903:
579:
53:
537:
lowest possible
Gleason score of 6 represents a biopsy most similar to healthy prostate; the highest Gleason score of 10 represents the most severely cancerous. Gleason scores are commonly grouped into "Gleason grade groups", which predict disease prognosis: a Gleason score of 6 is Gleason grade group 1 (best prognosis). A score of 7 (with Gleason scores 4 + 3, or Gleason scores 3 + 4, with the most prominent listed first) can be grade group 2 or 3; it is grade group 2 if the less severe Gleason score (3) covered more area; grade group 3 if the more severe Gleason score (4) covered more area. A score of 8 is grade group 4. A score of 9 or 10 is grade group 5 (worst prognosis).
859:
436:
1362:
374:(mL) of blood tested. Those with PSA levels below average are very unlikely to develop dangerous prostate cancer over the next 8 to 10 years. Men with PSA levels above 4 ng/mL are at increased risk – around 1 in 4 will develop prostate cancer – and are often referred for a prostate biopsy. PSA levels over 10 ng/mL indicate an even higher risk: over half of men in this group develop prostate cancer. Men with high PSA levels are often recommended to repeat the blood test four to six weeks later, as PSA levels can fluctuate unrelated to prostate cancer.
793:
610:
designated stage I. Those with localized tumors and PSA between 10 and 20 ng/mL are designated stage II – subdivided into IIA for
Gleason grade group 1, IIB for grade group 2, and IIC for grade group 3 or 4. Stage III is the designation for any of three higher risk factors: IIIA is for a PSA level about 20 ng/mL; IIIB is for T3 or T4 tumors; IIIC is for a Gleason grade group of 5. Stage IV is for cancers that have spread to lymph nodes (N1, stage IVA) or other organs (M1, stage IVB).
827:, where a radioactive source is surgically inserted into the prostate. IMRT is given over several sessions, with treatments repeated five days per week for several weeks. Brachytherapy is typically performed in a single session, with the radioactive source permanently implanted into the prostate, where it expends its radioactivity within the next few months. With either technique, radiation damage to nearby organs can increase the risk of subsequent
804:, which involves testing for tumor growth at fixed intervals by PSA tests (around every six months), digital rectal exam (annually), and MRI or repeat biopsies (every one to three years). This program continues until increases in PSA levels, Gleason grade, or tumor size indicate a higher-risk tumor that may require intervention. At least half of men remain on active surveillance, never requiring more direct treatment for their prostate tumors.
1373:). Around 1.2 million new cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed each year, and over 350,000 people die of the disease, annually. One in eight men are diagnosed with prostate cancer in their lifetime, and around one in forty die of the disease. Rates of prostate cancer rise with age. Due to this, prostate cancer rates are generally higher in parts of the world with higher life expectancy, which also tend to be areas with higher
1381:. Australia, Europe, North America, New Zealand, and parts of South America have the highest incidence. South Asia, Central Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa have the lowest incidence of prostate cancer; though incidence is increasing quickly in these regions. Prostate cancer is the most diagnosed cancer in men in over half of the world's countries, and the leading cause of cancer death in men in around a quarter of countries.
514:
741:
are designated CPG 2. CPG 3 represents either
Gleason grade group 3, or the combination of the CPG 2 criteria. CPG 4 is similar to AJCC stage 3 – any of Gleason grade group 4, PSA levels above 20 ng/mL, or a tumor that has grown beyond the prostate (T3). CPG 5 is for the highest risk cases: either a T4 tumor, Gleason grade group 5, or any two of the CPG 4 criteria.
394:
10% to 30%. Men who have a lower percentage of free PSA are more likely to have prostate cancer. Several common tests more accurately detect prostate cancer cases by also measuring subtypes of free PSA, including the
Prostate Health Index (measures a fragment called −2proPSA) and 4K score (measures intact free PSA). Other tests measure blood levels of additional prostate-related proteins such as
890:
monitored regularly. Up to half of those treated will eventually have a rise in PSA levels, suggesting the tumor or small metastases are growing again. People with high or rising PSA levels are often offered another round of radiation therapy directed at the former tumor site. This reduces risk for further progression by 75%. Those suspected of metastases can undergo PET scanning with sensitive
602:(M). Scores of T1 and T2 represent tumors that remain within the prostate: T1 is for tumors not detectable by imaging or digital rectal exam; T2 is for tumors detectable by imaging or rectal exam, but still confined within the prostate. T3 is for tumors that grow beyond the prostate – T3a for tumors with any extension outside the prostate; T3b for tumors that invade the adjacent
293:
described in the mid-19th century, during surgeries on men with urinary obstructions. Initially, prostatectomy was the primary treatment for prostate cancer. By the mid-20th century, radiation treatments and hormone therapies were developed to improve prostate cancer treatment. The invention of hormone therapies for prostate cancer was recognized with the 1966 Nobel Prize to
1617:
in the medical literature. Around the turn of the 19th century, prostate surgery to relieve urinary obstruction became more common, allowing surgeons and pathologists to examine the removed prostate tissue. Two studies around the time found cancer in as many as 10% of surgical specimens, suggesting prostate cancer was a fairly common cause of prostate enlargement.
878:(using a camera and hand tools through small holes in the abdomen), or through traditional open surgery with an incision above the penis (retropubic approach) or below the scrotum (perineal approach). The four approaches result in similar rates of cancer control. Damage to nearby tissue during surgery can result in erectile dysfunction and
874:, where robotic tools inserted through small holes in the abdomen allow a surgeon to make small and exact movements during surgery. This method results in shorter hospital stays, less blood loss, and fewer complications than traditional open surgery. In places where robot-assisted surgery is unavailable, prostatectomy can be performed
1198:. With these processes dysregulated, some cells replicate abnormally, forming a clump of cells called a tumor. As the tumor grows, its cells accumulate more mutations, allowing it to stimulate the growth of new blood vessels to support further growth. Eventually, a tumor can grow large enough to invade nearby organs such as the
423:
age 70, or with a life expectancy of less than 10 years, as a newly diagnosed prostate cancer is unlikely to impact their natural lifespan. Uptake of screening varies by geography – more than 80% of men are screened in the US and
Western Europe, 20% of men in Japan, and screening is rare in regions with a low
1501:, have a reduced risk of advanced prostate cancer. Chronic inflammation can cause various cancers. Potential links between infection (or other sources of inflammation) and prostate cancer have been studied but none definitively found, and one large study found no link between prostate cancer and a history of
1601:
1726:
Prostate cancer is a major topic of ongoing research. From 2016–2020, over $ 1.26 billion was invested in prostate cancer research, representing around 5% of global cancer research funds. This places prostate cancer 10th among 18 common cancer types in funding per cancer death, and 9th in funding per
1616:
surgeon John Adams described another prostate tumor from a man who had died with urinary issues; Adams had a pathologist examine the tumor, providing the first confirmed case of a cancerous tumor in the prostate. The disease was initially rarely described; an 1893 report found only 50 cases described
1397:
Prostate cancer is more common in families with a history of any cancer. Men with an affected first-degree relative (father or brother) have more than twice the risk of developing prostate cancer, and those with two first-degree relatives have a five-fold greater risk compared with men with no family
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as fluid lingers in the throat, but this is not uncomfortable for the affected person. Their hands and feet may cool to the touch, and skin become blotchy or blue due to weaker blood circulation. Many stop eating and drinking, resulting in dry-feeling mouth, which can be aided by moistening the mouth
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can reduce prostate cancer bone pain, even though they have little effect on tumor size. Metastases compress the spinal cord in up to 12% of those with metastatic prostate cancer causing pain, weakness, numbness, and paralysis. Inflammation in the spine can be treated with high-dose steroids, as well
889:
After prostatectomy, PSA levels drop rapidly, reaching very low or undetectable levels within two months. Radiotherapy also substantially reduces PSA levels, but more slowly and less completely, with PSA levels reaching their nadir two years after radiotherapy. After either treatment, PSA levels are
536:
is commonly used, where the pathologist assigns numbers ranging from 3 (most similar to healthy prostate tissue) to 5 (least similar) to different regions of the biopsied tissue. They then calculate a "Gleason score" by adding the two numbers that represent the largest areas of the biopsy sample. The
422:
recommend that men at high risk of prostate cancer (due to age, family history, ethnicity, or prior evidence of high blood PSA levels) be counseled on the risks and benefits of PSA testing, and be offered access to screening tests. Medical guidelines generally recommend against screening for men over
292:
gene. Each year 1.2 million cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed, and 350,000 die of the disease, making it the second-leading cause of cancer and cancer death in men. One in eight men is diagnosed with prostate cancer in his lifetime and one in forty dies of the disease. Prostate tumors were first
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men of similar age. Screening tests in this group are complicated, as transgender women may have lower PSA levels than cisgender men due to their reduced testosterone levels. PSA levels greater than 1 ng/mL are generally considered above normal by gender care specialists. Digital rectal exams of the
1106:) in the genitals or lower limbs. These swellings can be extremely painful, curtailing an affected person's ability to urinate, have sex, or walk normally. Lymphedema can be treated by applying pressure to aid drainage, surgically draining pooled fluid, and cleaning and treating nearby damaged skin.
