357:. The question of whether to invade Australia was discussed by Imperial Headquarters for the last time on 27 February and in this meeting the Army stated that it believed that Australia was defended by a 600,000-strong military force. During a further meeting held on 4 March the Imperial Headquarters formally agreed to a "Fundamental Outline of Recommendations for Future War Leadership" which relegated the option of invading Australia as a "future option" only if all other plans went well. This plan was presented to the Emperor by Prime Minister Hideki TĹŤjĹŤ and in effect ended discussion of invading Australia. The FS Operation was not implemented, however, due to Japan's defeats in the
288:(between 45,000 and 60,000 men) would be sufficient to secure Australia's north-eastern and north-western coastal areas. In contrast, the Army calculated that a force of at least ten divisions (between 150,000 and 250,000 men) would be needed. The Army's planners estimated that transporting this force to Australia would require 1.5 to 2 million tons of shipping, which would have required delaying the return of requisitioned merchant shipping. This invasion force would have been larger than the entire force used to conquer
275:
43:
113:, in late 1942. The Australian townships of Darwin and Broome were attacked by air a number of times, and the fact that Sydney Harbor was also attacked by two midget submarines certainly would have given the Australians and Americans the impression that the Japanese were considering invasion as a strong possibility. This also supported the strategic planning of the
552:", Curtin said, which threatened the Commonwealth, the United States, and the entire English-speaking world. Not knowing that Japan did not plan to invade Australia and in February 1942 could not successfully do so, the Australian government and people expected an invasion soon. The fear was greatest until June 1942. Curtin said on 16 February:
556:
The protection of this country is no longer that of a contribution to a world at war but the resistance to an enemy threatening to invade our own shore ... It is now work or fight as we have never worked or fought before ... On what we do now depends everything we may like to do when this bloody test
340:
The dispute between the Army and Navy was settled in late
February with a decision to isolate rather than invade Australia. The Army continued to maintain its view that invading Australia was impractical, but agreed to extend Japan's strategic perimeter and cut Australia off from the US by invading
411:
The generals of the Army
General Staff, and the Prime Minister of Japan, General Hideki Tojo, did not see a need to commit massive troop resources to the conquest of Australia, with the massive logistical problems that would produce. The generals were confident that Australia could be bullied into
196:
The
Japanese Army opposed the Navy's proposal as being impractical. The Army's focus was on defending the perimeter of Japan's conquests, and it believed that invading Australia would over-extend these defence lines. Moreover, the Army was not willing to release the large number of troops it
185:. The Navy headquarters argued that this invasion could be carried out by a small landing force as this area of Australia was lightly defended and isolated from Australia's main population centres. There was not universal support for this proposal within the Navy, however, and
516:
did not see any signs of recent human activity, and little of military significance was learnt from the mission. An officer involved with the mission reportedly returned to Japan shortly afterward, where he suggested landing 200 Japanese convicts in
Australia, to launch a
151:
in
February 1942, the Australian government, the military and the people were deeply alarmed by the possibility of a Japanese invasion. Widespread fear led to an expansion of Australia's military and war economy, as well as closer links with the United States.
335:
He said that after he had taken
Singapore, he wanted to discuss with Tojo a plan for the invasion of Australia... Tojo turned down the plan, making the excuse of lengthened supply lines, which would be precarious and open to enemy
292:. The Army also rejected the Navy's proposal of limiting an invasion of Australia to securing enclaves in the north of the country as being unrealistic given the likely Allied counter-offensives against these positions. Due to
278:
Japanese advances in the
Southwest Pacific and Southeast Asia areas during the first five months of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. The proposed offensive on Fiji, Samoa, and New Caledonia is depicted in the lower right
452:
between July and
September 1942 aimed to capture the town to complete Japan's defensive perimeter in the region. Once secured, Port Moresby was to have been used as a base from which Japanese aircraft could dominate the
1303:
226:
also consistently opposed invading
Australia. Instead, Tojo favoured a policy of forcing Australia to submit by cutting its lines of communication with the US. In his last interview before being executed for
283:
The Army's and the Navy's calculations of the number of troops needed to invade
Australia differed greatly and formed a central area of discussion. In December 1941 the Navy calculated that a force of three
239:. We did not have the armed strength or the supply facilities to mount such a terrific extension of our already over-strained and too thinly spread forces. We expected to occupy all New Guinea, to maintain
569:
has been critical of the oft-repeated, widespread myth that Japan intended to invade Australia, commenting "the invasion myth helps justify the parochial view Australians took of their war effort."
