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741:, announced that the deployment of 30,000 extra US troops into Afghanistan could be accompanied by a surge of "26,000 to 56,000" contractors. This would expand the presence of personnel from the US private sector in Afghanistan "to anywhere from 130,000 to 160,000." The CRS study said that contractors made up 69 percent of the Pentagon's personnel in Afghanistan in December 2008, a proportion that "apparently represented the highest recorded percentage of contractors used by the Defense Department in any conflict in the history of the United States." In September 2008, their presence had dropped to 62 percent, and the US military troop strength increased modestly.
957:, known as the TRAKboys, began to emerge in fringe political circles within Johannesburg and Cape Town. They gained national attention in South Africa when they began calling upon leaders to demand an investigation by the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development into the foreign and domestic activities of Executive Outcomes. Failed assassination attempts on several high-profile members of the TRAKboys, such as former Cape Town-based manufacturing tycoon, Dylan4K, have led to speculation, conspiracy theories and public outrage directed towards Apartheid-era, Afrikaner-owned PMCs operating in southern Africa.
40:
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neutrality, leading to increased risk. Moreover, outsourcing may not necessarily lead to lower costs, and the cost of middlemen may result in more poorly paid and poorly trained personnel, who turn over frequently and cannot adequately perform the job. Finally, NGOs have obligations beyond strictly legal liability that include political, ethical and reputational implications: If the organisation's responsibility to prevent and mitigate any possible negative outcomes is better achieved through in-house security, it is argued, this should be their choice.
1221:. According to the posters, the man who is seen shooting vehicles on this video in Iraq was a South African employee of Aegis Victory team named Danny Heydenreycher. He served in the British military for six years. After the incident, the regional director for Victory ROC tried to fire Heydenreycher, but the team threatened to resign if he did. Aegis, the US Army, and the US State Department each conducted a formal inquiry into the issue. The Army determined that there was no "probable cause to believe that a crime was committed."
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1804:-accredited Standards Developing Organization, and within ASIS, the ASIS Commission on Standards and Guidelines works with national and international standards-setting organizations and industry representatives to develop voluntary standards and guidelines for security professionals. With funding from the US Department of Defense, the ASIS Commission on Standards is currently promulgating four sets of standards for private security companies.
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showed that, between 2010 and 2015, there were over fifty encounters between the national sovereign navies that participated in the missions, resulting in over 1,200 detained pirates, only one PMC published information over this period. Since the PMCs are so much more active in this area, covering a larger part of it through activities on board trading ships, this could be a low estimate. PMC presence in
Somalia is an example of two
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2707:
540:, detailing international legal obligations and specific recommendations related to PSC services procurement practices and operational oversight, as well as clarifying the obligations of states pertaining to the hiring of such entities during armed conflicts. As of December 2018, fifty-four states had signed the Montreux Document.
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form a skeleton for governing the conduct of contractors, but much remains to be fleshed out to form a coherent and standardized framework from which to oversee such organizations and activities. Over the last decade there have been a number of initiatives to regulate the private security industry. These include the
1759:
Demands for specific PSC services have grown to record levels in recent decades, and private firms' capabilities now include an array of services that are vital to the success of on-the-ground war fighting as well as other more traditional stability operations and contingency contracting. While past
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was adopted by national referendum on 12 December 1993, and entered into force on 25 December 1993. Article 13.5 reads: "The establishment and activities of public associations whose goals and activities are aimed at the forcible changing of the basis of the constitutional order and at violating the
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and wealthy Abu Dhabi family. The ad suggested that the UAE aimed to establish an elite foreign legion. Despite MMC claiming that the project was canceled and the ad was disinformation, experts said an
Emirati foreign legion could be real. Since 2009, the UAE had been utilizing PMSCs, initially with
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have found that sometimes statements at NGOs central headquarters contradict those given by local staff. This prevents informative knowledge sharing and debate on the subject needed to improve NGO decisions regarding this issue, though there have been some notable exceptions; namely, the
Afghanistan
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are and were active in this region, it is still necessary for the shipping companies to have security personnel on deck. Due to their decentralized nature, it can be difficult for the UN or other international organizations to provide effective oversight over what happens on the seas. Whereas the UN
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released a two-year study that reported that, although hired as "security guards", private contractors performed military duties. A spokesman for the
American mission to the UN office in Geneva (UNOG) said that "Accusations that US government-contracted security guards, of whatever nationality, are
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in widespread international operations, there has also been a move within the PSC and contingency contracting industries to call for accountability and to implement a code of ethics for the retention of services and operations of such service providers. Existing credible accountability initiatives
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reported that an ad was being circulated by former French special forces soldiers for around 3000–4000 foreign recruits. The ad was backed by Abu Dhabi-based Manar
Military Company (MMC), which is run by a former French special forces officer, and is financially linked to a politically influential
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in dangerous regions is a highly sensitive subject. Quite often, the contractors hired are local companies and mostly are unarmed personnel guarding facilities; only rarely are international contractors or mobile armed security personnel used. Many NGOs have sought the services of private security
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took effect. Blackwater was one of the most high-profile firms operating in Iraq, with around 1,000 employees as well as a fleet of helicopters in the country. In 2014, four
Blackwater employees were tried and convicted in US federal court over the incident; one of murder, and the other three of
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By the end of 2012, the number of contractors who had died in Iraq, Afghanistan and Kuwait had reached 3,000. Scholars have studied whether contractor deaths have an effect on the public's "casualty sensitivity" when substituted for military fatalities. Casualty sensitivity refers to the inverse
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However, it has been argued that outsourcing security leaves NGOs reliant on contractors and unable to develop their own security thinking and make their own decisions. Perceived association of PSPs with state security, police or military services in turn compromises the ability of NGOs to claim
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to ensure safe passage. That would mean that the United States unintentionally and indirectly engaged in a protection racket and might be indirectly funding the very insurgents it is trying to fight. A preliminary inquiry determined that the allegations warranted a deeper inquiry and focused
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The private security contractor fulfills many different needs in the private and public sectors. While some nations rely heavily on the input of governments of such nations as the United States, other countries do not trust the US, so they tend to look for private contractors who will have a
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According to the United States
Institute of Peace (USIP), since 2017, the Russian-based PMC, Wagner Group, has been operating continuously in Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, as well as in other African countries. Under the guise of helping governments defeat violent
986:(RICO) lawsuit being filed against DynCorp employees stationed in Bosnia. It alleged that "employees and supervisors from DynCorp were engaging in perverse, illegal and inhumane behavior and were illegally purchasing women, weapons, forged passports and participating in other immoral acts."
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is reportedly planning to more than double the number of its private security guards, up to as many as 7,000. Defending five fortified compounds across the country, the security contractors would operate radars to warn of enemy rocket attacks, search for roadside bombs, fly reconnaissance
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as they drove through the town. They were dragged from their car in one of the most violent attacks on US contractors in the conflict. Following the attack, an angry mob mutilated and burned the bodies, dragging them through the streets before they were hung on a bridge.
