383:
95:
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tuition fees to run, they do however, have free use of school buildings. Due to this, many local governments are willing to invest large amounts of money into their construction. Unlike other private schools, they do not have the ability to freely set the annual tuition fee. Instead, they are required to oblige with the government's tuition fee standards, which usually range between 4,000 and 15,000 yuan per year. The specific amount is dependent upon the policy of the school's local government (Lin, 1999).
365:(Cheng, 1997). He referenced his speech in 1978 to restate his opinion on the linkage between education and science technology for the development of China. He declared that education was a necessity, due to its ability to drive the advancement of science and technology which he believed, was crucial for future expansion of China. He proclaimed that education could not rely on educational departments alone and stated the importance of support from industries and professions (Cheng, 1994). Following this
537:
685:
in basic schools is not balanced, basic schools in remote mountainous areas in rural areas have poor educational conditions, educational resources are backward, the economic advantages of improving the quality of education and teaching, and the lack of motivation behind the support of educational resources are serious. All these factors restricted the development of basic education. To be fair for using different textbooks and different educational conditions,
322:. As the development of the proletariat was prioritized, education gradually became combined with labour and production. Most schools were converted to half-study and half-labour schools, and many started to experiment with new systems of education on their own. Consequently, procedures, school organizations and the initially established education form from 1949 were terminated. During this time, the
25:
338:. The reason behind this was his belief that students would be able to learn the most from labour workers. Hence, from 1966 to 1976 during the Cultural Revolution, more than 16 million students were pulled out of school in order to be re-educated by working in the countryside. The policy of school education only resumed after 1977, when the
684:
According to the actual situation of the province's educational development, each province adopts different modes of education and propositions for the college entrance examination questions. In particular, the economic development in the western region is slow, the allocation of education resources
551:
Private schools do not have a required academic barrier, as school acceptance is primarily based on the student's family income (Chan, 2019). They have complete independence during the process of student recruitment, and typically follow the school's self-determined criterion without local education
494:
Private schools receive no financial support from the government, thus allowing all educational funds to come from private sources (Lin, 1999). Whilst educational debentures were the primary form of support during the 1990s, this was later revised to a fee-paying system as it was recognised that an
355:
in 1952 following the 1949 revolution that formed the People's
Republic of China (Zhang, 2001). The direct order was released by the Chinese Ministry of Education, with the formal issue titled "The Direction of Transferring Private Primary and Private Middle School". This command was carried out in
470:
by the central government, various additional funding mechanisms are implemented in order to sustain a high-quality education (Chan, 2019). To reduce the
Ministry's financial burden, all public schools must have a 'creation of income' channel that provides supplementary financial support. This is
373:
province. It was the attention this first school received that drove the development of other private schools in the country (Lin, 1999). Ultimately, the increasing need for education combined with gradual reform of China's economic system expanded the development of private schools (Wang, 2005).
912:
Private schools set up by the government are passed down from the mid 1990s, during which the central government had approved the negotiation for a number of public schools to be contracted to private individuals for management. Whilst they draw on the private aspect of relying on annual student
575:
is to help the students score well in their college entrance examination. The department of education make all policies related to how the public school should work and set up goals for all the public schools to reach. However, even with the same subjects, the actual textbooks are varied based
350:
Unlike public institutions, schools administered by private bodies were established very early on in China (Wang, 2005). However, despite their being a fundamental component of the early educational system, they were forced to either shut down or transfer ownership to the administration of the
750:
Grade segregation is intended to split students with good performance, average performance, and bad performance into different classes with different teachers. Hence, it becomes easier for the teachers to apply the optimal education according to the current academic situations of students.