323:
again discussed invading Australia and during this discussion Captain Tomioka argued that it would be possible to take Australia with a "token force". This statement was labelled "so much
299:
The possibility of invading Australia was discussed by the Japanese Army and Navy on several occasions in February 1942. On 6 February the Navy Ministry formally proposed a plan in which
1420:
1410:
500:
on the mainland. While smoke was seen in hills to the east, the Japanese vessel was anchored and camouflaged with tree branches. Landing parties went ashore near the mouth of the
1265:
1440:
296:
the Army believed that any invasion of Australia would have to involve an attempt to conquer the entire Australian continent, something which was beyond Japan's abilities.
181:, the head of the Navy General Staff's Planning section, on the grounds that the United States was likely to use Australia as a base to launch a counter-offensive in the
1435:
1192:
468:("Pine Tree"), a joint army-navy intelligence unit, landed to assess reports that the Allies had begun to build major new bases on the northernmost coast of the
1273:
271:
and Australia would be crushed if they resisted; but if they recognised Japan's true intentions would receive help in promoting their welfare and development."
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484:, the unit – comprising 10 Japanese personnel in a commandeered fishing vessel crewed by West Timorese civilians – made brief visits to the uninhabited
1036:
1430:
429:
384:
374:
98:
in May and June 1942, and all subsequent Japanese operations in the vicinity of Australia were undertaken to slow the advance of Allied forces.
1106:
1255:
1181:
1046:
589:
depicts a successful Japanese invasion of Australia and the last-ditch resistance effort made by a handful of Australian and British troops.
1358:
1212:
30:
141:
1277:
1133:
Hattori, Takushiro (1980) . "Statement Concerning Reasons for Opposition to Plan for Invasion of Australia". In Donald S. Detwiler (ed.).
417:
378:
169:
led elements of the Imperial Japanese Navy to propose invading Australia. In December 1941 the Navy proposed including an invasion of
1142:
1085:
748:
392:
1096:
924:
420:
in 1942 and 1943 were mainly small and aimed to prevent the Allied air units based there from attacking Japanese positions. The
259:
as these were 'evil bases used against East Asia', and turn these places into strongholds for the defence of Greater East Asia.
264:
128:
states that the Japanese "army dismissed the idea as 'gibberish', knowing that troops sent further south would weaken Japan in
920:
1015:
990:
699:
46:
An Australian propaganda poster from 1942 referring to the threat of Japanese invasion. This poster was criticised for being
501:
469:
320:
1176:. Research in international studies Ohio University research in international studies. Volume 108. Singapore: NUS Press.
1415:
970:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 4 – Civil. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. pp. 70–73. 6429367X.
638:
562:
525:, "No historian of standing believes the Japanese had a plan to invade Australia, there is not a skerrick of evidence."
534:
300:
29:"Invasion of Australia" redirects here. For the European settlement of Australia, sometimes called an "invasion", see
412:
surrender to Japan by isolating it completely from the United States and by applying intense psychological pressure.
1445:
653:
404:
464:
A small Japanese reconnaissance unit carried out a brief landing on the Australian mainland during January 1944.
105:, where the Japanese suffered from the first defeat of a land battle at the hands of an Australian Brigade, and
421:
293:
1110:
658:
432:
off the Australian east coast in 1942 and 1943 were attempts to break the supply line between Australia and
358:
268:
220:
121:
91:
34:
251:
on 12 January and 16 February 1942, Tojo claimed Japanese policy was to "eradicate the British colonies at
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586:
400:
236:
79:
75:
67:
59:
445:
260:
51:
17:
243:
as a holding base, and to raid Northern Australia by air. But actual physical invasion—no, at no time.
144:
also deprecated it, unable to spare the million tonnes of shipping the invasion would have consumed."
643:
549:
388:
82:
defences. Instead, the Japanese military adopted a strategy of isolating mainland Australia from the
109:, where the Australians prevented the Japanese reaching Port Moresby, the capital of the Australian
449:
437:
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106:
102:
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110:
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42:
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178:
383:
As the option of invading Australia was rejected in February 1942 and was not revisited, the
1321:
1313:
610:
396:
362:
186:
95:
1038:
Japanese army operations in the South Pacific Area New Britain and Papua campaigns, 1942–43
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312:
248:
198:
125:
114:
83:
1159:. Canberra: Department of History, Australian Defence Force Academy. pp. 1–20.
