36:
1626:
1152:, each being administered by an imperially-appointed praetorian prefect. The prefect of each prefecture was the highest civilian officer, being subordinate only to the emperor(s). The prefect was the superior of the vicars and governors. He was the chief appellate judge, head of the administration of the prefecture, chief finance officer, and chief tax collector (though the collection was actually done at municipal and village levels).
114:
1175:
748:, or even the Emperor himself, an expensive, and thus rare, process. An appeal was unlikely to succeed anyway, as a governor wouldn't generally take the chance of convicting someone contrary to the Emperor's wishes. The governor was also supposed to travel across his province to administer justice in the major towns where his attention was required.
975:
status. New conquests generally fell into this equestrian category, but most were later changed in status to reflect the changing conditions of Rome's growing empire. Thus, on conquest, a province would become a procuratorial province until it was decided that it should become either an imperial or
1021:
The provincial governors were the most important officials in the Roman administration for it was they who were responsible for tax collection, justice in the first instance, and public order in the first instance. They received, from the prefectures, the tax demands three times a year, which they
943:
These provinces were under the authority of proconsular or propraetorian senators invariably styled 'proconsul', with little need for intervention by the
Emperor (although the Emperor had the power to appoint these governors if he wished). Most senatorial provinces, since they were not under the
939:
were provinces where the Senate had the right to appoint governors. These provinces were away from the Empire's borders and free from the likelihood of rebellion, and so had few, if any, legions stationed in them (thus lessening the chance the Senate might try to seize power from the
Emperor).
963:, the remaining eight being governed by propraetors. The two proconsular governors served for one year, while the eight praetors served typically for up to three years. Each of these men had six lictors who served as bodyguards and also as a symbol of authority and a mark of their position.
865:. Generally speaking, they had autocratic power within their provinces. A provincial governor almost possessed unlimited authority and often extorted vast amounts of money from the provincial population—but, though he retained immunity from prosecution as long as he held his
854:. However, the provinces that ex-praetors were assigned – regardless of formal title – were usually the more tranquil ones, where chances of revolt or invasion were small. Provinces where imminent military campaigning was expected were instead assigned to recent consuls.
1135:
late in his reign. These were based on the territories controlled by the four co-emperors of the
Tetrarchy, two of whom, the senior Augusti, had been served by a praetorian prefect as something like a chief of staff. The three prefectures thus created were the
780:
would serve as the governor's executive council, with each supervising a different aspect of the province, and assisting the governor in decision making. In the provinces with a significant legionary presence, the governor's second-in-command was usually a
908:
to govern in his name. The
Emperor had sole say in the appointing of these legates, who were lower in rank than other provincial governors, as officially they were only representatives of the province's true governor, the Emperor.
916:, thus being a propraetor, not only governed the province in the Emperor's name but also controlled the legion himself. However, in provinces with more than one legion, each legion was commanded by its own legate with praetorian
785:, a man elected in Rome and sent to the province to serve a mainly financial role, but who could command the military with the governor's approval. In other provinces governors themselves appointed non-magistrate
983:
was an exception to the general rule of legions only being stationed in imperial provinces. Egypt was not a normal province; it was considered the personal possession of the
Emperor, and its governor, the
990:, was considered the hold the highest ranking equestrian post during the early Empire. Later, the post would fall second to that of the praetorian command, but its position remained highly prestigious.
976:
senatorial province and thus governed by either a propraetor or proconsul. Like the other imperial provinces, the equestrian governors could serve any length of time up to five years, or even longer.
1075:), each under the authority of a provincial governor, whose title varied from province to province (the range of titles includes republican relics such as proconsul, as well as novelties such as
955:
Augustus decreed that at least ten provinces would be held by the authority of the Roman people through the agency of the Senate. Though all ten were "proconsular", only two of these provinces (
971:
The
Emperor also had under his control a number of smaller, but potentially difficult provinces that did not need an entire legion. These provinces were put under the control of governors of
1770:
759:. As a part of his standing orders, the governor had the authority to use his legions to stamp out organized criminal gangs or rebels in the area without need for the Emperor's or
1552:
997:
to help manage provinces officially began with
Augustus, governors from years before had appointed procurators to help them govern. However, it was not until the reign of
664:
1525:
65:
1556:
1457:
1432:
1095:). Although the vicar's authority was supreme within his diocese, he was under the authority of praetorian prefect whose power he partook of the emperor himself.