519:
In order for private schools to secure their financial condition, there are still various additional funding methods other than their annual fee payment (Lin, 1999). As private schools are owned by individuals or independent corporations, many are able to structure them as companies in the
851:
and skill intensive industries as opposed to ones that were labour-intensive and low skilled (Chan, 2019). The emphasis of this school type is usually on the learning and training in practical vocational skills, in that they serve students who wish to join the workforce immediately after
713:), there are four types of college entrance examination questions and proposition models in all provinces and cities across the country. There are a total of national papers 1, 2, and 3 and semi-autonomous propositions (Hainan Province) and autonomous proposition forms. Among them,
548:. Each school has a minimum examination boundary mark for acceptance, in which students must pass in order to gain offered attendance (Lin, 1999). Public schools are also required to serve the district population by providing local citizens with education (Wong, 2004).
479:
fees to the school, where they will then be processed through an 'out of plan' channel for acceptance. The finance gained from this is used exclusively for acquiring higher-quality teaching equipment in order to improve the standard of school facilities (Wong, 2004).
474:
One such method is to accept extra pupils, otherwise known as 'Jiwaisheng' students (Wong, 2007). These are students whose formal examination results are marginally lower than the schools’ entrance boundary. To apply as a 'Jiwaisheng' student, parents must pay
746:
Though each province in China adopts different modes of propositions for the college entrance examination according to the actual situation of the province's educational development, the grade segregation in public schools is still the debate of every year.
511:
depending on the level of education, as well as a one-time down payment of 20,000 – 50,000 yuan as part of their contribution to the school's construction fee. Typically, rural private schools charge less due to the geographical difference in students'
360:
to conform with the Soviet model the government wished to achieve – one that promoted a unified state management of education (Wang, 2005). It was not until 1992 that the re-emergence of private schools occurred, brought about by a statesman named
778:
Whilst most public schools fall under one main form – being government-run without significant variations, there are many different types of private schools. These include ‘Elite’ schools, Urban
Ordinary schools, Vocational Technical schools,
409:
Private schools differ from public schools in that they were developed to be market-oriented and profit-driven (Lin, 1999). Rather than the principal's responsibility, school decision-making and implementation are instigated predominantly by
471:
required as the government is only able to supply approximately 80 percent of all public educational expenditures. The remaining 20 percent is dependent on the funds generated from the school's 'creation of income' channel (Wong, 2004).
896:(Lin, 1999). Their annual tuition fees are the lowest out of all private schools, in order to support their priority in providing basic education accessibility in rural areas (Li & Liu, 2014). They consist of a larger percentage of
491:, whereby a proportion of the profit generated by these companies is then offered to the school as a form of sponsorship. These external companies are often established in the design and computer technology industries (Wong, 2004).
290:
Following the formation of the People's
Republic of China in 1949, the government announced that workers were the most important class in society (Cheng, 1994). As such, the Ministry of Education established that henceforth,
799:. They charge the highest out of all private school tuition fees, ranging on average between 20,000 and 30,000 yuan per year. Characteristics distinct to this type of school include a low teacher to student ratio,
394:, in that its form of distributed leadership entails the school principal deciding and approving all necessary operations. The deputy principal aids in other facets of the school's implementation and decisions.
418:
basis rather than a student's academic achievements, private schools prioritize differently from government schools – focusing instead on preparation for overseas universities and the use of distinctive
1300:
686:
567:
235:
102:
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and student bodies also take various roles, where representatives may be chosen from each category to participate in decision-making and collective school discussions. As they consist of
1310:
446:
Another point of difference occurs in the geographical distribution of private and public schools across the nation. Whilst government schools are generally evenly spread, private
382:
94:
831:. They typically emphasise the independence of curriculum arrangement, admission and teaching methods, where they prioritize the addition of supplementary courses in minority
352:
406:
and centralised leadership, public schools prioritize additional funding for better equipment and the enrolment of higher academically achieving students (Chan, 2019).
