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Toynbee regards proletarianization as the tendency of elite or dominant groups in societies in crisis to gradually abandon their own cultural traditions and adopt those of their own dominated proletariats as well as their external foes. He provides extensive examples across various civilizations of
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in popular displays or habits abominated by the elite historians who recorded them. Thus, unlike the
Marxist conception of proletarianization discussed above, which speaks of the abasement of the working class by the dominant capitalists, Toynbee's proletarianization happens without planning and
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as "the extension of the logic of factory labor to a large sector of services and intellectual professions." In most countries, entitlement to unemployment benefits is conditional on actively looking for work, and that means people, assuming they are not sick, are
2216:, which transferred more and more assets into capitalist private property, and concentrated wealth in fewer and fewer hands. Therefore, an increasing mass of the population was reduced to dependence on wage labor for income, i.e. they had to sell their
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because it has often involved the migration of people from rural areas where they engaged in subsistence farming, family farming and sharecropping to the cities and towns, in search of waged work and income in an office or factory (see
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to an employer for a wage or salary because they lacked assets or other sources of income. The materially-based contradictions within capitalist society would foster revolution. Marx believed the
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to seek employment either as a salaried worker or as a self-employed worker. Geographically and historically, the process of proletarianization is closely associated with
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sometimes despite the dislike or opposition of the ruling groups, because it involves influence of the proletarians on the dominant rather than the reverse.
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is the social process whereby people move from being either an employer, unemployed or self-employed, to being employed as wage labor by an employer.
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the workings of this process in history. Some well-known instances include the indulgence of Roman emperors such as
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A rather different explanation of proletarianization is that given by the historian
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Karl Marx's Theory of
Revolution, Vol. 2: The Politics of Social Classes
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For Marx, the process of proletarianization was the other side of
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Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
2208:. The expansion of capitalist markets involved processes of
279:
99:
The Origin of the Family, Private
Property and the State
2236:
The classic historical study of proletarianization is
2204:. The growth of capital meant the growth of the
2165:
59:The Condition of the Working Class in England
8:
54:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
2172:
2158:
746:
199:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
74:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
15:
2378:(paperback ed.). London: OpenMute.
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2356:The Making of the English Working Class
2243:The Making of the English Working Class
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27:
980:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
2250:have described proletarianization in
1893:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
269:Change the World Without Taking Power
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224:Marxism and the Oppression of Women
154:Theses on the Philosophy of History
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244:Time, Labor and Social Domination
2228:as the 'last class in history'.
2139:
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1951:21st-century communist theorists
294:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
209:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
129:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value
35:
2224:would eventually overthrow the
653:Theory of historical trajectory
531:Dictatorship of the proletariat
234:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy
134:History and Class Consciousness
89:Critique of the Gotha Programme
451:Socially necessary labour time
349:Philosophy in the Soviet Union
239:The Sublime Object of Ideology
164:A Critique of Soviet Economics
1:
372:Critique of political economy
2420:The Society of the Spectacle
409:Falling profit-rate tendency
189:The Society of the Spectacle
1883:Capitalism Nature Socialism
399:Concrete and abstract labor
289:Capital in the Anthropocene
214:Social Justice and the City
109:The Accumulation of Capital
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2372:Barbrook, Richard (2006).
159:Dialectic of Enlightenment
2432:Arnold J. Toynbee (1939)
2358:. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
304:Literature and Revolution
264:Late Victorian Holocausts
194:Pedagogy of the Oppressed
179:The Wretched of the Earth
254:The Origin of Capitalism
124:The State and Revolution
2475:Socio-economic mobility
2310:Embourgeoisement thesis
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955:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
598:Relations of production
481:Base and superstructure
334:Dialectical materialism
299:The Revolution Betrayed
119:Terrorism and Communism
114:Philosophical Notebooks
69:The Communist Manifesto
2272:A cultural explanation
2210:primitive accumulation
1898:Historical Materialism
643:Proletarian revolution
638:Primitive accumulation
633:Historical determinism
2438:, Vol. 5, pp. 441-480
2134:Philosophy portal
1928:Science & Society
546:Democratic centralism
404:Factors of production
274:Caliban and the Witch
219:Women, Race and Class
2423:, chap.14 thesis 114
2375:The Class of the New
2232:In modern capitalism
2202:capital accumulation
2146:Socialism portal
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94:Dialectics of Nature
2417:Debord, Guy (1967)
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1878:Capital & Class
558:False consciousness
506:Commodity fetishism
496:Class consciousness
414:Means of production
249:The Age of Extremes
169:The Long Revolution
104:What Is to Be Done?