767:
Treatment of prostate cancer varies based on how advanced the cancer is, the risk it may spread, and the affected person's health and personal preferences. Those with localized disease at low risk for spread are often more likely to be harmed by the side effects of treatment than the disease itself,
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recommends a five-stage system based on disease prognosis called the
Cambridge Prognostic Group, with prognostic groups CPG 1 to CPG 5. CPG 1 is the same as AJCC stage I. Cases with localized tumors (T1 or T2) and either Gleason grade group 2 or higher PSA levels (10 to 20 ng/mL)
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for those with castration-resistant prostate cancer based on trials showing that it improved symptoms even though it failed to enhance survival. In 2004, docetaxel was approved as the first chemotherapy to increase survival in those with castration-resistant prostate cancer. After additional trials
1664:
The observation that the testicles (and the hormones they secrete) influence prostate size was made as early as the late 18th century via castration experiments in animals. However, occasional experimentation over the next century bore mixed results, likely due to the inability to separate prostate
609:
The AJCC then combines the TNM scores, Gleason grade group, and results of the PSA blood test to categorize cancer cases into one of four stages, and their subdivisions. Cancer cases with localized tumors (T1 or T2), no spread (N0 and M0), Gleason grade group 1, and PSA less than 10 ng/mL are
393:
Those with elevated PSA may undergo secondary screening blood tests that measure subtypes of PSA and other molecules to better predict the likelihood that a person will develop aggressive prostate cancer. Many measure "free PSA" – the fraction of PSA unbound to other blood proteins, usually around
1173:
Those who have low blood PSA levels at diagnosis, and whose tumors have a low
Gleason grade and less-advanced clinical stage tend to have better prognoses. After prostatectomy or radiotherapy, those who have a short time between treatment and a subsequent rise in PSA levels, or quickly rising PSA
1165:
The prognosis of diagnosed prostate cancer varies widely based on the cancer's grade and stage at the time of diagnosis; those with lower stage disease have vastly improved prognoses. Around 80% of prostate cancer diagnoses are in men whose cancer is still confined to the prostate. These men can
958:
Despite reduced testosterone levels, metastatic prostate tumors eventually continue to grow – manifested by rising blood PSA levels, and metastases to nearby bones. This is the most advanced stage of the disease, called castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). CRPC tumors continuously evolve
417:
Several large studies have found that men screened for prostate cancer have a reduced risk of dying from the disease; however, detection of cancer cases that would not have otherwise impacted health can cause anxiety, and lead to unneeded biopsies and treatments, both of which can cause unwanted
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to reduce androgen levels and improve prostate cancer symptoms. Huggins was awarded the 1966 Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine for this discovery, the first systemic therapy for prostate cancer. In the 1960s, large studies showed estrogen therapy to be as effective as surgical castration at
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or rectum to reduce the tumor size and associated symptoms. In the 1950s the advent of more powerful radiation machines allowed for external beam radiotherapy to reach the prostate. By the 1960s, this was often combined with hormone therapy to improve the potency of therapy. In the 1970s,
1218:, or through the bloodstream to the bone marrow and (more rarely) other body sites. At these new sites, the cancer cells disrupt normal body function and continue to grow. Metastases cause most of the discomfort associated with prostate cancer, and can eventually kill the affected person.
955:, reduction in muscle mass and bone density, reduced sex drive, fatigue, personality changes, and an increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and depression. Hormone therapy halts tumor growth in more than 95% of those treated, and PSA levels return to normal in up to 70%.
242:(male sex hormones) that prostate cells need to survive. Eventually cancer cells can grow resistant to this treatment. This most-advanced stage of the disease, called castration-resistant prostate cancer, is treated with continued hormone therapy alongside the
1686:'s studies of GnRH led to the development of GnRH agonists, which were found to be as effective as estrogen without the increased risk of clotting. Schally was awarded the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on GnRH and prostate cancer.
1384:
Prostate cancer is rare in those under 40 years old, and most cases occur in those over 60 years, with the average person diagnosed at 67. The average age of those who die from prostate cancer is 77. Only a minority of prostate cancer cases are diagnosed.
4782:
Patel MS, Halpern JA, Desai AS, Keeter MK, Bennett NE, Brannigan RE (May 2020). "Success of
Prostate and Testicular Cancer Awareness Campaigns Compared to Breast Cancer Awareness Month According to Internet Search Volumes: A Google Trends Analysis".
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depends on how far the cancer has spread at diagnosis. Most men diagnosed have tumors confined to the prostate; 99% of them survive more than 10 years from their diagnoses. Tumors that have metastasized to distant body sites are most dangerous, with
5152:
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1098:, itself caused by a combination of the disease itself, poor nutrition, and damage to the bone marrow from cancer treatments or bone metastases. Anemia can be treated in various ways depending on the cause, or can be addressed directly with
418:
complications. Major national health organizations offer differing recommendations, attempting to balance the benefits of early diagnosis with the potential harms of treating people whose tumors are unlikely to impact health. Most
215:, and a higher score represents a more dangerous tumor. Medical imaging is performed to look for cancer that has spread outside the prostate. Based on the Gleason score, PSA levels, and imaging results, a cancer case is assigned a
321:, or trouble urinating – commonly including frequent urination and slow or weak urine stream. More than half of men over age 50 experience some form of urination problem, typically due to issues other than prostate cancer such as
784:, as well as radiation or other agents to alleviate the symptoms of metastatic tumors. Blood PSA levels are monitored every few months to assess the effectiveness of treatments, and whether the disease is recurring or advancing.
938:
by injection monthly or less frequently as needed. GnRH agonists cause a brief rise in testosterone levels at treatment initiation, which can worsen disease in people with significant symptoms of metastases. In these people,
606:. T4 is for tumors that have grown into organs beyond the seminal vesicles. The N and M scores are binary (yes or no). N1 represents any spread to the nearby lymph nodes. M1 represents any metastases to other body sites.
1307:
The transition from castrate-sensitive to castrate-resistant prostate cancer is also accompanied by the acquisition of various gene mutations. In castrate-resistant disease, more than 70% of tumors have mutations in the
1312:
signaling pathway – amplifications and gain-of-function mutations in the receptor gene itself, amplification of its activators (for example, FOXA1), or inactivating mutations in its negative regulators (for example,
991:, where the affected person's immune cells are removed, treated to more effectively target prostate cancer cells, and re-injected. Tumors that evolve resistance to docetaxel may receive the second-generation
1544:(from cooking red meats), or calcium may be at an increased risk of developing advanced prostate cancer. Several dietary supplements have been studied and found not to impact prostate cancer risk, including
1636:
described a retropubic prostatectomy approach, which provided easier access to pelvic lymph nodes to assist in staging the extent of disease, and was easier for surgeons to learn. This was improved upon by
1166:
survive long after diagnosis, with as many as 99% still alive 10 years from diagnosis. Men whose cancer has metastasized to a nearby part of the body (around 15% of diagnoses) have poorer prognoses, with
1389:
of men who died at various ages have shown cancer in the prostates of over 40% of men over age 50. Incidence rises with age, and nearly 70% of men autopsied at age 80–89 had cancer in their prostates.
1046:
Bone metastases – present in around 85% of those with metastatic prostate cancer – are the primary cause of symptoms and death from metastatic prostate cancer. Those with constant pain are prescribed
336:, unexplained weight loss, and back or bone pain that does not improve with rest. Metastases can damage the bones around them, and around a quarter of those with metastatic prostate cancer develop a
3242:
1066:, which help reduce the size of bone tumors. Similarly, the systemic chemotherapeutics used for metastatic prostate cancer can reduce pain as they shrink tumors. Other bone modifying agents like
4745:
Mundle R, Afenya E, Agarwal N (September 2021). "The
Effectiveness of Psychological Intervention for Depression, Anxiety, and Distress in Prostate Cancer: a Systematic Review of Literature".
5543:
1418:. Variants in other genes involved in DNA damage repair have also been associated with an increased risk of developing prostate cancer – particularly early-onset prostate cancer – including
2953:
482:, who determines the type and extent of cancerous cells present. Cancers are first classified based on their appearance under a microscope. Over 95% of prostate cancers are classified as
894:
C-11 choline, F-18 fluciclovine, and F-18 or Ga-68 attached to a PSMA-targeting drug, each of which is able to detect small metastases more sensitively than alternative imaging methods.
886:. Both for cancer progression outcomes and surgical side effects, the skill and experience of the individual surgeon doing the procedure are among the greatest determinants of success.
358:
Most cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed through screening tests, when tumors are too small to cause any symptoms. This is done through blood tests to measure levels of the protein
5837:
1226:
Most prostate tumors begin in the peripheral zone – the outermost part of the prostate. As cells begin to grow out of control, they form a small clump of disregulated cells called a
5573:
459:(MRI) to evaluate the prostate for potential tumors in men with high PSA levels. MRI results can help distinguish those who have potentially dangerous tumors from those who do not.
1714:
in November. However, an analysis of internet searches suggests neither event changes the level of prostate cancer interest or discussion much, in contrast to the more established
524:(right) showing prostate cancer metastases in the bone (red arrows). The dye used for PSMA scans is also absorbed by the kidneys, liver, and spleen (large dark objects at right).
4082:
Bertoncelli Tanaka M, Sahota K, Burn J, Falconer A, Winkler M, Ahmed HU, et al. (January 2022). "Prostate Cancer in Transgender Women: What Does a Urologist Need to Know?".
1152:, sometimes caused by anxiety. In their last few days, affected men's breathing may become shallow and slow, with long pauses between breaths. Breathing may be accompanied by a
1174:
levels are more likely to die from their cancers. Castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer is incurable, and kills a majority of those whose disease reaches this stage.
474:, MRI, or a combination of the two. Ten to twelve samples are taken from several regions of the prostate to improve the chances of finding any tumors. Biopsies are sent for a
1689:
Systemic chemotherapy for prostate cancer has been studied since the 1950s but clinical trials failed to show benefits in most people who receive the drugs. In 1996, the US
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were placed directly into the prostate. This was improved upon by Henrik H. Holm in 1983 by using transrectal ultrasound to guide the implantation of radioactive material.
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Some CRPC treatments are used only in men whose tumors have certain characteristics that make the therapy more likely to be effective. Men whose tumors express the protein
3289:
737:
5274:
4940:
Stephenson AJ, Abouassaly R, Klein EA (2021). "Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention of Prostate Cancer". In Partin AW, Dmochowski RR, Kavoussi LR, Peters CA (eds.).
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1321:). These androgen receptor disruptions are only found in up to 6% of biopsies of castrate-sensitive metastatic disease. Similarly, deletions of the tumor suppressor
4449:"Animal Models of Human Prostate Cancer: the Consensus Report of the New York Meeting of the Mouse Models of Human Cancers Consortium Prostate Pathology Committee"
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1288:
Metastatic prostate cancer tends to have more genetic mutations than localized disease. Many of these mutations are in genes that protect from DNA damage, such as
5536:
5448:
5443:
1485:
synthesis and signaling. Together, known gene variants are estimated to cause around 25% of prostate cancer cases, including 40% of early-onset prostate cancers.
882:. Erectile dysfunction is more likely in those who are older or had previous erectile issues. Incontinence is more common in those who are older and have shorter
1148:. Most people sleep for long periods, and some feel drowsy when awake. Restlessness is also common, sometimes caused by physical discomfort from constipation or
1620:
For much of the 20th century, the primary therapy for prostate cancer was surgery to remove the prostate. Perineal prostatectomy was first performed in 1904 by
4921:
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rates of 60–80%. Those with metastases in distant body sites (around 5% of diagnoses) have relatively poor prognoses, with five-year survival rates of 30–40%.