1008:
Rising Sun Victorious: The Alternate History of how the Japanese Won the Pacific War
1174:
Tensions of empire: Japan and Southeast Asia in the colonial and postcolonial world
1152:
1078:
Japan's Southward Advance and Australia. From the Sixteenth Century to World War II
734:
668:
504:. They reconnoitred the surrounding area for about two hours and filmed it with an
485:
441:
425:
354:
206:
137:
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1223:
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71:
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campaign. This suggestion was not, however, adopted. According to historian
518:
505:
473:
458:
324:
210:
202:
133:
63:
1372:(2). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Land Warfare Studies Centre.
617:
by John H. Gill that posits a briefly-successful Japanese invasion of the
315:, and this was again rejected by the Army. On 14 February, the day before
47:
1325:
1266:"Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area, Volume II – Part I"
214:
87:
626:
477:
240:
235:
We never had enough troops to . We had already far out-stretched our
722:
The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 5: 1942–1995. The Middle Way
512:
personnel again reconnoitred the area, before returning to Kupang.
1135:
War in Asia and the Pacific. Volume 7. The Southern Area (Part II)
346:
308:
129:
41:
303:
would be invaded at the same time other Japanese forces captured
177:
was conquered. This proposal was most strongly pushed by Captain
140:
threat. Not only did the Japanese army condemn the plan, but the
342:
428:
prior to the Japanese attempt to capture it and the subsequent
424:
in May 1942 had the goal of diverting Allied forces away from
327:" in the Imperial General Headquarters' secret diary. General
602:, Imperial Japan launches an invasion of northern Australia.
1248:
Invading Australia. Japan and the Battle for Australia, 1942
1305:
A Slim Barrier: The Defence of Mainland Australia 1939-1945
267:
would get independence if they co-operated with Japan; the
561:
Former Head of the Centre for Historical Research at the
548:
occurred after Dunkirk; "the fall of Singapore opens the
369:
Subsequent Japanese operations in the South-West Pacific
407:
and was not related to an invasion. According to Frei:
1193:"Get over it, we weren't at the heart of World War II"
1344:. Canberra: Department of the Parliamentary Library.
197:
calculated was needed for such an operation from the
1213:"He's (not) Coming South": the invasion that wasn't"
209:would enter the Pacific War and wanted to preserve
173:as one of Japan's "stage two" war objectives after
1335:"Invasion 1942? Australia and the Japanese Threat"
870:
868:
387:during the war were not precursors to invasion,
554:
461:, and not to support an invasion of Australia.
409:
403:from using these towns as bases to contest the
333:
233:
101:This is all despite key battles, including the
1333:Brown, Gary; Anderson, David (29 April 1992).
1421:Cancelled military operations of World War II
1411:Military history of Japan during World War II
1274:United States Army Center of Military History
90:. This offensive was abandoned following the
74:, who regarded it as being unfeasible, given
8:
605:The 2001 alternate history essay collection
440:. Moreover, the Japanese attempt to capture
1102:Volume I – Royal Australian Navy, 1939–1942
165:Japan's success in the early months of the
50:when it was released and was banned by the
1441:South West Pacific theatre of World War II
1312:(Thesis). University of New South Wales.
1172:Goto, Ken'ichi; Paul H. Kratoska (2003).
1080:. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.
694:
692:
399:on 3 March were conducted to prevent the
33:. For the controversy over the term, see
1250:. Melbourne: Penguin Group (Australia).
375:Axis naval activity in Australian waters
273:
1155:(1993). "Defending Australia in 1942".
967:The Government and the People 1942–1945
808:Ken'ichi and Kratoska (2003), pg 54–55.
679:
62:(IJN) proposed an invasion of mainland
18:Proposed Japanese invasion of Australia
1064:
1054:
1041:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.
1035:Bullard, Steven (translator) (2007).
700:"Japanese invasion a myth: historian"
470:Kimberley region of Western Australia
7:
319:, the Army and Navy sections of the
1359:"What is the Battle for Australia?"
365:and was cancelled on 11 July 1942.
66:. This proposal was opposed by the
1436:Australia–Japan military relations
1426:Military attacks against Australia
1191:Matchett, Stephen (30 July 2008).
596:'s 2004 alternative history novel
25:
1107:Australia in the War of 1939–1945
1097:"Chapter 17 – Prelude to Victory"
743:. Cambridge UP. pp. 171–74.
659:Cocos Islands during World War II
405:invasion of the Dutch East Indies
1137:. New York: Garland Publishing.
