238:, or an offence within the absolute jurisdiction of a judge of a Provincial Court, (2) be satisfied on reasonable grounds that an arrest is not necessary to establish the identity of the person, secure or preserve evidence, or prevent the continuation of the offence or the commission of another offence, and (3) there are no reasonable grounds to believe the person will fail to attend court.
120:
subsequently subject to much judicial interpretation, as it made the granting of bail highly discretionary for each justice of the peace. It also placed considerable emphasis on cash bail, making release on bail dependent on the individual's financial resources, rather than factors such as likelihood of appearing to answer the charges.
389:
superior trial court of the province. The justice or judge can order the detention of the person, or the release on various conditions. Failure to comply with the conditions of release can result in an arrest warrant being issued, or additional charges for failure to appear or failure to comply with conditions.
278:
Police officers have a number of options to release an accused subsequent to their arrest but without the accused having to attend court for a release hearing. Failure to comply with these requirements can result in an arrest warrant being issued, and possibly further charges for failure to appear or
397:
The police must bring the arrested person before a justice of the peace (which can include a
Provincial Court judge) without unreasonable delay and in any event within 24 hours of the arrest. If a justice is not available within 24 hours, the police must bring the person before a justice as soon as
592:
requires an accused to attend court as directed by the recognizance. The recognizance can be for any amount the court determines would be appropriate based on all of the circumstances (the accused's financial situation, the circumstances of the offence, the likelihood of the recognizance not being
567:
If the court is satisfied that the accused should be released, there are a number of options available: an undertaking, a recognizance with or without sureties, or recognizance with a deposit. The court can impose additional conditions on each of these types of release. Failure to comply with the
265:
before a
Provincial Court judge or a justice of the peace. If the judge or justice of the peace is satisfied grounds exist, they can issue a summons requiring an accused to appear in court on a given date. The summons can also require the person to report for fingerprinting and photographing under
190:
also took aim at the common practice of routinely imposing multiple conditions on bail; it emphasized that "the default form of bail is to release accused persons based on an undertaking to attend trial, without any conditions restricting their activities or actions" and that any conditions must be
865:
When a person is charged with one of these offences, the police officer must bring the person before a justice of the peace, under the same time limits as any other arrested person. However, instead of conducting a hearing, the justice of the peace is required to issue a warrant of committal, to
778:
If a police officer has reasonable grounds that an accused has or is about to contravene any type of release, the officer can arrest the individual, who must be brought before a justice for a hearing. If the prosecutor proves a contravention of the conditions, the justice must revoke the original
471:
why the accused should be detained. However, the prosecutor may consent to the release of an accused on conditions imposed by the justice. Similarly, the accused may concede that the prosecutor can show cause (or if the accused has the burden of proof, indicate they do want to show cause why they
388:
If the police do not release an arrested person, there must be a judicial hearing, formally known as an application for "judicial interim release". Depending on the circumstances and the offence, the hearing may be held before a justice of the peace, a
Provincial Court judge, or a judge of the
119:
acquired exclusive jurisdiction over the criminal law, including the law of bail. The first major federal legislation with respect to bail was included in the criminal legislation package of 1869. In that law, the federal government made bail discretionary for all offences. This provision was
830:
If an accused is ordered detained (either at a bail hearing or after a bail review application), an automatic bail review is made by a superior court judge after a prescribed period of time. For summary conviction offence, the period is 30 days from the date the detention order was made. For
782:
Any type of release can also be revoked by the trial judge on application by the Crown or, in limited circumstances, on the court's own motion. The accused is then arrested and faces a hearing for judicial interim release as though the accused has just been arrested for the original offence.
431:
refers to whether detention is necessary to ensure the accused's attendance in court. Considerations include the accused's criminal history, their behaviour in the matter before the court, their connections (or lack of) with the jurisdiction, and the type of offences before the court.
416:
or police officer. However, if the defence does not consent to the adjournment, the justice cannot adjourn the hearing for more than 3 days. If the hearing is adjourned, the justice may order the accused not to communicate with certain individuals while the accused is detained.
