1171:
and it contains thirty-two 32-bit general-purpose registers for integer computation and thirty-two 128-bit SIMD registers for storing SIMD instructions, streaming data value and some integer calculation value, and one accumulator register for connecting general floating-point computation to the vector register file on the co-processor. The coprocessor is built via a 32-entry 128-bit vector register file (can only store vector values that pass from the accumulator in the CPU) and no integer registers are built in. Both the vector co-processor (VPU 0/1) and the
Emotion Engine's entire main processor module (VU0 + VU1 + VPU0 + VPU1) are built based on a modified MIPS instructions set. The accumulator in this case is not general-purpose but control status.
31:
1503:) memory locations 0–15; a hardware option called "fast memory" implemented the registers as separate ICs, and references to memory locations 0–15 referred to the IC registers. Later models implemented the registers as "fast memory" and continued to make memory locations 0–15 refer to them. Movement instructions take
795:
The A register is an accumulator to which all arithmetic is done; the register pairs B+C, D+E, and H+L can be used as address registers in some instructions; all registers can be used as operands in load/store/move/increment/decrement instructions and as the other operand in arithmetic instructions.
1714:
r15 is the program counter, and not usable as a general purpose register; r13 is the stack pointer; r8–r13 can be switched out for others (banked) on a processor mode switch. Older versions had 26-bit addressing, and used upper bits of the program counter (r15) for status flags, making that register
1218:
8 'A' registers, A0–A7, hold 18-bit addresses; 8 'B' registers, B0–B7, hold 18-bit integer values (with B0 permanently set to zero); 8 'X' registers, X0–X7, hold 60 bits of integer or floating-point data. Seven of the eight 18-bit A registers were coupled to their corresponding X registers: setting
1170:
The
Emotion Engine's main core (VU0) is a heavily modified DSP general core intended for general background tasks and it contains one 64-bit accumulator, two general data registers, and one 32-bit program counter. A modified MIPS III executable core (VU1) is for game data and protocol control,
1498:
All of the registers may be used generally (integer, float, stack pointer, jump, indexing, etc.). Every 36-bit memory (or register) word can also be manipulated as a half-word, which can be considered an (18-bit) address. Other word interpretations are used by certain instructions. In the original
1350:
An eight-core 8/16-bit sliced stack machine controller with a simple logic circuit inside, it has 8 cog counters (cores), each containing three 8/16 bit special control registers with 32 bit x 512 stack RAM. However, it does not contain any general register for integer purposes. Unlike most shadow
1219:
any of the A1–A5 registers to a value caused a memory load of the contents of that address into the corresponding X register. Likewise, setting an address into registers A6 or A7 caused a memory store into that location in memory from X6 or X7. (Registers A0 and X0 were not coupled like this).
1040:
A 16-bit wide, 32-bit address space stack machine processor from the
Taiwanese company Sunplus Technology, it can be found on Vtech's V.Smile line for educational purposes and video game consoles such as the Wireless 60, Mattel HyperScan, and XaviXPORT. It lacks any general-purpose register or
771:
The A register is an accumulator to which all arithmetic is done; the H and L registers can be used in combination as an address register; all registers can be used as operands in load/store/move/increment/decrement instructions and as the other operand in arithmetic instructions. There is no
1067:
and specialized for multimedia. It can be found on the company's own Nuon DVD player console line and the Game Wave Family
Entertainment System from ZaPit games. The design was heavily influenced by Intel's MMX technology; it contained a 128-byte unified stack cache for both vector and scalar
1621:
65c816 is the 16-bit successor of the 6502. X, Y, and D (Direct Page register) are condition registers and SP register are specific index only. Main accumulator extended to 16-bit (C) while keeping 8-bit (A) for compatibility and main registers can now address up to 24-bit (16-bit wide data
643:, this is also done for the floating-point register file. As a result of this, register files are commonly quoted as having one register more than how many of them are actually usable; for example, 32 registers are quoted when only 31 of them fit within the above definition of a register.
1018:
from AMD. The native processor only contains 1 data and 1 address register for all purposes and it is translated into 4 paths of 32-bit naming registers r1 (base), r2 (data), r3 (back pointer), and r4 (stack pointer) within scratchpad SRAM for integer operations.
214:
of data) can be loaded and operated upon at the same time. Typically it is implemented by adding extra registers that map their memory into a larger register. Processors that have the ability to execute single instructions on multiple data are called
885:
co-processor for floating-point operations, support an 80-bit wide, 8 deep register stack with some instructions able to use registers relative to the top of the stack as operands; without a co-processor, no floating-point registers are supported.
1253:
FP was optional in System/360, and always present in S/370 and later. In processors with the Vector
Facility, there are 16 vector registers containing a machine-dependent number of 32-bit elements. Some registers are assigned a fixed purpose by
1355:
systems, all of the stack RAM in cog can be accessed in instruction level, which allows all of these cogs to act as a single general-purpose core if necessary. Floating-point unit is external and it contains two 80-bit vector registers.
1556:
The general purpose registers are used for floating-point values as well. Three of the registers have special uses: R12 (Argument
Pointer), R13 (Frame Pointer), and R14 (Stack Pointer), while R15 refers to the Program Counter.
916:
for floating-point operations, later processors had built-in floating-point, with both having an 80-bit wide, 8 deep register stack with some instructions able to use registers relative to the top of the stack as operands. The
1014:, the processor had a translation layer that translated x86 code to native code and executed it. It does not support 128-bit SSE registers, just the 80387 stack of eight 80-bit floating-point registers, and partially supports
1598:
6502's content A (Accumulator) register for main purpose data store and memory address (8-bit data/16-bit address), X and Y are indirect and direct index registers (respectively) and the SP registers are specific index only.
1648:
with a modded 8080 instruction set. Only the A, B, C, and D registers are available through all modes (8/16/32-bit). It is incompatible with x86; however, it contains an 80-bit floating-point unit that is x87-compatible.