4589:
Mai CW, Chin KY, Foong LC, Pang KL, Yu B, Shu Y, et al. (September 2022). "Modeling Prostate Cancer: What Does it Take to Build an Ideal Tumor Model?".
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ancestry at particularly high risk – having prostate cancer at higher rates, and having more-aggressive prostate cancers that develop at earlier ages. Large
475:
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to feel the nearby prostate. Tumors feel like stiff, irregularly shaped lumps against the rest of the prostate. Hardening of the prostate can also be due to
3757:"Studies on Prostate Cancer: 1. The Effects of Castration, of Estrogen and Androgen Injection on Serum Phosphatases in Metastatic Carcinoma of the Prostate"
3594:
Adams J (1853). "The Case of Scirrhous of the Prostate Gland with Corresponding Affliction of the Lymphatic Glands in the Lumbar Region and in the Pelvis".
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1520:
Regular vigorous exercise may reduce one's chance of developing advanced prostate cancer, as can several dietary interventions. Those with a diet rich in
532:
based on how much the tumor tissue differs from normal prostate tissue; the more different the tumor appears, the faster the tumor is likely to grow. The
1497:. High levels of blood cholesterol are also associated with increased prostate cancer risk; consequently, those who take the cholesterol-lowering drugs,
5529:
4490:
Liu JL, Patel HD, Haney NM, Epstein JI, Partin AW (April 2021). "Advances in the Selection of Patients with Prostate Cancer for Active Surveillance".
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are harbored by 12–17% of castrate-sensitive tumors, but over 40% of castrate-resistant tumors. Less commonly, tumors have aberrant activation of the
1050:. However, people with bone metastases can experience "breakthrough pain", sudden bursts of severe pain that resolve within around 15 minutes, before
940:
1802:
The original 1966 Gleason grading system allowed pathologist scores of 1 to 5, resulting in Gleason scores of 2 to 10; however, a 2005 update by the
959:
resistance to treatments, necessitating several lines of therapy, each used in sequence to extend survival. The standard of care is the chemotherapy
5744:
1078:
Those with advanced prostate cancer suffer fatigue, lethargy, and a generalized weakness. This is caused in part by gastrointestinal problems, with
1406:
have identified over 100 gene variants associated with increased prostate cancer risk. The greatest risk increase is associated with variations in
3676:
Walsh PC, Lepor H, Eggleston JC (1983). "Radical Prostatectomy with Preservation of Sexual Function: Anatomical and Pathological Considerations".
3513:
3511:
1629:
1628:. Young's method became the widespread standard, initially done primarily to relieve symptoms of urinary blockage. In 1931 a new surgical method,
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918:(male sex hormones) that prostate cells require to grow. Various drugs are used to lower androgen levels by blocking the synthesis or action of
5670:
5593:
1007:
923:
801:
455:; around 20–25% of those with abnormal findings on their rectal exams have prostate cancer. Several urological societies' guidelines recommend
223:
143:
52:
1641:'s 1983 description of a retropubic prostatectomy approach that avoided damage to the nerves near the prostate, preserving erectile function.
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4949:
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to shrink nearby tumors. More dispersed bone pain can be treated with radioactive compounds that disproportionately accumulate in bone, like
1806:
largely eliminated the pathologist scores 1 and 2. In common practice, tumors are now scored 3 to 5, resulting in Gleason scores of 6 to 10.
902:
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and so are regularly tested for a worsening of their disease. Those at higher risk may receive treatment to eliminate the tumor – typically
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5267:
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1762:– clusters of prostate cells that can be grown from human prostate tumors or stem cells. Modeling tumor growth and metastasis requires a
5455:
5167:
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Scher HI, Eastham JA (2022). "87: Benign and Malignant Diseases of the Prostate". In Loscalzo J, Fauci A, Kasper D, et al. (eds.).
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Prostate cancer is the second-most frequently diagnosed cancer in men, and the second-most frequent cause of cancer death in men (after
1227:
1047:
866:
Radical prostatectomy aims to surgically remove the cancerous part of the prostate, along with the seminal vesicles, and the end of the
753:
to reduce the total incidence of prostate cancer; however, it is unclear as of 2022 whether they reduce any cases of dangerous disease.
4558:"Seminar: Revisiting the Value of PSA-Based Prostate Cancer Screening Essay No 5: Should Men Undergo MRI Before Prostate Biopsy? (Pro)"
3547:"Cases of Fungus Hæmatodes, with Observations, by George Langstaff, Esq. and an Appendix, Containing two Cases of Analogous Affections"
1766:, typically a mouse. Researchers can either surgically implant human prostate tumors into immunocompromised mice (a technique called a
5727:
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906:
Bone scintigraphy scan of a man with metastatic prostate cancer. Dark spots indicate metastases along the pelvis, ribs, and shoulder.
591:
553:
207:(PSA) levels. Those with high levels of PSA in their blood are at increased risk for developing prostate cancer. Diagnosis requires a
2191:
1540:(found in tomatoes) are at a reduced risk of symptomatic prostate cancer. Conversely, those who consume high levels of dietary fats,
5754:
5687:
5682:
5623:
5618:
1815:
Cancer incidence often plateaus or falls in the oldest age groups due to reduced diagnosis in people who are already in poor health.
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are given instead, and can also rapidly reduce testosterone levels. Reducing testosterone can cause various side effects, including
1803:
1265:
sequences being rearranged or copied repeatedly. Some genomic alterations are particularly common in early prostate cancer, namely
578:
1230:(PIN). Some PINs continue to grow, forming layers of tissue that stop expressing genes common to their original tissue location –
1836:
1834:
1832:
1576:
1541:
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Men diagnosed with low-risk cases of prostate cancer often defer treatment and are monitored regularly for cancer progression by
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3157:
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2315:
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1403:
226:, monitoring the tumor with regular tests to ensure it has not grown. Tumors more likely to be dangerous can be destroyed with
5318:
4628:"Prostate Cancer Risk in Men of Differing Genetic Ancestry and Approaches to Disease Screening and Management in these Groups"
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2080:
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3792:"Tumor Growth Inhibition in Patients with Prostatic Carcinoma Treated with Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Agonists"
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As those severely ill with metastatic prostate cancer approach the end of their lives, most experience confusion and may
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4863:
Pilié P, Viscuse P, Logothetis CJ, Corn PG (2022). "45: Prostate Cancer". In Kantarjian HM, Wolff RA, Rieber AG (eds.).
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No drug or vaccine is approved by regulatory agencies for the prevention of prostate cancer. Several studies have shown
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375:
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133:
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Research into prostate cancer relies on a number of laboratory models to test aspects of the disease. Several prostate
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compared to those without cancer. When added to normal prostate cancer treatments, psychological interventions such as
203:. Abnormal growth of prostate tissue is usually detected through screening tests, typically blood tests that check for
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4671:"Global Funding for Cancer Research Between 2016 and 2020: a Content Analysis of Public and Philanthropic Investments"
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Men suspected of having prostate cancer may undergo several tests to assess the prostate. One common procedure is the
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to nearby lymph nodes and bones, particularly in the pelvis, hips, spine, ribs, head, and neck. There they can cause
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Coleman RE, Croucher PI, Padhani AR, Clézardin P, Chow E, Fallon M, et al. (October 2020). "Bone Metastases".
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Costello AJ (March 2020). "Considering the Role of Radical Prostatectomy in 21st Century Prostate Cancer Care".
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Rebello RJ, Oing C, Knudsen KE, Loeb S, Johnson DC, Reiter RE, et al. (February 2021). "Prostate cancer".
1580:
1296:(1% of localized tumors, more than 5% of metastatic ones). Similarly mutations in the DNA repair-related genes
196:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
4201:
2444:
1206:. In advanced tumors, cells can develop the ability to detach from their original tissue site, and evade the
5786:
5749:
5722:
5712:
1378:
573:
491:
424:
341:
294:
278:
The risk of developing prostate cancer increases with age; the average age of diagnosis is 67. Those with a
272:
171:
4527:
Lytton B (June 2001). "Prostate cancer: a brief history and the discovery of hormonal ablation treatment".
1942:
1940:
598:, with scores assigned for the extent of the tumor (T), spread to any lymph nodes (N), and the presence of
5791:
5598:
5578:
5568:
5392:
3992:
Achard V, Putora PM, Omlin A, Zilli T, Fischer S (2022). "Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Treatment Options".
3243:"Understanding Your Pathology Report: Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PIN) and Intraductal Carcinoma"
1735:
1625:
1612:, following the autopsy of a man who had died at age 68 with lower-body pain and urinary issues. In 1853,
1374:
871:
533:
435:
128:
1959:
1102:. Organ damage and metastases in the lymph nodes can lead to uncomfortable accumulation of fluid (called
1094:, or treatments that focus on underlying gastrointestinal issues. General weakness can also be caused by
5771:
1670:
1572:
1521:
1399:
1326:
1304:
are rare in localized disease but found in at least 7% and 5% of metastatic disease cases respectively.
815:; these have similar rates of cancer control, but different side effects. Radiation can be delivered by
231:
4263:
Dall'Era MA (2023). "39-17: Prostate Cancer". In Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW, McQuaid KR (eds.).
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
1493:
Men who are taller are at a slightly increased risk for developing prostate cancer, as are men who are
1242:– and instead begin expressing genes typical of cells in the innermost lining of the pancreatic duct –
1609:
1257:
Some PINs can eventually grow into tumors. This is commonly accompanied by large-scale changes to the
796:
Setup for radiation therapy. The person lies flat while a radiation beam is focused on the tumor site.
5460:
3859:
3857:
3803:
1654:
1632:, became available, replacing perineal prostatectomy for symptomatic relief of obstruction. In 1945,
1514:
984:
879:
832:
467:
310:
3333:
3331:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
2337:
2335:
2333:
1592:, as the length and rigidity of the new vagina can obstruct access to the prostate from the rectum.
1157:
and lips. The person becomes less and less responsive, and eventually the heart and breathing stop.
5387:
5362:
5323:
5156:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2767:
2765:
2763:
1771:
1153:
980:
840:
549:
870:(the duct that delivers sperm from the testes). In wealthier countries, this is typically done by
792:
5500:
5328:
4990:
4907:
4808:
4770:
4626:
McHugh J, Saunders EJ, Dadaev T, McGrowder E, Bancroft E, Kote-Jarai Z, et al. (June 2022).