1531:
1657:
1541:
1503:
1499:
742:, and capital cases were normally tried before him. To appeal a governor's decision necessitated travelling to Rome and presenting one's case before either the
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2199:
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The
Principate did not totally do away with the system of selecting proconsuls and propraetors. In provinces with one legion, a legate bearing praetorian
2288:
1098:
Constantine completely removed the governors' military commands, a process begun under
Diocletian. In those provinces where soldiers were stationed, the
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regardless of the specific titles, which also reflects the province's intrinsic and strategic status, and corresponding differences in authority.
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Finally, and most importantly, he commanded the military forces within the province. In the more important provinces, this could consist of
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222:
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232:
1417:
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2219:
1141:
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Appointment to these governorships was completely at the whim of the
Emperor and could last anywhere from one to five years.
1562:
834:- was determined by the last held previous urban magistracy: that is, former praetors were prorogued in place of a praetor (
3607:
3032:
1355:
1137:
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direct authority of the Emperor, did not grant the governor legions to command. There was one exception to this rule, the
819:(advice of the Senate); however, these appointments were not formally binding on a legal basis and could be nullified by
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2476:
1928:
1643:
1427:
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905:
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1477:
48:
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1740:
924:, who had general command over the entire army stationed there, as well as administering the province as a proconsul.
58:
52:
44:
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435:
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2599:
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2446:
2394:
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2336:
1683:
1002:
894:) and even in the provinces he did not directly govern, was senior to other provincial governors through holding
500:
202:
1112:
commanded units in several provinces: they were watched by the diocesan vicars. Field units were commanded by a
69:
3152:
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1041:(later several were split), originally two to four for each of the four co-emperors under the short-lived
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A list of the provinces within the dioceses and the dioceses within the prefectures can be found on the
1132:
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956:
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3511:
3200:
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3067:
2967:
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2757:
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1760:
972:
805:, the council was in charge of appointing governors to Rome's provinces. This was done by appointing
180:
3476:
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2266:
1863:
1180:
936:
711:
315:
842:. This system, however, started to break down after private citizens were given commands in Spain
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for "companions"); the number of these depended on the governor's social standing and rank. These
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212:
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began in AD 293 reforms of the provincial administration that were completed under the Emperor
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2011:
1933:
1880:
1873:
1858:
1853:
1777:
1705:
1243:, p. 341. "It had become common for praetors to be prorogued with the augmented title
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1047:
847:
820:
766:
Every governor had at his disposal a diversity of advisors and staff, who were known as his
614:
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416:
395:
340:
325:
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305:
189:
869:, once he left office he became vulnerable to prosecution for his actions during his term.
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3132:
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3007:
2957:
2952:
2827:
2777:
2685:
2519:
2499:
2419:
1868:
1693:
330:
890:, the Emperor himself was the direct governor of Rome's most important provinces (called
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2619:
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2399:
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2147:
2051:
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2001:
1961:
1722:
1158:
1105:
1068:
1053:
802:
773:
686:
619:
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410:
294:
142:
1335:
1131:
Constantine, again following Diocletian's lead, organized the Roman Empire into three
17:
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1038:
949:
806:
727:
515:
365:
133:
3385:
3245:
2690:
2639:
2594:
2589:
2441:
2251:
2137:
2081:
2076:
1966:
1848:
1732:
1666:
760:
752:
707:
690:
428:
380:
350:
276:
151:
1013:, and merely exercised the Emperor's, or governor's, authority with his approval.
1282:
857:
These promagistrates held equality with other magistrates with the same level of
3180:
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2624:
2514:
1908:
1247:. Indeed, by the end of the republic it had become extremely rare for a praetor
980:
471:
113:
1005:
received the powers of a governor. Procurators were civilian officials, unlike
948:, where there was always at least a single legion to protect the province from
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1991:
1918:
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1030:
887:
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282:
162:
1302:
738:
The governor was the province's chief judge. He had the sole right to impose
681:
was an official either elected or appointed to be the chief administrator of
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to govern a small part of the province and act as their second-in-command.
