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refers to self-initiated behavior that endeavours to solve a problem before it has occurred. Proactive behavior involves acting in advance of a future situation, rather than reacting. It refers to taking control of a situation and making early changes, rather than adjusting to a situation or waiting
255:(OED) credits Paul Whiteley and Gerald Blankfort, citing their 1933 paper discussing proactive inhibition as the "impairment or retardation of learning or of the remembering of what is learned by effects that remain active from conditions prior to the learning".
223:, as a behaviour pattern, is a habitual mode of taking one's lead from the situation or a participant, rather than taking initiative to solve the problem on your own terms. In moderation, this can be an effective expression of social
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OCB can be proactive in nature (e.g. offering help to co-workers before they ask for assistance). It aims at the identification and exploring of opportunities in taking action against the potential problems and threats.
366:, the successful coping with and support of change initiated by others in the organization. In regard to the latter, whereas adaptability is about responding to change, proactivity is about initiating constructive change.
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Griffin, M. A., Neal, A., & Parker, S. K. (2007). A new model of work role performance: Positive behavior in uncertain and interdependent contexts. Academy of
Management Journal, 50(2), 327 - 347.
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Frese, M., Kring, W., Soose, A., & Zempel, J. (1996). Personal initiative at work: Differences between East and West
Germany. Academy of Management Journal, 39(1), 37-63.
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behaviors. Employees can be proactive in their prescribed role (e.g. by changing the way they perform a core task to be more efficient). Likewise, behaviors labeled as
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Parker, S. K., & Collins, C. G. (2010). Taking stock: Integrating and differentiating multiple forms of proactive behavior. Journal of
Management. 36, 633-662.
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Parker, S. K., Williams, H. M., & Turner, N. (2006). Modeling the antecedents of proactive behavior at work. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 91(3), 636-652.
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for his or her life, rather than looking for causes in outside circumstances or other people. Frankl stressed the importance of
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Grant, A. M., & Ashford, S. J. 2008. The dynamics of proactivity at work. Research in
Organizational Behavior, 28: 3-34.
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Campbell, D. J. (2000). The proactive employee: Managing workplace initiative. Academy of
Management Executive, 14(3), 52-66.
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proactive - Definition from the
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Bateman, T. S.; Crant, J. M. (1993). "The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates".
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brought the word to the wider public domain. The author, Austrian existential
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proactive – Definition from the Oxford
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