4614:
4515:
4251:
4214:
4070:
4017:
3701:
1683:
1678:
treating prostate cancer, but that those on estrogen therapy were at increased risk of suffering
1666:
1466:
1167:
852:
595:
466:
of the prostate. Prostate biopsies are typically taken by a needle passing through the rectum or
444:
419:
84:
5495:
4029:
Bergengren O, Pekala KR, Matsoukas K, Fainberg J, Mungovan SF, Bratt O, et al. (May 2023).
1600:
590:
to determine the extent of its growth and spread. Prostate cancer is typically staged using the
2246:, "MRI as a test for clinically referred men with a raised PSA or abnormal digital rectal exam.
2038:
5299:
5289:
5218:
5189:
5131:
5085:
5068:
5033:
4982:
4945:
4926:
4899:
4868:
4851:
4800:
4762:
4733:
4690:
4657:
4606:
4577:
4544:
4507:
4478:
4426:
4391:
4356:
4313:
4268:
4243:
4206:
4167:
4124:
4099:
4062:
4009:
3831:
3693:
3576:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2295:
2293:
1568:
1470:
1309:
1149:
1114:
1099:
1087:
1011:
816:
808:
773:
561:
507:
362:(PSA), which are elevated in those with enlarged prostates, whether due to prostate cancer or
227:
151:
112:
89:
Typically none. Sometimes trouble urinating, erectile dysfunction, or pain in the back/pelvis.
68:
1190:
of cells in the prostate. These mutations affect genes involved in cell growth, replication,
1132:
or have trouble recognizing loved ones. Confusion is caused by various conditions, including
1075:
as surgery and radiotherapy to shrink spinal tumors and relieve pressure on the spinal cord.
5521:
5058:
5023:
5015:
4972:
4891:
4841:
4833:
4792:
4754:
4723:
4715:
4682:
4647:
4639:
4598:
4569:
4536:
4499:
4468:
4460:
4447:
Ittmann M, Huang J, Radaelli E, Martin P, Signoretti S, Sullivan R, et al. (May 2013).
4416:
4381:
4346:
4338:
4303:
4295:
4235:
4196:
4188:
4157:
4149:
4091:
4052:
4042:
4001:
3821:
3811:
3685:
3603:
3566:
3558:
2985:
2983:
2933:
2931:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2287:, "Historical background", "2005 and 2014 ISUP grading conferences", and "Gleason patterns".
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1779:
1644:
Radiation therapy for prostate cancer was used occasionally in the early 20th century, with
1638:
1346:
1342:
1211:
1199:
1183:
1079:
529:
4112:
3719:
3717:
3715:
1706:
Prostate cancer screening and awareness have been widely promoted since the early 2000s by
5407:
5379:
5349:
5340:
2400:
2398:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
1775:
1613:
1118:
1067:
891:
823:) to be delivered to the prostate with relatively little radiation to other organs, or by
777:
603:
499:
208:
5252:
4057:
3807:
1698:
in 2015, docetaxel use was extended to those with castration-sensitive prostate cancer.
5438:
5397:
5028:
5003:
4846:
4821:
4728:
4703:
4652:
4627:
4473:
4448:
4351:
4326:
4308:
4283:
4162:
4137:
3790:
Tolis G, Ackman D, Stellos A, Mehta A, Labrie F, Fazekas AT, et al. (March 1982).
3640:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3571:
3546:
1763:
1633:
1247:
1239:
1133:
848:
828:
587:
483:
309:
Early prostate cancer usually causes no symptoms. As the cancer advances, it may cause
298:
222:
Most prostate tumors remain small and cause no health problems. These are managed with
216:
5019:
4977:
4960:
4686:
4669:
McIntosh SA, Alam F, Adams L, Boon IS, Callaghan J, Conti I, et al. (June 2023).
4540:
3826:
3607:
2918:
2916:
2914:
1758:, and MDA-PCa-2a and −2b. Research requiring more complex models of the prostate uses
1361:
513:
282:
of any cancer are more likely to have prostate cancer, particularly those who inherit
5821:
5483:
5475:
4994:
4911:
4812:
4774:
4618:
4519:
4255:
4218:
4074:
4021:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1621:
1243:
1235:
1207:
1019:
1010:, which binds to and destroys PSMA-positive cells. Those whose tumors have defective
824:
812:
769:
495:
337:
283:
212:
147:
121:
5229:
5161:
3768:
3705:
3036:
3034:
560:
may also be used, but are less able to detect spread outside the prostate than MRI.
5553:
4959:
Sandhu S, Moore CM, Chiong E, Beltran H, Bristow RG, Williams SG (September 2021).
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
1694:
1589:
1525:
1482:
1083:
988:
976:
968:
964:
919:
867:
781:
395:
243:
159:
5240:
4796:
4573:
4557:
4464:
4031:"2022 Update on Prostate Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Factors-A Systematic Review"
5183:
4602:
4047:
4030:
1398:
history. Increased risk also runs in some ethnic groups, with men of African and
5692:
5213:
4837:
2268:
2266:
2264:
1575:
people who have prostates can develop prostate cancer. Those who have undergone
1370:
1322:
1266:
1141:
1129:
996:
972:
935:
875:
836:
820:
383:
379:
329:
251:
102:
5194:
4895:
4758:
4643:
4503:
4421:
4404:
4192:
4153:
3796:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3562:
17:
5235:
4719:
4239:
1679:
1658:
1415:
1330:
1301:
1274:
1262:
1215:
1195:
1191:
1103:
1091:
1059:
927:
599:
411:
371:
259:
4342:
1665:
tumors from prostates enlarged due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. In 1941,
5224:
5146:
3689:
1584:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1529:
1510:
1502:
1386:
1071:
1051:
1035:
1031:
960:
952:
948:
944:
931:
541:
521:
479:
267:
263:
247:
166:
5072:
5037:
4986:
4903:
4855:
4804:
4766:
4737:
4694:
4661:
4610:
4581:
4548:
4511:
4482:
4430:
4395:
4386:
4369:
4360:
4317:
4247:
4210:
4171:
4128:
4103:
4066:
4013:
3816:
3791:
3580:
2870:"FDA Approves Pluvicto for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer"
2355:"Prostate Cancer: Diagnosis and Management. NICE Guideline [NG131]"
3835:
3697:
1292:(mutated in 8% of localized tumors, more than 27% of metastatic ones) and
219:
1 to 4. A higher stage signifies a more advanced, more dangerous disease.
5412:
5402:
5357:
5285:
5063:
5046:
3886:
3884:
1783:
1759:
1711:
1674:
1545:
1537:
1506:
1455:
1086:
all common. These are typically treated with appetite-increasing drugs –
1027:
915:
844:
367:
239:
188:
184:
117:
73:
1649:
1270:
1203:
1110:
922:, the primary androgen. The first line of treatment typically involves
883:
557:
517:
407:
333:
235:
200:
77:
61:
5114:
4370:"Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer: Prostate-Specific Antigen and Beyond"
4095:
4005:
2381:"Prostate Cancer Risk Groups and the Cambridge Prognostic Group (CPG)"
5141:
5126:
1751:
1645:
1498:
1474:
1447:
1414:(three-fold increased risk), both of which are involved in repairing
1411:
1334:
1314:
1258:
1145:
1137:
1109:
People with prostate cancer are around twice as likely to experience
1095:
992:
463:
448:
3517:
3502:
3490:
4299:
1608:
A prostate mass was first described in 1817 by the English surgeon
266:, leg weakness or paralysis, and eventually death. Prostate cancer
5080:
Valier H (2016). "The Problematic Prehistory of Prostate Cancer".
4405:"Prostate Cancer Grading: a Decade After the 2005 Modified System"
2847:, "Management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer".
1747:
1739:
1599:
1494:
1478:
1451:
1443:
1419:
1407:
1360:
1318:
1297:
1282:
1251:
901:
857:
791:
577:
512:
487:
434:
318:
314:
288:
234:. Those whose cancer spreads beyond the prostate are treated with
192:
3310:
2667:"Following PSA Levels During and After Prostate Cancer Treatment"
2467:"Following PSA Levels During and After Prostate Cancer Treatment"
2041:. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 25 August 2022
914:(also called "chemical castration"), drugs that reduce levels of
386:, and some urological procedures can increase PSA levels; taking
211:
of the prostate. If cancer is present, the pathologist assigns a
5172:
1755:
1743:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1350:
1278:
1231:
403:
399:
255:
5525:
5256:
2905:
2890:
2445:"Initial Treatment of Prostate Cancer, by Stage and Risk Group"
1980:
1946:
2181:, "Box 1: Screening for prostate cancer in different regions".
1533:
1458:
1293:
1289:
1187:
3403:
1583:
have reduced risk of developing prostate cancer, relative to
1774:. These genetically engineered mouse models typically use a
1365:
Prostate cancer incidence by age group, United States, 2016
3528:
3526:
1125:
can help reduce anxiety, depression, and general distress.
910:
For those with metastatic disease, the standard of care is
3974:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3120:
1588:
prostate are often impossible in women who have undergone
1250:. These multilayered PINs also often overexpress the gene
1054:
can take effect. Single sites of pain can be treated with
344:
causing weakness in the legs and feet, or limb paralysis.
4820:
Pernar CH, Ebot EM, Wilson KM, Mucci LA (December 2018).
3439:
3337:
2116:, "4. For men with elevated PSA (≥3 ng/mL), repeat PSA.".
447:, in which a doctor inserts a lubricated finger into the
3657:
Young HH (1905). "Four Cases of Radical Prostatectomy".
3418:, "Risk factors for advanced and fatal prostate cancer".
3226:
2489:"Observation or Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer"
2359:
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)
1673:
published two studies using surgical castration or oral
1281:(up to 15% of tumors), and mutations that hyperactivate
1254:, which is associated with prostate cancer progression.
556:
is used to detect metastases distant from the prostate.
3890:
3520:, "Screening for prostate cancer in transgender women".
3505:, "Interpretation of PSA in transgender women on GAHT".
1277:(up to 60% of prostate tumors), mutations that disable
3370:
3276:
3185:
3144:
3132:
3108:
3090:. American Society of Clinical Oncology. November 2022
2832:
2783:
2732:
2705:
2690:
2533:
2416:
2219:
2178:
2025:
1931:
1919:
1863:
1843:, "Figure 3: Prostate cancer stages and progression.".
