers, see

790: 743: 706: 693: 557:

The attacks that can be made on cloud computing systems include

547: 455: 244: 221: 5988: 5245: 4821:"Building GrepTheWeb in the Cloud, Part 1: Cloud Architectures" 3961:

Serverless Architectures on AWS: With examples using AWS Lambda

1162:

of computers. In 2016 a handful of companies, including R-HPC,

6562: 6539: 4794: 4111:"There's No Such Thing As A Private Cloud – Cloud-computing -" 640: 268: 252: 2147:"Announcing Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) – beta" 3077: 3075: 593:

Cloud computing service models arranged as layers in a stack

96:

United States National Institute of Standards and Technology

4323:"Business Intelligence Takes to Cloud for Small Businesses" 4184:

Schmidt, Rainer; Möhring, Michael; Keller, Barbara (2017).

3865:"built.io Is Building an Enterprise MBaas Platform for IoT" 2850:

Why Cloud computing scalability matters for business growth

2627:

2012 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Cloud Computing

2544:

2012 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Cloud Computing

3572:

Introduction to Cloud Computing: Business & Technology

2398:"Recession Is Good For Cloud Computing – Microsoft Agrees" 305:

Additional value propositions of cloud computing include:

4012:"Cloud repatriation: Why companies are leaving the cloud" 3243:

2015 IEEE 8th International Conference on Cloud Computing

1002:

Several factors like the functionality of the solutions,

290:

costs. Proponents also claim that cloud computing allows

5135:"Data Flow Management and Compliance in Cloud Computing" 4293:"Mind the Gap: Here Comes Hybrid Cloud – Thomas Bittman" 3773:"FatFractal ups the ante in backend-as-a-service market" 3198:

International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies

2956:. Software studies. Cambridge, Mass. London: MIT press. 1885:

IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking

1460:

computers acting in concert to perform very large tasks.

1312:

including reservations about data access and ownership,

5069:"Distinguishing Cloud Computing from Utility Computing" 3420:

Gartner; Massimo Pezzini; Paolo Malinverno; Eric Thoo.

720:

connectivity, customers can use either the Internet or

169:

for the universe of "places" that mobile agents in the

4765:"Penguin Puts High-performance Computing in the Cloud" 4553:"Polycloud: a better alternative to cloud agnosticism" 212:

was released, Amazon Simple Storage Service, known as

4612:

Yang, C.; Huang, Q.; Li, Z.; Liu, K.; Hu, F. (2017).

2005:

Unleashing the Potential of Cloud Computing in Europe

1322:

variations in standards applicable to cloud computing

307: 30:"Cloud Computing" redirects here. For the horse, see 4234:"What is hybrid cloud? - Definition from WhatIs.com" 3899:"AWS Lambda Makes Serverless Applications A Reality" 3892: 3890: 3635:

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

2620: 2618: 919:

Serverless computing or Function-as-a-Service (FaaS)

6676: 6538: 6378: 6328: 6282: 6246: 6190: 6134: 6083: 6022: 5747: 5569: 5451: 5345: 5279: 5028:"A break in the clouds: Towards a cloud definition" 3538:

A Reference Model for Developing Cloud Applications

3018:"Cloud Computing Privacy Concerns on Our Doorstep" 2979:New dark age: technology and the end of the future 2172:Qian, Ling; Lou, Zhigou; Du, Yujian; Gou, Leitao. 4823:. Developer.amazonwebservices.com. Archived from 3476:"The Value of Data Platform-as-a-Service (dPaaS)" 2430:"Defining 'Cloud Services' and "Cloud Computing"" 2224:"Announcing General Availability of AWS Outposts" 1939:"Where's The Rub: Cloud Computing's Hidden Costs" 663:running directly on the physical hardware. Linux 247:initiated an open-source cloud-software project, 4419:"How Cloudbursting "Rightsizes" the Data Center" 3292:Developing and Hosting Applications on the Cloud 2935:"The pros and cons of cloud computing explained" 2933:Marko, Kurt; Bigelow, Stephen J. (10 Nov 2022). 2906:"Cloud computing security forecast: Clear skies" 2741:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2024 ( 1036:and/or dedicated services with cloud resources. 895:(APIs) exposed to their applications and custom 828:the potential to reduce IT operational costs by 4954:Cloud Computing Uncovered: A Research Landscape 4897:"Cloud's trillion-dollar prize is up for grabs" 929:Serverless computing is a cloud computing code 795: 748: 4349:"Hybrid cloud: is it right for your business?" 3631:"Data Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing" 3422:"Gartner Reference Model for Integration PaaS" 2759:. Cloud Slam 2011. 13 May 2010. Archived from 2594:"Cloud Computing: Small Companies Take Flight" 2034:Mell, Peter; Timothy Grance (September 2011). 950:, while others use the terms interchangeably. 605:(NIST). The three standard service models are 603:National Institute of Standards and Technology 585:Comparison of on-premise, IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS 352:costs compared with on-premises data centers. 6000: 5257: 1421:Cloud computing shares characteristics with: 1048:Another example of hybrid cloud is one where 970:compatibility problems, and uptime concerns. 8: 3288:"Infrastructure as a Service Cloud Concepts" 1113:deployment modes (public, private, legacy). 189:. The company's ambition was to supercharge 70:over multiple locations, each of which is a 4946: 4944: 4942: 4156:"FastConnect | Oracle Cloud Infrastructure" 3986:"Are rainy days ahead for cloud computing?" 3392:"Integration Platform as a Service (iPaaS)" 2122:To the Cloud: Big Data in a Turbulent World 1973:"Are rainy days ahead for cloud computing?" 1386:enabling technology for cloud computing is 1122:than could be done with a single provider. 6007: 5993: 5985: 5264: 5250: 5242: 4583:"Is the Cloud Finally Ready for Big Data?" 4377:Metzler, Jim; Taylor, Steve. (2010-08-23) 2928: 2926: 2455:"State of the Art | e-FISCAL project" 5183: 5119:International Taxation of Cloud Computing 5043: 5032:ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 4674: 4637: 4207: 4197: 3646: 3328:"The Cloud, the Crowd, and Public Policy" 3209: 3063: 2757:"Economies of Cloud Scale Infrastructure" 1847: 765:iPaaS (Integration Platform as a Service) 228:for deploying private and hybrid clouds. 4532:Multcloud manage multiple cloud accounts 2096:"Bill and Andy's Excellent Adventure II" 588: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2201:. Microsoft. 2010-02-01. Archived from 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1822: 1789: 659:run in isolated partitions of a single 322:A public-cloud delivery model converts 27:Form of shared internet-based computing 5222:The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing 4996:"Distributed Application Architecture" 4618:International Journal of Digital Earth 4379:"Cloud computing: Reality vs. fiction" 3963:(1st ed.). Manning Publications. 3603:. Intrinsic Technology. Archived from 2954:The stack: on software and sovereignty 2734: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2036:The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 1752:Private cloud computing infrastructure 177:became more widely known in 1996 when 4408:, May 2011. SearchCloudComputing.com. 4086:"Just don't call them private clouds" 2994:"The Hidden Costs Of Cloud Migration" 1392:operating system–level virtualization 565:attacks, authentication attacks, and 7: 5967: 4801:from the original on 1 December 2017 4593:from the original on 30 January 2018 4136:from the original on 16 October 2014 4010:Linthicum, David (9 February 2024). 3814:from the original on 1 November 2012 3783:from the original on 10 October 2012 3752:from the original on 15 October 2012 3474:Enterprise CIO Forum; Gabriel Lowy. 2195:"Windows Azure General Availability" 2125:. Taylor & Francis. p. 15. 1967: 1965: 4775:from the original on 19 August 2016 4738:"Penguin Computing On Demand (POD)" 3113:"Who owns your stuff in the cloud?" 3111:Maltais, Michelle (26 April 2012). 2709:Karlsruher Institut für Technologie 2153:from the original on 13 August 2014 1190:Cloud computing sample architecture 4960:. Elsevier Press. pp. 41–85. 4763:Niccolai, James (11 August 2009). 4718:from the original on 30 March 2019 4303:from the original on 17 April 2015 4047:from the original on April 6, 2014 3368:Boniface, M.; et al. (2010). 3167:"The Bumpy Road to Private Clouds" 3052:Engineering Science and Technology 2871:Future Generation Computer Systems 1515:Category:Cloud computing providers 1248:information technology engineering 893:application programming interfaces 891:and cloud computing services with 769:dPaaS (Data Platform as a Service) 629:Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) 510:getting rid of unused identities. 25: 5383:Distributed file system for cloud 5312:Integration platform as a service 4744:from the original on 9 March 2018 3740:Alex Williams (11 October 2012). 3516:from the original on 14 July 2014 2723:from the original on 6 April 2013 2485:"The new geek chic: Data centers" 2432:. IDC. 2008-09-23. Archived from 2344:. Thectoforum.com. Archived from 1665:Distributed file system for cloud 51:is the on-demand availability of 6737: 6736: 5966: 5955: 5954: 5230: 5067:Danielson, Krissi (2008-03-26). 4513:from the original on 4 July 2014 4482:from the original on 5 July 2014 4476:"What is a multi-cloud strategy" 4359:from the original on 7 July 2017 3911:from the original on 23 May 2019 3845:from the original on 15 May 2014 3833:Pankaj Mishra (7 January 2014). 3802:Dan Rowinski (9 November 2011). 3598:"HVD: the cloud's silver lining" 3455:from the original on 7 July 2015 3428:from the original on 1 July 2013 3332:Issues in Science and Technology 2310:Baburajan, Rajani (2011-08-24). 78:but may also lead to unexpected 6208:Analysis of parallel algorithms 5075:from the original on 2017-11-10 5008:from the original on 2011-04-06 4977:from the original on 2013-06-19 4928:from the original on 2022-07-25 4903:from the original on 2022-07-25 4878:from the original on 2022-07-25 4853:from the original on 2022-07-29 4563:from the original on 2019-11-11 4425:from the original on 2016-10-19 4347:Désiré Athow (24 August 2014). 4329:from the original on 2014-06-07 4274:from the original on 2019-08-11 4244:from the original on 2019-07-16 4166:from the original on 2017-11-15 4092:from the original on 2014-12-27 3984:McManus, Sean (June 27, 2024). 3941:from the original on 2018-05-05 3875:from the original on 2014-03-06 3771:Aaron Tan (30 September 2012). 3689:from the original on 2022-10-15 3579:from the original on 2016-05-05 3551:from the original on 2012-10-05 3447:Loraine Lawson (3 April 2015). 