1571:, but the latter failed "to fulfill their financial obligations, which caused problems with the housing and feeding of the fighters from Slavonic Corps." Meanwhile, 100 of the 267 men hired in spring 2013 by Slavonic Corps perished in October 2013 in a firefight with
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integrity of the
Russian Federation, at undermining its security, at creating armed units, and at instigating social, racial, national and religious strife shall be prohibited." In addition, it has been illegal since at least the 1996 edition under Article 359 of the
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Two recruiters for the
Slavonic Corps were ultimately jailed in October 2014 for their violation of Article 359. They faced up to eight years imprisonment but were convicted for three. Regular squad members were reportedly unpaid and faced no prosecution in Russia.
941:. It is reported that hundreds of contractors from the Russian PMC enter these countries each year. The Wagner Group has been accused of extreme violence against African civilians and human rights violations by the US State Department and most European governments.
950:, the South African PMC, Executive Outcomes (Founded in 1989), was committing atrocities in Sierra Leone up until the early 2000s, when they left the country and refocused their business on providing domestic security services in their native South Africa.
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authored a bill to do just that "because private military companies are legal in many countries"; continuing: "We wrote in the bill that the defence ministry would coordinate and that participation in armed conflicts would only be with their permission."
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contracts former servicemen and law enforcement personnel to protect national parks and private game ranches in Africa. Candidates must undergo additional retraining to become park rangers. They are also referred to as
Private Ranger Contractors or
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gunship. The report also investigated the failures of the UN Peacekeeping Force and the involvement of mercenaries/private military contractors in providing vital support to UN operations and British military Special Operations in Sierra Leone in
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Brooks, Doug/ Rathgeber, Shawn Lee: The Industry Role in Regulating Private Security Companies, in: Canadian Consortium on Human Security - Security Privatization: Challenges and Opportunities, Vol. 6.3, University of British Columbia, March
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The organisation Molfar has investigated 37 private military companies in Russia, and found that all of them are or have been connected to Kremlin. Most of them are also funded by Kremlin. More than half of them are participating in the
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over the firm's involvement in the deaths of seventeen Iraqis in a firefight that followed a car bomb explosion near a State Department motorcade. The company was allowed to continue to operate in Iraq until January 2009 when the
226:, providing training teams and advising on security matters. Stirling also organised deals to sell weapons and military personnel to other countries for various privatised foreign policy operations. Contracts were mainly with the
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relationship between military deaths and public support for a sustained military engagement. Contractor deaths may account for nearly 30% of total US battlefield losses since the beginning of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
1123:. They maintained an array of weapons systems vital to the invasion of Iraq. They also provided bodyguards for VIPs, guard installations, and escort supply convoys from Kuwait. All these resources were called upon constantly.
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have established close ties with Chinese state-owned firms since 2014 by providing security, logistics, and aviation for Chinese companies in dozens of countries across Asia, Africa, and Europe in connection with China's
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in 2003, and 2004. The US Army "found that contractors were involved in 36 percent of the proven incidents and identified 6 employees as individually culpable", although none have faced prosecution unlike US military
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Filipa Guinote. "Private Military Firms and the State: Sharing Responsibility for Violations of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law", Collection Ricerche, "Series E.MA Awarded thesis", vol. 7, Venice: Marsilio Editori,
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PMC made its appearance on the scene. Near the end of 2014, Wagner was given the instructional role of local Basharite militias. Prior to September 2015, the PMCs were Russia's only pseudo-military presence in Syria.
569:, due to lack of knowledge, skills, and time to adequately meet the challenges of deteriorating security environments; and administrative costs of managing security in-house and potential to outsource the liability.
808:. Both missions involved personnel from the firm training four to five thousand combat personnel for the Angolan government and retaking control of the diamond fields and forming a negotiated peace in Sierra Leone.
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441:. PMCs were hired to deter pirates from attacking vessels and taking the shipping crew and their transport hostage. While a large variety of international naval missions with the same goals such as the EU's
1800:(ASIS) is a society of individual security professionals dedicated to increasing the effectiveness and productivity of security professionals by developing educational programs and materials. ASIS is an
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music, appearing to show private military contractors in Baghdad shooting Iraqi civilians sparked two investigations after it was posted on the Internet. The video has been linked unofficially to
1096:
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1598:; Wagner is known to have fought in Syria since late 2015. One manner of payment to the group is from 25% of the proceeds from captured and secured oil and gas infrastructure in Syria.
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1896:
1621:. The law "On the Security of Fuel and Energy Facilities" appears now to state that companies in this field "may be granted the right to establish a private security organisation".
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In 2006, a US congressional report listed a number of PMCs and other enterprises that have signed contracts to carry out anti-narcotics operations and related activities as part of
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announced the expansion of services from the traditional roles of PMCs of protection and intelligence to military aviation support. SCG International Air would provide air support,
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1275:. According to Black, "There is clear potential to conduct security operations at a fraction of the cost of NATO operations." Those comments were later denied. In March 2024,
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initially on eight trucking companies that share a $ 2.2 billion Defense Department contract to carry goods and material from main supply points inside Afghanistan (primarily
486:, armed escort, and executive air travel to "any location on earth." That marked an expansion of services to rival the capabilities of some countries' armies and air forces.
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and the US military. Blackwater, and private military contractors in general, became notorious in the 21st century after their usage by the United States government in the
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Affi, Ladan; Elmi, Afyare A.; Knight, W. Andy; Mohamed, Said (May 3, 2016). "Countering piracy through private security in the Horn of Africa: prospects and pitfalls".
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insurgencies or fight Islamic extremist movements, the Russian Wagner Group is believed by several US and African government sources to be responsible for significant
291:. The exodus of over 6 million military personnel from Western militaries in the 1990s expanded the recruiting pool for PMCs. Some of the larger corporations included
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Jarle Hansen, Stig (July 2012). "International Interventions, State-Building and Democratization: Justifying the Role of the Private Security Companies in Somalia?".
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and disruption in the wake of disasters, more conventional security companies are moving into operations arenas that would fall within the definition of a PMC. The
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was initiated and entered into force on 20 October 2001. As of August 2021, the convention had been ratified by 37 states, and signed but not ratified by 9 states.
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was among those contracted by the State Department, and others signed contracts with the Defense Department. Other companies from different countries, including
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justified the use of PMCs in Iraq on the basis that they were cost effective and useful on the ground. He also affirmed that they were not subject to the
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and even staff quick reaction forces to aid civilians in distress. Its helicopter fleet, which will be piloted by contractors, will grow from 17 to 29.
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mercenaries is inaccurate." An observer noted that the difficulty in separating private from public troops means that legal proceedings against these
782:
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Stephan Maninger. "Soldiers of Misfortune – Is the Demise of National Armies a Core Contributing Factor in the Rise of Private Security Companies?",
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in 1971. Woodhouse resigned as Director of Operations after a series of disagreements and Stirling himself ceased to take an active part in 1972.
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Schooner, Steven; Swan, Collin (January 1, 2012). "Dead Contractors: The Un-Examined Effect of Surrogates on the Public's Casualty Sensitivity".