1840:
254:(spread) to other areas of the body, particularly the
3914:
3902:
3478:
3463:
3451:
3427:
3415:
3322:
2065:, "3. Tailor screening frequency based on PSA-level".
1934:, "Figure 3: Prostate cancer stages and progression".
1657:
pioneered an open surgery technique where needles of
819:(IMRT), which allows for high doses (greater than 80
462:
A definitive diagnosis of prostate cancer requires a
5104:
4702:
Merriel SW, Funston G, Hamilton W (September 2018).
2954:"What is Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression (MSCC)?"
2872:. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. 23 March 2022
2835:, "Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer".
2521:
2509:
1144:, and as a side effect of various drugs, especially
478:, wherein they are examined under a microscope by a
5561:
5474:
5429:
5378:
5348:
5339:
5307:
5298:
5204:
5108:
3863:
3025:
3016:, "Estimates of anxiety, depression, and distress".
3013:
1524:(certain leafy greens, broccoli, and cauliflower),
979:, as well as the testosterone production inhibitor
582:Diagram showing T1 to T3 stages of prostate cancer
165:
139:
127:
111:
101:
93:
83:
67:
42:
37:
5047:"Prostate Cancer: Palliative Care and Pain Relief"
3965:, "2.3 Genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM)".
3875:
2856:
2844:
2243:
540:The extent of cancer spread is assessed by MRI or
4438:Hessen MT, ed. (August 2022). "Prostate Cancer".
4202:20.500.11820/6bac9e59-0afa-4b4a-bebf-4e747b889917
3040:
3001:
2989:
2974:
2937:
2735:, "Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer".
1992:
1182:Prostate cancer is caused by the accumulation of
780:. Those with metastatic disease are treated with
738:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
3962:
3950:
3938:
3926:
2708:, "Biocehmical recurrence and residual disease".
2693:, "Biochemical recurrence and residual disease".
2603:
1454:. Additionally, variants in the genome near the
967:drugs, namely the androgen receptor antagonists
398:(also measured by 4K score), or urine levels of
5002:Teo MY, Rathkopf DE, Kantoff P (January 2019).
4556:Maffei D, Giganti F, Moore CM (February 2023).
2113:
2062:
564:is used to test for spread of cancer to bones.
5838:Neoplastic and hyperplastic prostate disorders
5444:High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
4265:Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2023
4113:"Localized Prostate Cancer: Treatment Options"
3848:
3742:
3723:
3644:
2720:, "Rising PSA after definitive local therapy".
5537:
5268:
4944:(12 ed.). Elsevier. pp. 3457–3477.
3063:"Dying from Prostate Cancer – What to Expect"
2192:"Tests to Diagnose and Stage Prostate Cancer"
2075:
2073:
2071:
1804:International Society of Urological Pathology
325:(non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate).
8:
3391:
3349:
2922:
2820:
2795:
2771:
2717:
2653:
2615:
2569:
2557:
2545:
2428:
2404:
2341:
2299:
2272:
2255:
2231:
2101:
2004:
1880:
476:histopathologic diagnosis of prostate cancer
4325:Desai K, McManus JM, Sharifi N (May 2021).
3481:, "Calcium, dairy products, and vitamin D".
3325:, "Risk factors for total prostate cancer".
3237:
3235:
2585:. American Cancer Society. 13 February 2023
2491:. American Cancer Society. 22 November 2023
2439:
2437:
2310:
2308:
2194:. American Cancer Society. 21 February 2023
1893:
1891:
1889:
1750:, as well as more recent cell lines 22Rv1,
1461:are associated with increased risk. As are
5544:
5530:
5522:
5345:
5304:
5275:
5261:
5253:
5105:
4922:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
4865:The MD Anderson Manual of Medical Oncology
1770:), or induce prostate tumors in mice with
1738:are widely used, namely the classic lines
862:A surgeon performs robot-assisted surgery.
612:
51:
34:
5062:
5027:
4976:
4845:
4727:
4651:
4472:
4420:
4385:
4350:
4307:
4200:
4161:
4136:Carlsson SV, Vickers AJ (November 2020).
4111:Brawley S, Mohan R, Nein CD (June 2018).
4056:
4046:
3929:, "2.1 Human prostate cancer cell lines".
3825:
3815:
3570:
2548:, "Clinically localized prostate cancer".
2318:. American Cancer Society. 8 October 2021
2083:. American Cancer Society. 4 January 2021
1410:(up to an eight-fold increased risk) and
1337:(4% of tumors); or dysregulation of the
402:molecules common to prostate tumors like
5574:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
4284:"A history of prostate cancer treatment"
3160:. American Cancer Society. 1 August 2019
2748:. American Cancer Society. 9 August 2022
2669:. American Cancer Society. 1 August 2019
2632:
2469:. American Cancer Society. 1 August 2019
2447:. American Cancer Society. 9 August 2022
2039:"What Is Screening for Prostate Cancer?"
1901:. American Cancer Society. 1 August 2019
1469:common in African-Americans, and in the
807:Those who elect to have therapy receive
5004:"Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer"
3440:Stephenson, Abouassaly & Klein 2021
3338:Stephenson, Abouassaly & Klein 2021
3082:
3080:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
2948:
2946:
2583:"Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer"
2284:
1828:
1795:
1630:transurethral resection of the prostate
366:. The typical man's blood has around 1
4327:"Hormonal Therapy for Prostate Cancer"
3625:
3532:
3290:"Prostate Cancer Incidence Statistics"
843:– damage to the rectum that can cause
174:range from 30–99%, depending on stage.
60:Diagram of prostate tumor pressing on
5045:Thompson JC, Wood J, Feuer D (2007).
4822:"The Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer"
2798:, "Outcomes of androgen deprivation".
2746:"Hormone Therapy for Prostate Cancer"
2512:, "Reclassification and progression".
2161:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2081:"Screening Tests for Prostate Cancer"
1210:. These cells can spread through the
817:intensity-modulated radiation therapy
7:
2560:, "External beam radiation therapy".
2007:, "Metastatic disease: noncastrate".
1920:Merriel, Funston & Hamilton 2018
1899:"Prostate Cancer Signs and Symptoms"
1048:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
1006:may receive the radiopharmaceutical
772:(surgery to remove the prostate) or
238:therapy which reduces levels of the
5671:Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease
5456:List of people with prostate cancer
5084:. Springer Nature. pp. 15–42.
4282:Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT (May 2002).
3229:, "The biology of prostate cancer".
1962:. Cancer Research UK. 15 March 2022
1693:approved the systemic chemotherapy
1228:prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
3199:"Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer"
2893:, "Prevalence of bone metastases".
2344:, "Table 87-1 TNM classification".
2028:, "Screening and early detection".
592:American Joint Committee on Cancer
554:prostate-specific membrane antigen
25:
5020:10.1146/annurev-med-051517-011947
4704:"Prostate Cancer in Primary Care"
3864:Desai, McManus & Sharifi 2021
3292:. Cancer Research UK. 15 May 2015
3201:. Cancer Research UK. 31 May 2022
3026:Mundle, Afenya & Agarwal 2021
3014:Mundle, Afenya & Agarwal 2021
2823:, "Metastatic disease: castrate".
2774:, "Testosterone-lowering agents".
2383:. Cancer Research UK. 24 May 2022
439:Diagram of a digital rectal exam
3876:Teo, Rathkopf & Kantoff 2019
2857:Teo, Rathkopf & Kantoff 2019
2845:Teo, Rathkopf & Kantoff 2019
2635:, "The rise of robotic surgery".
2244:Maffei, Giganti & Moore 2023
2140:, "Prostate Health Index (PHI)".
1786:specifically in prostate cells.
1577:gender-affirming hormone therapy
1542:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
1014:benefit from treatment with the
552:that binds the prostate protein
548:(PET) imaging technique where a
4138:"Screening for Prostate Cancer"
3442:, "Inflammation and infection".
3065:. Prostate Cancer UK. July 2018
3041:Thompson, Wood & Feuer 2007
3002:Thompson, Wood & Feuer 2007
2990:Thompson, Wood & Feuer 2007
2975:Thompson, Wood & Feuer 2007
2956:. Prostate Cancer UK. June 2022
2938:Thompson, Wood & Feuer 2007
1708:Prostate Cancer Awareness Month
1463:single-nucleotide polymorphisms
1404:genome-wide association studies
1056:external beam radiation therapy
614:AJCC stage for prostate cancer
490:tissue), with the rest largely
107:Older age, family history, race
3755:Huggins CB, Hodges CV (1941).
3745:, "Androgen-ablation therapy".
3518:Bertoncelli Tanaka et al. 2022
3503:Bertoncelli Tanaka et al. 2022
3491:Bertoncelli Tanaka et al. 2022
3158:"What Causes Prostate Cancer?"
2977:, "Gastrointestinal symptoms".
2604:Brawley, Mohan & Nein 2018
2104:, "Prostate-specific antigen".
586:After diagnosis, the tumor is
340:. Growing metastases can also
27:Male reproductive organ cancer
1:
4978:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00950-8
4826:Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med
4797:10.1016/j.urology.2019.11.062
4747:Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis
4687:10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00182-1
4574:10.1016/j.urolonc.2022.04.016
4541:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)66228-3
4465:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-4213
3608:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)68759-8
3088:"Care Through the Final Days"
1960:"Symptoms of Prostate Cancer"
1729:disability-adjusted life year
1716:Breast Cancer Awareness Month
763:Management of prostate cancer
328:Advanced prostate tumors can
262:. There, tumors cause severe
5489:Extramammary Paget's disease
5082:A History of Prostate Cancer
4925:(21 ed.). McGraw Hill.
4603:10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215794
4267:(62 ed.). McGraw Hill.
4048:10.1016/j.eururo.2023.04.021
2908:, "Analgesics used in CIBP".
2302:, "Prostate cancer staging".
1691:Food and Drug Administration
1513:, or infection with various
1349:mutations (6% of tumors) or
1123:cognitive behavioral therapy
912:androgen deprivation therapy
546:positron emission tomography
453:benign prostatic hyperplasia
376:Benign prostatic hyperplasia
364:benign prostatic hyperplasia
323:benign prostatic hyperplasia
185:uncontrolled growth of cells
134:Benign prostatic hyperplasia
5466:Transitional-cell carcinoma
5368:Germ cell neoplasia in situ
4867:(4 ed.). McGraw Hill.