901:
The Crown bears the onus of proof for detention. The conditions which the Crown must satisfy are somewhat stricter than is the case for an adult. For example, detention can only be ordered if the young person is charged with a serious offence, or faces outstanding charges.
229:
In certain cases, a peace officer can choose to issue an appearance notice to a person, instead of arresting the person. There are three conditions for issuing an appearance notice: (1) the peace officer must have reasonable grounds to believe that a person has committed a
914:
It is a criminal offence for the young person to not comply with the undertaking. Unlike a surety, the responsible person faces no financial penalty. Instead, the responsible person also faces a criminal offence if they wilfully fail to comply with the undertaking.
558:
on the offence before the court unless the accused testifies about the offence itself. This only applies to the offence the accused is charged with and not with other offences committed by the accused. The rule does not apply to any other witnesses in the hearing.
612:) be added to the recognizance. The court has the ability to name specific individuals as sureties. Sureties can apply to the court to be relieved of their obligations. This will usually result in the accused being arrested and held for a new release hearing.
905:
If the youth court concludes the young person should be detained, the youth court can order that the young person be detained in a place of temporary custody, designated for young persons. Alternatively, the youth court can inquire whether there is a
869:
If the accused seeks release, they must apply to a judge of the superior trial court for a release hearing. Notably, the onus of proof is on the accused to show cause why they should be released. In other respects, the same rules for release apply.
682:
If the accused is charged with one of the following offences, the court is required to prohibit the accused from possessing any firearm, crossbow, restricted weapon, or prohibited weapon, unless the court considers that such an order is not required:
632:
where they are in custody, or they do not ordinarily reside within 200 kilometres of the place where they are in custody, the court can require that they deposit a sum of money or valuable security. Sureties are an option in this situation.
142:. This act placed the onus for justifying an accused's detention on the prosecutor, gave police new powers to release persons charged with an offence prior to their coming before a justice, and created detailed procedures for bail reviews.
757:
on all evidence and reasons given in a release hearing until the charges are resolved. If the publication ban is requested by the defence it is automatic. The provision for a mandatory publication ban has been challenged as infringing the
438:
refers to whether detention is necessary for the protection or safety of the public. This includes whether there is a substantial likelihood the accused will commit a further offence or interfere with the administration of justice.
910:
who can exercise control over the young person, and that the young person is willing to be placed in that person's care. If so, both the responsible person and the young person enter into an undertaking with conditions.
241:
An appearance notice directs the accused to appear in court on a given date. When the accused is alleged to have committed an indictable offence, the appearance notice can also require the accused to report for
331:
are required. The person does not actually need to deposit the money with the officer in charge, unless the person is not ordinarily resident in the province or within 200 kilometres of the place of custody.
831:
indictable offences, the period is 90 days from the date the detention order was made. Besides being able to vacate and replace the order, the judge can also make directions to expedite the accused's trial.
475:
While the onus of proof is normally on the Crown prosecutor, the accused has the burden to show why they should be released, also known as "reverse onus" if they are charged with the following offences:
299:
of the facility where the person is being held, who then has powers to release the person. The release can include a requirement that the person appear for photographing and fingerprinting under the
152:
63:
551:. This can include a summary of the alleged offence and any witness statements. The court is allowed to consider other offences the accused has been charged with but is still awaiting trial for.
895:. The Code provisions respecting release hearings generally apply for young persons, with some exceptions or special rules which take into account the age and capacity of the young person.
759:
186:. In other words, a person cannot be convicted of breaching bail conditions because of an accident or mistake, but only because of intentionally or recklessly breaching the bail conditions.
767:
445:
refers to whether detention is necessary to maintain confidence in the administration of justice, and is generally reserved for very serious offences. The four factors to consider are:
221:. Failure to comply with an appearance notice or summons can result in an arrest warrant being issued, and possibly further charges for failure to appear or comply with conditions.
129:
which provided for a "right to reasonable bail". This provision was subsequently used by the courts to rule, for the first time, that the
Extradition Act included a right to bail.