510:) store data and settings related to the processor itself. Because their meanings are attached to the design of a specific processor, they are not expected to remain standard between processor generations.
1818:
Each instruction controls whether registers are interpreted as integers or single precision floating point. Architecture is scalable to 4096 cores with 16 and 64 core implementations currently available.
1068:
instructions. The unified cache can be divided as eight 128-bit vector registers or thirty-two 32-bit SIMD scalar registers through bank renaming; there is no integer register in this architecture.
496:(PSW) register. The aforementioned stack pointer is sometimes also included in this group. Embedded microprocessors can also have registers corresponding to specialized hardware elements.
659:) is counted as an integer register, even though there are a limited number of instructions that may be used to operate on its contents. Similar caveats apply to most architectures.
3517:
210:, the registers can operate in various modes, breaking down their storage memory into smaller parts (32-bit into four 8-bit ones, for instance) to which multiple data (vector, or
119:, and provide the fastest way to access data. The term normally refers only to the group of registers that are directly encoded as part of an instruction, as defined by the
1469:
Also included are a stack pointer and a frame pointer. Additional registers are used to implement zero-overhead loops and circular buffer DAGs (data address generators).
227:
A processor often contains several kinds of registers, which can be classified according to the types of values they can store or the instructions that operate on them:
1130:
Address register 8 (a7) is the stack pointer. 68000, 68010, 68012, 68020, and 68030 require an FPU for floating-point; 68040 had FPU built in. FP registers are 80-bit.
2489:
1041:
internal register for naming/renaming, but its floating-point unit has an 80-bit 6-stage stack and four 128-bit VLIW SIMD registers on a vertex shader co-processor.
2337:
1939:
3628:
2811:
2085:
4432:
3330:
236:
can be read or written by machine instructions. The most common division of user-accessible registers is a division into data registers and address registers.
3487:
3053:
2870:
1090:
Nios II is based on the MIPS IV instruction set and has 31 32-bit GPRs, with register 0 being hardwired to zero, and eight 64-bit floating-point registers
2833:
3482:
97:. Manipulated items are then often stored back to main memory, either by the same instruction or by a subsequent one. Modern processors use either
3554:
2239:
Jia, Zhe; Maggioni, Marco; Staiger, Benjamin; Scarpazza, Daniele P. (2018). "Dissecting the NVIDIA Volta GPU Architecture via
Microbenchmarking".
1830:
The number of registers available on a processor and the operations that can be performed using those registers has a significant impact on the
3307:
1403:
2030:
4251:
3375:
2638:
2482:
2146:
971:
Instructions can directly reference the first 16 scratchpad registers and can access all scratchpad registers indirectly through the ISAR
2408:
2163:
349:
whose value is added as an offset from some address); others allow registers to hold either kind of quantity. A wide variety of possible
4261:
3402:
2005:
2529:
734:
Scalar data registers can be integer or floating-point; also 64 scalar scratch-pad T registers and 64 address scratch-pad B registers
1805:
Integer register 0 is hardwired to 0. The RV32E variant, intended for systems with very limited resources, has 15 integer registers.
123:. However, modern high-performance CPUs often have duplicates of these "architectural registers" in order to improve performance via
4425:
3569:
3397:
3370:
2749:
465:
2720:
2050:
4664:
4384:
3947:
2840:
2806:
2801:
2685:
4359:
4256:
3657:
3564:
3365:
2608:
2586:
2475:
1193:
438:
639:
in that it is hardwired to always return zero when read (mostly to simplify indexing modes), and it cannot be overwritten. In
605:
are the registers visible to software and are defined by an architecture. They may not correspond to the physical hardware if
4654:
4473:
3104:
2539:
1262:
ABIs, register 15 is used as a stack pointer. The S/390 G5 processor increased the number of floating-point registers to 16.
1259:
796:
Some instructions only use H+L; another instruction swaps H+L and D+E. Floating-point processors intended for the 8080 were
715:
All data manipulation instructions work solely within registers, and data must be moved into a register before processing.
3559:
3407:
3241:
2855:
2816:
2673:
2285:
2260:
1328:
A 32/40-bit stack machine-based network processor with a modified MIPS instruction set and a 128-bit floating-point unit.
128:
2316:
1196:
numbers and 64-bit pointers therefore require two registers. It additionally has up to 8 predicate registers per thread.
1192:). The more registers are configured per thread, the fewer threads can run at the same time. Registers are 32 bits wide;
4418:
3996:
3841:
3836:
3758:
3234:
3195:
2850:
2845:
2779:
2591:
2217:
1928:
207:
102:
2715:
3623:
3320:
3018:
98:
2106:
4659:
4273:
3920:
3337:
2828:
2796:
2566:
2554:
2534:
948:
515:
369:
254:
175:
4529:
4364:
4327:
4317:
2705:
2430:
1540:
R7 is the program counter. Any register can be a stack pointer but R6 is used for hardware interrupts and traps.
1189:
1185:
922:
662:
Although all of the below-listed architectures are different, almost all are in a basic arrangement known as the
394:
s) can store both data and addresses, i.e., they are combined data/address registers; in some architectures, the
38:
description of a 8-bit register with detailed implementation, showing how 8 bits of data can be stored by using
4628:
4498:
4458:
4379:
3786:
3722:
3699:
3549:
3511:
3347:
3297:
3292:
2769:
2663:
2571:
2379:
1627:
663:
2576:
4623:
4332:
4115:
4009:
3973:
3890:
3874:
3716:
3505:
3464:
3452:
3315:
3229:
3150:
2915:
2519:
584:
501:
310:
250:
82:
39:
35:
4138:
4110:
4020:
3985:
3734:
3728:
3710:
3444:
3438:
3342:
3246:
3137:
3076:
2938:
2581:
2323:
1831:
1007:
562:
258:
2125:
4547:
4488:
4312:
4221:
3967:
3679:
3497:
3256:
3224:
3182:
3094:
2895:
2710:
2700:
2690:
2680:
2650:
2633:
2498:
1046:
651:
The following table shows the number of registers in several mainstream CPU architectures. Note that in
262:
211:
163:
132:
59:
51:
2192:
1842:
of an expression tree gives the minimum number of registers required to evaluate that expression tree.