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559:
449:
360:
271:
169:
979:
Much like the senatorial province of Africa, the equestrian province of
920:, while the province as a whole was commanded by a legate with consular
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2006:
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370:
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and Africa), were actually governed by senators with proconsular
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1885:
935:
While the Emperor had sole authority in provinces with legions,
1639:
1344:
1284:
Commanders & command in the Roman republic and early empire
1981:
1100:
850:. By the late republic, praetors were almost always prorogued
531:
478:
29:
1320:(authentic imperial chancery document, early 5th century)
1009:. Procurators were not magistrates, so did not possess
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1287:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
904:. In imperial provinces, the Emperor would appoint
1108:for leader) commanded border military units. Some
718:—and several types of governor would emerge. Only
1122:) and later by supreme military commanders, the
57:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1651:
1356:
696:The generic term in Roman legal language was
658:
8:
826:Initially, a governor or general's title –
2740:
2066:
1698:
1658:
1644:
1636:
1363:
1349:
1341:
665:
651:
99:
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
861:and were attended by the same number of
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1240:
1228:
1216:
1209:
507:
459:
394:
339:
304:
260:
211:
124:
102:
1148:in 347 or perhaps in 342–47), and the
1063:('vicar') who acted on behalf of the
7:
685:throughout one or more of the many
1022:circulated to the municipalities.
993:Though the practice of appointing
25:
1067:. Each diocese comprised several
1037:in 318. Diocletian set up twelve
755:, but elsewhere, there were only
726:fell under the classification of
710:, two types of provinces existed—
1624:
1189:Lists of Ancient Roman governors
1173:
112:
34:
1:
2230:Frontiers and fortifications
1199:Legatus Augusti pro praetore
2289:Decorations and punishments
1336:Livius.org: Roman governors
809:to serve, either by random
3624:
3196:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1771:historiography of the fall
838:) and former consuls were
3577:External wars and battles
1701:
1674:
1622:
1378:
1255:" (emphasis in original).
706:By the time of the early
501:Senatus consultum ultimum
396:Extraordinary magistrates
105:Politics of ancient Rome
43:This article includes a
3572:Roman–Iranian relations
2047:Optimates and populares
1553:Mauretania Caesariensis
1017:Late imperial governors
72:more precise citations.
3582:Civil wars and revolts
2848:Sextus Pompeius Festus
2495:Conflict of the Orders
1854:Legislative assemblies
1526:Hispania Tarraconensis
1281:Drogula, Fred (2015).
1150:prefecture of the East
1133:Praetorian prefectures
1057:), each governed by a
801:During the era of the
734:Duties of the governor
262:Political institutions
18:Propraetorian governor
3291:Simplicius of Cilicia
3043:Quintus Curtius Rufus
2272:Siege in Ancient Rome
1881:Executive magistrates
1118:('companion', whence
1035:Constantine the Great
967:Equestrian procurator
3608:Gubernatorial titles
3301:Stephanus Byzantinus
3206:Eusebius of Caesaria
3068:Sidonius Apollinaris
2758:Ammianus Marcellinus
2097:Tribune of the plebs
1557:Mauretania Tingitana
1453:Corsica and Sardinia
1393:Africa proconsularis
1083:moderator provinciae
1078:corrector provinciae
937:senatorial provinces
931:Senatorial provinces
797:Republican governors
341:Ordinary magistrates
3477:Distinguished women
3128:Velleius Paterculus
2968:Nicolaus Damascenus
2948:Marcellus Empiricus
2337:Republican currency
1458:Crete and Cyrenaica
1433:Bithynia and Pontus
1267:, pp. 298–304.
1181:Ancient Rome portal
1142:prefecture of Italy
1071:(known in Greek as
3251:Phlegon of Tralles
3058:Seneca the Younger
2532:Naming conventions
2262:Personal equipment
1795:Later Roman Empire
1542:Lycia et Pamphylia
1504:Gallia Narbonensis
1500:Gallia Lugdunensis
1318:Notitia dignitatum
1231:, pp. 223–25.
1219:, pp. 213–14.