724:
If the accused is charged with one of the following offences, the court is required to consider whether conditions are necessary to protect the victim or witnesses of the offence:
620:
Another option is release on recognizance with deposit of money or valuable securities by the accused, but without sureties. This option requires the consent of the prosecutor.
822:
judge to review the order, and if necessary vacate and replace it. Once a decision is made, both parties must wait 30 days before being allowed to make another application.
801:
by the preliminary inquiry judge (except when the accused is charged with murder or other serious offences within the exclusive jurisdiction of the superior trial court), or
344:
to abide by certain conditions while they are on a release, in addition to any other conditions of release. An undertaking can have one or more of the following conditions:
862:
These offences are within the exclusive jurisdiction of the superior trial courts, and therefore the applications for judicial interim release are decided by those courts.
535:
If an accused is ordered detained, the court may order that they not communicate with certain individuals while they are in custody awaiting their trial and sentencing.
425:
There are three different grounds for detaining an accused prior to sentence. They are commonly referred to as primary grounds, secondary grounds, and tertiary grounds.
287:
The officer who arrests the person can release them on an appearance notice or with the intention to apply to a justice of the peace for a summons, as described above.
645:
or bail insurance in Canada. Standing surety for a fee is a criminal offence, as is agreeing to indemnify a surety. Both are considered obstruction of justice.
1787:
898:
Youth courts are prohibited from detaining youth prior to sentencing as a substitute for appropriate child protection, mental health, or other social measures.
779:
release order. If the justice revokes the release order, a new hearing is held and the accused bears the onus on to show cause why detention is not necessary.
458:
if found guilty, whether the accused is liable to a potentially lengthy term of imprisonment, or if a firearm was involved, faces a minimum of 3 year of jail.
155:
stipulated that "any person charged with an offence has the right ... not to be denied reasonable bail without just cause". This was subsequently used by the
214:
818:
When a justice or court makes an order for the release or detention of the accused, or varies such an order, either party can bring an application to a
568:
conditions of release can result in an arrest warrant being issued, or additional charges for failure to appear or failure to comply with conditions.
303:. Unlike the arresting officer, the officer in charge can impose additional conditions on the release in certain cases, in the form of undertakings.
261:
Alternatively, where a peace officer believes on reasonable grounds that a person has committed an indictable offence, the peace officer can lay an
147:
1748:
379:
to comply with any other condition the officer in charge considers necessary to ensure the safety and security of any complainant or witness.
262:
629:
527:
409:. The justice of the peace must issue a warrant of committal, authorising detention until dealt with by a superior court trial judge.
115:
Prior to
Confederation in 1867, the individual colonies each had the authority to enact local laws relating to bail. After 1867, the
794:
An order for release or detention can be vacated and replaced without a review or appeal being required in the following situations:
596:
If the accused does not comply with the recognizance, a judge can order the amount of the recognizance to be forfeited to the Crown.
1780:
1022:
972:
An Act respecting the duties of
Justices of the Peace, out of Sessions, in relation to persons charged with Indictable Offences
554:
As with all other criminal proceedings, it is optional for the accused to testify. If the accused does testify, they cannot be
2033:
2003:
1908:
2054:
2028:
653:
The court can impose conditions on release, requiring the accused to comply with one or more of the following conditions:
1958:
1773:
2008:
495:
78:, which provides several ways for a person to be released prior to a court appearance. A person may be released by a
1848:
891:
governs criminal proceedings for young persons under the age of 18 who are charged with criminal offences under the
1898:
887:
231:
1918:
1913:
1808:
1963:
675:
comply with any other condition the court considers necessary to ensure the safety of any victim or witness, and
2059:
468:
1998:
2018:
763:
156:
125:
58:
2013:
1546:
2023:
924:
874:
819:
364:
160:
137:
83:
73:
49:
1993:
1903:
1853:
1813:
1647:
1633:
1616:
1602:
1588:
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1560:
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1471:
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1398:
1384:
1367:
1334:
1317:
1298:
1281:
1247:
1233:
1202:
1188:
1174:
1153:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1833:
1219:
203:
provides two ways that a person can be brought before the courts without first requiring an arrest: an
1973:
1888:
1863:
311:
The officer in charge can release the person with the intention to apply for a summons, or can issue a
1938:
1873:
1843:
1818:
943:
1968:
1953:
1948:
1878:
1858:
1720:
1014:
218:
116:
1893:
1883:
1823:
1706:
1692:
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A recognizance or undertaking can be varied at any time with the written consent of the prosecutor.
