166:
131:
17:
326:
223:
1382:
240:
In a North
American context the terms market hunter and commercial hunter are predominantly used to refer to hunters of the 19th and early 20th century who sold or traded the flesh, bones, skins and feathers of slain animals as a source of income. These hunters focused on species which gathered in
300:
Populations of large birds were severely depleted through the 19th and early 20th century. The extermination of several species and the threatened loss of others caused popular legislation effectively prohibiting this form of commercial hunting in the United States.
52:
by profession. Some professional hunters work in the private sector or for government agencies and manage species that are considered overabundant, others are self-employed and make a living by selling hides and meat, while still others guide clients on
365:. The federal Wildlife Services alone has a staff of around 750 professional hunters. It works on around 565 airports around the United States to identify and reduce threats posed by bird strikes.
470:
Ford, James D.; Macdonald, Joanna
Petrasek; Huet, Catherine; Statham, Sara; MacRury, Allison (2016-03-01). "Food policy in the Canadian North: Is there a role for country food markets?".
521:. Leader-Williams, N., Kayera, J. A., Overton, G. L., International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Species Survival Commission. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 1996.
165:
153:
Historically, professional big-game hunters of
European descent who plied their trade in Africa, especially during the first half of the 20th century, are often referred to as "
353:(APHIS), and its equivalents on the state level employ professional hunters for lethal as well as non-lethal control of wildlife, for example, dealing with wildlife preying on
764:
1058:
587:
350:
226:
American bison were hunted almost to extinction in the late 19th century primarily by market hunters and were reduced to a few hundred by the mid-1880s
209:. Early in the 20th century there were an estimated 25,000 professional stalkers and gamekeepers employed in the UK, while today there are some 3000.
613:
346:
342:
1406:
1368:
1353:
1172:
1142:
1115:
130:
663:
526:
421:
1338:
1308:
1268:
1230:
1197:
1034:
1001:
968:
877:
777:
188:
844:
809:
305:
were eventually established to conserve surviving wildlife and allow a certain amount of recovery and re-population to occur. The
142:
The countries of
Southern and Eastern Africa, especially Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe, are major destinations for
791:
1386:
99:
713:
550:
408:
306:
513:
738:
16:
1316:
The conservation of luxury: Safari hunting and the consumption of wildlife in twentieth-century East Africa
1107:
766:
Use it or lose it - Jagdtourismus und
Wildtierzucht für Naturschutz und Entwicklung - Anregungen aus Benin
231:
102:) mostly work for large private forest estates and for state-owned forest enterprises, where they control
591:
325:
808:
Grosse, Christine; Boye, Peter; Grimm, Ute; Haupt, Heiko; Martens, Harald; Weinfurter, Monika (2001).
638:
206:
103:
66:
1331:
Crimes against Nature: Squatters, Poachers, Thieves, and the Hidden
History of American Conservation
386:
926:
872:(in German) (6., vollst. überarb. Auflage ed.). Ostfildern: DuMont-Reiseverlag. p. 142.
416:. Science for conservation. Wellington, N.Z.: New Zealand Department of Conservation. p. 29.
1052:
959:(2nd ed., completely rev. and updated ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp.
544:
194:
193:
British professional stalkers and gamekeepers primarily work on large estates, especially in the
181:
107:
1364:
1349:
1334:
1304:
1274:
1264:
1236:
1226:
1203:
1193:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1138:
1111:
1040:
1030:
1007:
997:
974:
964:
960:
883:
873:
818:
783:
773:
532:
522:
495:
487:
427:
417:
338:
70:
1401:
1103:
952:
817:. BfN-Skripten (in German). Vol. 40. Bonn: Bundesamt für Naturschutz - BfN. p. 4.
479:
54:
1072:
687:
198:
135:
826:
134:
Professional hunter (left) with a guest hunter (right) stalking
African big-game in the
302:
250:
150:, act as hunting guides for paying guest hunters and manage safari hunting businesses.