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1629:. In total, they have activities in 34 different countries. Russian PMCs are involved in oil and mining operations in 19 countries in Africa.
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after a UN-brokered peace settlement broke down. In the second action, Executive Outcomes was tasked with containing a guerrilla movement in
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was involved in two military actions in Africa. In the first conflict, Executive Outcomes fought on behalf of the Angolan government against
188:
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855:. The men were accused of plotting to overthrow the government, but charges were not pressed. The men were deported to their home countries.
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to report on the state of the royalist forces when a ceasefire was declared. At the same time, Stirling was cultivating his contacts in the
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to consider the legalization of PMCs, although owners of Russian PMCs have claimed that because Russia inherited its legal system from the
1284:. Investigations also revealed the UAE's involvement in hiring mercenaries for assassinations in Yemen and for supporting the Wagner Group.
968:
871:
296:
148:
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2765:"How to defeat a caliphate: Private military contractors have a bad name, but a great record against the Islamist insurgency in Nigeria"
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for key staff or protection of company premises, especially in hostile territories. However, contractors that use armed force in a
1968:
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Private military companies carry out many missions and jobs. Some examples have included military aviation repair in East Africa,
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Physical and Logical Security Convergence: Powered By Enterprise Security Management: Powered By Enterprise Security Management
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checkpoint. While later released, the contractors have levied complaints of mistreatment against the Marines who detained them.
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employees "were indicted on unlawful killing charges in connection with their work as US government contractors during the
359:
entered into 3,601 contracts worth $ 300 billion with twelve US-based PMCs, specifically during the initial response after
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1936:
1555:, reportedly in 2013 Russia's largest PMC. The Moscovite MSG was the focus of attention in 2013 for its failed and bloody
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indicates that the Iraqi government still had no authority over private security firms contracted by the US government.
1044:, especially in the case of contractors carrying weapons, was a sensitive one. Iraqi laws do not hold over contractors.
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across the globe towards these private military corporations. Units that were allegedly severely affected included the
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fired two investigators who alleged sex trafficking, alcohol smuggling, and security lapses by Sallyport employees at
745:
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also employs several companies to provide support in danger zones that would be difficult for conventional US forces.
352:
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Phelps, Martha Lizabeth (December 2014). "Doppelgangers of the State: Private Security and Transferable Legitimacy".
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to recruit, train or finance a mercenary. Also the use of him in an armed conflict or hostilities shall be punished.
1224:
On September 17, 2007, the Iraqi government announced that it was revoking the license of the American security firm
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1365:
1196:
1192:
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242:
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Hin-Yan Liu. "Leashing the Corporate Dogs of War: The Legal Implications of the Modern Private Military Company",
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broadcast a special report, "Sierra Leone: Soldiers of Fortune", focusing on the exploits of South African pilot
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and other regions. PMCs remain active in this region, mainly providing security for private shipping through the
327:
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and involved weapons supply and training. The company was also linked with a failed attempt to overthrow Colonel
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to manage an ammunition storage depot, were detained following two incidents in which they allegedly fired upon
1191:
On March 28, 2005, 16 American contractors and three Iraqi aides from Zapata Engineering, under contract to the
4246:
3711:
Decoding the Wagner Group: Analyzing the Role of Private Military Security Contractors in Russian Proxy Warfare
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1863:
1396:
31:
2147:
1306:, have also signed contracts with the Colombian Defense Ministry to carry out security or military activities.
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can be complicated, and stated that contracted combatants carry the legitimacy of the state that hires them.
401:
proved a pivotal moment for private military companies at sea and directly led to the first contract between
4137:
Phelps, Martha Lizabeth (2014). "Doppelgangers of the State: Private Security and Transferable Legitimacy".
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1753:
1424:
In February 2019, FSG signed a preliminary deal with the Chinese government to establish a training base in
1387:
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918:
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oversight subcommittee stated that it had begun a wide-ranging investigation into allegations that American
450:
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2996:"Secretary Rumsfeld's Remarks to the Johns Hopkins, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies"
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was eliminated in October. Russians had big investments in both of these countries. State-owned enterprise
417:
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Stirling also founded KAS International (aka KAS Enterprises) and was involved in a collaboration with the
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that were hired to protect Defense Department convoys in Afghanistan would be paying off warlords and the
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have billions of dollars invested in international affairs and like to hire from the Russian PMC sector.
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507:
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Three Worlds Gone Mad: Dangerous Journeys through the War Zones of Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific
3708:
Rondeaux, Candace (November 7, 2019). "Forward Operations: From Deir Ezzor to Donbas and Back Again".
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4161:, DCAF Occasional Paper 6, The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, March 2005.
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1526:
2734:"Nigeria hired South African mercenaries to wage a secret war on Africa's deadliest jihadist group"
1115:, from operating mess halls to providing security. They supplied armed guards at a US Army base in
1085:
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In December 2006, there were estimated to be at least 100,000 contractors working directly for the
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providing armed combat or security services for financial gain. PMCs refer to their personnel as "
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which was a tenfold increase in the use of private contractors for military operations since the
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442:
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316:
118:
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4203:, eds. Gerhard Kümmel & Thomas Jäger. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2007.
4159:"Privatising Security: Law, Practice and Governance of Private Military and Security Companies"
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montreux-document-170908.htm "The Montreux Document on Private Military and Security Companies"
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said of PMC employees that legislation was needed to "protect these people", while Duma member
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but most often on a smaller scale. PMCs often provide services to train or supplement official
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2861:"A complex History of Executive Outcomes, a South African mercenary organisation.#mercenaries"
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Domestic operations are generally under the auspice of state or federal agencies such as the
253:. Other groups formed by ex-SAS servicemen were established in the 1970s and '80s, including
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International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries
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apparently brought the idea of PMCs to Russia in 2010; there he gave an invited talk to the
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to launch "a mercenary army". Several other mercenary groups have been in evidence, such as
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Dirty Deeds Done Cheap: The Incredible Story of My Life from the SBS to a Hired Gun in Iraq
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Lovett, Patrick; Toble, Elom Marcel; CRAGG, Gulliver; BOLCHAKOVA, Ksenia (July 28, 2015).
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and the American government immunity from Iraqi law. A July 2007 report from the American
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The services and expertise offered by PMCs are typically similar to those of governmental
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The result is that many NGOs are not open about their use of PSPs and researchers at the
105:
in service of governments, but they can also be employed by private companies to provide
3823:
1464:. At the time he proposed forming PMCs from retired military personnel and contractors.
203:) as a private company that could be contracted out for security and military purposes.
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3173:"A movieclip containing the behavior of alleged Aegis Defence Services driving in Iraq"
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involvement. It contracted employees through the Slavonic Corps shell company owned by
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2796:"Eeben Barlow Speaks Out (Pt. 1): PMC and Nigerian Strike Force Devastates Boko Haram"
1460:, as well as presented the PMC concept to representatives of the General Staff of the
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140:. According to a 2003 study, the industry was then earning over $ 100 billion a year.