1943:
1868:
107:
1838:
1515:
1678:
1661:
1264:
90:
There are also a number of ways to compel a person's appearance in court without the need for an
191:
the minimum necessary to address the specific risk factors presented by the individual accused.
180:, a 2020 Supreme Court ruling, which found that breaching bail has a subjective, not objective,
106:. In particular, the right to be released without excessive bail was enshrined in the English
1754:
1744:
1457:
1050:
1018:
555:
376:
to abstain from the consumption of drugs except in accordance with a medical prescription, and
737:
an offence with the commission of violence, attempted violence, or the threat of violence, or
412:
The hearing may be adjourned by the justice, or on the request of the arrested person or the
957:
132:
In the early 1970s, the procedure for granting bail in Canada was completely revised by the
1039:
Detention before Trial: A Study of
Criminal Cases Tried in the Toronto Magistrates’ Courts
1010:
754:
687:
an offence with the commission of violence, attempted violence, or the threat of violence,
873:
Any review of an order made by the superior court trial judge is heard by the provincial
713:
an offence that involves a firearm, crossbow, restricted weapon, or prohibited weapon, or
609:
413:
327:, committing the person to pay up to $ 500 if the person fails to appear in court. No
235:
53:
522:
an offence of failing to comply with release conditions or failing to attend court, or
401:
The exception is if the person is charged with particularly serious offences, such as
2048:
642:
483:
an offence committed at the direction or in association with a criminal organization,
102:
The
Canadian law of bail is derived from the principles of bail which evolved in the
79:
839:
The system is different for individuals charged with one of the following offences:
455:
the circumstances surrounding the offence, including whether a firearm was used, and
700:
589:
324:
17:
243:
167:
253:
An appearance notice must be subsequently confirmed by a justice of the peace.
694:
354:
to abstain from communicating directly or indirectly with certain individuals,
1758:
580:
only requires the accused to appear in court as directed by the undertaking.
295:
Alternatively, the officer who arrests the person can take the person to the
666:
abstain from communicating, directly or indirectly with certain individuals,
516:, restricted weapon, or prohibited weapon while under a weapons prohibition,
487:
373:
to abstain from the consumption of alcohol or other intoxicating substances,
351:
to notify the officer of any change of address, employment, or occupation,
678:
comply with any other reasonable condition the court considers desirable.
513:
506:
182:
176:
1765:
1006:
1002:
548:
406:
209:
663:
notify the police of any change of address, employment, or occupation,
112:, which was part of the law of the colonies in British North America.
605:
402:
328:
91:
45:
31:
766:
upheld the provision, on the basis that its purpose was to protect
519:
any offence if the accused is not an ordinary resident of Canada,
323:
The officer in charge can require the individual to enter into a
103:
69:
35:
1769:
509:
offences (including attempted murder) where a firearm was used,
123:
The next major statutory change to bail in Canada was the 1960
1112:
467:
Generally, the Crown prosecutor has the burden to show on a
363:
to abstain from possessing any firearm and to surrender any
398:
possible. The justice can then conduct a release hearing.
151:
enshrined the right to bail in the
Canadian constitution.
983:
Alan W. Mewett, "The
Criminal Law, 1867-1967" (1967), 45
703:
of a justice system participant (victim, witness, etc.),
136:, which extensively amended the bail provisions of the
866:
last until the person is dealt with according to law.
72:
without just cause. That right is implemented by the
1041:(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1965), p. 176.