4838:10.1101/cshperspect.a030361
4403:Epstein JI (January 2018).
3866:, "Evolution of treatment".
3851:, "Cytotoxic chemotherapy".
3373:, "Genetic predisposition".
3352:, "General considerations".
3111:, "Prognosis and survival".
2114:Carlsson & Vickers 2020
2063:Carlsson & Vickers 2020
1082:, weight loss, nausea, and
1016:immune checkpoint inhibitor
504:transitional cell carcinoma
472:transrectal ultrasonography
5859:
5319:Sertoli–Leydig cell tumour
4942:Cambell-Walsh-Wein Urology
4896:10.1038/s41572-020-00243-0
4759:10.1038/s41391-021-00342-3
4644:10.1038/s41416-021-01669-3
4504:10.1038/s41585-021-00432-w
4442:. Point of Care. Elsevier.
4422:10.1038/modpathol.2017.133
4368:Duffy MJ (February 2020).
4193:10.1038/s41572-020-00216-3
4154:10.1016/j.mcna.2020.08.007
3849:Denmeade & Isaacs 2002
3743:Denmeade & Isaacs 2002
3724:Denmeade & Isaacs 2002
3645:Denmeade & Isaacs 2002
3563:10.1177/095952871700800114
2656:, "Radical prostatectomy".
2618:, "Radical prostatectomy".
1995:, "Clinical presentation".
1329:via disruption of members
760:
594:'s (AJCC) three-component
571:
457:magnetic resonance imaging
445:digital rectal examination
351:
284:cancer-associated variants
5511:Hirsuties coronae glandis
4720:10.1007/s12325-018-0766-1
4240:10.1038/s41585-020-0287-y
4117:American Family Physician
3245:. American Cancer Society
2316:"Prostate Cancer Staging"
2234:, "Physical examination".
1768:patient derived xenograft
721:
718:
696:
682:
655:
649:
390:can decrease PSA levels.
360:prostate-specific antigen
354:Prostate cancer screening
230:or surgically removed by
205:prostate-specific antigen
59:
50:
5745:Motor vehicle collisions
5506:Erythroplasia of Queyrat
3767:(4): 293. Archived from
3392:Scher & Eastham 2022
3188:, "Disease progression".
2923:Scher & Eastham 2022
2859:, "Abiraterone acetate".
2821:Scher & Eastham 2022
2796:Scher & Eastham 2022
2772:Scher & Eastham 2022
2718:Scher & Eastham 2022
2654:Scher & Eastham 2022
2570:Scher & Eastham 2022
2558:Scher & Eastham 2022
2546:Scher & Eastham 2022
2431:, "Active surveillance".
2429:Scher & Eastham 2022
2407:, "No cancer diagnosis".
2405:Scher & Eastham 2022
2342:Scher & Eastham 2022
2300:Scher & Eastham 2022
2273:Scher & Eastham 2022
2256:Scher & Eastham 2022
2232:Scher & Eastham 2022
2102:Scher & Eastham 2022
2005:Scher & Eastham 2022
1881:Scher & Eastham 2022
1581:gender-affirming surgery
983:. An alternative is the
528:Next, tumor samples are
342:compress the spinal cord
273:five-year survival rates
197:male reproductive system
172:Five-year survival rates
3690:10.1002/pros.2990040506
3279:, "Metastatic disease".
1949:, "Prevalence of SREs".
1922:, "Symptoms and signs".
1736:immortalized cell lines
1379:human development index
751:5α-reductase inhibitors
574:Prostate cancer staging
492:squamous-cell carcinoma
425:Human Development Index
388:5α-reductase inhibitors
5833:Male genital neoplasia
5594:Cardiovascular disease
5393:Endodermal sinus tumor
4529:The Journal of Urology
4387:10.1515/cclm-2019-0693
4343:10.1210/endrev/bnab002
4288:Nature Reviews. Cancer
3817:10.1073/pnas.79.5.1658
3726:, "Radiation therapy".
3311:Bergengren et al. 2023
2606:, "Radiation therapy".
2536:, "Localized Disease".
1993:Clinical Overview 2022
1626:Johns Hopkins Hospital
1605:
1522:cruciferous vegetables
1515:human papillomaviruses
1375:gross domestic product
1366:
1285:(up to 5% of tumors).
907:
872:robot-assisted surgery
863:
797:
776:, sometimes alongside
583:
534:Gleason grading system
525:
440:
297:and the 1977 Prize to
129:Differential diagnosis
5772:Risky sexual behavior
5556:of medical conditions
4535:(6 Pt 1): 1859–1862.
3340:, "Age at diagnosis".
3313:, "3.1 Epidemiology".
2992:, "General debility".
2940:, "Cord compression".
2128:, "Percent free PSA".
1682:. Through the 1980s,
1603:
1573:gender non-conforming
1364:
1327:Wnt signaling pathway
1090:or corticosteroids –
905:
861:
795:
581:
516:
438:
232:radical prostatectomy
5762:Periodontal diseases
5461:Small-cell carcinoma
4971:(10305): 1075–1090.
3915:McIntosh et al. 2023
3903:McIntosh et al. 2023
2925:, "Pain management".
2258:, "Prostate biopsy".
1983:, "Prostate cancer".
1883:, "Prostate cancer".
880:urinary incontinence
833:erectile dysfunction
625:Gleason grade group
311:erectile dysfunction
5388:Embryonal carcinoma
5363:Spermatocytic tumor
5324:Sertoli cell tumour
4884:Nat Rev Dis Primers
4181:Nat Rev Dis Primers
3975:Ittmann et al. 2013
3941:, "2.4. Organoids".
3808:1982PNAS...79.1658T
3545:Lawrence W (1817).
3371:Rebello et al. 2021
3277:Rebello et al. 2021
3186:Rebello et al. 2021
3145:Rebello et al. 2021
3133:Rebello et al. 2021
3109:Rebello et al. 2021
2906:Coleman et al. 2020
2891:Coleman et al. 2020
2833:Rebello et al. 2021
2733:Rebello et al. 2021
2706:Rebello et al. 2021
2691:Rebello et al. 2021
2534:Rebello et al. 2021
2417:Rebello et al. 2021
2220:Rebello et al. 2021
2179:Rebello et al. 2021
2026:Rebello et al. 2021
1981:Coleman et al. 2020
1947:Coleman et al. 2020
1932:Rebello et al. 2021
1864:Rebello et al. 2021
1841:Rebello et al. 2021
1772:genetic engineering
1702:Society and culture
1648:implanted into the
1564:Special populations
1026:inhibitors, namely
981:abiraterone acetate
841:radiation proctitis
802:active surveillance
736:The United Kingdom
686:> 20 ng/mL
615:
224:active surveillance
144:Active surveillance
5728:Metabolic syndrome
5501:Bowenoid papulosis
5329:Leydig cell tumour
5205:External resources
5064:10.1093/bmb/ldm018
4440:Clinical Overviews
3953:, "2.2 PDX lines".
3659:Johns Hopkins Bull
3647:, "Prostatectomy".
3479:Pernar et al. 2018
3464:Pernar et al. 2018
3452:Pernar et al. 2018
3428:Pernar et al. 2018
3416:Pernar et al. 2018
3404:McHugh et al. 2022
3323:Pernar et al. 2018
3227:Sandhu et al. 2021
2784:Achard et al. 2022
2572:, "Brachytherapy".
1778:system to disrupt
1684:Andrzej W. Schally
1671:Clarence V. Hodges
1667:Charles B. Huggins
1606:
1489:Body and lifestyle
1467:vitamin D receptor
1367:
1333:(9% of tumors) or
1168:five-year survival
1100:blood transfusions
1064:samarium-153-EDTMP
908:
898:Metastatic disease
864:
853:fecal incontinence
798:
642:<10 ng/mL
613:
584:
526:
508:transitional cells
441:
420:medical guidelines
380:prostate infection
305:Signs and symptoms
299:Andrzej W. Schally
295:Charles B. Huggins
46:Prostate carcinoma
5815:
5814:
5802:Teenage pregnancy
5688:Domestic violence
5683:Diabetes mellitus
5519:
5518:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5290:urogenital system
5250:
5249:
5091:978-1-4039-8803-4
4961:"Prostate cancer"
4951:978-0-323-54642-3
4932:978-1-264-26850-4
4874:978-1-260-46764-2
4638:(10): 1366–1373.
4374:Clin Chem Lab Med
4274:978-1-264-68734-3
4142:Med Clin North Am
4096:10.1111/bju.15521
4006:10.1159/000519861
3977:, "Introduction".
3891:Patel et al. 2020
3535:, pp. 15–18.
3406:, "Introduction".
3394:, "Epidemiology".
3121:Pilié et al. 2022
2786:, "Introduction".
1866:, "Epidemiology".
1780:tumor suppressors
1710:in September and
1569:Transgender women
1471:androgen receptor
1400:African-Caribbean
1310:androgen receptor
1273:and the oncogene
1196:DNA damage repair
1184:genetic mutations
1150:urinary retention
1088:megestrol acetate
1012:DNA damage repair
809:radiation therapy
788:Localized disease
774:radiation therapy
734:
733:
705:T1 or T2, N0, M0
697:10–20 ng/mL
694:T3 or T3, N0, M0
680:T1 or T2, N0, M0
656:10-20 ng/mL
650:T1 or T2, N0, M0
636:T1 or T2, N0, M0
562:Bone scintigraphy
550:radioactive label
228:radiation therapy
178:
177:
152:radiation therapy
113:Diagnostic method
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5850:
5733:Mental disorders
5546:
5539:
5532:
5523:
5346:
5305:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5254:
5106:
5095:
5076:
5066:
5041:
5031:
4998:
4980:
4955:
4936:
4915:
4878:
4859:
4849:
4816:
4778:
4741:
4731:
4714:(9): 1285–1294.
4698:
4665:
4655:
4622:
4585:
4552:
4523:
4486:
4476:
4443:
4434:
4424:
4399:
4389:
4364:
4354:
4321:
4311:
4278:
4259:
4222:
4204:
4175:
4165:
4148:(6): 1051–1062.
4132:
4107:
4078:
4060:
4050:
4025:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3829:
3819:
3802:(5): 1658–1662.