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Keefe said that the 'alleged shooter' in the video was determined to be South African
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Deborah D. Avant and Kara Kingma Neu. 2019. "The Private Security Events Database."
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4369:, by Georges-Henri Bricet des Vallons, Favre (Lausanne:Switzerland), January 2010.
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Irak, terre mercenaire : les armées privées remplacent les troupes américaines
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3745:"PROXY Capabilities – The History and Future of Russian Private Military Companies"
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of allegations of fraud, waste and abuse he received in an anonymous letter in May.
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102:
4201:
Private Security and Military Companies: Chances, Problems, Pitfalls and Prospects
3838:"Catalog of Russian PMCs: 37 private military companies of the Russian Federation"
2580:"Congress investigating charges of 'protection racket' by Afghanistan contractors"
2368:
870:
have also outsourced the expanded military training in Africa to three companies:
4107:
From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies
3176:
2522:"Up to 56,000 more contractors likely for Afghanistan, congressional agency says"
2325:
2041:
1406:
with "a mandate to extract minerals and timber and conduct financial operations."
3602:
2953:"Dusty Capetown Gang leader threatens Mozambican OG Abdullah + Trakboys respond"
1560:
1534:
1391:
1281:
1152:
1135:
1033:
820:
558:
483:
364:
276:
3456:"Gazprom Is Launching a 'Private Military.' Could It Be the Next Wagner Group?"
2882:"Private security forces and African stability: The case of Executive Outcomes"
1940:
1327:
since early 2022. In February 2023 it was reported that Russian Prime Minister
4116:
2952:
2897:
2860:
2798:. No. Online. Force12 Media. Special Operations Forces Situation Report.
1507:
1168:
1163:
On March 31, 2004, four American private contractors belonging to the company
1032:, just over a decade earlier. The prevalence of PMCs led to the foundation of
1010:
910:
824:
378:
rather than the Department of Defense. Driven by increasing fears of domestic
106:
4124:
Outsourcing War: The Just War Tradition in the Age of Military Privatization,
3636:
3547:
3198:'Trophy' video exposes private security contractors shooting up Iraqi drivers
2376:
2333:
2265:
3935:
2935:"South Africa's ageing white mercenaries who helped turn tide on Boko Haram"
2609:
2298:
2167:
Soldiers to be allowed a year off to go to Iraq to earn £500 a day as guards
1868:
1564:
1383:
2127:
A/RES/44/34 72nd plenary meeting 4 December 1989 (UN Mercenary Convention)
1360:
contractors and 400 Eritrean troops for training and combat to support the
4222:
2040:
Crowell, William P; Contos, Brian T; DeRodeff, Colby; Dunkel, Dan (2011).
287:
Dramatic growth in the number and size of PMCs occurred at the end of the
4243:
Petrovic Predrag, Milosevic Marko, Unijat Jelena & Stojanovic Sonja.
1429:
1172:
1131:
1029:
914:
532:, and contributors from private security companies and the civil society/
406:
288:
94:
90:
3660:
3471:"The Coming Hurricane: Russian Energy-Giant Gazprom Is Creating An Army"
2246:
1467:
The existence of Russian PMCs seems to go as far back as 2011, when the
4150:
4016:"ANSI/ASIS Standards – Private Security Monitor – University of Denver"
3965:
3625:"Blackwater founder's Hong Kong firm signs Xinjiang training camp deal"
2957:
2865:
1760:
calls for corporate responsibility have heralded successes such as the
1704:
1614:
1496:
1425:
1402:
In November 2018, FSG or its founder, incorporated a subsidiary in the
1332:
1299:
1268:
1014:
975:
840:
753:
562:
471:
292:
200:
2281:
Blackwater : the rise of the world's most powerful mercenary army
183:
veterans in 1965 who, under the leadership of the founder of the SAS,
1843:
1556:
1480:
1303:
1264:
1213:
On October 27, 2005, a "trophy" video, complete with post-production
1120:
312:
219:
215:
98:
2849:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/daily/oct99/sierra16.htm
835:
arrested 32 alleged mercenaries of different nationalities: 19 from
520:
International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers
2471:
257:
and Defence Systems, providing military consultation and training.
136:
and piloting reconnaissance airplanes and helicopters as a part of
4356:
Private Security Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Legal Issues
2822:"In Africa, Here's How to Respond to Russia's Brutal Wagner Group"
2446:
Private security providers and services in humanitarian operations
1472:
1410:
1119:, and they used live ammunition to train soldiers at Camp Doha in
1116:
1004:
797:
773:
566:
416:
235:
207:
163:
38:
2230:"Beyond seablindness: a new agenda for maritime security studies"
326:
Some commentators have argued that there was an exodus from many
4319:
Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army
4187:
Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry
1801:
1774:
1572:
1518:
1461:
1148:
1025:
695:
NGO Security Office and the NGO Coordination Committee in Iraq.
429:
Since the late 2000s, PMCs have become increasingly involved in
211:
51:
3491:. Ukraine Center for countering disinformation. April 12, 2023.
3489:"How the war of the kremlin clans have reached the finish line"
2017:
Top Secret America: The Rise of the New American Security State
1263:, announced to attendees of a special operations exhibition in
971:(MPRI) to equip, train, and professionalize their armed forces.
4071:
The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security
3536:"Emirates Secretly Sends Colombian Mercenaries to Yemen Fight"
3503:"The 'Privatization of Force' Presses on in Russia (Part Two)"
2836:"Africa awaits: Mercenary outfit Executive Outcomes is reborn"
553:
533:
304:
110:
3393:
U.S. firm offers 'private armies' for low-intensity conflicts
3763:"Russia's private military firms operate in legal grey area"
3121:"Blackwater founder expands operations in DR Congo: Reuters"
1521:
in 2012 caused the Russian contingent to hire PMCs from the
538:
Montreux Document on Private Military and Security Companies
3570:"Citic Joins Chinese State Firms Boycotting Cathay Pacific"
3414:"Why is a 'French Foreign Legion' for the UAE problematic?"
3369:"US company turned blind eye to wild behavior on Iraq base"
2444:
Abby Stoddard, Adele Harmer and Victoria DiDomenico (2009)
1937:"COLOMBIA-ECUADOR: Coca Spraying Makes for Toxic Relations"
1773:
Guidelines for Private Maritime Security Companies and the
151:
and cost the equivalent of 49% of their personnel budgets.
3824:"Russian Gazprom creates its own private military company"
2472:"New ISO Standard for Private Maritime Security Companies"
1979:
1977:
1111:
PMCs supplied support to US military bases throughout the
737:, which provides background information to members of the
214:
government and exploring the chances of obtaining work in
147:, private contractors make up 29% of the workforce in the
3981:
International Standards for the Private Security Industry
2553:"Projected contractor surge in Afghanistan: Up to 56,000"
2495:"Projected contractor surge in Afghanistan: Up to 56,000"
1594:
Wagner and Moran both contributed in 2014 to the Russian
1514:, anything that is not explicitly prohibited is allowed.
245:
to forcibly reduce the illegal poaching and smuggling of
2228:
Bueger, Christian; Edmunds, Timothy (November 1, 2017).