3402:from the original on 2015-07-29 3350:from the original on 2022-09-10 3173:from the original on 2014-10-15 3148:from the original on 2024-04-26 3123:from the original on 2013-01-20 3028:from the original on 2021-12-28 2912:from the original on 2020-01-28 2465:from the original on 2013-01-27 2404:from the original on 2010-08-14 2318:from the original on 2012-06-17 2292:from the original on 2013-03-22 2263:from the original on 2023-01-17 2234:from the original on 2021-01-21 2077:from the original on 2016-03-30 1951:from the original on 2014-07-14 1919:from the original on 2020-12-09 1293:The European Commission's 2012 696:(VLANs), and software bundles. 5942:Virtual Private Cloud OnDemand 5121:. Editions Juridiques Libres, 4262:Butler, Brandon (2017-10-17). 4132:. Definition from Whatis.com. 3707:Carney, Michael (2013-06-24). 3016:Ryan, Mark D. (January 2011). 2668:IEEE Transactions on Computers 2174:"Cloud Computing: An Overview" 2046:. Special publication 800-145. 1276:International Data Corporation 1172:Silicon Graphics International 544:intelligent personal assistant 1: 6155:Simultaneous and heterogenous 5097:Millard, Christopher (2013). 4639:10.1080/17538947.2016.1239771 4581:Roh, Lucas (31 August 2016). 4541:. Retrieved on 06 August 2014 3959:Sbarski, Peter (2017-05-04). 3144:. Network World. 2010-02-22. 2992:Shurma, Ramesh (8 Mar 2023). 2952:Bratton, Benjamin H. (2015). 2336:Oestreich, Ken (2010-11-15). 1762:Service-oriented architecture 869:"Backend" as a service (BaaS) 599:service-oriented architecture 185:for future computing and the 6743:Category: Parallel computing 5219:Mell, P. (2011, September). 4551:Gall, Richard (2018-05-16). 4113:. 2013-01-26. Archived from 4069:. 2012-09-09. Archived from 3065:10.1016/j.jestch.2018.05.010 2904:Mills, Elinor (2009-01-27). 2883:10.1016/j.future.2018.11.049 2592:King, Rachael (2008-08-04). 779:Software as a service (SaaS) 732:Platform as a service (PaaS) 515:Insecure Interfaces and APIs 224:'s development of the first 218:Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud 5307:Infrastructure as a service 5168:"A view of cloud computing" 5117:Weisser, Alexander (2020). 5103:. Oxford University Press. 4478:. SearchCloudApplications. 4399:"Definition: Cloudbursting" 4084:Haff, Gordon (2009-01-27). 3897:Miller, Ron (24 Nov 2015). 3326:Nelson, Michael R. (2009). 2365:Simpson, Ted; Jason Novak, 2199:The Official Microsoft Blog 2094:Levy, Steven (April 1994). 1849:10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2775042 1830:Ray, Partha Pratim (2018). 1732:Multi-access edge computing 1686:environmentally sustainable 694:virtual local area networks 635:Infrastructure as a service 607:Infrastructure as a Service 507:Identity management systems 413:Scalability and elasticity 179:Compaq Computer Corporation 58:, especially data storage ( 6785: 6050:High-performance computing 4951:HAMDAQA, Mohammad (2012). 4771:. IDG Consumer & SMB. 3679:"Use OneDrive with Office" 2859:, Symphony Solutions, 2021 2483:Farber, Dan (2008-06-25). 2367:Hands on Virtual Computing 2338:"Converged Infrastructure" 2282:"What is Cloud Computing?" 1937:Wray, Jared (2014-02-27). 1575:Cloud-to-cloud integration 1535:Cloud-computing comparison 1156:high-performance computing 1105: 1025: 994:Cloud-computing comparison 991: 922: 909:social networking services 872: 782: 735: 698: 632: 497: 446: 443:Challenges and limitations 330:. This purportedly lowers 326:(e.g., buying servers) to 199:internet service providers 150:History of cloud computing 147: 29: 6732: 6684:Automatic parallelization 6320:Application checkpointing 5950: 5767:Abiquo Enterprise Edition 5203:A Prehistory of the Cloud 5172:Communications of the ACM 4708:"Moving HPC to the Cloud" 3211:10.3991/ijim.v16i24.35763 3087:psg.hitachi-solutions.com 2837:10.1016/j.dss.2010.12.006 1897:10.1109/TGCN.2020.2982821 1590:Cooperative storage cloud 1089:Public-resource computing 899:(SDKs). Services include 897:software development kits 849:, which is the case with 383:as the system interface. 5403:Native cloud application 3506:PC Magazine Encyclopedia 2825:Decision Support Systems 2400:. CloudAve. 2009-02-12. 2228:Amazon Web Services, Inc 1540:Cloud computing security 1520:Category:Cloud platforms 726:virtual private networks 500:Cloud computing security 6699:Embarrassingly parallel 6694:Deterministic algorithm 5927:Virtual Machine Manager 5388:Hardware virtualization 5185:10.1145/1721654.1721672 5045:10.1145/1496091.1496100 4849:. Idc.com. 2021-09-14. 4325:. CIO.com. 2014-06-04. 4199:10.24251/HICSS.2017.513 4130:"What is public cloud?" 2719:(inactive 2024-02-28). 2514:"Jeff Bezos' Risky Bet" 2119:Mosco, Vincent (2015). 2044:10.6028/NIST.SP.800-145 1660:Distributed file system 1595:Decentralized computing 1510:Browser-based computing 1434:distributed application 1430:Client–server computing 519:Data Loss & Leakage 328:operational expenditure 259:framework in 2011, and 103:On-demand self-service. 32:Cloud Computing (horse) 6414:Associative processing 6370:Non-blocking algorithm 6176:Clustered multi-thread 5398:Mobile cloud computing 5368:Cloud storage gateways 5358:Cloud-native computing 2977:Bridle, James (2019). 2635:10.1109/CLOUD.2012.103 2598:Bloomberg BusinessWeek 1727:Mobile cloud computing 1717:Knowledge as a service 1630:Distributed networking 1615:Distributed data store 1600:Desktop virtualization 1555:Cloud-native computing 1432:refers broadly to any 1284:McKinsey & Company 1225:is the application of 1191: 963: 861:being integrated with 853:being integrated with 803: 753: 594: 586: 495: 449:Cloud computing issues 45: 6530:Hardware acceleration 6443:Superscalar processor 6433:Dataflow architecture 6030:Distributed computing 5443:Virtual private cloud 5337:Software as a service 5332:Security as a service 5327:Platform as a service 5302:Function as a service 5239:at Wikimedia Commons 5201:Hu, Tung-Hui (2015). 4663:ACM Computing Surveys 4299:. 24 September 2012. 3502:"Definition of: SaaS" 3255:10.1109/CLOUD.2015.88 2717:10.5445/IR/1000023476 2552:10.1109/CLOUD.2012.66 2057:White, J. E. (1971). 2003:European Commission, 1777:Virtual private cloud 1655:Clustered file system 1625:Distributed computing 1334:List of public clouds 1303:digital single market 1301:fragmentation of the 1189: 1012:safety & security 962:Cloud computing types 961: 847:File hosting services 785:Software as a service 738:Platform as a service 699:Further information: 615:Software as a Service 611:Platform as a Service 592: 584: 493: 109:Broad network access. 42: 6769:Cloud infrastructure 6409:Pipelined processing 6358:Explicit parallelism 6353:Implicit parallelism 6343:Dataflow programming 5423:Serverless computing 5322:Network as a service 5317:Backend as a service 5297:Desktop as a service 5287:Content as a service 5139:IEEE Cloud Computing 4447:. pp. 134–139. 4238:SearchCloudComputing 3378:10.1109/ICIW.2010.91 3249:. pp. 621–628. 2792:10.1109/AINA.2012.74 1772:Ubiquitous computing 1702:In-memory processing 1620:Distributed database 1472:– The "packaging of 1340:Adobe Creative Cloud 1201:systems architecture 1028:Hybrid cloud storage 1006:, integrational and 948:serverless computing 925:Serverless computing 875:Backend as a service 799:cloud infrastructure 486:Security and privacy 339:Device independence 324:capital expenditures 226:open-source software 115:, and workstations). 6633:Parallel Extensions 6438:Pipelined processor 5762:Amazon Web Services 5584:Amazon Web Services 5151:10.1109/MCC.2015.69 5100:Cloud Computing Law 5001:. Sun Microsystem. 