472:
should be released) and consent to their detention.
1927:
1801:
86:. A release by the courts is officially known as a
1277:
1275:
628:If the accused is not an ordinary resident of the
760:constitutional guarantee of freedom of expression
584:Recognizance without sureties and without deposit
543:The standard of evidence in a release hearing is
480:an offence committed while at large on a release,
947:(Eng.) 1 Will. & Mary, Sess. 2 (1688), c. 2.
804:with the consent of the defence and prosecution.
165:which the court held to be excessively vague in
68:guarantee the right not to be denied reasonable
449:the apparent strength of the prosecutor's case,
616:Recognizance with deposit and without sureties
600:Recognizance with sureties and without deposit
531:that carry the possibility of a life sentence.
195:Process to compel attendance without an arrest
1781:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
8:
1149:
1147:
770:, which is also a constitutional guarantee.
357:to abstain from attending certain locations,
348:to remain within a territorial jurisdiction,
315:, which is similar to an appearance notice.
734:intimidation of justice system participant,
660:remain within the territorial jurisdiction,
1788:
1774:
1766:
1674:
1672:
1294:
1292:
1629:
1627:
1528:
1526:
1380:
1378:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1330:
1328:
1260:
1258:
1215:
1213:
849:intimidating Parliament or a legislature,
669:refrain from attending certain locations,
370:to report at certain times to the police,
30:This article is about the law of bail in
1439:
1437:
1313:
1311:
1309:
936:
657:report at a certain time to the police,
148:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
65:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1517:Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd. v. Canada
624:Recognizance if not ordinary resident
593:complied with, and similar factors).
207:, issued by the police officer, or a
174:Another important reform occurred in
159:to strike out bail provisions of the
7:
512:an offence that involved a firearm,
1117:, 2020 SCC 14 (CanLII), at para. 4.
881:Young persons charged with offences
768:the accused's right to a fair trial
708:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act
641:There is no commercial business of
528:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act
342:undertaking to an officer in charge
336:Undertaking to an officer in charge
1157:, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46, s. 512(2).
34:. For a global point of view, see
25:
835:Murder and other serious offences
52:prior to being tried in court or
1909:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
452:the seriousness of the offence,
301:Identification of Criminals Act
268:Identification of Criminals Act
248:Identification of Criminals Act
502:a weapons trafficking offence,
340:The accused can enter into an
274:Release by police after arrest
1:
637:No bail bondsmen or insurance
48:) of a person charged with a
2034:United States Virgin Islands
1741:Understanding Bail in Canada
1054:, S.C. 1960, c. 44, s. 2(f).
307:Summons or promise to appear
291:Release by officer in charge
283:Release by arresting officer
246:and photographing under the
153:Section 11(e) of the Charter
753:Either party can request a
742:Security of Information Act
740:certain offences under the
718:Security of Information Act
716:certain offences under the
706:certain offences under the
604:The court may require that
525:certain offences under the
496:Security of Information Act
493:certain offences under the
2076:
1722:Youth Criminal Justice Act
1708:Youth Criminal Justice Act
1694:Youth Criminal Justice Act
1680:Youth Criminal Justice Act
1663:Youth Criminal Justice Act
1519:, 2010 SCC 21, 1 SCR 721.
888:Youth Criminal Justice Act
360:to deposit their passport,
232:summary conviction offence
44:refers to the release (or
29:
2009:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1665:, S.C. 2002, c. 1, s. 28.
1101:The Law of Bail in Canada
1089:The Law of Bail in Canada
1077:The Law of Bail in Canada
1065:The Law of Bail in Canada
1013:Canada (Second Edition) (
999:The Law of Bail in Canada
997:Trotter, Gary T. (1999).
858:piracy or piratical acts.
88:judicial interim release.
2029:Turks and Caicos Islands
545:trustworthy and credible
469:balance of probabilities
279:comply with conditions.