953:
In the mid-2000s, a group of self-proclaimed former ANC
4342:
Guns For Hire: The Inside Story of Freelance Soldiering
2087:"Pretoria inquiry confirms secret battle for the rhino"
3730:"2 Jailed in Russia's First-Ever Mercenary Conviction"
1958:
Private Security Transnational Enterprises in Colombia
1575:. Out of the ashes of the Slavonic Corps was born the
1206:
committed suicide, after writing a report exonerating
905:
rotection) was credited with providing support to the
586:
Unarmed guards for facilities/residences/project sites
179:
Modern PMCs trace their origins back to a group of ex-
4280:
Licensed to Kill : Privatizing the War on Terror
3534:
Hager, Emily B.; Mazzetti, Mark (November 25, 2015).
3344:"Former Blackwater Guards Convicted in Iraq Shooting"
3084:"Civilians to Take U.S. Lead as Military Leaves Iraq"
557:
contractors in dangerous areas of operation, such as
4131:
Armies Without States: The Privatization of Security
847:. Half of them worked for the South African company
652:
Armed guards for facilities/residences/project sites
4331:Contractor, Giampiero Spinelli Mursia Editore 2009
3309:RISEN, JAMES; WILLIAMS, TIMOTHY (29 January 2009).
928:The Central African-based park ranger organization
27:
Company providing armed combat or security services
3809:"Russian mercenaries, a secretive weapon in Syria"
3747:. King’s College London Department of War Studies.
3284:"U.S. suspends diplomatic convoys throughout Iraq"
2074:The SAS: Savage Wars of Peace: 1947 to the Present
984:Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
117:in reference to a concept that is outlined in the
2397:International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC),
4245:Private Security Companies – a Friend or a foe?
1952:
1950:
1911:"Global Aircraft Support Services – On Location"
4321:, Jeremy Scahill, Nation Books. February 2007.
3663:(in Russian). АО «Коммерсантъ». March 31, 2022.
3367:Desmond Butler and Lori Hinnant (May 4, 2017).
3311:"U.S. Looks for Blackwater Replacement in Iraq"
3222:"Discussion on a blog about Aegis trophy video"
2076:, by Anthony Kemp, John Murray, 1994, pp. 88-89
1545:was arrested in October 2012 while in Nigeria.
1138:sold the company and departed soon thereafter.
874:, DFI International, and Logicon (now owned by
490:2007 Uniform Code of Military Justice amendment
145:Office of the Director of National Intelligence
2918:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
2661:Congo Holding 3 Americans in Alleged Coup Plot
2195:, The Daily Telegraph article dated 07/02/2005
2186:$ 150,000 incentive to stay in US elite forces
2176:, The Daily Telegraph article dated 23/05/2004
2157:, The Daily Telegraph article dated 15/02/2005
2148:Crisis as SAS men quit for lucrative Iraq jobs
1638:Contractor fatalities by employer (2001–2011)
1586:Not long after the Slavonic Corps fiasco, the
792:In 1994 and 1995, the South African-based PMC
4249:. Centre for Civil-Military Relations, 2008.
4073:. George Washington University, August 2005.
3912:GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works
3862:Schooner, Steven L; Berteau, David J (2013).
1766:Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
765:and other military facilities in the country.
552:, the use of private security contractors by
8:
4054:Mercenaries: The Scourge of the Third World.
3864:"Emerging Policy and Practice Issues (2012)"
2693:, Washington Post article from May 29, 2006.
1038:Private Security Company Association of Iraq
206:The company's first assignment was to go to
4105:Simon Chesterman & Chia Lehnardt, eds.
3249:"Contractors Cleared in Videotaped Attacks"
2974:"Census Counts 100,000 Contractors in Iraq"
2636:"Sierra Leone: Soldiers of Fortune, Script"
1458:St. Petersburg International Economic Forum
1069:" giving all Americans associated with the
1001:Aegis Defence Services § Trophy videos
121:and explicitly stated by the 2006 American
3938:, October 17, 2007 (syndicated article by
3842:Molfar - The next frontier in intelligence
3631:. Agence France-Presse. February 1, 2019.
3402:, WorldTribune article from March 29, 2006
2465:
2463:
2019:. Little, Brown and Company. p. 320.
1471:kicked off and violent unrest was felt in
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3655:
3653:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
2257:1983/a9bb7d69-6274-4515-8db4-886079ca3668
2255:
2245:
783:President of the Central African Republic
4189:. Cornell University Press, March 2004.
4170:Private Armies and Military Intervention
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
1969:José Alvear Restrepo Lawyers' Collective
1798:American Society for Industrial Security
1636:
1084:was amended to allow for prosecution of
571:
526:International Committee of the Red Cross
498:was amended to allow for prosecution of
199:before moving to South Audley Street in
3822:LOZOVENKO, TETIANA (February 7, 2023).
3776:
3774:
3772:
3756:
3754:
3723:
3721:
3661:"Эсеры вспомнили о частном ради общего"
2701:
2699:
2684:Congo Deports Nearly 3 Dozen Foreigners
1879:
1613:In February 2023, it was reported that
967:In 1995, both Croatia and Bosnia hired
909:that has proved decisive in containing
3996:
3986:
3892:
3881:
3443:. Center for European Policy Analysis.
3323:from the original on 23 September 2018
3143:
3141:
2984:from the original on December 6, 2006.
2911:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
1887:Barnes, Julian E. (October 15, 2007).
1443:Constitution of the Russian Federation
1147:Employees of private military company
917:of STTEP, Eeben Barlow, is the former
466:On April 5, 2005, Jamie Smith, CEO of
4240:, v. 5, no. 4 (2007), pp. 46–48.
4157:Fred Schreier & Marina Caparini.
4026:from the original on October 19, 2017
3807:ANTONOVA, MARIA (February 17, 2018).
3728:Eremenko, Alexey (October 28, 2014).
3682:. Promote Ukraine. November 26, 2022.
3356:from the original on January 1, 2017.
3261:from the original on October 27, 2014
3094:from the original on October 27, 2011
3082:Michael r. gordon (August 18, 2010).
3021:Hirch, Michael (September 20, 2007).
3002:from the original on December 1, 2009
2886:The Journal of Modern African Studies
2740:. No. Business Insider. Online.
2624:from the original on October 7, 2008.
2559:from the original on January 22, 2013
2532:from the original on October 30, 2010
1267:that his company could now provide a
218:. The company eventually operated in
68:private military and security company
7:
4383:, by Mike Mercer, John Blake. 2009.
4295:, Robert Young Pelton, August 2006.
4215:Journal of Conflict and Security Law
3781:Weiss, Michael (November 21, 2013).
3063:from the original on October 9, 2007
2590:from the original on August 20, 2011
2578:Pincus, Walter (December 17, 2009).
2551:ELISE CASTELLI (December 16, 2009).
2520:Pincus, Walter (December 16, 2009).
2493:ELISE CASTELLI (December 16, 2009).
2099:from the original on August 10, 2009
1889:"America's own unlawful combatants?"