143:
49:
222:
1395:
1097:
953:
235:
483:
358:
177:
154:
146:
hunting tourism in Africa. Local professional hunters, often simply referred to as
1132:
564:
362:
1326:, pp. 263–300). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316257913.011.
927:"Lost Civilizations and Great White Hunters - Imperialist Adventure Literature"
1044:
202:
1278:
1240:
1223:
Resolving Human-Wildlife
Conflicts: The Science of Wildlife Damage Management
1207:
1011:
978:
901:
887:
787:
491:
1346:
Tourism and the consumption of wildlife: hunting, shooting and sport fishing
822:
536:
431:
354:
330:
310:
262:
994:
Lairds, Land and
Sustainability: Scottish Perspectives on Upland Management
664:"Comment: Bans on kangaroo products are a case of emotion trumping science"
499:
1381:
445:
245:-like groups that would systematically depopulate an area of any valuable
241:
large numbers for breeding, feeding, or migration and were organized into
410:
Status and conservation role of recreational hunting on conservation land
380:
374:
278:
246:
170:
119:
111:
76:
515:
Tourist hunting in
Tanzania: proceedings of a workshop held in July 1993
1165:
176, 181, 264–265, 283, 453, 495, 588–589, 598–59, 733–735, and 769–770
242:
115:
80:
45:
290:
282:
270:
249:
over a short period of time. The animals which were hunted included
662:
Johnson, Christopher; Woinarski, John; Cooney, Rosie (2015-10-05).
811:
Trophäenjagd auf gefährdete Arten im Ausland - BfN-Positionspapier
324:
266:
221:
164:
129:
15:
845:"Counting the contribution of hunting to South Africa's economy"
314:
294:
286:
274:
258:
254:
173:
309:
signed in 1918 regulated hunting and prohibited all hunting of
1320:
Luxury in Global Perspective: Objects and Practices, 1600–2000
1029:. Bloomsbury Studies in Military History. London. p. 71.
614:"Australians Hunt Kangaroos Commercially. Does It Make Sense?"
20:
Paul Childerley, a British professional stalker and gamekeeper
1190:
Animals and Society: An Introduction to Human-Animal Studies
1027:
English Landed Society in the Great War: Defending the Realm
1295:
Dickson, Barney., Hutton, Jonathan., Adams, W. M. (2009).
1134:
Objects of special devotion: fetishism in popular culture
1099:
Cherokee Outlet Cowboy: Recollections of Laban S. Records
452:. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu
118:, manage populations of sought-after trophy species like
1297:
Recreational Hunting, Conservation and Rural Livelihoods
1225:. Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers. pp. 31, 171.
1160:
The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds
906:
Professional Hunters Association of South Africa (PHASA)
169:
Professional stalker Niall Rowantree standing next to a
79:
are shot each year by licensed professional hunters in
772:(in German). Heidelberg: Kasparek Verlag. p. 19.
389: – Management and control of wildlife populations
218:
Unregulated hunting in the 19th and early 20th century
36:
and regionally, especially in Britain and Ireland, as
739:"Bundesverbandes Deutscher Berufsjäger - Berufsbild"
1192:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 76.
383: – Use of a device to remotely catch an animal
83:programmes, with both their meat and hides sold.
1359:van der Merwe, Peet; du Plessis, Lindie (2014).
333:from a helicopter by the Texas Wildlife Services
122:and act as hunting guides for paying clients.
612:York, Catherine; Bale, Rachael (2017-11-21).
8:
1333:. Berkeley: University of California Press,
763:Dittrich, Monika; Eissing, Stefanie (2007).
197:, where they most commonly manage red deer,
1318:. In K. Hofmeester & B. Grewe (Eds.),
1261:The Politically Incorrect Guide to Hunting
1057:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
351:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
996:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
843:Merwe, Peet Van Der (15 November 2018).
1263:. Regnery Publishing. pp. 141 ff.