1144:(later divided by
1138:prefecture of Gaul
1087:praeses provinciae
1065:praetorian prefect
987:praefectus Aegypti
946:province of Africa
892:imperial provinces
878:Imperial provinces
873:Imperial governors
740:capital punishment
574:Triumvir monetalis
508:Titles and honours
45:list of references
3590:
3589:
3552:Pontifices maximi
3334:
3333:
3191:Diogenes Laërtius
3013:Pliny the Younger
2768:Asconius Pedianus
2728:Romance languages
2600:Civil engineering
2342:Imperial currency
2215:Political control
2176:
2175:
1810:
1809:
1633:
1632:
1595:Pannonia Superior
1591:Pannonia Inferior
1515:Germania Superior
1511:Germania Inferior
1294:978-1-4696-2314-6
816:senatus consultum
699:Rector provinciae
689:constituting the
675:
674:
493:Quaestio perpetua
486:Senatus consultum
289:Roman citizenship
98:
97:
90:
16:(Redirected from
3615:
3542:Magistri equitum
3457:Cities and towns
3450:
3376:Constantinopolis
3186:Diodorus Siculus
3118:Valerius Maximus
3053:Seneca the Elder
2973:Nonius Marcellus
2741:
2294:Hippika gymnasia
2257:Infantry tactics
2163:Consular tribune
2153:Magister equitum
2102:Military tribune
2067:
2027:Pontifex maximus
2022:Princeps senatus
2012:Magister militum
1778:Byzantine Empire
1699:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1522:Hispania Baetica
1492:Gallia Aquitania
1365:
1358:
1351:
1342:
1306:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1251:to be prorogued
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1125:magistri militum
886:established the
848:Second Punic war
821:Roman assemblies
667:
660:
653:
609:Pontifex maximus
602:Princeps senatus
588:Magister militum
423:Consular tribune
417:Magister equitum
245:Augustan reforms
116:
100:
93:
86:
82:
79:
73:
68:this article by
59:inline citations
38:
37:
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3166:AĂ«tius of Amida
3147:
3133:Verrius Flaccus
3113:Valerius Antias
3073:Silius Italicus
3008:Pliny the Elder
2953:Marcus Aurelius
2828:Cornelius Nepos
2778:Aurelius Victor
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2654:
2566:
2500:Secessio plebis
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2126:
2056:
1938:
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1806:
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1576:Moesia Superior
1572:Moesia Inferior
1403:Alpes Maritimae
1374:
1372:Roman governors
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1332:
1314:
1312:Further reading
1309:
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1263:
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1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1215:
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1172:
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1159:Roman provinces
1069:Roman provinces
1051:, each above a
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969:
933:
880:
875:
811:casting of lots
799:
745:praetor urbanus
736:
671:
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638:Other countries
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233:Sullan republic
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49:related reading
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35:
28:
23:
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12:
11:
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3605:
3603:Cursus honorum
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3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3018:Pomponius Mela
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
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2875:
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2865:
2860:
2855:
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2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2753:Aelius Donatus
2749:
2747:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2721:Ecclesiastical
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
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2597:
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2568:
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2559:
2554:
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2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2462:Toys and games
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2300:
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2276:
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2264:
2259:
2254:
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2239:
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2227:
2222:
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2207:
2202:
2197:
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2186:
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2178:
2177:
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2173:
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2170:
2165:
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2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2002:Vigintisexviri
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:Cursus honorum
1959:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1871:
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1851:
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1836:
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1826:
1820:
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1812:
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1808:
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1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1761:Western Empire
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1708:
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1696:
1690:
1689:
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1675:
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1665:
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1655:
1648:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1584:
1579:
1565:
1560:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1518:
1507:
1496:Gallia Belgica
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1413:Arabia Petraea
1410:
1407:Alpes Poeninae
1395:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1330:External links
1328:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1293:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
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1203:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1029:, the Emperor
1018:
1015:
968:
965:
932:
929:
897:imperium maius
879:
876:
874:
871:
807:promagistrates
803:Roman Republic
798:
795:
735:
732:
679:Roman governor
673:
672:
670:
669:
662:
655:
647:
644:
643:
641:
640:
634:
631:
630:
628:
627:
622:
617:
612:
605:
598:
591:
584:
577:
570:
567:Vigintisexviri
563:
556:
549:
542:
535:
528:
520:
519:
518:
510:
509:
505:
504:
497:
496:
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336:
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328:
323:
318:
312:
309:
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302:
301:
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295:Cursus honorum
291:
286:
279:
274:
268:
265:
264:
258:
257:
255:
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249:
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237:
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219:
216:
215:
209:
208:
207:
206:
197:
196:
187:
177:
175:
174:
167:
166:27 BC – AD 284
159:
158:
157:
156:27 BC – AD 395
148:
143:Roman Republic
139:
127:
126:
122:
121:
118:
117:
109:
108:
103:
96:
95:
53:external links
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3620:
3609:
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3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
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3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
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3369:
3367:
3364:
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3359:
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3354:
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3343:
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3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
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3309:
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3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
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3289:
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3279:
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3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
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3189:
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3179:
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3141:
3139:
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3126:
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3121:
3119:
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3111:
3109:
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3101:
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3076:
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3051:
3049:
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3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Julius Paulus
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Fabius Pictor
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:Amphitheatres
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:Deforestation
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2267:Siege engines
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2200:Establishment
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:Extraordinary
2129:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:Promagistrate
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1904:Twelve Tables
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1627:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:Alpes Cottiae
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:Pauly-Wissowa
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1194:Promagistrate
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
988:
982:
977:
974:
966:
964:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
941:
938:
930:
928:
925:
923:
919:
915:
910:
907:
903:
900:, or supreme
899:
898:
893:
889:
885:
877:
872:
870:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
817:
812:
808:
804:
796:
794:
792:
788:
784:
779:
775:
771:
770:
764:
763:'s approval.