4630:2017IJDE...10...13Y 4453:10.1109/NCA.2009.41 3931:"bliki: Serverless" 3648:10.1155/2014/190903 3535:Hamdaqa, Mohammad. 3396:Gartner IT Glossary 2286:Amazon Web Services 1712:IoT security device 1530:Cloud collaboration 1505:Block-level storage 1474:computing resources 1426:Client–server model 1345:Amazon Web Services 1164:Amazon Web Services 1144:geospatial analysis 1010:aspects as well as 907:, integration with 402:business continuity 206:Amazon Web Services 92:European Commission 6507:Massively parallel 6485:distributed shared 6305:Cache invalidation 6269:Instruction window 6060:Manycore processor 6040:Massively parallel 6035:Parallel computing 6016:Parallel computing 5719:SAP Cloud Platform 5428:Structured storage 4706:Eadline, Douglas. 4537:2023-01-17 at the 4404:2013-03-19 at the 4384:2013-06-19 at the 3449:"IT Business Edge" 2855:2021-07-09 at the 2680:10.1109/TC.2013.30 2384:2023-01-17 at the 2149:. 24 August 2006. 2101:2015-10-02 at the 1757:Robot as a service 1707:Internet of things 1697:In-memory database 1414:problems of other 1196:Cloud architecture 1192: 1136:bare-metal servers 964: 905:push notifications 773:data-visualization 758:computing platform 595: 587: 496: 80:operating expenses 46: 6751: 6750: 6704:Parallel slowdown 6338:Stream processing 6228:Karp–Flatt metric 5982: 5981: 5634:Google App Engine 5433:Virtual appliance 5292:Data as a service 5235:Media related to 5212:978-0-262-02951-3 5127:978-2-88954-030-3 5110:978-0-19-967168-7 4967:978-0-12-396535-6 4474:Rouse, Margaret. 4397:Rouse, Margaret. 4128:Rouse, Margaret. 4041:govconnection.com 3683:Microsoft Support 3610:on 2 October 2012 3301:978-0-13-306684-5 3264:978-1-4673-7287-9 3117:Los Angeles Times 2963:978-0-262-02957-5 2801:978-1-4673-0714-7 2644:978-1-4673-2892-0 2561:978-1-4673-2892-0 2314:. It.tmcnet.com. 1798:legal environment 1470:Utility computing 1222:Cloud engineering 1216:Cloud engineering 954:Deployment models 559:man-in-the middle 440: 439: 406:disaster recovery 332:barriers to entry 288:IT infrastructure 282:Value proposition 241:Rackspace Hosting 136:Measured service. 129:Rapid elasticity. 16:(Redirected from 6776: 6740: 6739: 6714:Software lockout 6513:Computer cluster 6448:Vector processor 6403:Array processing 6388:Flynn's taxonomy 6295:Memory coherence 6070:Computer network 6009: 6002: 5995: 5986: 5970: 5969: 5958: 5957: 5902:Safe Swiss Cloud 5266: 5259: 5252: 5243: 5234: 5216: 5197: 5187: 5162: 5114: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5047: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5007: 5000: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4976: 4959: 4948: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4678: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4641: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4568: 4548: 4542: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4415: 4409: 4395: 4389: 4388:, Network World. 4375: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4211: 4201: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4160:cloud.oracle.com 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3946: 3935:martinfowler.com 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3717:. Archived from 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3650: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3609: 3602: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3550: 3543: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3482:on 19 April 2015 3478:. Archived from 3471: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3355: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3313: 3304:. Archived from 3283: 3277: 3276: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3213: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3128: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3098: 3089:. Archived from 3079: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3033: 3013: 3002: 3001: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2930: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2866: 2860: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2740: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2674:(6): 1072–1085. 2663: 2657: 2656: 2622: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2609: 2600:. Archived from 2589: 2583: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2520:. Archived from 2510: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2500: 2491:. Archived from 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2470: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2441: 2426: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2409: 2394: 2388: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2353: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2323: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2297: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2268: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2239: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2210: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2116: 2110: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2071:10.17487/RFC0105 2054: 2048: 2047: 2031: 2008: 2001: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1984: 1969: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1956: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1924: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1851: 1827: 1810: 1807: 1801: 1794: 1585:Computer cluster 1550:Cloud management 1381:Similar concepts 1314:data portability 1209:cloud components 1205:software systems 942:code to run on. 935:virtual machines 653:virtual machines 552:Google Assistant 523:Hardware Failure 319:Cost reductions 308: 156:remote job entry 120:Resource pooling 76:capital expenses 56:system resources 21: 6784: 6783: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6764:Cloud computing 6754: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6728: 6672: 6578:Coarray Fortran 6534: 6518:Beowulf cluster 6374: 6324: 6315:Synchronization 6300:Cache coherence 6290:Multiprocessing 6278: 6242: 6223:Cost efficiency 6218:Gustafson's law 6186: 6130: 6079: 6055:Multiprocessing 6045:Cloud computing 6018: 6013: 5983: 5978: 5946: 5897:Rackspace Cloud 5847:Microsoft Azure 5743: 5664:Microsoft Azure 5565: 5447: 5341: 5280:Business models 5275: 5273:Cloud computing 5270: 5237:Cloud computing 5229: 5213: 5200: 5165: 5132: 5111: 5096: 5093: 5091:Further reading 5088: 5087: 5078: 5076: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5011: 5009: 5005: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4957: 4950: 4949: 4940: 4931: 4929: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4906: 4904: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4881: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4856: 4854: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4778: 4776: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4685:10.1145/3150224 4669:(1): 8:1–8:29. 