1814:List of private military contractors
969:Military Professional Resources Inc.
872:Military Professional Resources Inc.
514:International Code of Conduct (2008)
297:Military Professional Resources Inc.
149:United States Intelligence Community
3783:"The Case of the Keystone Cossacks"
3595:"CITIC Limited | Corporate Profile"
3511:. February 28, 2023. Archived from
3439:Lautman, Olga (February 21, 2023).
2744:from the original on August 6, 2015
2470:Siebels, Dirk (February 23, 2014).
1935:Vieira, Constanza (July 17, 2007).
1617:would form a PMC of its own called
1417:, with one of the largest pools of
1022:United States Department of Defense
781:contractors providing security for
717:Private Maritime Security Companies
458:engaged in combat with each other.
273:United Nations Mercenary Convention
267:United Nations Mercenary Convention
3870:from the original on July 13, 2018
3469:Cohen, Ariel (February 22, 2023).
3441:"Russia's Descent into Warlordism"
3286:. 9 September 2007. Archived from
3228:from the original on March 6, 2008
2802:from the original on July 25, 2015
2775:from the original on July 29, 2015
2650:from the original on July 7, 2009.
2501:from the original on July 29, 2012
1819:List of private security companies
1601:In January 2018, Foreign Minister
1234:manslaughter and firearms charges.
1231:US–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement
536:sector developed and proposed the
25:
4344:, Tony Geraghty, Portrait. 2007.
4133:. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002.
3743:WILSON, GREGORY (April 5, 2016).
3412:Schaer, Cathrin (April 9, 2024).
3342:APUZZO, MATT (October 22, 2014).
3247:Finer, Jonathan (June 11, 2006).
2972:Merle, Renae (December 5, 2006).
2129:Entry into force: 20 October 2001
1996:from the original on May 20, 2007
1097:withdrawal of US troops from Iraq
815:'s international affairs program
143:According to a 2008 study by the
4269:, James Ashcroft. Virgin Books.
3983:. Vol. 159. pp. 76–83.
3023:"Blackwater and the Bush Legacy"
1694:Service Employees International
1627:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1404:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1321:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1082:Uniform Code of Military Justice
1056:Uniform Code of Military Justice
833:Democratic Republic of the Congo
548:As revealed in 2009 by Stoddard
496:Uniform Code of Military Justice
437:and at times contracting to aid
307:and Keeni-Meeny Services in the
4126:Cornell University Press, 2016.
3568:Liu, Alfred (August 14, 2019).
3454:Law, Tara (February 14, 2023).
3053:"Blackwater staff face charges"
2933:Smith, David (April 14, 2015).
2763:Freeman, Colin (May 30, 2015).
2732:Freeman, Colin (May 15, 2015).
2708:"Privatizing Military Training"
1339:and the ministerial-affiliated
1009:Iraqi contract security in the
974:In 1999, an incident involving
851:, and the Americans worked for
831:In mid-May 2006, police in the
630:Risk assessment/threat analysis
456:violent non-state actors at sea
431:anti-piracy measures in Somalia
376:Department of Homeland Security
4361:Congressional Research Service
4308:, Tim Spicer, September 2000.
4086:Journal of Conflict Resolution
3979:Siebels, Dirk (October 2014).
3926:US rejects UN mercenary report
2794:Murphy, Jack (April 1, 2015).
2456:Overseas Development Institute
2283:. New York, NY: Nation Books.
1984:Yeoman, Barry (June 1, 2003).
1331:signed a decree which allowed
1075:Congressional Research Service
1061:Two days before he left Iraq,
930:African Wildlife Defence Force
735:Congressional Research Service
692:Overseas Development Institute
608:Security management consulting
597:Physical security for premises
388:United States State Department
355:reported that since 1994, the
1:
3224:. Thedanreport.blogspot.com.
2369:10.1080/01436597.2015.1114882
2218:article dated August 26, 2006
1491:, as well as privately owned
1413:, as of 2019 China's premier
1182:31 March 2004 Fallujah ambush
1142:List of defective occurrences
1092:or a contingency operation."
175:, founded a PMC in the 1960s.
4414:Private military contractors
3160:Council on Foreign Relations
2900:(inactive August 21, 2024).
2326:10.1080/19392206.2012.732897
2205:Special forces get pay raise
2095:. London. January 18, 1996.
1849:Personal Security Detachment
1792:ASIS Commission on Standards
1724:Mission Essential Personnel
711:In 2012, were published the
339:US Special Operations Forces
84:private military contractors
18:Private military contractors
4409:Military–industrial complex
3029:. p. 2. Archived from
2771:. No. Online. London.
1859:Private intelligence agency
1709:DynCorp Technical Services
913:activities in Nigeria. The
746:US House of Representatives
619:Security training for staff
421:Armed contractors aboard a
407:American occupation of Iraq
353:Center for Public Integrity
4450:
4109:. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009.
2401:(accessed 8 February 2013)
1986:"Soldiers of Good Fortune"
1567:to work for the régime of
1541:. The MSG crew aboard the
1319:have been deployed in the
1208:US Investigations Services
1193:US Army Corps of Engineers
1186:Operation Vigilant Resolve
1155:were involved in the Iraq
1011:International (Green) Zone
994:
860:United States Armed Forces
806:Revolutionary United Front
750:private security companies
517:
264:
243:World Wide Fund for Nature
195:(formerly with offices in
29:
4261:Non-academic publications
3680:"Their Business Is Death"
2898:10.1017/S0022278X98002778
2880:Howe, Herbert M. (1998).
2674:article from May 25, 2006
2279:Scahill, Jeremy. (2007).
2123:February 9, 2008, at the
1356:hired an estimated 1,800
1323:, fighting alongside the
1202:On June 5, 2005, Colonel
1157:Abu Ghraib prison scandal
786:Faustin-Archange Touadéra
744:Also in December 2009, a
328:special operations forces
4429:Types of business entity
4424:Types of military forces
3211:article from 26/11/2005.
1864:Private security company
1754:violent non-state actors
1397:Belt and Road Initiative
1040:. In Iraq, the issue of
849:Omega Security Solutions
249:in various countries of
193:WatchGuard International
123:Military Commissions Act
60:private military company
32:Private security company
30:Not to be confused with
4014:Denver, University of.
2412:"The Montreux Document"
2135:9 February 2008 at the
1388:Frontier Services Group
1364:'s efforts against the
1273:low-intensity conflicts
1259:, the vice chairman of
1088:who are deployed in a "
1047:On 5 December 2005, US
939:crimes against humanity
763:forward operating bases
451:Combined Task Force 150
311:; and Lordan-Levdan in
261:UN Mercenary Convention
113:zone may be considered
4282:, Robert Young Pelton
3891:Cite journal requires
3811:. THE TIMES OF ISRAEL.
3059:. September 23, 2007.