4342:
4278:
3864:
3586:
3476:
3423:
2955:
2668:
2524:
2506:
1500:
554:
545:
105:
86:
4389:
3991:
1980:
4523:
4374:
4194:
4045:
4027:
3979:
3633:
3580:
3385:
3380:
3357:
3273:
3155:
3010:
2905:
2764:
1861:
1835:
1654:
1584:
1311:
773:
493:
167:
94:
58:, although some registers have specific hardware functions, and may be read-only or write-only. In
1963:
4246:
4238:
4065:
3869:
3744:
3268:
3209:
3089:
2821:
2549:
2240:
1333:
1255:
1890:
805:
801:
797:
4535:
4453:
4199:
4166:
4082:
4014:
3915:
3905:
3895:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3739:
3668:
3574:
3534:
3167:
3117:
3067:
3043:
2925:
2865:
2860:
2742:
2658:
2354:
1766:
626:
614:
606:
461:
179:
124:
90:
4369:
4302:
4143:
4050:
4004:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3781:
3651:
3618:
3529:
3524:
3433:
3285:
3280:
3263:
3251:
3190:
2754:
2732:
2618:
2596:
2514:
1856:
1743:
1720:
1696:
1420:
Also included are a link register, a count register, and a multiply quotient (MQ) register.
670:
216:
159:
116:
55:
166:. Holding frequently used values in registers can be critical to a program's performance.
4613:
4541:
4468:
4283:
4268:
4216:
4120:
4095:
3932:
3925:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3705:
3613:
3603:
3325:
3160:
3112:
2875:
2759:
2727:
2628:
2623:
2544:
1839:
1395:
1201:
995:
489:
485:
407:
350:
120:
75:
2086:"Intel Architecture Instruction Set Extensions and Future Features Programming Reference"
1482:
128 general purpose registers, which can hold integer, address, or floating-point values
4603:
4586:
4581:
4571:
4506:
4483:
4394:
4228:
4211:
4204:
4100:
3957:
3694:
3608:
3539:
3122:
3084:
3033:
3028:
3023:
2737:
2561:
1871:
1236:
1156:
701:
365:
346:
331:
327:
85:
or not, load items of data from a larger memory into registers where they are used for
67:
1372:
And 64 1-bit predicate registers and 8 branch registers. The FP registers are 82-bit.
4648:
4591:
4517:
4189:
4105:
3145:
3127:
2920:
2613:
1935:
1914:
1866:
1095:
947:
FP registers are 128-bit XMM registers, later extended to 256-bit YMM registers with
667:
635:
630:
539:
are not accessible by instructions and are used internally for processor operations.
481:
395:
373:
359:
4478:
4463:
4399:
4337:
4153:
4130:
3942:
3663:
2601:
2416:
2386:
1279:
1113:
960:
17:
1446:
Also included are a link register and a count register. Processors supporting the
416:
often used to determine whether some instruction should or should not be executed.
2455:
4184:
4148:
3859:
3831:
3689:
3544:
918:
913:
909:
882:
878:
870:
866:
862:
413:
140:
63:
1761:
Register r31 is the stack pointer or hardwired to 0, depending on the context.
4576:
4566:
4070:
4060:
4055:
4037:
3937:
3910:
3172:
3005:
2975:
2695:
1520:
1487:
1352:
1232:
1228:
1224:
874:
858:
854:
144:
965:
1 accumulator, 64 scratchpad registers, 1 indirect scratchpad register (ISAR)
4596:
4161:
4158:
3900:
2970:
2948:
2261:"IBM Enterprise Systems Architecture/370 and System/370 - Vector Operations"
2064:
1851:
1675:
1562:
1429:
1258:; for example, register 14 is used for subroutine return addresses and, for
1011:
640:
557:, a collection of storage registers located on separate chips from the CPU:
266:
109:
1738:
Version 1 of Thumb, which only supported access to registers r0 through r7
27:
Quickly accessible working storage available as part of a digital processor
2065:"AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual Volume 1: Application Programming"
4176:
3048:
2995:
2467:
2170:
1810:
1474:
1455:
991:
976:
171:
1579:
Registers R31 (integer) and F31 (floating-point) are hardwired to zero.
1166:+ 2 Ă— 32 Vector (dedicated vector co-processor located nearby its GPU)
2985:
2943:
1645:
1545:
1447:
1425:
1361:
1287:
1073:
1064:
1024:
952:
817:
306:
274:
270:
4410:
4608:
4288:
3000:
2965:
2930:
2338:"Synergistic Processor Unit Instruction Set Architecture Version 1.2"
2132:
1915:"A Survey of Techniques for Designing and Managing CPU Register File"
1788:
1604:
1135:
1015:
999:
930:
720:
294:
203:
199:
152:
71:
30:
2245:
337:
Some processors contain registers that may only be used to hold an
3458:
2990:
2960:
2092:
1377:
1003:
891:
622:
302:
298:
290:
286:
282:
278:
195:
148:
139:
design acquired these techniques around 1995 with the releases of
1499:
PDP-10 processors, these 16 GPRs also corresponded to main (i.e.
492:; the program counter and status register might be combined in a
108:
as main memory, with the latter usually accessed via one or more
4511:
4322:
3470:
3390:
2980:
1267:
1176:
781:
757:
739:
674:
4414:
2471:
1184:
Earlier generations allowed up to 127/63 registers per thread (
4633:
2910:
2900:
2071:
836:
809:
652:
191:
136:
2051:"Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer Manuals"
1644:
Media-embedded processor was a 32-bit processor developed by
1002:
is the emulation of 486/Pentium compatible processor made by
353:, used to specify the effective address of an operand, exist.