565:
Unlike private schools have freedom of deciding their curricula to adapt to the international trends of education, the public high schools, under the regulation of
46:
431:
Various differences in conditions, geographical distribution and the quality of education exist between public and private schools (Chan, 2019). Particularly in
1301:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/j.ctt1j0pszw.71.pdf?ab_segments=0%252Fbasic_search_gsv2%252Fcontrol&refreqid=excelsior%3Aacc83313094b9cec2cd52e8bcd0e6500
856:. These skill sets are often narrow, and programs catering to each set typically lasts between two and three years (Lin, 1999). Course subjects often include
528:
development project. As the enterprise achieves gradual success, the school will also receive continuous financial support provided by the firm (Wong, 2004).
318:
Throughout the 1900s, public education was subjected to several variations (Zhang, 2001). In particular, these temporary changes were a result of the 1958
1285:
Wong, J. L. (2007). The
Effects of Local Interpretation of Decentralization Policy on School Autonomy in Guangdong Province of China. In C. Bjork (Ed.),
1311:
https://books.google.com/books?id=CEjECwAAQBAJ&dq=Zhang,+Minxuan.+2001.+%22Converted+Schools+in+Shanghai:+Fact,+Factors+and+Future.%22&pg=PA147
311:
members in the public division (Wang, 2005). This establishment of the new
Chinese education system was constructed upon a combination of the
691:
1278:
Wong, J. L. (2004). School
Autonomy in China: A Comparison Between Government and Private Schools Within the Context of Decentralization.
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Public schools in China have their fixed schedule determined by
Minister of Education of the People's Republic of China, according to
1329:
74:
295:
must be made accessible to all workers, in order to favour the development of the country. By 1950, when the nation's first
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areas such as towns and cities (Chan, 2019). Their purpose is to admit students who failed their senior schools entrance
783:
and rural private schools. Each school form possesses different characteristics and serves distinct clients (Lin, 1999).
435:, Yan (2013) states that private schools have a greater number of "educational and sports facilities, foreign and
1324:
847:'Vocational Technical' schools were initially established in order to assist China's objective in creating more
503:
was not able to generate sufficient educational funds (Wong, 2004). Generally, private schools charge an annual
767:
930:
1275:
Master's thesis). Available from FGS - Electronic Theses & Dissertations database. (Record No. 20641)
269:(Lin, 1999). Unlike public schools which are managed by the government, each private school's independent
544:
Government schools recruit students on the basis of two major factors: examination results and the local
1167:
525:
1250:
Cheng, K. M. (1994). Young Adults in a
Changing Socialist Society: Post-Compulsory Education in China.
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Li, L., & Liu, H. (2014). Primary school availability and middle school education in rural China.
1019:
972:
951:
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476:
366:
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857:
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is responsible for all aspects of the public education system, including but not limited to staff
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as a means to strengthen their fiscal status. One common method involves linking the school to a
270:
1290:
820:
665:
239:
1143:
901:
861:
804:
504:
440:
56:
800:
508:
436:
246:
are managed by their
District and Provincial Commissions of Education (Chan, 2019). The
1211:
897:
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backgrounds, with an outstanding fee of approximately 1,000 yuan per year (Lin, 1999).
39:
33:
1318:
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and English. They are also known to receive the most national publicity (Lin, 1999).
403:
362:
296:
112:
873:
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339:
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and formal examinations, specific regulations directly correlated to each public
1239:
Cheng, B. (1997). Exploring the Practice and Theory of Chinese Private Schools.
877:
447:
323:
308:
266:
770:, 60% of students age from 6 to 17 do not have more than eight hours of sleep.