2712:Gale Academic One File
1854:Private defense agency
1722:Aegis Defense Service,
1676:Supreme Food Services
1415:state-owned enterprise
1219:Aegis Defence Services
1204:Theodore S. Westhusing
1017:
997:Nisour Square massacre
788:
739:United States Congress
733:In December 2009, the
674:Mobile escorts (armed)
494:In 2007, the American
474:(medical evacuation),
468:SCG International Risk
426:
176:
55:
4359:, Jennifer K. Elsea,
4306:An Unorthodox Soldier
4217:15(1) 2010: 141–168.
4139:Politics & Policy
4096:Engel Publishing 2005
4047:Academic publications
3954:Politics & Policy
3605:on September 23, 2017
3179:on September 30, 2007
2640:Foreign Correspondent
2614:Foreign Correspondent
2357:Third World Quarterly
2234:International Affairs
2015:Priest, Dana (2011).
1939:. IPS. Archived from
1899:on December 20, 2008.
1747:In October 2007, the
1483:and its subsidiaries
1448:Russian criminal code
1382:Contractors from the
1008:
817:Foreign Correspondent
777:
508:contingency operation
420:
167:
132:for Afghan President
42:
3924:Higgins Alexander G.
3508:Jamestown Foundation
2555:. Federaltimes.com.
2497:. Federaltimes.com.
1943:on January 18, 2008.
1523:Moran Security Group
1517:The Syrian gains of
1354:United Arab Emirates
1325:Russian Armed Forces
1086:military contractors
1049:Secretary of Defense
723:Activities elsewhere
701:fiduciary obligation
641:Information services
500:military contractors
462:Airborne PMCs (2005)
372:Department of Energy
80:security contractors
4232:Soldiers of Fortune
4223:10.1093/jcsl/krp025
4119:. 1532. See ch. 12.
4113:Niccolò Machiavelli
3826:. Ukrainska Pravda.
3732:. The Moscow Times.
3162:. New York City, NY
3150:(March/April 2005)
2998:. Defenselink.mil.
2838:. December 3, 2020.
1743:UN mercenary report
1639:
1409:FSG is favoured by
1277:Intelligence Online
1255:On March 27, 2006,
1237:On March 12, 2017,
1101:US State Department
883:STTEP International
864:US State Department
843:and three from the
761:) to more than 100
707:ISO for PMSC (2012)
335:Special Air Service
275:banning the use of
255:Control Risks Group
115:unlawful combatants
50:during training in
4419:Security companies
4151:10.1111/polp.12100
4092:Brillstein, Arik:
4069:Deborah D. Avant.
4057:Palgrave Macmillan
3966:10.1111/polp.12100
3931:2012-06-30 at the
3574:Bloomberg Business
3540:The New York Times
3398:2006-04-12 at the
3290:on 18 October 2014
3203:2008-04-08 at the
3088:The New York Times
3033:on October 1, 2007
2689:2018-02-18 at the
2666:2017-10-26 at the
2584:Washingtonpost.com
2526:Washingtonpost.com
2451:2016-02-15 at the
2210:2007-09-29 at the
2191:2008-04-22 at the
2172:2008-04-22 at the
2153:2008-04-22 at the
1963:2008-04-17 at the
1839:Defense contractor
1771:ISO/PAS 28007:2012
1673:The Supreme Group
1637:
1607:Mikhail Yemelyanov
1018:
982:was followed by a
923:Executive Outcomes
853:AQMI Strategy Corp
794:Executive Outcomes
789:
713:ISO/PAS 28007:2012
427:
357:Defense Department
346:Joint Task Force 2
317:Executive Outcomes
177:
119:Geneva Conventions
56:
4389:978-1-84454-765-4
4377:. Only in French.
4375:978-2-8289-1095-2
4363:, January 7, 2010
4350:978-0-7499-5145-0
4337:978-88-425-4390-9
4327:978-1-56025-979-4
4255:978-86-83543-51-9
4237:The Common Review
4209:978-3-531-14901-1
4094:Antiterrorsystem.
4065:978-0-312-22203-1
3515:on March 14, 2023
3125:www.aljazeera.com
2610:"SL:SoF Synopsis"
2290:978-1-56025-979-4
2247:10.1093/ia/iix174
2026:978-0-316-18221-8
1893:Los Angeles Times
1796:Founded in 1955,
1762:Kimberley Process
1731:
1730:
1684:Compass Security
1660:Titan Corporation
1655:L3 Communications
1506:suggested to the
1362:Yemeni government
1329:Mikhail Mishustin
1126:In 2010, several
944:According to the
907:Nigerian military
858:Due to strain of
684:
683:
393:The October 2000
361:Hurricane Katrina
171:, founder of the
44:Ugandan nationals
16:(Redirected from
4441:
4267:Making A Killing
4228:Woolley, Peter J
4154:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4011:
4005:
4004:
3998:
3994:
3992:
3984:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3949:
3943:
3940:Associated Press
3922:
3916:
3915:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3804:
3791:
3790:
3778:
3767:
3766:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3684:
3683:
3676:
3665:
3664:
3657:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3601:. Archived from
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3416:. Archived from
3409:
3403:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3218:
3212:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3175:. Archived from
3169:
3163:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3117:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2961:. July 25, 2022.
2949:
2943:
2942:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2917:
2909:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2869:. March 6, 2021.
2857:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2706:Avant, Deborah.
2703:
2694:
2681:
2675:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2474:. Piracy-law.com
2467:
2458:
2442:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2416:www.eda.admin.ch
2408:
2402:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2320:(3–4): 255–266.
2314:African Security
2309:
2303:
2302:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2259:
2249:
2240:(6): 1293–1311.
2225:
2219:
2202:
2196:
2183:
2177:
2164:
2158:
2145:
2139:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1981:
1972:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1895:. Archived from
1884:
1640:
1633:Other miscellany
1525:(MSG) headed by
1512:Byzantine Empire
1489:Technopromexport
1469:Syrian Civil War
1370:Yemeni Civil War
1352:Since 2015, the
1271:-size force for
1239:Sallyport Global
1030:Persian Gulf War
955:freedom fighters
876:Northrop Grumman
663:Standby security
572:
530:Swiss government
484:heavy-lift cargo
482:transportation,
425:to deter piracy.
130:close protection
21:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4263:
4168:David Shearer.
4136:
4129:Robert Mandel.
4122:Amy E. Eckert,
4049:
4044:
4039:
4029:
4027:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3995:
3985:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3933:Wayback Machine
3923:
3919:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3890:
3880:
3873:
3871:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3806:
3805:
3794:
3780:
3779:
3770:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3727:
3726:
3719:
3707:
3706:
3687:
3678:
3677:
3668:
3659:
3658:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3550:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3458:. TIME USA INC.
3453:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3420:on May 23, 2024
3411:
3410:
3406:
3400:Wayback Machine
3391:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3264:
3262:
3254:Washington Post
3246:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3209:Daily Telegraph
3205:Wayback Machine
3196:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3156:Foreign Affairs
3152:Outsourcing War
3146:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3119:
3118:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3036:
3034:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3005:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2978:Washington Post
2971:
2970:
2966:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2910:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2843:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2691:Wayback Machine
2682:
2678:
2672:Washington Post
2668:Wayback Machine
2659:
2655:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2453:Wayback Machine
2443:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2396:
2392:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2291:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2212:Wayback Machine
2203:
2199:
2193:Wayback Machine
2184:
2180:
2174:Wayback Machine
2165:
2161:
2155:Wayback Machine
2146:
2142:
2137:Wayback Machine
2125:Wayback Machine
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2092:The Independent
2085:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1971:February, 2008.