62:, registers are typically addressed by mechanisms other than
445:
50:
is a quickly accessible location available to a computer's
402:
so that the GPRs can store floating-point numbers as well.
2431:"Procedure Call Standard for the ARM 64-bit Architecture"
1981:"8008 8 Bit Parallel Central Processor Unit Users Manual"
269:
and other data. In some older architectures, such as the
93:, and other operations, and are manipulated or tested by
2302:
673:. It is also noteworthy that the number of registers on
679:
2193:"Motorola M68000 Family Programmer's Reference Manual"
1895:
Educative: Interactive
Courses for Software Developers
433:
s) store floating-point numbers in many architectures.
54:. Registers usually consist of a small amount of fast
330:
and are used by instructions that indirectly access
4557:
4497:
4446:
4352:
4301:
4237:
4175:
4129:
4081:
4036:
3956:
3883:
3852:
3757:
3678:
3642:
3596:
3496:
3422:
3356:
3306:
3217:
3208:
3181:
3136:
3103:
3075:
3066:
2886:
2789:
2778:
2649:
2505:
2045:
2043:
1512:
1508:
1249:16 in G5 and later S/390 models and z/Architecture
115:Processor registers are normally at the top of the
2380:"Procedure Call Standard for the ARM Architecture"
1929:"Cray-1 Computer System Hardware Reference Manual"
372:are addressed by dedicated address registers (see
162:accesses the same data repeatedly, this is called
468:instructions (Single Instruction, Multiple Data).
190:Registers are normally measured by the number of
2006:"Intel 8080 Microcomputer Systems User's Manual"
2031:"80286 and 80287 Programmer's Reference Manual"
553:Registers related to fetching information from
550:holds the instruction currently being executed.
488:, also called the instruction pointer, and the
1063:A 32-bit stack machine processor developed by
609:is being performed by the underlying hardware.
4426:
2483:
2114:. Fairchild MOS Microcomputer Division. 1977.
629:), the first or last register in the integer
8:
1282:in the late 1990s for pedagogical purposes.
444:hold read-only values such as zero, one, or
3488:Computer performance by orders of magnitude
2126:"Nios II Classic Processor Reference Guide"
666:, first proposed by the Hungarian-American
655:-compatible processors, the stack pointer (
4433:
4419:
4411:
3953:
3593:
3214:
3072:
2786:
2490:
2476:
2468:
1394:Global register 0 is hardwired to 0. Uses
2244:
808:. They were also readily usable with the
2147:"Nios II Gen2 Processor Reference Guide"
1351:register files in modern processors and
786:1 accumulator, 1 stack pointer, 6 others
29:
1964:"MCS-4 Micro Computer Set Users Manual"
1882:
1450:also have 32 128-bit vector registers.
925:with additional 128-bit XMM registers.
313:is used implicitly for many operations.
309:, a special data register known as the
1783:Integer register 0 is hardwired to 0.
951:and 512-bit ZMM0–ZMM31 registers with
66:, but may in some cases be assigned a
2409:"2.6.2. The Thumb-state register set"
618:are similar, but occur outside CPUs.
7:
3459:Floating-point operations per second
2164:"M6800 Programming Reference Manual"
1622:instruction/24-bit memory address).
2413:ARM7TDMI Technical Reference Manual
1181:configurable, up to 255 per thread
677:is much higher than that on CPUs.
25:
2456:"Epiphany Architecture Reference"
1118:8 data (d0–d7), 8 address (a0–a7)
206:register", or even more. In some
4385:Semiconductor device fabrication
1460:8 data, 2 accumulator, 6 address
194:they can hold, for example, an "
4360:History of general-purpose CPUs
2587:Nondeterministic Turing machine
1945:from the original on 2021-11-07
1891:"What is a processor register?"
1278:An instruction set designed by
1194:double-precision floating-point
621:In some architectures (such as
4474:Low-level programming language
2540:Deterministic finite automaton
2359:Super Famicom Development Wiki
81:Almost all computers, whether
1:
3331:Simultaneous and heterogenous
2286:"IBM S/390 G5 Microprocessor"
1699:32-bit (ARM/A32, Thumb-2/T32)
480:s) hold some elements of the
36:register-transfer level (RTL)
4015:Integrated memory controller
3997:Translation lookaside buffer
3196:Memory dependence prediction
2639:Random-access stored program
2592:Probabilistic Turing machine
1164:32 SIMD (integrated in UV1)
902:stack of 8 (if FP present),
257:and, in some architectures,
3471:Synaptic updates per second
2436:. ARM Holdings. 22 May 2013
873:processors, if provided an
687:GPRs/data+address registers
516:Memory type range registers
484:; they usually include the
4681:
3875:Heterogeneous architecture
2797:Orthogonal instruction set
2567:Alternating Turing machine
2555:Quantum cellular automaton
2218:"CUDA C Programming Guide"
1511:is register-register, and
508:machine-specific registers
345:(in some cases used as an
4530:Microsoft Macro Assembler
4365:Microprocessor chronology
4328:Dynamic frequency scaling
3483:Cache performance metrics
2355:"Learning 65816 Assembly"
2053:. Intel. 4 December 2019.
1814:
1549:
1491:
1478:
1180:
473:Special-purpose registers
383:General-purpose registers
233:User-accessible registers
178:phase, or manually by an
170:is performed either by a
4459:Comparison of assemblers
4380:Hardware security module
3723:Digital signal processor
3700:Graphics processing unit
3512:Graphics processing unit
2343:. IBM. January 27, 2007.
2152:. Altera. April 2, 2015.
1100:2 data, 1 index, 1 stack
812:and similar processors.
744:1 accumulator, 16 others
725:8 scalar data, 8 address
664:von Neumann architecture
502:Model-specific registers
4665:Central processing unit
4333:Dynamic voltage scaling
4116:Memory address register
4010:Branch target predictor
3974:Address generation unit
3717:Physics processing unit
3506:Central processing unit
3465:Transactions per second
3453:Instructions per second
3376:Array processing (SIMT)
2520:Stored-program computer
2317:"Series 32000 Databook"
2108:F8 Guide to Programming
2011:. Intel. September 1975
1969:. Intel. February 1973.