238:. Whilst the Ministry supervises general guidelines such as staff recruitment,
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853:
848:
571:, have fixed curriculums and subjects. The main target of public education in
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432:
391:
369:, the first private school to be re-established was Guangya Primary School in
335:
327:
300:
262:
255:
247:
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and businesses. Some vocational technical schools are also administered as a
828:
593:
420:
414:, i.e. the parents. As school acceptance is dependent on a student's family
292:
1307:
Policy Metamorphosis in China: A Case Study of Minban Education in Shanghai
823:, providing them with the opportunity to either re-take the exam or learn
273:
is responsible for tasks such as staff and student recruitment, salaries,
893:
868:
and commercial English (Chan, 2019). As these schools prioritize student
836:
832:
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Excluding elementary schools, middle schools and high schools often have
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617:
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467:
395:
370:
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331:
304:
973:"Literacy rate, adult female (% of females ages 15 and above) - China"
816:
709:
625:
621:
415:
411:
399:
251:
243:
994:"Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) - China"
815:'Urban Ordinary' private secondary schools are generally located in
1192:
952:"Literacy rate, adult male (% of males ages 15 and above) - China"
641:
637:
613:
605:
601:
572:
450:
at secondary levels are more centralised in urban regions such as
231:
1297:
Education in China: Educational History, Models, and Initiatives.
839:
on top of the required annual government curriculum (Lin, 1999).
500:
455:
451:
1273:
The motivation of public and private school teachers in China (
18:
1291:
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-4358-1_4
791:'Elite' private schools typically receive students of famous
872:, they are therefore often connected to multiple government
1125:
1101:
258:, internal assessments and external rankings (Wang, 2005).
1074:
1047:
763:, where students go to school averagely from 7am to 10pm.
576:
between provinces, for instance, there are textbooks from
487:
acquiring. Public schools are able to establish external
1280:
International Studies in Educational Administration, 32
1020:"Overview of educational achievements in China in 2018"
810:
687:
Minister of Education of the People's Republic of China
568:
Minister of Education of the People's Republic of China
51:
315:
model and elements of traditional China (Chan, 2019).
1266:
Social Transformation and Private Education in China.
261:
Private schools in China are administered by private
1295:
Yan, F. (2013). Private Education. In Q. Zha (Ed.),
220:
212:
204:
196:
191:
183:
175:
167:
162:
152:
144:
136:
131:
123:
118:
108:
101:
931:"China's spending on education in 2018 increases"
390:Public schools in China maintain a centralised
1234:Public Education Reform and Network Governance
803:system and selected emphasis on areas such as
888:Rural private schools are situated in remote
8:
1247:(1), 23–37. doi: 10.2753/CED1061-1932300123
87:
1261:, 24–40. doi: 10.1016/j.labeco.2014.03.008
842:
386:Students in Chinese Public School Classroom
342:political faction lost power (Wang, 2005).
1268:Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.
811:'Urban Ordinary' private secondary schools
277:assignment and student fees (Wang, 2005).
93:
733:fully implement autonomous propositions.
705:the National College Entrance Examination
303:commenced, all staff involved were given
75:Learn how and when to remove this message
908:Private schools set up by the government
660:Provinces using Zhejiang Education Press
588:Provinces using People's Education Press
535:
381:
922:
483:Another method used to gain funding is
88:Education in People's Republic of China
552:department restrictions (Wong, 2004).
86:
1014:
1012:
1010:
699:National College Entrance Examination
692:National College Entrance Examination
55:. Parenthetical referencing has been
7:
1096:
1094:
1069:
1067:
1042:
1040:
786:
443:, school buses, etc" (p. 275).
729:, The five provinces and cities in
326:of the People's Republic of China,
864:, service and management mastery,
16:Chinese public and private schools
14:
1144:"以科技助力落后地区享有更加公平而有质量的教育--教育--人民网"
119:National education budget (2018)
23:
1241:Chinese Education & Society
1236:. . doi: 10.4324/9780429460203
1212:"14所热门高中课程作息表出炉！来看孩子们在校都是怎么过的？"
737:Controversies in public schools
689:adopts different models of the
680:Reasons for different textbooks
587:
540:Chinese Private School Building
843:'Vocational Technical' schools
652:and other places are all from
320:Chinese educational revolution
236:National Ministry of Education
1:
1287:Educational Decentralization
1168:"禁止分班考试惹争议：学霸吃不饱，学渣吃不消_腾讯新闻"
466:Although public schools are
827:skills before reaching the
556:Textbooks in public schools
1346:
1252:Comparative Education, 30
592:High school textbooks in
334:would be re-allocated to
92:
1330:Private schools in China
774:Types of private schools
768:South China Morning Post
674:Zhejiang Education Press
654:People's Education Press
582:Zhejiang Education Press
578:People's Education Press
427:Quality and distribution
234:are administered by the
1232:Chan, P. W. K. (2019).