4660: 4659: 4655: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4596: 4594: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4566: 4564: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4539:Wayback Machine 4530: 4526: 4516: 4514: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4485: 4483: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4428: 4426: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4406:Wayback Machine 4396: 4392: 4386:Wayback Machine 4376: 4372: 4362: 4360: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4332: 4330: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4277: 4275: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4247: 4245: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4169: 4167: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4095: 4093: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3944: 3942: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3896: 3895: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3869:programmableweb 3863: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3786: 3784: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3724: 3722: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3692: 3690: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3582: 3580: 3569:Chou, Timothy. 3568: 3567: 3563: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3405: 3403: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3353: 3351: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3311: 3309: 3302: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3265: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3151: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3126: 3124: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3096: 3094: 3081: 3080: 3073: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3031: 3029: 3015: 3014: 3005: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2932: 2931: 2924: 2915: 2913: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2857:Wayback Machine 2848: 2844: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2802: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2733: 2726: 2724: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2645: 2629:. p. 423. 2624: 2623: 2616: 2607: 2605: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2562: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2527: 2525: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2498: 2496: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2468: 2466: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2439: 2437: 2428: 2427: 2416: 2407: 2405: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2386:Wayback Machine 2364: 2360: 2351: 2349: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2321: 2319: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2295: 2293: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2266: 2264: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2237: 2235: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2208: 2206: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2178: 2176: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2156: 2154: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2133: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2103:Wayback Machine 2093: 2089: 2080: 2078: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2033: 2032: 2011: 2002: 1991: 1982: 1980: 1971: 1970: 1963: 1954: 1952: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1922: 1920: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1737:Multisite cloud 1682:Green computing 1495: 1458:loosely coupled 1440:Computer bureau 1383: 1360:Microsoft Azure 1336: 1308:concerns about 1272: 1218: 1184: 1152: 1128: 1119: 1110: 1104: 1095:Volunteer cloud 1081: 1072:Community cloud 1069: 1064: 1030: 1024: 996: 990: 976: 956: 927: 921: 877: 871: 787: 781: 740: 734: 703: 637: 631: 579: 502: 488: 451: 445: 300:burst computing 284: 276:global pandemic 255:introduced the 237:Microsoft Azure 220:(EC2), in 2008 175:cloud computing 152: 146: 88: 64:computing power 49:Cloud computing 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6782: 6780: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6756: 6755: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6709:Race condition 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6544: 6542: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6453:Multiprocessor 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6395: 6384: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6345: 6340: 6334: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6182:Hardware scout 6179: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6157: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6138: 6136:Multithreading 6132: 6131: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6075:Systolic array 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6004: 5997: 5989: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5964: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5753: 5751: 5749:Infrastructure 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5699:PythonAnywhere 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5609:Cocaine (PaaS) 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5575: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5496: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5468: 5463: 5457: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5413:Personal cloud 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5353:Cloud database 5349: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5269: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5246: 5227: 5226: 5217: 5211: 5198: 5163: 5130: 5115: 5109: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5059: 5018: 4987: 4966: 4938: 4913: 4888: 4863: 4838: 4812: 4786: 4755: 4729: 4712:Admin Magazine 4698: 4653: 4604: 4587:dataconomy.com 4573: 4543: 4524: 4501:King, Rachel. 4493: 4466: 4435: 4421:. 2012-06-22. 4410: 4390: 4370: 4339: 4314: 4297:Thomas Bittman 4284: 4254: 4225: 4218: 4176: 4147: 4120: 4117:on 2013-01-26. 4102: 4076: 4073:on 2012-09-09. 4058: 4028: 4002: 3976: 3969: 3951: 3922: 3886: 3871:. 2014-03-03. 3856: 3825: 3794: 3777:Techgoondu.com 3763: 3732: 3699: 3670: 3621: 3589: 3561: 3527: 3493: 3466: 3439: 3412: 3383: 3360: 3318: 3300: 3278: 3263: 3233: 3204:(24): 81–106. 3184: 3169:. 2010-12-20. 3158: 3133: 3103: 3071: 3058:(4): 574–588. 3038: 3003: 2984: 2969: 2962: 2944: 2922: 2896: 2861: 2842: 2831:(1): 176–189. 2815: 2800: 2774: 2748: 2693: 2658: 2643: 2614: 2584: 2575: 2560: 2534: 2505: 2475: 2459:www.efiscal.eu 2446: 2414: 2389: 2358: 2328: 2302: 2288:. 2013-03-19. 2273: 2244: 2215: 2186: 2164: 2138: 2131: 2111: 2087: 2063:tools.ietf.org 2049: 2009: 1989: 1961: 1929: 1891:(3): 873–889. 1871: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1802: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1747:Personal cloud 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1692:Grid computing 1689: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1647: 1642: 1640:Edge computing 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1565:Cloud robotics 1562: 1560:Cloud research 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1467: 1461: 1456:of networked, 1450:Grid computing 1447: 1444:service bureau 1437: 1416:grid computing 1388:virtualization 1382: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1335: 1332: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1318:change control 1306: 1271: 1268: 1217: 1214: 1183: 1180: 1151: 1148: 1127: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1106:Main article: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1092: 1080: 1077: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1055:Cloud bursting 1023: 1020: 1008:organizational 989: 986: 975: 972: 955: 952: 923:Main article: 920: 917: 873:Main article: 870: 867: 811:Load balancers 783:Main article: 780: 777: 736:Main