1515:is memory-to-register.
943:(if AVX-512 available)
904:8 (if SSE/MMX present)
762:1 accumulator, 6 others
602:Architectural registers
585:Memory address register
423:Floating-point register
83:load/store architecture
4139:Hardwired control unit
4021:Memory management unit
3986:Memory management unit
3735:Secure cryptoprocessor
3729:Tensor Processing Unit
3711:Vision processing unit
3445:Cycles per instruction
3439:Instructions per cycle
3386:Associative processing
3077:Instruction pipelining
2499:Processor technologies
2324:National Semiconductor
1986:. Intel. November 1973
1008:National Semiconductor
912:processor requires an
563:Memory buffer register
364:is used to manage the
259:floating-point numbers
43:
4655:Computer architecture
4548:Open Watcom Assembler
4489:x86 assembly language
4222:Sum-addressed decoder
3968:Arithmetic logic unit
3095:Classic RISC pipeline
3049:Epiphany architecture
2896:Motorola 68000 series
1834:of code generated by
212:one-dimensional array
164:locality of reference
133:speculative execution
87:arithmetic operations
60:computer architecture
33:
4629:Instruction listings
4343:Performance per watt
3921:replacement policies
3587:Package on a package
3477:Performance per watt
3381:Pipelined processing
3151:Tomasulo's algorithm
2956:Clipper architecture
2812:Application-specific
2525:Finite-state machine
1836:optimizing compilers
573:memory data register
546:instruction register
277:and successors, the
95:machine instructions
4624:Calling conventions
4524:High Level Assembly
4441:x86 assembly topics
4375:Digital electronics
4028:Instruction decoder
3980:Floating-point unit
3634:Soft microprocessor
3581:System in a package
3156:Reservation station
2686:Transport-triggered
1862:Register allocation
1676:AVR microcontroller
1655:PIC microcontroller
1256:calling conventions
1247:4 (if FP present);
774:floating-point unit
728:8 scalar, 8 vector
494:program status word
251:numeric data values
168:Register allocation
18:Processor registers
4619:Processor register
4247:Integrated circuit
4091:Processor register
3745:Baseband processor
3090:Operand forwarding
2550:Cellular automaton
2389:. 30 November 2013
2266:. IBM. SA22-7125-3
1505:(register, memory)
1334:Parallax Propeller
921:and later had the
615:Hardware registers
91:bitwise operations
48:processor register
44:
4660:Digital registers
4642:
4641:
4536:Netwide Assembler
4454:Assembly language
4408:
4407:
4297:
4296:
3916:Instruction cache
3906:Scratchpad memory
3753:
3752:
3740:Network processor
3669:Network on a chip
3624:Ultra-low-voltage
3575:Multi-chip module
3418:
3417:
3204:
3203:
3191:Branch prediction
3168:Register renaming
3062:
3061:
3044:VISC architecture
2866:Quantum computing
2861:VISC architecture
2743:Secondary storage
2659:Microarchitecture
2619:Register machines
1938:. November 1977.
1823:
1822:
1536:(if FPP present)
981:1 data, 1 address
776:(FPU) available.
607:register renaming
571:), also known as
533:Internal register
462:vector processing
217:vector processors
180:assembly language
125:register renaming
16:(Redirected from
4672:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4412:
4370:Processor design
4262:Power management
4144:Instruction unit
4005:Branch predictor
3954:
3652:System on a chip
3594:
3434:Transistor count
3358:Flynn's taxonomy
3215:
3073:
2876:Addressing modes
2787:
2733:Memory hierarchy
2597:Hypercomputation
2515:Abstract machine
2492:
2485:
2478:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2384:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2303:"MMIX Home Page"
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2198:. Motorola. 1992
2197:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2168:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2135:. April 2, 2015.
2130:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1887:
1857:Quantum register
1801:
1795:
1779:
1773:
1757:
1751:
1734:
1728:
1704:
1688:
1682:
1667:
1661:
1640:
1634:
1617:
1611:
1594:
1575:
1569:
1552:
1533:
1527:
1514:
1510:
1494:
1465:
1442:
1436:
1416:
1410:
1396:register windows
1390:
1384:
1346:
1340:
1324:
1318:
1303:(if FP present)
1300:
1294:
1243:
1214:
1208:
1148:
1142:
1126:(if FP present)
1123:
1105:
1086:
1080:
1059:
1053:
1037:
1036:6 stack + 4 SIMD
1031:
986:
937:
898:
849:(if FP present)
843:
824:
791:
767:
749:
708:
693:
688:
680:
671:John von Neumann
658:
535:
534:
457:
456:
455:Vector registers
425:
424:
408:Status registers
392:
391:
368:. Rarely, other
351:addressing modes
341:or only to hold
322:
321:
320:Address register
245:
244:
208:instruction sets
160:computer program
117:memory hierarchy
21:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4614:Program counter
4559:
4553:
4542:Turbo Assembler
4493:
4469:Instruction set
4442:
4439:
4409:
4404:
4390:Tick–tock model
4348:
4304:
4293:
4233:
4217:Address decoder
4171:
4125:
4121:Program counter
4096:Status register
4077:
4032:
3992:Load–store unit
3959:
3952:
3879:
3848:
3749:
3706:Image processor
3681:
3674:
3644:
3638:
3614:Microcontroller
3604:Embedded system
3592:
3492:
3425:
3414:
3352:
3302:
3200:
3177:
3161:Re-order buffer
3132:
3113:Data dependency
3099:
3058:
2888:
2882:
2781:
2780:Instruction set
2774:
2760:Multiprocessing
2728:Cache hierarchy
2721:Register/memory
2645:
2545:Queue automaton
2501:
2496:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2173:. November 1976
2166:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2095:. January 2018.