1965:Wayback Machine
1955:
1948:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1810:
1794:
1745:
1736:
1723:
1635:
1569:Bashar al-Assad
1477:Muammar Gaddafi
1439:
1379:
1349:
1313:
1291:
1252:
1167:were killed by
1144:
1052:Donald Rumsfeld
1003:
995:Main articles:
993:
964:
947:Washington Post
921:and founder of
901:quipment &
772:
759:Bagram air base
730:
725:
715:Guidelines for
709:
546:
544:NGO use of PMCs
522:
516:
502:deployed in a "
492:
464:
415:
285:
269:
263:
251:Southern Africa
232:Muammar Gaddafi
162:
157:
76:private company
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4447:
4445:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4395:External links
4393:
4392:
4391:
4378:
4364:
4352:
4339:
4329:
4316:
4303:
4290:
4277:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4241:
4225:
4211:
4197:
4180:
4172:, April 1998.
4166:
4162:
4155:
4145:(6): 824–849.
4134:
4127:
4120:
4110:
4103:
4097:
4090:
4081:
4067:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4006:
3971:
3960:(6): 824–849.
3944:
3917:
3902:
3893:|journal=
3854:
3829:
3814:
3792:
3787:Foreign Policy
3768:
3750:
3735:
3717:
3714:. New America.
3685:
3666:
3649:
3616:
3586:
3560:
3526:
3494:
3480:
3461:
3446:
3431:
3404:
3385:
3359:
3349:New York Times
3334:
3316:New York Times
3301:
3275:
3239:
3213:
3190:
3164:
3137:
3105:
3074:
3044:
3013:
2987:
2964:
2944:
2925:
2892:(2): 307–331.
2872:
2852:
2841:
2827:
2813:
2786:
2755:
2724:
2695:
2676:
2653:
2644:ABC Television
2627:
2618:ABC Television
2601:
2570:
2543:
2512:
2485:
2459:
2428:
2403:
2390:
2363:(5): 934–950.
2347:
2304:
2289:
2271:
2220:
2197:
2178:
2159:
2140:
2110:
2078:
2066:
2052:
2032:
2025:
2007:
1973:
1946:
1927:
1915:King Aerospace
1902:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1829:Company police
1826:
1824:Private police
1821:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1793:
1790:
1749:United Nations
1744:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1634:
1631:
1596:War in Donbass
1549:Oleg Krinitsyn
1531:Slavonic Corps
1527:Alexey Badikov
1504:Vladimir Putin
1485:Rosboronexport
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1422:
1419:foreign assets
1407:
1400:
1386:-incorporated
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1358:Latin American
1348:
1345:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1261:Blackwater USA
1257:J. Cofer Black
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1243:Balad Air Base
1235:
1226:Blackwater USA
1222:
1211:
1200:
1189:
1165:Blackwater USA
1161:
1143:
1140:
1128:Blackwater PMC
1063:L. Paul Bremer
1042:accountability
992:
989:
988:
987:
972:
963:
960:
959:
958:
951:
942:
934:
926:
879:
856:
829:
813:ABC Television
809:
771:
768:
767:
766:
742:
729:
726:
724:
721:
708:
705:
682:
681:
678:
675:
671:
670:
667:
664:
660:
659:
656:
653:
649:
648:
645:
642:
638:
637:
634:
631:
627:
626:
623:
620:
616:
615:
612:
609:
605:
604:
601:
598:
594:
593:
590:
587:
583:
582:
579:
576:
575:Contracted for
545:
542:
518:Main article:
515:
512:
491:
488:
463:
460:
414:
411:
380:terror attacks
309:United Kingdom
284:
281:
265:Main article:
262:
259:
247:elephant tusks
234:from power in
189:John Woodhouse
185:David Stirling
169:David Stirling
161:
158:
156:
153:
46:contracted to
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4446:
4435:
4434:Privatization
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4314:1-84018-349-7
4311:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4301:1-59228-100-1
4298:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4288:1-4000-9781-9
4285:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:1-85227-311-9
4272:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4195:0-8014-8915-6
4192:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4178:0-19-829440-9
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4079:0-521-61535-6
4076:
4072:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4052:Arnold, Guy.
4051:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4010:
4007:
4002:
3990:
3982:
3975:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3906:
3903:
3898:
3885:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3855:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3825:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3739:
3736:
3731:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3609:September 22,
3604:
3600:
3599:www.citic.com
3596:
3590:
3587:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3561:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3527:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3435:
3432:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3389:
3386:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3338:
3335:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3305:
3302:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3243:
3240:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3075:
3067:September 23,
3062:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3037:September 23,
3032:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3014:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2774:
2770:
2769:The Spectator
2766:
2759:
2756:
2743:
2739:
2738:The Telegraph
2735:
2728:
2725:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2605:
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2059:February 7,
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1649:Fatalities
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1535:Patriot PMC
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1390:(FSG) like
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1250:Middle East
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889:pecialised
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559:Afghanistan
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277:mercenaries
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4020:psm.du.edu
3642:August 24,
3579:August 17,
3553:August 24,
3373:apnews.com
3327:18 October
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3130:August 24,
1875:References
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1551:heads the
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1169:insurgents
1160:personnel.
1095:After the
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839:, 10 from
828:1999–2000.
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480:fixed-wing
439:UN efforts
403:Blackwater
191:, founded
107:bodyguards
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3874:April 25,
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1197:US Marine
897:raining,
881:In 2015,
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703:to them.
445:, NATO's
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3092:Archived
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3027:Newsweek
3000:Archived
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2806:July 30,
2800:Archived
2779:July 30,
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2748:July 30,
2742:Archived
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1808:See also
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341:and the
289:Cold War
160:Cold War
95:military
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3057:CNN.com
2958:YouTube
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1920:June 3,
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1497:Tatneft
1475:before
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1311:Ukraine
1300:DynCorp
1269:brigade
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841:Nigeria
754:Taliban
563:Somalia
472:medevac
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374:or the
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299:in the
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155:History
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2000:May 8,
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1265:Jordan
1121:Kuwait
1106:drones
1099:, the
980:Bosnia
893:asks,
862:, the
804:, the
770:Africa
581:local
550:et al.
528:, the
476:rotary
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313:Israel
220:Zambia
216:Africa
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2381:S2CID
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567:Sudan
506:or a
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4032:2018
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3897:help
3876:2019
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3644:2019
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3426:2024
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3100:2010
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3008:2011
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2750:2015
2719:2017
2596:2011
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2538:2011
2507:2011
2480:2015
2423:2019
2373:ISSN
2330:ISSN
2295:OCLC
2285:ISBN
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2131:→
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