762:
758:
754:
749:
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3522:Institutions
3386:Leptis Magna
3339:Major cities
3246:Philostratus
3033:Quadrigarius
2853:Rufus Festus
2716:Contemporary
2437:Romanization
2360:Architecture
2121:
1967:Collegiality
1816:Constitution
1667:Ancient Rome
1551:Mauretania (
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1265:Drogula 2015
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78:January 2013
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64:Please help
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3517:Geographers
3201:Dioscorides
3181:Cassius Dio
2803:Cassiodorus
2706:Renaissance
2312:Agriculture
2284:Auxiliaries
2225:Engineering
2062:Magistrates
1914:Citizenship
1909:Mos maiorum
1844:Late Empire
1563:Mesopotamia
1253:pro consule
1245:pro consule
1003:procurators
1001:that these
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981:Roman Egypt
852:pro consule
846:during the
844:pro consule
840:pro consule
832:pro consule
791:procurators
757:auxiliaries
724:propraetors
472:Mos maiorum
252:Late Empire
195:AD 395–1453
70:introducing
3597:Categories
3406:Mediolanum
3346:Alexandria
3311:Themistius
3276:Porphyrius
3103:Tertullian
3038:Quintilian
3028:Propertius
2923:Lactantius
2873:Fulgentius
2808:Censorinus
2630:Sanitation
2615:Metallurgy
2572:Technology
2537:Demography
2485:Patricians
2452:Spectacles
2410:Literature
2405:Hairstyles
2242:Technology
1992:Praefectus
1944:Government
1934:Litigation
1919:Auctoritas
1864:Centuriate
1751:Principate
1746:Pax Romana
1706:Foundation
1520:Hispania (
1509:Germania (
1443:Cappadocia
1205:References
1092:praesidens
1031:Diocletian
1025:Under the
973:equestrian
888:Principate
720:proconsuls
712:senatorial
553:Praefectus
461:Public law
316:Centuriate
306:Assemblies
283:Auctoritas
186:AD 395–476
173:AD 284–641
163:Principate
138:753–509 BC
3562:Quaestors
3492:Empresses
3482:Dynasties
3472:Dictators
3447:and other
3436:Volubilis
3431:Vindobona
3391:Londinium
3316:Theodoret
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3266:Polyaenus
3241:Pausanias
3143:Vitruvius
3088:Symmachus
3083:Suetonius
2993:Petronius
2978:Obsequens
2943:Macrobius
2938:Lucretius
2863:Frontinus
2838:Eutropius
2823:Columella
2773:Augustine
2763:Appuleius
2711:Neo-Latin
2686:Classical
2677:Versions
2585:Aqueducts
2527:Patronage
2447:Sexuality
2420:Mythology
2395:Education
2385:Cosmetics
2210:Campaigns
2205:Structure
2158:Decemviri
2017:Imperator
1716:overthrow
1547:Macedonia
1537:Lusitania
1438:Britannia
1303:905949529
1073:eparchies
1043:Tetrarchy
687:provinces
683:Roman law
595:Imperator
443:Decemviri
436:Triumviri
406:Corrector
147:509–27 BC
3567:Tribunes
3557:Praetors
3507:Generals
3487:Emperors
3396:Lugdunum
3381:Eboracum
3371:Carthage
3356:Aquileia
3271:Polybius
3261:Plutarch
3231:Libanius
3221:Josephus
3216:Herodian
3108:Tibullus
3023:Priscian
2998:Phaedrus
2958:Manilius
2903:Jordanes
2888:Hydatius
2818:Claudian
2798:Catullus
2788:Boëthius
2783:Ausonius
2701:Medieval
2673:Alphabet
2645:Theatres
2620:Numerals
2605:Concrete
2595:Circuses
2562:Bagaudae
2552:Adoption
2547:Marriage
2520:Assembly
2425:Religion
2400:Folklore
2380:Clothing
2375:Calendar
2332:Currency
2322:Commerce
2220:Strategy
2182:Military
2168:Triumvir
2148:Dictator
2143:Interrex
2122:Governor
2107:Quaestor
2070:Ordinary
2052:Province
2042:Tetrarch
2032:Augustus
1997:Vicarius
1987:Officium
1924:Imperium
1874:Plebeian
1834:Republic
1756:Dominate
1723:Republic
1684:Timeline
1587:Pannonia
1473:Dalmatia
1388:Aegyptus
1167:See also
1146:Constans
1060:vicarius
1039:dioceses
1027:Dominate
1011:imperium
1007:prefects
999:Claudius
961:imperium
952:tribes.