2088:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2074:. October 2013.
2067:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1848:
1840:Strahler number
1828:
1799:
1793:
1777:
1771:
1755:
1749:
1732:
1726:
1702:
1686:
1680:
1665:
1659:
1638:
1632:
1615:
1609:
1592:
1589:1 data, 2 index
1573:
1567:
1550:
1531:
1525:
1492:
1463:
1448:Vector facility
1440:
1434:
1414:
1408:
1388:
1382:
1344:
1338:
1322:
1316:
1298:
1292:
1241:
1212:
1206:
1202:CDC 6000 series
1161:3(VU0)+ 32(VU1)
1146:
1140:
1121:
1103:
1084:
1078:
1057:
1051:
1035:
1029:
984:
935:
896:
841:
822:
789:
765:
747:
706:
702:AT&T Hobbit
691:
686:
656:
649:
636:pseudo-register
532:
531:
490:status register
486:program counter
454:
453:
422:
421:
389:
388:
319:
318:
242:
241:
225:
188:
176:code generation
121:instruction set
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4678:
4676:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4647:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4604:Memory address
4601:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4587:Interrupt flag
4584:
4582:Direction flag
4579:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4512:Flat Assembler
4509:
4503:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4484:Microassembler
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4415:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4395:Pin grid array
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4243:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4229:Barrel shifter
4226:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4212:Binary decoder
4209:
4208:
4207:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4101:Stack register
4098:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4012:
4007:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3994:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3964:
3962:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:AI accelerator
3692:
3686:
3684:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3661:
3658:Multiprocessor
3655:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3609:Microprocessor
3606:
3600:
3598:
3597:By application
3591:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3540:Tile processor
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3509:
3502:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3326:Hyperthreading
3318:
3312:
3310:
3308:Multithreading
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3221:
3219:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3085:Pipeline stall
3081:
3079:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3034:z/Architecture
3031:
3026:
3021:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2784:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2738:Virtual memory
2730:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2562:Turing machine
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2465:
2464:
2447:
2422:
2400:
2371:
2346:
2329:
2308:
2294:
2277:
2252:
2231:
2220:. Nvidia. 2019
2209:
2184:
2155:
2138:
2117:
2098:
2077:
2056:
2039:
2036:. Intel. 1987.
2022:
1997:
1972:
1955:
1920:
1906:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1872:Shift register
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1723:32-bit (Thumb)
1717:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1237:z/Architecture
1221:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1157:Emotion Engine
1153:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1020:
988:
982:
979:
973:
972:
969:
966:
963:
957:
956:
945:
939:
933:
927:
926:
906:
900:
894:
888:
887:
851:
845:
839:
833:
832:
831:Stack machine
829:
826:
820:
814:
813:
793:
787:
784:
778:
777:
769:
763:
760:
754:
753:
751:
745:
742:
736:
735:
732:
730:(64 elements)
726:
723:
717:
716:
713:
710:
704:
698:
697:
694:
689:
684:
648:
645:
611:
610:
598:
597:
596:
595:
594:
580:
551:
527:
526:
525:
511:
497:
469:
460:hold data for
449:
434:
417:
403:
379:
378:
377:
366:run-time stack
354:
347:index register
343:numeric values
332:primary memory
314:
224:
221:
187:
184:
68:memory address
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4677:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4592:Overflow flag
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4556:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4518:GNU Assembler
4516:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4436:
4431:
4429:
4424:
4422:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4300:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4190:Demultiplexer
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:Memory buffer
4109:
4107:
4106:Register file
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4046:Combinational
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3677:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:Scoreboarding
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3128:False sharing
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:Stanford MIPS
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:architectures
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:Heterogeneous
2748:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:Memory access
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2634:Random-access
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:Stack machine
2612:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:with datapath
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2388:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2232:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1941:
1937:
1936:Cray Research
1930:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1867:Register file
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1815:64 (per core)
1812:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1312:Xelerated X10
1310:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1096:Motorola 6800
1094:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
970:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
954:
950:
946:
944:
940:
934:
932:
929:
928:
924:
920:
915:
911:
907:
905:
901:
895:
893:
890:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
850:
846:
840:
838:
835:
834:
830:
827:
821:
819:
816:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
788:
785:
783:
780:
779:
775:
770:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
752:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
733:
731:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
705:
703:
700:
699:
695:
690:
685:
683:Architecture
682:
681:
678:
676:
672:
669:
668:mathematician
665:
660:
654:
646:
644:
642:
638:
637:
632:
631:register file
628:
624:
619:
617:
616:
608:
604:
603:
599:
592:
588:
587:
586:
581:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:
564:
559:
558:
556:
552:
549:
548:
547:
541:
540:
538:
537:
528:
523:
519:
518:
517:
512:
509:
506:(also called
505:
504:
503:
498:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:program state
479:
475:
474:
470:
467:
463:
459:
458:
450:
447:
443:
442:
440:
435:
432:
428:
427:
418:
415:
411:
410:
409:
404:
401:
397:
396:register file
393:
385:
384:
380:
375:
374:stack machine
371:
367:
363:
362:
361:
360:stack pointer
355:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:
333:
329:
325:
324:
315:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
261:, as well as
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:
243:Data register
238:
237:
235:
234:
230:
229:
228:
222:
220:
218:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
185:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
32:
19:
4618:
4479:Machine code
4464:Disassembler
4400:Chip carrier
4338:Clock gating
4257:Mixed-signal
4154:Write buffer
4131:Control unit
4090:
3943:Clock signal
3682:accelerators
3664:Cypress PSoC
3321:Simultaneous
3138:Out-of-order
2770:Neuromorphic
2651:Architecture
2609:Belt machine
2602:Zeno machine
2535:Hierarchical
2450:
2438:. Retrieved
2425:
2417:ARM Holdings
2412:
2403:
2391:. Retrieved
2387:ARM Holdings
2374:
2362:. Retrieved
2358:
2349:
2332:
2311:
2297:
2280:
2268:. Retrieved
2255:
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2187:
2175:. Retrieved
2158:
2141:
2120:
2107:
2101:
2080:
2059:
2025:
2013:. Retrieved
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1975:
1958:
1947:. Retrieved
1923:
1909:
1898:. Retrieved
1894:
1885:
1829:
1746:64-bit (A64)
1709:
1535:
1504:
1475:IBM Cell SPE
1302:
1280:Donald Knuth
1248:
1165:
1125:
1114:Motorola 68k
1047:VM Labs Nuon
961:Fairchild F8
942:
903:
848:
729:
692:FP registers
661:
650:
634:
620:
613:
612:
601:
600:
590:
583:
582:
576:
572:
568:
561:
560:
544:
543:
530:
529:
521:
514:
513:
507:
500:
499:
477:
472:
471:
452:
451:
437:
436:
430:
420:
419:
414:truth values
406:
405:
399:
387:
382:
381:
358:
357:
342:
338:
317:
316:
240:
239:
232:
231:
226:
202:register", "
198:register", "
189:
182:programmer.