article: 733: 730: 722:carrier clouds 686:load balancers 682:object storage 633:Main article: 630: 627: 578: 577:Service models 575: 527:Eugene Schultz 498:Main article: 487: 484: 447:Main article: 444: 441: 438: 437: 425: 419: 418: 414: 410: 409: 398: 394: 393: 389: 385: 384: 377: 373: 372: 371: 370: 367: 364: 358: 354: 353: 349: 345: 344: 340: 336: 335: 320: 316: 315: 312: 283: 280: 263:announced the 257:IBM SmartCloud 148:Main article: 145: 142: 141: 140: 133: 126: 116: 106: 87: 84: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6781: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6744: 6735: 6734: 6731: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6598:Global Arrays 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6537: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6525:Grid computer 6523: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6368: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6010: 6005: 6003: 5998: 5996: 5991: 5990: 5987: 5975: 5974: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5757:Alibaba Cloud 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5604:Cloud Foundry 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5579:Alibaba Cloud 5577: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5378:Dew computing 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5363:Cloud storage 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5260: 5255: 5253: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5238: 5233: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5205:. MIT Press. 5204: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5074: 5071:. Ebizq.net. 5070: 5063: 5060: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5019: 5004: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4956: 4955: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4864: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4839: 4827:on 5 May 2009 4826: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4756: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4605: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4574: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4528: 4525: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4497: 4494: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4436: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4340: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4273: 4269: 4268:Network World 4265: 4258: 4255: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4226: 4221: 4219:9780998133102 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4177: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4091: 4088:. CNET News. 4087: 4080: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4059: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4017: 4013: 4006: 4003: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3977: 3972: 3970:9781617293825 3966: 3962: 3955: 3952: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3910: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3826: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3795: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3764: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3733: 3721:on 2013-06-27 3720: 3716: 3715: 3710: 3703: 3700: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3641:(7): 190903. 3640: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3622: 3606: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3565: 3562: 3547: 3540: 3539: 3531: 3528: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3467: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3440: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3413: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3361: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3319: 3308:on 2012-09-15 3307: 3303: 3297: 3294:. IBM Press. 3293: 3289: 3282: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3185: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3104: 3093:on 2015-11-23 3092: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3039: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2985: 2980: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2911: 2908:. CNET News. 2907: 2900: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2775: 2763:on 2021-10-27 2762: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2738: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2697: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2604:on 2010-08-07 2603: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2535: 2524:on 2012-06-27 2523: 2519: 2518:Business Week 2515: 2509: 2506: 2495:on 2013-11-04 2494: 2490: 2486: 2479: 2476: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2436:on 2010-07-22 2435: 2431: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2348:on 2012-01-13 2347: 2343: 2339: 2332: 2329: 2317: 2313: 2306: 2303: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2248: 2245: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2219: 2216: 2205:on 2014-05-11 2204: 2200: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2175: 2168: 2165: 2152: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2134: 2132:9781317250388 2128: 2124: 2123: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1940: 1933: 1930: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1875: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1826: 1823: 1816: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1783: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1722:Microservices 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1672:Fog computing 1670: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1605:Dew computing 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1570:Cloud storage 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1486:Cloud sandbox 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1464:Fog computing 1462: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1328:Communication 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1305:across the EU 1304: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1296: 1295:Communication 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1274:According to 1269: 1267: 1266:engineering. 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1188: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1176:pay-as-you-go 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1125: 1123: 1116: 1114: 1109: 1101: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 995: 987: 985: 982: 973: 971: 967: 960: 953: 951: 949: 943: 941: 936: 932: 926: 918: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 889:cloud storage 886: 882: 876: 868: 866: 864: 860: 859:Office Online 856: 852: 848: 844: 843:cloud storage 840: 836: 831: 827: 821: 819: 818: 812: 808: 802: 800: 794: 792: 786: 778: 776: 774: 770: 766: 761: 759: 752: 747: 745: 739: 731: 729: 727: 723: 719: 715: 710: 708: 702: 701:CloudBioLinux 697: 695: 691: 687: 684:, firewalls, 683: 679: 678:block storage 676:library, raw 675: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 636: 628: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 591: 583: 576: 574: 572: 571:Trojan horses 568: 564: 560: 555: 553: 549: 545: 540: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 511: 508: 501: 492: 485: 483: 479: 477: 473: 469: 463: 461: 457: 450: 442: 435: 431: 426: 424: 421: 420: 415: 412: 411: 407: 403: 399: 397:Availability 396: 395: 390: 388:Productivity 387: 386: 382: 378: 375: 374: 368: 365: 362: 361: 359: 357:Multitenancy 356: 355: 350: 347: 346: 341: 338: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 318: 317: 313: 310: 309: 306: 303: 301: 297: 294:to get their 293: 289: 281: 279: 277: 272: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 229: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 202: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 183:business plan 180: 176: 172: 168: 167:General Magic 163: 161: 157: 151: 143: 137: 134: 130: 127: 125:demand. 