922:imperium
918:imperium
914:imperium
902:imperium
884:Augustus
867:imperium
859:imperium
787:prefects
783:quaestor
716:imperial
625:Tetrarch
615:Augustus
560:Vicarius
539:Officium
450:Interrex
411:Dictator
386:Governor
361:Quaestor
326:Plebeian
272:Imperium
228:Republic
203:Timeline
170:Dominate
27:Position
3537:Legions
3497:Fiction
3467:Consuls
3462:Climate
3416:Ravenna
3411:Pompeii
3401:Lutetia
3366:Bononia
3361:Berytus
3351:Antioch
3326:Zosimus
3321:Zonaras
3296:Sozomen
3281:Priscus
3256:Photius
3098:Terence
3093:Tacitus
3078:Statius
3063:Servius
3048:Sallust
3003:Plautus
2983:Orosius
2963:Martial
2918:Juvenal
2893:Hyginus
2878:Gellius
2737:Writers
2668:History
2650:Thermae
2640:Temples
2590:Bridges
2557:Slavery
2505:Equites
2477:Society
2457:Theatre
2430:Deities
2390:Cuisine
2370:Bathing
2352:Culture
2327:Finance
2304:Economy
2195:Borders
2190:History
2092:Tribune
2087:Praetor
1977:Legatus
1972:Emperor
1859:Curiate
1829:Kingdom
1824:History
1800:History
1783:decline
1741:History
1711:Kingdom
1694:History
1679:Outline
1616:Thracia
1606:Sicilia
1582:Noricum
1483:Galatia
1448:Cilicia
1428:Assyria
1418:Armenia
1397:Alpes (
1048:Augusti
906:legates
863:lictors
778:comites
769:comites
753:legions
546:Praeses
525:Legatus
516:Emperor
376:Tribune
356:Praetor
321:Curiate
223:Kingdom
191:Eastern
182:Western
125:Periods
66:improve
3547:Nomina
3532:Legacy
3512:Gentes
3449:topics
3445:Lists
3426:Smyrna
3306:Strabo
3236:Lucian
3226:Julian
3176:Arrian
3171:Appian
3161:Aelian
3138:Vergil
2913:Justin
2898:Jerome
2883:Horace
2868:Fronto
2858:Florus
2833:Ennius
2813:Cicero
2793:Caesar
2691:Vulgar
2515:Tribes
2442:Romans
2252:Legion
2235:castra
2112:Aedile
2082:Censor
2077:Consul
2037:Caesar
2007:Lictor
1929:Status
1869:Tribal
1849:Senate
1839:Empire
1733:Empire
1669:topics
1601:Raetia
1568:Moesia
1532:Judaea
1478:Epirus
1463:Cyprus
1383:Achaia
1301:
1291:
1140:, the
1054:Caesar
950:Berber
882:After
813:or by
761:Senate
708:Empire
620:Caesar
581:Lictor
381:Censor
371:Aedile
351:Consul
331:Tribal
240:Empire
3211:Galen
3153:Greek
3123:Varro
2933:Lucan
2745:Latin
2660:Latin
2635:Ships
2625:Roads
2610:Domes
2542:Women
2490:Plebs
2415:Music
1957:Forum
1952:Curia
1611:Syria
1468:Dacia
1161:page.
1120:count
1115:comes
1110:duces
1106:Latin
774:Latin
51:, or
3527:Laws
3502:Film
3421:Roma
2988:Ovid
2928:Livy
2696:Late
2510:Gens
2467:Wine
2279:Navy
2247:Army
1886:SPQR
1788:fall
1766:fall
1593:and
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1555:and
1524:and
1513:and
1502:and
1488:Gaul
1423:Asia
1405:and
1299:OCLC
1289:ISBN
1089:and
957:Asia
722:and
714:and
2681:Old
2365:Art
2138:Rex
1982:Dux
1896:Law
1249:not
1101:dux
830:or
789:or
532:Dux
479:Ius
429:Rex
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