446:advancing along the Kokoda Track
161:Debate between the Army and Navy
31:History of Australia (1788–1850)
1431:1942 in international relations
919:Daphne Choules Edinger, 1995, "
740:A Military History of Australia
418:air raids on Northern Australia
379:Air raids on Australia, 1942–43
58:In early 1942, elements of the
925:World War II and the Kimberley
923:" and; Cathie Clement, 1995, "
476:. After leaving their base at
1:
921:Exploring the Kimberley Coast
533:After the fall of Singapore,
385:Japanese attacks on Australia
321:Imperial General Headquarters
1270:Reports of General MacArthur
639:Axis victory in World War II
563:National Museum of Australia
430:Japanese submarine campaigns
395:on 19 February 1942 and the
910:Stanley (2008), pg 182–185.
901:Stanley (2008), pg 178–180.
535:Prime Minister of Australia
529:Australian fear of invasion
205:as it both feared that the
193:, consistently opposed it.
1462:
927:" (The Kimberley Society).
654:Battle of Christmas Island
372:
28:
540:compared its loss to the
416:The dozens of subsequent
86:by advancing through the
1302:Arnold, Anthony (2013).
1095:Gill, G. Hermon (1957).
883:Frei (1991), pg 171–173.
844:Frei (1991), pg 165–166.
817:Frei (1991), pg 163–165.
763:Frei (1991), pg 162–163.
422:Attack on Sydney Harbour
78:and the strength of the
1366:Australian Army Journal
1357:Stanley, Peter (2007).
1318:10.26190/unsworks/16482
1246:Stanley, Peter (2008).
1211:Stanley, Peter (2002).
1111:Australian War Memorial
1076:Frei, Henry P. (1991).
1006:Tsouras, Peter (2001).
945:Frei (1991), pp. 173–4.
892:Stanley (2008), pg 108.
389:as is sometimes claimed
359:Battle of the Coral Sea
294:its experience in China
269:Netherlands East Indies
247:In speeches before the
189:, the commander of the
124:principal historian Dr
122:Australian War Memorial
92:Battle of the Coral Sea
35:Australian history wars
1276:. 1994. Archived from
964:Hasluck, Paul (1970).
835:Bullard (2007), pg 78.
702:. The Age. 1 June 2002
559:
414:
338:
317:Singapore was captured
280:
245:
237:lines of communication
68:Imperial Japanese Army
60:Imperial Japanese Navy
55:
981:Hooker, John (1984).
826:Hattori (1949), pg 1.
686:Stanley (2002), pg 3.
607:Rising Sun Victorious
508:. The following day,
277:
76:Australia's geography
52:Queensland Government
45:
1233:on 26 September 2007
1157:The Pacific War 1942
936:Frei (1991), p. 173.
874:Frei (1991), pg 171.
862:Frei (1991), pg 167.
799:Gill (1957), pg 643.
790:Frei (1991), pg 172.
781:Frei (1991), pg 163.
772:Frei (1991), pg 168.
724:(2005) pp 7–10, 15
644:Battle for Australia
550:Battle for Australia
450:landing at Milne Bay
213:for Japan to invade
1416:Cancelled invasions
1010:. Greenhill Books.
438:New Guinea Campaign
107:the Kokoda Campaign
103:Battle of Milne Bay
70:and Prime Minister
1387:on 23 January 2018
1280:on 8 February 2009
1067:has generic name (
615:Samurai Down Under
599:Designated Targets
557:has been survived.
393:air raid on Darwin
329:Tomoyuki Yamashita
281:
183:South-West Pacific
171:Northern Australia
156:Japanese proposals
142:Navy General Staff
111:Territory of Papua
56:
1446:1942 in Australia
1257:978-0-670-02925-9
1220:Conference Papers
1183:978-9971-69-281-0
1120:on 27 August 2006
1048:978-0-9751904-8-7
983:The Bush Soldiers
720:Geoffrey Bolton,
583:The Bush Soldiers
579:alternate history
546:Battle of Britain
542:Battle of Dunkirk
492:. On 19 January,
444:in New Guinea by
353:in the so-called
301:eastern Australia
179:Sadatoshi Tomioka
149:fall of Singapore
16:(Redirected from
1453:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1380:. Archived from
1363:
1353:
1339:
1329:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1261:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1232:
1226:. Archived from
1224:Remembering 1942
1217:
1207:
1205:
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1168:
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1129:
1127:
1125:
1119:
1113:. Archived from
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1022:
1021:
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997:
996:
978:
972:
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954:Matchett (2008).
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629:and Townsville.
611:Peter G. Tsouras
397:Attack on Broome
363:Battle of Midway
187:Isoroku Yamamoto
96:Battle of Midway
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1295:Further reading
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373:Main articles:
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257:Malay Peninsula
175:South-East Asia
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649:Brisbane Line
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