1052:Canadian Bill of Rights
764:Supreme Court of Canada
672:deposit their passport,
157:Supreme Court of Canada
126:Canadian Bill of Rights
59:Canadian Bill of Rights
27:Legal process in Canada
1959:British Virgin Islands
1796:Bail in North America
1739:Trotter, Gary (2013).
959:Constitution Act, 1867
925:Criminal law of Canada
814:Application for review
2055:Canadian criminal law
1899:Saint Kitts and Nevis
774:Revocation of release
649:Conditions of release
421:Grounds for detention
820:superior trial court
731:criminal harassment,
728:a terrorism offence,
690:a terrorism offence,
610:co-signers on a loan
608:(persons similar to
219:justice of the peace
117:Parliament of Canada
1914:Trinidad and Tobago
1809:Antigua and Barbuda
985:Canadian Bar Review
974:, S.C. 1869, c. 30.
855:seditious offences,
852:inciting to mutiny,
798:by the trial judge,
1849:Dominican Republic
908:responsible person
547:, and can include
104:English common law
2042:
2041:
1931:other territories
1750:978-1-55221-355-1
1037:M. L. Friedland,
987:726, pp. 726-727.
436:Secondary grounds
313:promise to appear
297:officer in charge
225:Appearance notice
205:appearance notice
18:Promise to appear
16:(Redirected from
2067:
1999:Saint Barthélemy
1929:Dependencies and
1802:Sovereign states
1790:
1783:
1776:
1767:
1762:
1726:
1718:
1712:
1704:
1698:
1690:
1684:
1676:
1667:
1659:
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1639:
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1441:
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1424:
1418:
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1404:
1396:
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1340:
1332:
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1304:
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1186:
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1151:
1142:
1136:
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1124:
1118:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1028:
994:
988:
981:
975:
969:
963:
955:
949:
941:
826:Automatic review
749:Publication bans
563:Types of release
443:Tertiary grounds
414:Crown prosecutor
365:firearm licences
215:Provincial Court
50:criminal offence
21:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2060:Bail by country
2045:
2044:
2043:
2038:
1932:
1930:
1923:
1797:
1794:
1751:
1738:
1735:
1733:Further reading
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1510:
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1466:
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1421:
1411:
1407:
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1366:
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1307:
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1290:
1280:
1273:
1263:
1256:
1246:
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1228:
1218:
1211:
1201:
1197:
1187:
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1173:
1162:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1032:
1025:
996:
995:
991:
982:
978:
970:
966:
956:
952:
942:
938:
933:
921:
883:
875:Court of Appeal
837:
828:
816:
811:
809:Review of order
789:
776:
755:publication ban
751:
651:
639:
626:
618:
602:
586:
574:
565:
541:
465:
463:Burden of proof
429:Primary grounds
423:
395:
386:
384:Release hearing
338:
321:
309:
293:
285:
276:
259:
227:
197:
134:Bail Reform Act
100:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2073:
2071:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2019:Sint Eustatius
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1964:Cayman Islands
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1749:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1713:
1699:
1685:
1668:
1654:
1640:
1623:
1609:
1595:
1581:
1567:
1553:
1539:
1522:
1508:
1492:
1478:
1464:
1450:
1433:
1419:
1405:
1391:
1374:
1341:
1324:
1305:
1288:
1271:
1254:
1240:
1226:
1209:
1195:
1181:
1160:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1057:
1043:
1030:
1023:
1017:). p. 7.
989:
976:
964:
950:
945:Bill of Rights
935:
934:
932:
929:
928:
927:
920:
917:
882:
879:
860:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
836:
833:
827:
824:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
805:
802:
799:
788:
785:
775:
772:
750:
747:
746:
745:
738:
735:
732:
729:
722:
721:
714:
711:
704:
698:
691:
688:
680:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
650:
647:
638:
635:
625:
622:
617:
614:
601:
598:
585:
582:
573:
570:
564:
561:
556:cross-examined
540:
537:
533:
532:
523:
520:
517:
510:
503:
500:
491:
484:
481:
464:
461:
460:
459:
456:
453:
450:
422:
419:
394:
391:
385:
382:
381:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
337:
334:
320:
317:
308:
305:
292:
289:
284:
281:
275:
272:
258:
255:
244:fingerprinting
236:hybrid offence
226:
223:
213:, issued by a
196:
193:
109:Bill of Rights
99:
96:
42:Bail in Canada
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2072:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1919:United States
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:. Irwin Law.