399:
347:United States Department of Agriculture
343:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1050:
542:
1254:
1252:
1250:
7:
1324:Studies in Comparative World History
1163:. New York: Alfred Knopf. pp.
565:"Eat kangaroo to 'save the planet'"
377: – Illegal hunting of wildlife
588:"An industry that's under the gun"
450:Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand
14:
1301:Conservation Science and Practice
868:Pack, Livia; Pack, Peter (2013).
189:Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom
1380:
1361:Game farming and hunting tourism
586:Dow, Steve (26 September 2007).
28:(less frequently referred to as
955:Managing Scotland's environment
484:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.01.034
1137:, Popular Press, p. 154,
1077:www.nationalgamekeepers.org.uk
407:Fraser, Kenneth Wayne (2000).
1:
1096:Records, Laban (March 1995).
688:"Revierjäger / Revierjägerin"
618:www.nationalgeographic.com.au
472:Social Science & Medicine
341:(not to be confused with the
91:German professional hunters (
75:In Australia several million
1407:Animal husbandry occupations
1221:Conover, Michael R. (2002).
1131:Browne, Ray Broadus (1982),
1108:University of Oklahoma Press
1025:Edward, Bujak (2018-10-18).
712:Fuhr, Eckhard (2010-08-19).
357:(or humans) and engaging in
157:" or "great white hunters".
951:Warren, Charles R. (2009).
637:Tippet, Gary (2008-11-08).
321:Federal and States agencies
126:Southern and Eastern Africa
106:by reducing the numbers of
1423:
337:Agencies like the federal
229:
186:
64:
643:The Sydney Morning Herald
567:. BBC News. 9 August 2008
307:Migratory Bird Treaty Act
1344:Lovelock, Brent (2007).
1157:Terres, John K. (1980).
1259:Miniter, Frank (2007).
1188:DeMello, Margo (2012).
931:The Spectacle of Empire
902:"Who and What is PHASA"
743:berufsjaegerverband.de
714:"Die Schule der Jäger"
549:: CS1 maint: others (
334:
232:Tragedy of the commons
227:
184:
139:
21:
1389:at Wikimedia Commons
1363:. African Sun Media.
1348:. London: Routledge.
1329:Jacoby, Karl (2001).
992:Glass, Jayne (2013).
592:Sydney Morning Herald
328:
230:Further information:
225:
168:
133:
65:Further information:
19:
1387:Professional hunters
1314:Gissibl, B. (2016).
1303:). Wiley-Blackwell,
67:Hunting in Australia
38:professional stalker
1073:"About Gamekeeping"
387:Wildlife management
329:Aerial shooting of
178:Ardnamurchan estate
100:depending on gender
26:professional hunter
335:
228:
195:Scottish Highlands
185:
182:Scottish Highlands
140:
81:population control
44:) is a person who
22:
1385:Media related to
1369:978-0-9922359-1-8
1354:978-0-203-93432-6
1174:978-0-394-46651-4
1144:978-0-87972-191-6
1117:978-0-8061-2694-4
639:"The roo shooter"
339:Wildlife Services
71:Kangaroo industry
34:commercial hunter
1414:
1384:
1283:
1282:
1256:
1245:
1244:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1104:Norman, Oklahoma
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1048:
1022:
1016:
1015:
989:
983:
982:
958:
948:
942:
941:
939:
937:
922:
916:
915:
913:
912:
898:
892:
891:
865:
859:
858:
856:
855:
849:The Conversation
840:
834:
833:
831:
825:. Archived from
816:
805:
799:
798:
796:
790:. Archived from
771:
760:
754:
753:
751:
750:
735:
729:
728:
726:
725:
709:
703:
702:
700:
699:
692:stmelf.bayern.de
684:
678:
677:
675:
674:
659:
653:
652:
650:
649:
634:
628:
627:
625:
624:
609:
603:
602:
600:
598:
583:
577:
576:
574:
572:
561:
555:
554:
548:
540:
520:
510:
504:
503:
467:
461:
460:
458:
457:
442:
436:
435:
415:
404:
207:French partridge
97:Berufsjägerinnen
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1392:
1391:
1378:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1271:
1258:
1257:
1248:
1233:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1200:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1049:
1037:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1004:
991:
990:
986:
971:
950:
949:
945:
935:
933:
924:
923:
919:
910:
908:
900:
899:
895:
880:
867:
866:
862:
853:
851:
842:
841:
837:
829:
814:
807:
806:
802:
794:
780:
769:
762:
761:
757:
748:
746:
737:
736:
732:
723:
721:
711:
710:
706:
697:
695:
686:
685:
681:
672:
670:
661:
660:
656:
647:
645:
636:
635:
631:
622:
620:
611:
610:
606:
596:
594:
585:
584:
580:
570:
568:
563:
562:
558:
541:
529:
518:
512:
511:
507:
469:
468:
464:
455:
453:
444:
443:
439:
424:
413:
406:
405:
401:
396:
371:
345:), part of the
323:
313:until 1941 and
303:Hunting seasons
273:and many other
238:
220:
215:
199:common pheasant
191:
163:
136:Kalahari Desert
128:
89:
73:
63:
48:and/or manages
12:
11:
5:
1420:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1394:
1393:
1377:
1376:External links
1374:
1373:
1372:
1357:
1342:
1327:
1312:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1269:
1246:
1231:
1213:
1198:
1180:
1173:
1149:
1143:
1123:
1116:
1088:
1064:
1035:
1017:
1002:
984:
969:
943:
917:
893:
878:
860:
835:
832:on 2019-01-16.
800:
797:on 2019-01-16.
778:
755:
730:
704:
679:
654:
629:
604:
578:
556:
528:978-2831703152
527:
505:
462:
446:"2. – Hunting"
437:
423:978-0478219418
422:
398:
397:
395:
392:
391:
390:
384:
378:
370:
367:
322:
319:
219:
216:
214:
211:
187:Main article:
162:
161:United Kingdom
159:
127:
124:
88:
85:
62:
59:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1419:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1339:9780520282292
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1309:9781444303179
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1270:9781596985407
1266:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1232:9781420032581
1228:
1224:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1199:9780231526760
1195:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1089:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1036:9781472592163
1032:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1003:9780748685882
999:
995:
988:
985:
980:
976:
972:
970:9780748630639
966:
963:ff., 179 ff.
962:
957:
956:
947:
944:
932:
928:
921:
918:
907:
903:
897:
894:
889:
885:
881:
879:9783770167159
875:
871:
864:
861:
850:
846:
839:
836:
828:
824:
820:
813:
812:
804:
801:
793:
789:
785:
781:
779:9783925064449
775:
768:
767:
759:
756:
744:
740:
734:
731:
719:
715:
708:
705:
693:
689:
683:
680:
669:
665:
658:
655:
644:
640:
633:
630:
619:
615:
608:
605:
593:
589:
582:
579:
566:
560:
557:
552:
546:
538:
534:
530:
524:
517:
516:
509:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
466:
463:
451:
447:
441:
438:
433:
429:
425:
419:
412:
411:
403:
400:
393:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
372:
368:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
332:
327:
320:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
237:
236:Bison hunting
233:
224:
217:
213:United States
212:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
190:
183:
179:
175:
172:
167:
160:
158:
156:
155:white hunters
151:
149:
145:
137:
132:
125:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
86:
84:
82:
78:
72:
68:
60:
58:
56:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
18:
1379:
1360:
1345:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1300:
1296:
1260:
1222:
1216:
1189:
1183:
1159:
1152:
1133:
1126:
1098:
1091:
1080:. Retrieved
1076:
1067:
1026:
1020:
993:
987:
954:
946:
934:. Retrieved
930:
925:Jan Morris.