157:
114:
110:cache levels
80:
47:
45:
4558:Programming
4185:Multiplexer
4149:Data buffer
3860:Single-core
3832:bit slicing
3690:Coprocessor
3545:Coprocessor
3426:performance
3348:Cooperative
3338:Speculative
3298:Distributed
3257:Superscalar
3242:Instruction
3210:Parallelism
3183:Speculative
3015:System/3x0
2887:Instruction
2664:Von Neumann
2577:Post–Turing
2364:14 November
2015:January 23,
1990:January 23,
1710:(up to 32)
1513:MOVE 1,1000
1025:Sunplus SPG
919:Pentium III
847:stack of 8
370:data stacks
311:accumulator
141:Pentium Pro
127:, allowing
64:main memory
4649:Categories
4577:Carry flag
4567:Call stack
4499:Assemblers
4305:management
4200:Multiplier
4061:Logic gate
4051:Sequential
3958:Functional
3938:Clock rate
3911:Data cache
3884:Components
3865:Multi-core
3853:Core count
3343:Preemptive
3247:Pipelining
3230:Bit-serial
3173:Wide-issue
3118:Structural
3040:Tilera ISA
3006:MicroBlaze
2976:ETRAX CRIS
2871:Comparison
2716:Load–store
2696:Endianness
2246:1804.06826
1949:2022-12-23
1900:2022-08-12
1878:References
1832:efficiency
1507:operands:
1353:multi-core
1233:System/390
1229:System/370
1225:System/360
837:16-bit x86
828:stack of 6
806:Intel 8232
802:AMD Am9511
798:Intel 8231
712:stack of 7
305:, and the
267:bit arrays
263:characters
145:Cyrix 6x86
40:Flip-flops
4634:Registers
4597:Zero flag
4239:Circuitry
4159:Microcode
4083:Registers
3926:coherence
3901:CPU cache
3759:Word size
3424:Processor
3068:Execution
2971:DEC Alpha
2949:Power ISA
2765:Cognitive
2572:Universal
1852:CPU cache
1430:Power ISA
1404:IBM POWER
1136:SH 16-bit
1012:Transmeta
990:Geode GX/
941:16 or 32
441:registers
328:addresses
249:can hold
135:. Modern
70:e.g. DEC
52:processor
4507:A86/A386
4177:Datapath
3870:Manycore
3842:variable
3680:Hardware
3316:Temporal
2996:OpenRISC
2691:Cellular
2681:Dataflow
2674:modified
2202:June 13,
2171:Motorola
1940:Archived
1846:See also
1811:Epiphany
1715:32-bit.
1605:W65C816S
1509:MOVE 1,2
1456:Blackfin
992:Media GX
977:Geode GX
949:AVX/AVX2
647:Examples
464:done by
439:Constant
265:, small
255:integers
253:such as
172:compiler
129:parallel
76:ICT 1900
4353:Related
4284:Quantum
4274:Digital
4269:Boolean
4167:Counter
4066:Quantum
3827:512-bit
3822:256-bit
3817:128-bit
3660:(MPSoC)
3645:on chip
3643:Systems
3461:(FLOPS)
3274:Process
3123:Control
3105:Hazards
2991:Itanium
2986:Unicore
2944:PowerPC
2669:Harvard
2629:Pointer
2624:Counter
2582:Quantum
2270:May 11,
2177:May 18,
1708:Varies
1646:Toshiba
1426:PowerPC
1362:Itanium
1288:NS320xx
1074:Nios II
1065:VM Labs
1010:. Like
953:AVX-512
818:iAPX432
400:unified
339:address
307:HP 2100
275:IBM 709
271:IBM 704
174:in the
158:When a
103:dynamic
56:storage
4609:Opcode
4560:issues
4550:(WASM)
4544:(TASM)
4538:(NASM)
4532:(MASM)
4514:(FASM)
4447:Topics
4289:Switch
4279:Analog
4017:(IMC)
3988:(MMU)
3837:others
3812:64-bit
3807:48-bit
3802:32-bit
3797:24-bit
3792:16-bit
3787:15-bit
3782:12-bit
3619:Mobile
3535:Stream
3530:Barrel
3525:Vector
3514:(GPU)
3473:(SUPS)
3441:(IPC)
3293:Memory
3286:Vector
3269:Thread
3252:Scalar
3054:Others
3001:RISC-V
2966:SuperH
2935:Power
2931:MIPS-X
2906:PDP-11
2755:Fabric
2507:Models
2440:27 May
2393:27 May
2224:Jan 9,
2133:Altera
1838:. The
1789:RISC-V
1521:PDP-11
1488:PDP-10
1016:3DNow!