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3727:
3721:
3710:
3709:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3629:
3623:
3612:
3611:
3602:(1547): 393–94.
3591:
3585:
3584:
3574:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3521:
3515:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3493:, "Conclusions".
3488:
3482:
3476:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3374:
3368:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3239:
3230:
3224:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3059:
3044:
3038:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
3004:, "Lymphoedema".
2999:
2993:
2987:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2950:
2941:
2935:
2926:
2920:
2909:
2903:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2694:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2636:
2630:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2441:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2312:
2303:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2077:
2066:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1895:
1884:
1878:
1867:
1861:
1844:
1838:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1800:
1639:Patrick C. Walsh
1610:George Langstaff
1353:(2% of tumors).
1212:lymphatic system
1200:seminal vesicles
1080:loss of appetite
1052:pain medications
941:GnRH antagonists
876:laparoscopically
616:
604:seminal vesicles
370:(ng) of PSA per
55:
35:
21:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5843:Types of cancer
5828:Prostate cancer
5818:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5557:
5550:
5520:
5515:
5496:Bowen's disease
5470:
5417:
5408:Choriocarcinoma
5374:
5335:
5311:gonadal stromal
5310:
5294:
5281:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5241:Prostate cancer
5200:
5199:
5117:
5103:
5098:
5092:
5079:
5044:
5001:
4958:
4952:
4939:
4933:
4918:
4881:
4875:
4862:
4832:(12): a030361.
4819:
4781:
4744:
4701:
4668:
4625:
4588:
4555:
4526:
4489:
4446:
4437:
4402:
4367:
4324:
4281:
4275:
4262:
4225:
4178:
4135:
4123:(12): 798–805.
4110:
4081:
4028:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3963:Mai et al. 2022
3961:
3957:
3951:Mai et al. 2022
3949:
3945:
3939:Mai et al. 2022
3937:
3933:
3927:Mai et al. 2022
3925:
3921:
3913:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3889:
3882:
3874:
3870:
3862:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3774:
3772:
3771:on 30 June 2017
3754:
3753:
3749:
3741:
3730:
3722:
3713:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3643:
3632:
3628:, p. 1859.
3624:
3615:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3524:
3516:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3438:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3390:
3377:
3369:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3336:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3258:
3248:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3214:
3204:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3047:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2936:
2929:
2921:
2912:
2904:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2639:
2631:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2522:Liu et al. 2021
2520:
2516:
2510:Liu et al. 2021
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2419:, "Management".
2415:
2411:
2403:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2069:
2061:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1887:
1879:
1870:
1862:
1847:
1839:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1776:Cre recombinase
1724:
1704:
1655:Willet Whitmore
1614:London Hospital
1604:Charles Huggins
1598:
1566:
1491:
1395:
1359:
1224:
1222:Pathophysiology
1180:
1163:
1119:psychoeducation
1068:zoledronic acid
1044:
1042:Supportive care
900:
790:
778:hormone therapy
765:
759:
747:
576:
570:
500:epithelial cell
484:adenocarcinomas
433:
356:
350:
313:, blood in the
307:
181:Prostate cancer
156:hormone therapy
38:Prostate cancer
33:
28:
23:
22:
18:Prostate Cancer
15:
12:
11:
5:
5856:
5854:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5820:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5747:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5663:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5596:
5591:
5589:Binge drinking
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5541:
5534:
5526:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5480:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5441:
5439:Adenocarcinoma
5435:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5398:Gonadoblastoma
5395:
5390:
5384:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5354:
5352:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5315:
5313:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5257:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5232:
5221:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5186:
5175:
5164:
5149:
5134:
5118:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:Classification
5102:
5101:External links
5099:
5097:
5096:
5090:
5077:
5042:
4999:
4956:
4950:
4937:
4931:
4916:
4879:
4873:
4860:
4817:
4779:
4753:(3): 674–687.
4742:
4699:
4681:(6): 636–645.
4666:
4623:
4586:
4553:
4524:
4498:(4): 197–208.
4487:
4459:(9): 2718–36.
4444:
4435:
4415:(S1): S47–63.
4400:
4380:(3): 326–339.
4365:
4337:(3): 354–373.
4322:
4300:10.1038/nrc801
4294:(5): 389–396.
4279:
4273:
4260:
4234:(3): 177–188.
4223:
4176:
4133:
4108:
4090:(1): 113–122.
4079:
4041:(2): 191–206.
4026:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3967:
3955:
3943:
3931:
3919:
3907:
3895:
3880:
3868:
3853:
3841:
3782:
3747:
3728:
3711:
3684:(5): 473–485.
3668:
3649:
3630:
3613:
3586:
3551:Med Chir Trans
3537:
3522:
3507:
3495:
3483:
3468:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3396:
3375:
3354:
3342:
3327:
3315:
3303:
3281:
3256:
3231:
3212:
3190:
3171:
3149:
3137:
3125:
3113:
3101:
3076:
3045:
3030:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2979:
2967:
2942:
2927:
2910:
2895:
2883:
2861:
2849:
2837:
2825:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2759:
2737:
2722:
2710:
2695:
2680:
2658:
2637:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2502:
2480:
2458:
2433:
2421:
2409:
2394:
2372:
2346:
2329:
2304:
2289:
2277:
2275:, "Pathology".
2260:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2222:, "Diagnosis".
2205:
2183:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2067:
2052:
2030:
2009:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1951:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1885:
1868:
1845:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1808:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1764:model organism
1723:
1720:
1703:
1700:
1634:Terence Millin
1597:
1594:
1565:
1562:
1490:
1487:
1394:
1391:
1358:
1355:
1248:cytokeratin 18
1240:cytokeratin 14
1223:
1220:
1179:
1176:
1162:
1159:
1154:rattling noise
1134:kidney failure
1043:
1040:
899:
896:
829:bladder cancer
789:
786:
761:Main article:
758:
755:
746:
743:
732:
731:
728:
724:
723:
720:
717:
714:
710:
709:
706:
703:
699:
698:
695:
692:
688:
687:
684:
681:
678:
674:
673:
670:
666:
665:
662:
658:
657:
654:
651:
648:
644:
643:
640:
637:
634:
630:
629:
626:
623:
620:
572:Main article:
569:
566:
496:squamous cells
432:
429:
352:Main article:
349:
346:
306:
303:
280:family history
250:. Some tumors
176:
175:
169:
163:
162:
141:
137:
136:
131:
125:
124:
115:
109:
108:
105:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
87:
81:
80:
71:
65:
64:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5855:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5777:Schizophrenia
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5555:
5547:
5542:
5540:
5535:
5533:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5271:
5266:
5264:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5111:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3976:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3896:
3893:, p. 64.
3892:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3878:, "Figure 1".
3877:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3783:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3457:
3454:, "Exercise".
3453:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3350:Dall'Era 2023
3346:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3147:, "Genetics".
3146:
3141:
3138:
3135:, "Abstract".
3134:
3129:
3126:
3123:, Table 45-2.
3122:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3043:, "Delirium".
3042:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3028:, "Abstract".
3027:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2884:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2633:Costello 2020
2629:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2616:Dall'Era 2023
2612:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2597:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2524:, "Abstract".
2523:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2152:, "4K score".
2151:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
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1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
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1732:
1730:
1721:
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1717:
1713:
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1699:
1696:
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1685:
1681:
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1668:
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1660:
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1640:
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1631:
1627:
1623:
1622:Hugh H. Young
1618:
1615:
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1591:
1586:
1582:
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1523:
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1245:
1244:cytokeratin 8
1241:
1237:
1236:cytokeratin 5
1233:
1229:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:immune system
1205:
1201:
1197:
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1177:
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1037:
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1025:
1021:
1020:pembrolizumab
1017:
1013:
1009:
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986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
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929:
925:
924:GnRH agonists
921:
917:
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897:
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887:
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873:
869:
860:
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854:
850:
849:bloody stools
846:
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834:
830:
826:
825:brachytherapy
822:
818:
814:
813:prostatectomy
810:
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794:
787:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:prostatectomy
764:
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409:
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381:
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373:
369:
365:
361:
355:
347:
345:
343:
339:
338:bone fracture
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
304:
302:
300:
296:
291:
290:
285:
281:
276:
274:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
213:Gleason score
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
173:
170:
168:
164:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:prostatectomy
145:
142:
138:
135:
132:
130:
126:
123:
122:tissue biopsy
119:
116:
114:
110:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
86:
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79:
75:
72:
70:
66:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
5807:Tuberculosis
5718:Malnutrition
5562:Health topic
5554:epidemiology
5430:
5288:of the male
5234:
5223:
5212:
5188:
5177:
5166:
5151:
5136:
5121:
5081:
5054:
5050:
5011:
5008:Annu Rev Med
5007:
4968:
4964:
4941:
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4887:
4883:
4864:
4829:
4825:
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4784:
4750:
4746:
4711:
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4678:
4675:Lancet Oncol
4674:
4635:
4631:
4594:
4590:
4568:(2): 88–91.
4565:
4561:
4532:
4528:
4495:
4492:Nat Rev Urol
4491:
4456:
4452:
4439:
4412:
4408:
4377:
4373:
4334:
4330:
4291:
4287:
4264:
4231:
4228:Nat Rev Urol
4227:
4184:
4180:
4145:
4141:
4120:
4116:
4087:
4083:
4038:
4034:
4000:(1): 48–59.
3997:
3993:
3970:
3958:
3946:
3934:
3922:
3910:
3898:
3871:
3844:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3773:. Retrieved
3769:the original
3764:
3760:
3750:
3681:
3678:The Prostate
3677:
3671:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3554:
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3486:
3459:
3447:
3435:
3430:, "Statins".