123: 121: 117: 114: 110: 107: 104: 101: 100: 99: 97: 93: 85: 83: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 60:cloud storage 57: 54: 50: 41: 37: 33: 19: 18:Private cloud 6283:Coordination 6213:Amdahl's law 6149:Simultaneous 6044: 5972: 5959: 5887:Oracle Cloud 5807:Google Cloud 5787:DigitalOcean 5777:Citrix Cloud 5679:Oracle Cloud 5531:Proton Drive 5521:Oracle Cloud 5453:Applications 5373:Data centers 5346:Technologies 5272: 5228: 5220: 5202: 5175: 5171: 5145:(4): 24–32. 5142: 5138: 5099: 5077:. Retrieved 5062: 5038:(1): 50–55. 5035: 5031: 5021: 5010:. Retrieved 4990: 4979:. Retrieved 4953: 4930:. Retrieved 4916: 4905:. Retrieved 4899:. McKinsey. 4891: 4880:. Retrieved 4866: 4855:. Retrieved 4841: 4829:. Retrieved 4825:the original 4815: 4803:. Retrieved 4795:"HPC in AWS" 4789: 4777:. Retrieved 4768: 4758: 4746:. Retrieved 4732: 4720:. Retrieved 4711: 4701: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4624:(1): 13–53. 4621: 4617: 4607: 4595:. Retrieved 4586: 4576: 4565:. Retrieved 4556: 4546: 4527: 4515:. Retrieved 4506: 4496: 4484:. Retrieved 4469: 4444: 4438: 4427:. Retrieved 4413: 4393: 4373: 4361:. Retrieved 4352: 4342: 4331:. Retrieved 4317: 4305:. Retrieved 4296: 4287: 4276:. Retrieved 4267: 4257: 4246:. Retrieved 4237: 4228: 4189: 4179: 4168:. Retrieved 4159: 4150: 4138:. Retrieved 4123: 4115:the original 4105: 4094:. Retrieved 4079: 4071:the original 4061: 4049:. Retrieved 4040: 4031: 4019:. Retrieved 4015: 4005: 3993:. Retrieved 3989: 3979: 3960: 3954: 3943:. Retrieved 3934: 3925: 3913:. Retrieved 3902: 3877:. Retrieved 3868: 3859: 3847:. Retrieved 3838: 3828: 3816:. Retrieved 3807: 3797: 3785:. Retrieved 3776: 3766: 3754:. Retrieved 3745: 3735: 3723:. Retrieved 3719:the original 3712: 3702: 3691:. Retrieved 3682: 3673: 3638: 3634: 3624: 3612:. Retrieved 3605:the original 3592: 3581:. Retrieved 3571: 3564: 3553:. Retrieved 3537: 3530: 3518:. Retrieved 3505: 3496: 3484:. Retrieved 3480:the original 3469: 3457:. Retrieved 3442: 3430:. Retrieved 3415: 3404:. Retrieved 3395: 3386: 3369: 3363: 3352:. Retrieved 3338:(4): 71–76. 3335: 3331: 3321: 3310:. Retrieved 3306:the original 3291: 3281: 3242: 3236: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3175:. Retrieved 3161: 3150:. Retrieved 3136: 3125:. Retrieved 3116: 3106: 3095:. Retrieved 3091:the original 3086: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3030:. Retrieved 3022:cacm.acm.org 3021: 2997: 2987: 2978: 2972: 2953: 2947: 2938: 2914:. Retrieved 2899: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2845: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2783: 2777: 2765:. Retrieved 2761:the original 2751: 2725:. Retrieved 2703: 2696: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2626: 2606:. Retrieved 2602:the original 2597: 2587: 2578: 2543: 2537: 2526:. Retrieved 2522:the original 2517: 2508: 2497:. Retrieved 2493:the original 2478: 2467:. Retrieved 2458: 2449: 2438:. Retrieved 2434:the original 2406:. Retrieved 2392: 2366: 2361: 2350:. Retrieved 2346:the original 2341: 2331: 2320:. Retrieved 2305: 2294:. Retrieved 2285: 2276: 2265:. Retrieved 2256: 2247: 2236:. Retrieved 2227: 2218: 2207:. Retrieved 2203:the original 2198: 2189: 2177:. Retrieved 2167: 2155:. Retrieved 2141: 2121: 2114: 2106: 2090: 2079:. Retrieved 2062: 2052: 2035: 1981:. Retrieved 1979:. 2024-06-27 1976: 1953:. Retrieved 1942: 1932: 1921:. Retrieved 1888: 1884: 1874: 1839: 1835: 1825: 1805: 1792: 1767:Time-sharing 1742:Peer-to-peer 1677:Fog robotics 1545:Cloud gaming 1525:Cloud broker 1500:As a service 1480:Peer-to-peer 1429: 1420: 1405: 1384: 1370:Oracle Cloud 1350:Google Cloud 1327: 1325: 1294: 1292: 1273: 1220: 1219: 1208: 1194: 1193: 1182:Architecture 1153: 1129: 1120: 1111: 1094: 1088: 1082: 1070: 1047: 1043: 1032: 1031: 1001: 997: 981:data centers 977: 968: 965: 944: 928: 903:management, 878: 855:Google Drive 822: 815: 804: 796: 788: 768: 764: 762: 754: 749: 741: 714:data centers 711: 704: 690:IP addresses 661:Linux kernel 638: 613:(PaaS), and 596: 556: 535: 531:private data 522: 518: 514: 512: 503: 480: 464: 452: 381:web services 376:Performance 348:Maintenance 314:Description 304: 299: 296:applications 285: 273: 265:Oracle Cloud 230: 203: 197:hardware to 174: 164: 160:time-sharing 153: 135: 128: 118: 108: 102: 89: 48: 47: 36: 6719:Scalability 6480:distributed 6363:Concurrency 6330:Programming 6171:Cooperative 6160:Speculative 6096:Instruction 5812:GreenButton 5619:Engine Yard 4209:10125/41673 3990:www.bbc.com 3398:. Gartner. 2877:: 765–780. 2727:12 December 1842:: 723–737. 1836:IEEE Access 1650:File system 1645:Edge device 1412:reliability 1397:utilization 1288:Fortune 500 1244:performance 1227:engineering 1079:Distributed 1016:on-premises 851:Google Docs 830:outsourcing 817:multitenant 724:(dedicated 619:abstraction 292:enterprises 210:Google Docs 82:for users. 72:data center 68:distributed 6758:Categories 6724:Starvation 6463:asymmetric 6198:PRAM model 6166:Preemptive 5932:Wakame-vdc 5917:libguestfs 5877:OpenNebula 5817:GreenQloud 5797:Eucalyptus 5772:CloudStack 5734:vCloud Air 5704:RightScale 5684:OutSystems 5669:MindSphere 5639:GreenQloud 5541:Salesforce 5504:Office 365 5408:Networking 5079:2010-08-22 5012:2009-06-16 4981:2013-03-19 4932:2022-07-25 4907:2022-07-30 4882:2022-07-25 4857:2022-07-30 4805:23 January 4748:23 January 4676:1710.08731 4597:29 January 4567:2019-11-11 4429:2016-10-19 4333:2014-06-04 4278:2019-08-11 4248:2019-08-10 4170:2017-11-15 4140:12 October 4096:2010-08-22 3945:2018-05-04 3904:TechCrunch 3839:TechCrunch 3818:23 October 3787:16 October 3756:16 October 3746:TechCrunch 3714:PandoDaily 3693:2022-10-15 3583:2017-09-09 3555:2012-05-23 3510:Ziff Davis 3432:16 January 3406:2015-07-20 3354:2022-09-10 3312:2012-07-19 3152:2010-08-22 3127:2012-12-14 3097:2015-11-22 3032:2021-05-21 2939:TechTarget 2916:2019-09-19 2608:2010-08-22 2528:2008-08-21 2499:2010-08-22 2469:2012-04-19 2440:2010-08-22 2408:2010-08-22 2375:1337515744 2352:2011-12-02 2322:2011-12-02 2296:2013-03-20 2267:2021-04-27 2257:TechCrunch 2238:2021-02-04 2209:2015-05-03 2081:2016-03-21 1983:2024-06-28 1955:2014-07-14 1923:2020-12-06 1817:References 1688:computing) 1108:Multicloud 1026:See also: 1018:solution. 885:mobile app 680:, file or 674:disk-image 669:namespaces 657:containers 649:hypervisor 623:bare metal 434:audit logs 392:computer. 274:Since the 216:, and the 181:drew up a 171:Telescript 86:Definition 6458:symmetric 6203:PEM model 5882:OpenStack 5842:Lunacloud 5822:IBM Cloud 5792:EMC Atmos 5739:WaveMaker 5714:Force.com 5694:OpenShift 5649:IBM Cloud 5629:GE Predix 5599:CloudBolt 5571:Platforms 5551:PlateSpin 5536:Rackspace 5516:Nextcloud 5499:Microsoft 5494:IBM Cloud 5476:Workspace 5178:(4): 50. 