1193:"世界各国：课程表大比拼！中国小学生最辛苦？"
1075:"人民教育出版社官方网站－培根铸魂 启智增慧"
787:'Elite' private schools
541:
387:
148:Government and private
32:This article includes
1024:Ministry of Education
884:Rural private schools
539:
507:fee of 5000 – 30,000
385:
330:, also declared that
109:Minister of Education
103:Ministry of Education
1259:Labour Economics, 48
797:government officials
305:welfare entitlements
208:103.4 million (2018)
155:Compulsory education
858:international trade
707:(also known as the
532:Student recruitment
224:38.3 million (2018)
216:39.3 million (2018)
127:$ 685 billion (USD)
89:
1305:Zhang, X. (2001).
1174:. 23 November 2019
1048:"中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站"
781:single-sex schools
542:
439:teachers to teach
388:
353:central government
271:board of directors
230:Public schools in
40:properly formatted
1309:. Retrieved from
1289:. Retrieved from
1271:Wang, H. (2005).
1210:网易 (2020-10-18).
1148:edu.people.com.cn
902:secondary schools
795:, foreigners and
755:Shortage of sleep
742:Grade segregation
664:The ones used in
404:government policy
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137:Primary languages
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1325:Schools in China
1264:Lin, J. (1999).
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703:As of the 2018,
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49:this article by
34:inline citations
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1102:"浙江出版传媒股份有限公司"
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423:(Chan, 2019).
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904:(Lin, 1999).
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880:(Lin, 1999).
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526:real estate
477:sponsorship
433:urban areas
336:rural areas
309:proletariat
307:like other
263:individuals
158:1 July 1986
153:Established
145:System type
1319:Categories
1221:2021-10-01
1178:2021-10-01
1172:new.qq.com
1153:2021-09-29
1111:2021-10-01
1084:2021-10-01
1057:2021-09-29
917:References
870:employment
854:graduation
825:vocational
546:population
468:subsidised
392:governance
378:Governance
328:Mao Zedong
256:curriculum
248:government
192:Enrollment
57:deprecated
1126:"浙江教育出版社"
894:townships
878:franchise
833:languages
829:workforce
594:Chongqing
561:Curricula
489:companies
437:bilingual
421:curricula
293:education
275:principal
254:, yearly
213:Secondary
65:July 2023
890:villages
817:suburban
801:boarding
731:Zhejiang
719:Shanghai
715:Zhejiang
670:Zhejiang
497:interest
485:business
462:Finances
396:Teachers
332:students
324:chairman
252:salaries
163:Literacy
140:Mandarin
866:cooking
849:capital
727:Tianjin
723:Beijing
666:Taizhou
650:Jiangxi
646:Guangxi
634:Qinghai
618:Sichuan
610:Guizhou
598:Shaanxi
505:tuition
495:annual
441:English
400:parents
371:Sichuan
358:economy
281:History
205:Primary
47:improve
45:Please
1029:31 May
999:31 May
978:31 May
957:31 May
936:26 May
710:gaokao
626:Shanxi
622:Yunnan
452:cities
416:income
313:Soviet
244:school
187:95.16%
184:Female
179:98.47%
171:96.84%
124:Budget
36:, but
1130:Baidu
900:than
642:Hebei
638:Gansu
614:Hunan
606:Hubei
602:Henan
573:China
501:banks
499:from
456:towns
232:China
200:(N/A)
197:Total
168:Total
1197:SoHu
1031:2021
1001:2021
980:2021
959:2021
938:2021
892:and
837:arts
835:and
821:exam
580:and
509:yuan
454:and
299:and
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265:or
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