64:The German Ideology
2435:A Study of History
2283:A Study of History
2190:proletarianization
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1996:Left-wing politics
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1923:Rethinking Marxism
716:Literary criticism
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284:Capitalist Realism
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2278:Arnold J. Toynbee
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835:Neue Marx-Lektüre
797:Regulation school
686:Cultural analysis
578:Lumpenproletariat
521:Cultural hegemony
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501:Classless society
436:Productive forces
174:Guerrilla Warfare
47:Theoretical works
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1918:Race & Class
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2392:on 2018-08-01
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945:Eurocommunism
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930:Austromarxism
928:
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876:Communization
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850:Praxis School
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389:Crisis theory
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2394:. Retrieved
2390:the original
2374:
2365:
2355:
2281:
2275:
2266:rural flight
2261:urbanization
2256:
2241:
2235:
2199:
2189:
2183:
2018:Municipalism
1830:Bhattacharya
975:Situationist
950:Instrumental
603:State theory
568:Immiseration
563:Human nature
553:Exploitation
383:accumulation
2480:Proletariat
2346:Das Kapital
2315:Proletariat
2226:bourgeoisie
2222:proletariat
2218:labor power
1981:Communalism
1380:Wallerstein
970:Revisionist
701:Film theory
681:Criminology
676:Archaeology
588:Proletariat
573:Imperialism
486:Bourgeoisie
461:Wage labour
354:Reification
149:On Practice
2464:Categories
2405:References
2396:2020-05-12
2362:Hal Draper
2330:Deskilling
2038:Democratic
1903:Mediations
1515:Przeworski
1455:Poulantzas
1305:Sivanandan
1260:Bettelheim
1160:Horkheimer
1155:Mariátegui
1130:Pashukanis
1055:Liebknecht
985:Wertkritik
925:Analytical
785:Trotskyism
760:Autonomist
751:Structural
731:Philosophy
671:Aesthetics
456:Value-form
424:Capitalist
329:Alienation
322:Philosophy
79:Grundrisse
2342:Karl Marx
2325:Workerism
2297:Caracalla
2257:compelled
2085:Economism
2048:Reformist
2028:Socialism
1976:Communism
1956:Anarchism
1810:Coulthard
1735:McDonnell
1695:Screpanti
1605:Rowbotham
1470:Harnecker
1280:Althusser
1220:Deutscher
1060:Kollontai
1050:Luxemburg
1030:Plekhanov
960:Nkrumaism
871:Classical
845:Political
770:Guevarism
726:Sociology
706:Geography
526:Democracy
474:Sociology
429:Socialist
394:Commodity
2304:See also
2293:Commodus
2011:Old Left
2006:New Left
1873:Antipode
1867:Journals
1770:Heinrich
1745:Roediger
1740:Douzinas
1730:Hennessy
1685:Holloway
1600:Hartsock
1590:Eagleton
1575:Federici
1550:Bannerji
1525:Therborn
1505:Rancière
1500:Easthope
1480:Anderson
1475:Altvater
1375:O'Connor
1370:Mészáros
1365:Guattari
1320:Thompson
1310:Miliband
1290:Williams
1275:Hobsbawm
1250:Emmanuel
1230:Beauvoir
1195:Lefebvre
1140:Benjamin
1105:Bukharin
1085:Zinoviev
1080:Grossman
1065:Bogdanov
1040:Connolly
1020:Lafargue
965:Orthodox
935:Centrist
886:Leninism
881:Feminist
830:Humanist
811:Hegelian
339:Ideology
21:a series
19:Part of
2280:in his
2186:Marxism
2110:Outline
2063:Utopian
1840:Srnicek
1825:Toscano
1820:Seymour
1775:Prashad
1725:Sankara
1720:Berardi
1705:Hampton
1680:Burawoy
1650:Panitch
1645:Haraway
1635:Cleaver
1620:Brenner
1585:Balibar
1540:Postone
1530:Losurdo
1460:Vattimo
1430:Gonzalo
1425:Jameson
1415:Parenti
1355:Liebman
1350:Guevara
1240:Nkrumah
1235:Sombart
1210:Padmore
1180:Kalecki
1175:Marcuse
1135:Bordiga
1120:Gramsci
1075:Trotsky
1035:Du Bois
1025:Kautsky
901:Western
780:Titoism
665:Aspects
621:History
541:Radical
379:Capital
84:Capital
29:Marxism
2382:
2295:, and
2058:Social
2043:Market
1845:Horvat
1800:Fisher
1795:Linera
1790:Lordon
1780:Kelley
1765:Marcos
1760:Ghandy
1750:Foster
1675:Fraser
1670:Wright
1660:Jessop
1655:Clarke
1640:Bishop
1630:Massey
1610:Mouffe
1560:Newton
1555:Spivak
1545:Rodney
1510:Berman
1465:Badiou
1445:Laclau
1440:Harvey
1435:Dussel
1395:Debord
1390:Tronti
1360:Heller
1345:Castro
1340:Berger
1325:Bauman
1315:Cabral
1300:Mandel
1295:Freire
1285:Hinton
1265:Draper
1245:Sweezy
1215:Sartre
1205:Adorno
1170:Brecht
1125:Galiev
1100:Korsch
1095:Lukács
1070:Stalin
1015:Morris
1010:Engels
998:People
775:Maoism
696:Ethics
536:Soviet
259:Empire
1855:Saito
1850:Hamza
1715:Žižek
1700:Tamás
1665:Davis
1625:Davis
1615:Geras
1580:Wolff
1565:Sakai
1520:Cohen
1495:Sison
1490:Vogel
1450:Bahro
1420:Negri
1410:Nairn
1335:Kosik
1330:Fanon
1270:Jones
1225:Hoxha
1200:James
1185:Fromm
1115:Serge
1090:Bloch
1045:Lenin
866:Black
491:Class
2380:ISBN
2289:Nero
2212:and
1815:Malm
1785:Dean
1755:West
1710:Cano
1690:Rose
1595:Kurz
1570:Wood
1535:Ture
1485:Löwy
1405:Hall
1400:Amin
1385:Mies
1255:Hill
1165:Dutt
1150:Basu
1005:Marx
896:Post
858:Both
840:Open
2268:).
2240:'s
2184:In
1190:Cox
1145:Mao
891:Neo
2466::
2364:,
2354:,
2344:,
2291:,
2188:,
1805:Li
1110:Ho
23:on
2399:.
2368:.
2348:.
2173:e
2166:t
2159:v
385:)
381:(
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