5054:207171174 4831:22 August 4557:Packt Hub 4353:TechRadar 4051:April 15, 4016:InfoWorld 3808:ReadWrite 3657:1550-1477 3614:30 August 3228:254960874 3220:1865-7923 3177:8 October 2737:cite book 2489:CNET News 2342:CTO Forum 1913:216188024 1905:2473-2400 1858:2169-3536 1635:e-Science 1610:Directory 1401:on-demand 1375:Panorama9 1365:OpenStack 1355:IBM Cloud 1310:contracts 1140:analytics 1067:Community 931:execution 807:databases 718:wide-area 561:attacks, 546:(Apple's 249:OpenStack 235:launched 233:Microsoft 214:Amazon S3 6689:Deadlock 6677:Problems 6643:pthreads 6623:OpenHMPP 6548:Ateji PX 6509:computer 6380:Hardware 6247:Elements 6233:Slowdown 6144:Temporal 6126:Pipeline 5961:Category 5852:Mirantis 5659:Jelastic 5589:AppScale 5526:Owncloud 5509:OneDrive 5490:(closed) 5488:HP Cloud 5438:Web APIs 5418:Security 5393:Internet 5073:Archived 5003:Archived 4972:Archived 4926:Archived 4901:Archived 4876:Archived 4851:Archived 4799:Archived 4773:Archived 4742:Archived 4722:30 March 4716:Archived 4591:Archived 4561:Archived 4535:Archived 4511:Archived 4480:Archived 4461:15848602 4423:Archived 4402:Archived 4382:Archived 4363:22 April 4357:Archived 4327:Archived 4307:22 April 4301:Archived 4272:Archived 4242:Archived 4164:Archived 4134:Archived 4090:Archived 4045:Archived 4043:. 2014. 3939:Archived 3909:Archived 3873:Archived 3843:Archived 3812:Archived 3781:Archived 3750:Archived 3687:Archived 3665:13213544 3577:Archived 3546:Archived 3514:Archived 3453:Archived 3426:Archived 3400:Archived 3348:Archived 3344:43314918 3171:Archived 3146:Archived 3121:Archived 3026:Archived 2981:. Verso. 2910:Archived 2891:59284268 2853:Archived 2721:Archived 2688:23981532 2570:15374752 2463:Archived 2402:Archived 2382:Archived 2369:, 2017, 2316:Archived 2290:Archived 2261:Archived 2232:Archived 2179:19 April 2151:Archived 2099:Archived 2075:Archived 1977:BBC News 1949:Archived 1917:Archived 1580:Cloudlet 1493:See also 1418:models. 1256:platform 1252:security 1236:software 1230:such as 1160:clusters 1132:big data 1126:Big data 940:back-end 913:startups 863:OneDrive 826:business 645:abstract 643:used to 609:(IaaS), 563:phishing 476:numinous 472:noumenal 468:metaphor 423:Security 187:Internet 53:computer 6648:RaftLib 6628:OpenACC 6603:GPUOpen 6593:C++ AMP 6568:Charm++ 6310:Barrier 6254:Process 6238:Speedup 6023:General 5973:Commons 5912:libvirt 5892:OrionVM 5862:Nimbula 5857:Netlify 5802:Fujitsu 5689:openQRM 5674:Netlify 5654:Inktank 5614:Creatio 5556:Workday 5546:Seafile 5466:Dropbox 5194:1673644 5159:9812531 4769:PCWorld 4693:3604131 4648:8053067 4626:Bibcode 4021:30 June 3995:30 June 3915:10 July 3879:3 March 3725:24 June 3273:8201466 2810:4863927 2653:1285357 2379:p. 451. 1866:3324933 1454:cluster 1408:metrics 1280:Gartner 1264:quality 1232:systems 1203:of the 1038:Gartner 974:Private 881:web app 775:tools. 665:cgroups 567:malware 430:kernels 144:History 113:laptops 6741: 6618:OpenCL 6613:OpenMP 6558:Chapel 6475:shared 6470:Memory 6405:(SIMT) 6348:Models 6259:Thread 6191:Theory 6162:(SpMT) 6116:Memory 6101:Thread 6084:Levels 5937:Vercel 5907:Zadara 5872:OpenIO 5867:Nimbus 5837:Linode 5832:Joyent 5729:Vercel 5724:Splunk 5644:Heroku 5624:Helion 5471:Google 5209: 5192: 5157: 5125: 5107: 5052: 4964: 4779:6 June 4691: 4646: 4517:3 July 4486:3 July 4459: 4216: 3967: 3849:22 May 3663: 3655: 3520:14 May 3486:6 July 3459:6 July 3342: 3298: 3271: 3261: 3226: 3218: 2998:Forbes 2960: 2889: 2808: 2798: 2767:13 May 2686: 2651: 2641: 2568: 2558: 2373: 2157:31 May 2129: 1944:Forbes 1911: 1903: 1864: 1856: 1316:, and 1270:Market 1262:, and 1199:, the 1062:Others 1033:Hybrid 1022:Hybrid 988:Public 857:, and 716:. For 521:, and 311:Topic 261:Oracle 239:, and 195:server 62:) and 44:cloud. 6588:Dryad 6553:Boost 6274:Array 6264:Fiber 6178:(CMT) 6151:(SMT) 6065:GPGPU 5922:OVirt 5827:iland 5709:Scalr 5481:Drive 5190:S2CID 5155:S2CID 5050:S2CID 5006:(PDF) 4999:(PDF) 4975:(PDF) 4958:(PDF) 4689:S2CID 4671:arXiv 4644:S2CID 4507:ZDnet 4457:S2CID 4190:HICSS 3661:S2CID 3608:(PDF) 3601:(PDF) 3549:(PDF) 3542:(PDF) 3340:JSTOR 3269:S2CID 3224:S2CID 2887:S2CID 2806:S2CID 2684:S2CID 2649:S2CID 2566:S2CID 2107:Wired 1909:S2CID 1862:S2CID 1784:Notes 1168:Univa 1102:Multi 839:games 460:HIPAA 191:sales 132:time. 6653:ROCm 6583:CUDA 6573:Cilk 6540:APIs 6500:COMA 6495:NUMA 6426:MIMD 6421:MISD 6398:SIMD 6393:SISD 6121:Loop 6111:Data 6106:Task 5782:Deft 5561:Zoho 5207:ISBN 5123:ISBN 5105:ISBN 4962:ISBN 4833:2010 4807:2018 4781:2016 4750:2018 4724:2019 4599:2018 4519:2014 4488:2014 4365:2015 4309:2015 4214:ISBN 4142:2014 4053:2014 4023:2024 3997:2024 3965:ISBN 3917:2016 3881:2014 3851:2014 3820:2012 3789:2012 3758:2012 3727:2013 3653:ISSN 3616:2012 3522:2014 3488:2015 3461:2015 3434:2013 3296:ISBN 3259:ISBN 3247:IEEE 3216:ISSN 3179:2014 2958:ISBN 2796:ISBN 2769:2011 2743:link 2729:2023 2639:ISBN 2556:ISBN 2371:ISBN 2181:2021 2159:2014 2127:ISBN 1901:ISSN 1854:ISSN 1442:– A 1326:The 1260:risk 1142:and 1117:Poly 1004:cost 901:user 883:and 835:SaaS 791:NIST 789:The 767:and 744:NIST 742:The 707:NIST 705:The 667:and 641:APIs 597:The 548:Siri 474:and 456:GDPR 404:and 269:APIs 245:NASA 243:and 222:NASA 6668:ZPL 6663:TBB 6658:UPC 6638:PVM 6608:MPI 6563:HPX 6490:UMA 6091:Bit 5594:Box 5461:Box 5180:doi 5147:doi 5040:doi 4681:doi 4634:doi 4449:doi 4204:hdl 4194:doi 3643:doi 3374:doi 3251:doi 3206:doi 3060:doi 2879:doi 2833:doi 2788:doi 2713:doi 2676:doi 2631:doi 2548:doi 2067:doi 2040:doi 1893:doi 1844:doi 1240:web 1150:HPC 845:or 550:or 458:or 253:IBM 6760:: 5188:. 5176:53 5174:. 5170:. 5153:. 5141:. 5137:. 5048:. 5036:39 5034:. 5030:. 4970:. 4941:^ 4924:. 4874:. 4797:. 4767:. 4740:. 4714:. 4710:. 4687:. 4679:. 4667:51 4665:. 4642:. 4632:. 4622:10 4620:. 4616:. 4589:. 4585:. 4559:. 4555:. 4509:. 4505:. 4455:. 4355:. 4351:. 4295:. 4270:. 4266:. 4240:. 4236:. 4212:. 4202:. 4188:. 4162:. 4158:. 4039:. 4014:. 3988:. 3937:. 3933:. 3907:. 3901:. 3889:^ 3867:. 3841:. 3837:. 3810:. 3806:. 3779:. 3775:. 3748:. 3744:. 3711:. 3685:. 3681:. 3659:. 3651:. 3639:10 3637:. 3633:. 3575:. 3544:. 3512:. 3508:. 3504:. 3451:. 3424:. 3394:. 3346:. 3336:25 3334:. 3330:. 3290:. 3267:. 3257:. 3245:. 3222:. 3214:. 3202:16 3200:. 3196:. 3119:. 3115:. 3085:. 3074:^ 3056:21 3054:. 3050:. 3024:. 3020:. 3006:^ 2996:. 2937:. 2925:^ 2885:. 2875:94 2873:. 2829:51 2827:. 2804:. 2794:. 2739:}} 2735:{{ 2711:. 2707:. 2682:. 2672:62 2670:. 2647:. 2637:. 2617:^ 2596:. 2564:. 2554:. 2516:. 2487:. 2461:. 2457:. 2417:^ 2377:, 2340:. 2284:. 2259:. 2255:. 2230:. 2226:. 2197:. 2105:. 2073:. 2065:. 2061:. 2012:^ 1992:^ 1975:. 1964:^ 1947:. 1941:. 1915:. 1907:. 1899:. 1887:. 1883:. 1860:. 1852:. 1838:. 1834:. 1800:". 1428:– 1258:, 1254:, 1250:, 1246:, 1242:, 1238:, 1234:, 1170:, 1166:, 1146:. 1050:IT 865:. 692:, 688:, 539:IT 517:, 462:. 408:. 251:. 201:. 90:A 6008:e 6001:t 5994:v 5265:e 5258:t 5251:v 5215:. 5196:. 5182:: 5161:. 5149:: 5143:2 5129:. 5113:. 5082:. 5056:. 5042:: 5015:. 4984:. 4935:. 4910:. 4885:. 4860:. 4835:. 4809:. 4783:. 4752:. 4726:. 4695:. 4683:: 4673:: 4650:. 4636:: 4628:: 4601:. 4570:. 4521:. 4490:. 4463:. 4451:: 4432:. 4367:. 4336:. 4311:. 4281:. 4251:. 4222:. 4206:: 4196:: 4173:. 4144:. 4099:. 4055:. 4025:. 3999:. 3973:. 3948:. 3919:. 3883:. 3853:. 3822:. 3791:. 3760:. 3729:. 3696:. 3667:. 3645:: 3618:. 3586:. 3558:. 3524:. 3490:. 3463:. 3436:. 3409:. 3380:. 3376:: 3357:. 3315:. 3275:. 3253:: 3230:. 3208:: 3181:. 3155:. 3130:. 3100:. 3068:. 3062:: 3035:. 3000:. 2966:. 2941:. 2919:. 2893:. 2881:: 2839:. 2835:: 2812:. 2790:: 2771:. 2745:) 2731:. 2715:: 2690:. 2678:: 2655:. 2633:: 2611:. 2572:. 2550:: 2531:. 2502:. 2472:. 2443:. 2411:. 2355:. 2325:. 2299:. 2270:. 2241:. 2212:. 2183:. 2161:. 2135:. 2109:. 2084:. 2069:: 2042:: 1986:. 1958:. 1926:. 1895:: 1889:4 1868:. 1846:: 1840:6 1684:( 122:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index