1742:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1649:Criminal Code
1644:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1635:Criminal Code
1630:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1620:, s. 515(11).
1619:
1618:Criminal Code
1613:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1604:Criminal Code
1599:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1590:Criminal Code
1585:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:Criminal Code
1571:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:Criminal Code
1557:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1548:Criminal Code
1543:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:Criminal Code
1529:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:Criminal Code
1496:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1487:Criminal Code
1482:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1473:Criminal Code
1468:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:Criminal Code
1454:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1445:Criminal Code
1440:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1430:, s. 515(12).
1429:
1428:Criminal Code
1423:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1414:Criminal Code
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:, s. 515(10).
1401:
1400:Criminal Code
1395:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1386:Criminal Code
1381:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1369:Criminal Code
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1336:Criminal Code
1331:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1319:Criminal Code
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1300:Criminal Code
1295:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1283:Criminal Code
1278:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:Criminal Code
1261:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:Criminal Code
1244:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1235:Criminal Code
1230:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:Criminal Code
1216:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:Criminal Code
1199:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1190:Criminal Code
1185:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1176:Criminal Code
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:Criminal Code
1150:
1148:
1144:
1141:, at para. 6.
1140:
1135:
1132:
1129:, at para. 1.
1128:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1024:0-459-25442-1
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
990:
986:
980:
977:
973:
968:
965:
962:
960:
954:
951:
948:
946:
940:
937:
930:
926:
923:
922:
918:
916:
912:
909:
903:
899:
896:
894:
893:Criminal Code
890:
889:
880:
878:
876:
871:
867:
863:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
841:
840:
834:
832:
825:
823:
821:
813:
808:
803:
800:
797:
796:
795:
792:
786:
784:
780:
773:
771:
769:
765:
761:
756:
748:
743:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
726:
725:
719:
715:
712:
709:
705:
702:
699:
696:
692:
689:
686:
685:
684:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
655:
654:
648:
646:
644:
643:bail bondsman
636:
634:
631:
623:
621:
615:
613:
611:
607:
599:
597:
594:
591:
583:
581:
579:
571:
569:
562:
560:
557:
552:
550:
546:
538:
536:
530:
529:
524:
521:
518:
515:
511:
508:
504:
501:
498:
497:
492:
489:
485:
482:
479:
478:
477:
473:
470:
462:
457:
454:
451:
448:
447:
446:
444:
440:
437:
433:
430:
426:
420:
418:
415:
410:
408:
404:
399:
392:
390:
383:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
346:
345:
343:
335:
333:
330:
326:
318:
316:
314:
306:
304:
302:
298:
290:
288:
282:
280:
273:
271:
269:
264:
256:
254:
251:
249:
245:
239:
237:
233:
224:
222:
220:
216:
212:
211:
206:
202:
201:Criminal Code
194:
192:
189:
185:
184:
179:
178:
172:
170:
169:
164:
163:
162:Criminal Code
158:
154:
150:
149:
145:In 1982, the
143:
141:
140:
139:Criminal Code
135:
130:
128:
127:
121:
118:
113:
111:
110:
105:
97:
95:
94:and release.
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:peace officer
77:
76:
75:Criminal Code
71:
67:
66:
61:
60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
2024:Sint Maarten
2004:Saint Martin
1828:
1740:
1721:
1716:
1707:
1702:
1693:
1688:
1679:
1662:
1657:
1648:
1643:
1634:
1617:
1612:
1603:
1598:
1589:
1584:
1575:
1570:
1561:
1556:
1547:
1542:
1533:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1489:, s. 139(1).
1486:
1481:
1472:
1467:
1458:
1453:
1444:
1427:
1422:
1416:, s. 515(6).