920:
909:. Retrieved
905:
896:
869:
863:
852:. Retrieved
848:
838:
827:the original
810:
803:
792:the original
765:
758:
747:. Retrieved
742:
733:
722:. Retrieved
717:
707:
696:. Retrieved
691:
682:
671:. Retrieved
667:
657:
646:. Retrieved
642:
632:
621:. Retrieved
617:
607:
595:. Retrieved
581:
569:. Retrieved
559:
514:
508:
475:
471:
465:
454:. Retrieved
449:
440:
409:
402:
363:bird strikes
359:bird control
336:
317:until 1962.
299:
239:
192:
152:
147:
141:
96:
92:
90:
74:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
23:
745:(in German)
720:(in German)
694:(in German)
361:to prevent
93:Berufsjäger
1396:Categories
1082:2019-02-07
1045:1049577685
911:2019-09-04
854:2019-09-04
749:2019-02-07
724:2019-02-07
698:2019-02-07
673:2019-02-06
648:2019-02-06
623:2019-02-06
571:23 October
456:2019-02-06
394:References
331:feral pigs
311:wood ducks
261:and other
203:red grouse
42:gamekeeper
1279:647916418
1241:122907019
1208:811411867
1053:cite book
1012:859160940
979:647881331
888:819513660
788:542042412
597:19 August
545:cite book
492:0277-9536
478:: 35–40.
355:livestock
263:waterfowl
138:, Namibia
108:ungulates
77:kangaroos
61:Australia
936:7 August
823:76228562
668:SBS News
537:36838397
500:26829007
432:54101985
381:Trapping
375:Poaching
369:See also
289:, river
283:walruses
247:wildlife
176:shot on
171:red deer
144:big-game
120:red deer
112:roe deer
104:browsing
55:big-game
1402:Hunters
1290:Sources
870:Namibia
291:mussels
271:pigeons
243:factory
180:in the
116:chamois
87:Germany
57:hunts.
1367:
1352:
1337:
1307:
1277:
1267:
1239:
1229:
1206:
1196:
1171:
1141:
1114:
1043:
1033:
1010:
1000:
977:
967:
886:
876:
821:
786:
776:
535:
525:
498:
490:
430:
420:
293:, and
30:market
1299:. (=
830:(PDF)
815:(PDF)
795:(PDF)
770:(PDF)
519:(PDF)
414:(PDF)
315:swans
295:clams
279:seals
275:birds
267:geese
259:ducks
251:bison
110:like
46:hunts
1365:ISBN
1350:ISBN
1335:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1275:OCLC
1265:ISBN
1237:OCLC
1227:ISBN
1204:OCLC
1194:ISBN
1169:ISBN
1139:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1059:link
1041:OCLC
1031:ISBN
1008:OCLC
998:ISBN
975:OCLC
965:ISBN
938:2013
884:OCLC
874:ISBN
819:OCLC
784:OCLC
774:ISBN
718:WELT
599:2008
573:2008
551:link
533:OCLC
523:ISBN
496:PMID
488:ISSN
428:OCLC
418:ISBN
287:fish
281:and
255:deer
234:and
205:and
174:stag
69:and
50:game
480:doi
476:152
349:’s
114:or
95:or
40:or
32:or
1398::
1273:.
1249:^
1235:.
1202:.
1167:.
1110:.
1106::
1102:.
1075:.
1055:}}
1051:{{
1039:.
1006:.
973:.
961:45
929:.
904:.
882:.
847:.
782:.
741:.
716:.
690:.
666:.
641:.
616:.
590:.
547:}}
543:{{
531:.
494:.
486:.
474:.
448:.
426:.
297:.
285:,
277:,
269:,
265:,
257:,
253:,
201:,
148:PH
24:A
1371:.
1356:.
1341:.
1322:(
1311:.
1281:.
1243:.
1210:.
1177:.
1120:.
1085:.
1061:)
1047:.
1014:.
981:.
940:.
914:.
890:.
857:.
752:.
727:.
701:.
676:.
651:.
626:.
601:.
575:.
553:)
539:.
502:.
482::
459:.
434:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