931:x86-64
869:, and
804:, and
721:Cray-1
696:Notes
297:, the
295:PDP-15
281:, the
273:, the
204:64-bit
200:32-bit
153:AMD K5
151:, and
99:static
72:PDP-10
4572:Flags
4526:(HLA)
4520:(GAS)
4345:(PPW)
4303:Power
4195:Adder
4071:Array
4038:Logic
3999:(TLB)
3982:(FPU)
3976:(AGU)
3970:(ALU)
3960:units
3896:Cache
3777:8-bit
3772:4-bit
3767:1-bit
3731:(TPU)
3725:(DSP)
3719:(PPU)
3713:(VPU)
3702:(GPU)
3671:(NoC)
3654:(SoC)
3589:(PoP)
3583:(SiP)
3577:(MCM)
3518:GPGPU
3508:(CPU)
3498:Types
3479:(PPW)
3467:(TPS)
3455:(IPS)
3447:(CPI)
3218:Level
3029:S/390
3024:S/370
3019:S/360
2961:SPARC
2939:POWER
2822:TRIPS
2790:Types
2459:(PDF)
2434:(PDF)
2383:(PDF)
2341:(PDF)
2320:(PDF)
2289:(PDF)
2264:(PDF)
2241:arXiv
2196:(PDF)
2167:(PDF)
2150:(PDF)
2129:(PDF)
2112:(PDF)
2093:Intel
2089:(PDF)
2068:(PDF)
2034:(PDF)
2009:(PDF)
1984:(PDF)
1967:(PDF)
1943:(PDF)
1932:(PDF)
1826:Usage
1563:Alpha
1378:SPARC
1190:Fermi
1186:Tesla
1004:Cyrix
914:80387
910:80386
892:IA-32
883:80287
879:80187
871:80286
867:80188
863:80186
641:Alpha
633:is a
623:SPARC
412:hold
326:hold
303:PDP-8
299:PDP-5
291:PDP-9
287:PDP-7
283:PDP-4
279:PDP-1
223:Types
196:8-bit
149:Nx586
4323:ACPI
4056:Glue
3948:FIFO
3891:Core
3629:ASIP
3570:CPLD
3565:FPOA
3560:FPGA
3555:ASIC
3408:SPMD
3403:MIMD
3398:MISD
3391:SWAR
3371:SIMD
3366:SISD
3281:Data
3264:Task
3235:Word
2981:M32R
2926:MIPS
2889:sets
2856:ZISC
2851:NISC
2846:OISC
2841:MISC
2834:EPIC
2829:VLIW
2817:EDGE
2807:RISC
2802:CISC
2711:HUMA
2706:NUMA
2442:2013
2395:2013
2366:2019
2272:2020
2226:2020
2204:2015
2179:2015
2017:2014
1992:2014
1767:MIPS
1585:6502
1501:core
1268:MMIX
1177:CUDA
1000:5x86
996:4x86
908:The
875:8087
859:8088
855:8086
853:The
782:8080
758:8008
740:4004
675:GPUs
627:MIPS
625:and
542:The
522:MTRR
466:SIMD
356:The
192:bits
186:Size
131:and
4318:APM
4313:PMU
4205:CPU
4162:ROM
3933:Bus
3550:PAL
3225:Bit
3011:LMC
2916:ARM
2911:x86
2901:VAX
2072:AMD
1744:ARM
1721:ARM
1697:ARM
1628:MeP
1546:VAX
1479:128
1369:128
1366:128
1275:256
1272:256
1260:ELF
923:SSE
881:or
810:Z80
657:ESP
653:x86
591:MAR
577:MDR
569:MBR
555:RAM
478:SPR
431:FPR
398:is
390:GPR
137:x86
106:RAM
101:or
4651::
4252:3D
2415:.
2411:.
2385:.
2357:.
2322:.
2169:.
2131:.
2091:.
2070:.
2042:^
1934:.
1893:.
1802:32
1796:31
1780:32
1774:31
1758:32
1752:31
1735:16
1727:00
1705:14
1687:00
1683:32
1666:00
1660:00
1639:00
1633:00
1616:00
1610:00
1593:00
1576:31
1570:31
1553:16
1534:6
1532:00
1526:00
1495:16
1464:00
1443:32
1437:32
1417:32
1411:32
1398:.
1391:32
1385:31
1345:00
1339:00
1325:32
1317:00
1301:8
1299:00
1293:00
1244:16
1235:,
1231:,
1227:,
1213:00
1209:16
1147:00
1143:16
1141:00
1124:8
1122:00
1104:00
1085:00
1081:31
1058:00
1052:00
1030:00
985:00
955:.
938:16
897:00
877:,
861:,
842:00
823:00
800:,
790:00
766:00
748:00
707:00
524:s)
446:pi
376:).
334:.
219:.
155:.
147:,
143:,
112:.
89:,
78:.
74:,
46:A
34:A
4434:e
4427:t
4420:v
2491:e
2484:t
2477:v
2461:.
2444:.
2419:.
2397:.
2368:.
2326:.
2305:.
2291:.
2274:.
2249:.
2243::
2228:.
2206:.
2181:.
2019:.
1994:.
1952:.
1917:.
1903:.
1800:0
1794:0
1778:0
1772:0
1756:0
1750:0
1733:0
1729:8
1703:0
1689:0
1681:0
1668:0
1662:1
1641:8
1635:4
1618:0
1612:1
1595:0
1574:0
1568:0
1551:0
1528:7
1493:0
1466:0
1441:0
1435:0
1428:/
1415:0
1409:0
1389:0
1383:0
1347:2
1341:0
1323:0
1319:1
1295:8
1242:0
1215:8
1207:0
1188:/
1149:6
1106:0
1087:8
1079:0
1060:1
1054:0
1032:0
1006:/
998:/
994:/
987:8
968:—
936:0
899:8
865:/
857:/
844:8
825:0
792:0
768:0
750:0
709:0
593:)
589:(
579:)
575:(
567:(
536:s
520:(
476:(
448:.
429:(
426:s
386:(
323:s
301:/
293:/
289:/
285:/
246:s
42:.
20:)
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