1413:
1408:
1399:
1394:
1385:
1368:
1335:
1318:
1299:
1282:
1265:
1248:
1243:
1234:
1229:
1220:
1206:, s. 495(2).
1203:
1198:
1189:
1184:
1175:
1154:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1046:
1038:
1033:
998:
992:
984:
979:
971:
967:
961:, s. 91(27).
958:
953:
944:
939:
913:
907:
904:
900:
897:
892:
886:
884:
872:
868:
864:
861:
838:
829:
817:
793:
790:
781:
777:
752:
741:
723:
717:
707:
701:intimidation
681:
652:
640:
627:
619:
603:
595:
590:recognizance
587:
577:
575:
566:
553:
544:
542:
534:
526:
494:
474:
466:
442:
441:
435:
434:
428:
427:
424:
411:
400:
396:
387:
341:
339:
325:recognizance
322:
319:Recognizance
312:
310:
300:
296:
294:
286:
277:
267:
260:
252:
247:
240:
228:
208:
204:
200:
198:
187:
181:
175:
173:
166:
161:
146:
144:
138:
133:
131:
124:
122:
114:
108:
101:
87:
74:
64:
57:
41:
40:
1994:Puerto Rico
1904:Saint Lucia
1854:El Salvador
1550:, s. 515.1.
578:undertaking
572:Undertaking
263:information
168:R v Morales
2049:Categories
1989:Montserrat
1984:Martinique
1979:Guadeloupe
1834:Costa Rica
1114:R. v. Zora
931:References
762:, but the
695:harassment
82:or by the
1974:Greenland
1889:Nicaragua
1864:Guatemala
1759:864394554
1724:, s. 139.
1651:, s. 680.
1637:, s. 522.
1606:, s. 469.
1592:, s. 525.
1578:, s. 521.
1564:, s. 520.
1536:, s. 523.
1503:, s. 517.
1475:, s. 766.
1461:, s. 771.
1447:, s. 518.
1388:, s. 516.
1371:, s. 515.
1338:, s. 503.
1321:, s. 524.
1302:, s. 498.
1285:, s. 499.
1268:, s. 509.
1251:, s. 507.
1237:, s. 508.
1223:, s. 501.
1192:, s. 496.
1178:, s. 145.
787:Variation
693:criminal
488:terrorism
217:judge or
54:sentenced
46:detention
1939:Anguilla
1874:Honduras
1844:Dominica
1819:Barbados
1710:, s. 31.
1696:, s. 30.
1682:, s. 29.
1103:, p. 16.
1091:, p. 12.
1067:, p. 15.
1015:Carswell
919:See also
846:treason,
630:province
606:sureties
576:A basic
539:Evidence
514:crossbow
505:certain
490:offence,
329:sureties
183:mens rea
177:R v Zora
62:and the
1969:Curaçao
1954:Bonaire
1949:Bermuda
1879:Jamaica
1859:Grenada
1814:Bahamas
1079:, p. i.
1011:Thomson
1007:Ontario
1003:Toronto
843:murder,
549:hearsay
507:violent
407:treason
257:Summons
210:summons
98:History
56:. The
1894:Panama
1884:Mexico
1829:Canada
1824:Belize
1757:
1747:
1021:
403:murder
393:Timing
92:arrest
84:courts
32:Canada
1944:Aruba
1869:Haiti
2014:Saba
1839:Cuba
1755:OCLC
1745:ISBN
1139:Zora
1127:Zora
1019:ISBN
885:The
266:the
234:, a
199:The
188:Zora
70:bail
36:bail
405:or
2051::
1753:.
1671:^
1626:^
1525:^
1436:^
1377:^
1344:^
1327:^
1308:^
1291:^
1274:^
1257:^
1212:^
1163:^
1146:^
1009::
1005:,
1001:.
877:.
588:A
486:a
270:.
250:.
171:.
1789:e
1782:t
1775:v
1761:.
1027:.
744:.
720:.
710:,
697:,
499:,
367:,
38:.
20:)
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