3423:
3411:
3399:
3345:
3318:
3306:
3294:. Retrieved
3284:
3247:. Retrieved
3203:. Retrieved
3193:
3162:. Retrieved
3152:
3140:
3128:
3116:
3104:
3092:. Retrieved
3067:. Retrieved
3021:
3009:
2997:
2970:
2958:. Retrieved
2886:
2874:. Retrieved
2864:
2852:
2840:
2828:
2791:
2779:
2750:. Retrieved
2740:
2713:
2671:. Retrieved
2661:
2611:
2599:
2587:. Retrieved
2577:
2565:
2553:
2541:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2461:
2449:. Retrieved
2424:
2412:
2385:. Retrieved
2375:
2363:. Retrieved
2361:. 9 May 2019
2358:
2349:
2320:. Retrieved
2285:Epstein 2018
2280:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2196:. Retrieved
2186:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2121:
2109:
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2043:. Retrieved
2033:
2000:
1988:
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1954:
1927:
1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1811:
1798:
1782:or activate
1733:
1725:
1705:
1695:mitoxantrone
1688:
1663:
1643:
1619:
1607:
1590:vaginoplasty
1567:
1519:
1492:
1483:testosterone
1481:involved in
1396:
1383:
1368:
1357:Epidemiology
1341:pathway via
1306:
1287:
1256:
1225:
1181:
1172:
1164:
1127:
1108:
1084:constipation
1077:
1045:
1001:
989:Sipuleucel-T
985:cell therapy
977:darolutamide
969:enzalutamide
965:antiandrogen
957:
920:testosterone
909:
892:radiotracers
888:
868:vas deferens
865:
855:, and pain.
806:
799:
782:chemotherapy
766:
748:
735:
608:
585:
539:
527:
506:(resembling
498:, a type of
494:(resembling
486:(resembling
470:, guided by
461:
442:
416:
396:kallikrein-2
392:
357:
327:
308:
287:
277:
244:chemotherapy
221:
180:
179:
160:chemotherapy
120:followed by
103:Risk factors
29:
5698:Hepatitis D
5693:Hepatitis C
5661:Chikungunya
5214:MedlinePlus
5057:: 341–354.
5051:Br Med Bull
5014:: 479–499.
4632:Br J Cancer
4591:Cancer Lett
3985:Works cited
3775:2 September
3626:Lytton 2001
3557:: 272–314.
3533:Valier 2016
2087:11 December
1680:blood clots
1377:and higher
1371:lung cancer
1267:gene fusion
1216:lymph nodes
1142:dehydration
1130:hallucinate
1092:antiemetics
1008:Lu-177 PSMA
997:cabazitaxel
973:apalutamide
963:along with
953:hot flashes
936:triptorelin
837:infertility
702:Stage IIIC
691:Stage IIIB
677:Stage IIIA
622:TNM scores
619:AJCC Stage
520:(left) and
480:pathologist
384:ejaculation
330:metastasize
275:of 30–40%.
260:lymph nodes
252:metastasize
97:Age over 40
94:Usual onset
43:Other names
5822:Categories
5782:Snakebites
5678:Depression
5624:esophageal
5619:colorectal
5236:Patient UK
5190:DiseasesDB
4597:: 215794.
4562:Urol Oncol
4453:Cancer Res
4409:Mod Pathol
4331:Endocr Rev
3917:, Table 2.
3905:, Table 1.
3761:Cancer Res
2673:5 December
2589:5 December
2164:, Table 2.
2162:Duffy 2020
2150:Duffy 2020
2138:Duffy 2020
2126:Duffy 2020
1823:References
1659:Iodine-125
1532:(found in
1416:DNA damage
1263:chromosome
1214:to nearby
1192:cell death
1115:depression
1104:lymphedema
1060:radium-223
987:procedure
928:leuprolide
831:and cause
757:Management
745:Prevention
730:Any T, M1
727:Stage IVB
719:Any group
716:Any T, N1
713:Stage IVA
669:Stage IIC
661:Stage IIB
647:Stage IIA
600:metastases
596:TNM system
372:milliliter
199:below the
5767:Pneumonia
5755:childhood
5484:Carcinoma
5341:Germ cell
5309:Sex cord–
5300:Testicles
5230:radio/574
5225:eMedicine
4995:236941733
4912:231794303
4813:210982209
4791:: 64–70.
4775:232325496
4619:249831438
4520:232024016
4256:211234353
4219:222350837
4187:(1): 83.
4075:258780321
4022:244132770
3466:, "Fish".
2876:9 January
2365:3 October
1784:oncogenes
1760:organoids
1585:cisgender
1558:vitamin E
1554:vitamin D
1550:vitamin C
1530:genistein
1511:chlamydia
1503:gonorrhea
1387:Autopsies
1161:Prognosis
1072:denosumab
1036:niraparib
1032:rucaparib
961:docetaxel
949:relugolix
945:degarelix
932:goserelin
916:androgens
542:PSMA scan
522:PSMA scan
431:Diagnosis
410:fused to
382:, recent
348:Screening
268:prognosis
264:bone pain
248:docetaxel
240:androgens
167:Prognosis
140:Treatment
69:Specialty
5797:Syphilis
5708:HIV/AIDS
5666:Dementia
5639:prostate
5634:lymphoma
5614:cervical
5584:Bed bugs
5431:Prostate
5413:Embryoma
5403:Teratoma
5358:Seminoma
5073:17628024
5038:30691365
4987:34370973
4904:33542230
4890:(1): 9.
4856:29311132
4805:32001306
4767:33750905
4738:30097885
4708:Adv Ther
4695:37269844
4662:34923574
4611:35718268
4582:35871993
4549:11371867
4512:33623103
4483:23610450
4431:29297487
4396:31714881
4361:33480983
4318:12044015
4248:32086498
4211:33060614
4172:33099450
4129:30216009
4104:34157213
4067:37202314
4058:10851915
4035:Eur Urol
4014:34781285
3994:Oncology
3706:30740301
3581:20895322
2495:16 April
1722:Research
1712:Movember
1675:estrogen
1546:selenium
1538:lycopene
1507:syphilis
1456:oncogene
1393:Genetics
1269:between
1028:olaparib
884:urethras
845:diarrhea
722:Any PSA
633:Stage I
558:CT scans
468:perineum
368:nanogram
189:prostate
118:PSA test
85:Symptoms
74:Oncology
5787:Suicide
5750:Obesity
5723:Measles
5713:Leprosy
5654:ovarian
5649:stomach
5604:bladder
5552:Global
5184:D011471
5029:6441973
4847:6280714
4785:Urology
4729:6133140
4653:9090767
4474:3644021
4352:8152444
4309:4124639
4163:8287565
4084:BJU Int
3836:6461861
3804:Bibcode
3698:6889192
3572:2129005
3296:2 April
3094:25 June
3069:25 June
2960:25 June
2387:25 June
1650:urethra
1596:History
1499:statins
1465:in the
1271:TMPRSS2
1261:, with
1204:bladder
1186:to the
1146:opioids
1111:anxiety
683:3 or 4
672:3 or 4
568:Staging
518:CT scan
408:TMPRSS2
334:fatigue
286:of the
236:hormone
201:bladder
195:in the
187:in the
183:is the
78:urology
62:urethra
5792:Stroke
5703:Herpes
5609:breast
5599:Cancer
5579:Autism
5569:Asthma
5286:Tumors
5219:000380
5173:176807
5088:
5071:
5036:
5026:
4993:
4985:
4965:Lancet
4948:
4929:
4910:
4902:
4871:
4854:
4844:
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4803:
4773:
4765:
4736:
4726:
4693:
4660:
4650:
4617:
4609:
4580:
4547:
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4510:
4481:
4471:
4429:
4394:
4359:
4349:
4316:
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4271:
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4246:
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4209:
4170:
4160:
4127:
4102:
4073:
4065:
4055:
4020:
4012:
3834:
3827:346035
3824:
3704:
3696:
3596:Lancet
3579:
3569:
3249:25 May
3205:21 May
3164:17 May
2752:15 May
2473:28 May
2451:28 May
2322:14 May
2198:18 May
2045:17 May
1966:21 May
1905:21 May
1752:LAPC-4
1746:, and
1731:lost.
1646:radium
1556:, and
1536:), or
1477:, and
1475:CYP3A4
1450:, and
1448:RAD51D
1412:HOXB13
1347:PI3KCB
1343:PI3KCA
1335:CTNNB1
1315:ZBTB16
1259:genome
1238:, and
1194:, and
1138:sepsis
1096:anemia
993:taxane
975:, and
839:, and
588:staged
530:graded
502:) and
464:biopsy
449:rectum
209:biopsy
5738:child
5629:liver
5476:Penis
5449:HGPIN
5195:10780
4991:S2CID
4908:S2CID
4809:S2CID
4771:S2CID
4615:S2CID
4516:S2CID
4252:S2CID
4215:S2CID
4071:S2CID
4018:S2CID
3702:S2CID
1790:Notes
1748:LNCaP
1740:DU145
1495:obese
1479:CYP17
1452:PALB2
1444:CHEK2
1420:BRCA1
1408:BRCA2
1319:NCOR1
1298:BRCA2
1283:FOXA1
1252:AMACR
1178:Cause
1034:, or
1018:drug
995:drug
943:like
934:, or
926:like
811:or a
488:gland
319:semen
315:urine
289:BRCA2
256:bones
246:drug
217:stage
193:gland
5644:skin
5179:MeSH
5168:OMIM
5157:9-CM
5132:2C82
5086:ISBN
5069:PMID
5034:PMID
4983:PMID
4946:ISBN
4927:ISBN
4900:PMID
4869:ISBN
4852:PMID
4801:PMID
4763:PMID
4734:PMID
4691:PMID
4658:PMID
4607:PMID
4578:PMID
4545:PMID
4508:PMID
4479:PMID
4427:PMID
4392:PMID
4357:PMID
4314:PMID
4269:ISBN
4244:PMID
4207:PMID
4168:PMID
4125:PMID
4100:PMID
4063:PMID
4010:PMID
3832:PMID
3777:2015
3694:PMID
3577:PMID
3298:2024
3251:2023
3207:2023
3166:2023
3096:2023
3071:2023
2962:2023
2878:2024
2754:2023
2675:2023
2591:2023
2497:2024
2475:2023
2453:2023
2389:2023
2367:2022
2324:2023
2200:2023
2089:2023
2047:2023
1968:2023
1907:2023
1756:VCaP
1744:PC-3
1669:and
1571:and
1526:fish
1440:PMS2
1436:MSH6
1432:MSH2
1428:NBS1
1351:AKT1
1339:PI3K
1323:PTEN
1317:and
1300:and
1279:SPOP
1246:and
1121:and
1070:and
1062:and
1024:PARP
1022:and
1004:PSMA
628:PSA
544:– a
406:and
404:PCA3
400:mRNA
258:and
191:, a
5162:185
5153:ICD
5147:C61
5138:ICD
5123:ICD
5059:doi
5024:PMC
5016:doi
4973:doi
4969:398
4892:doi
4842:PMC
4834:doi
4793:doi
4789:139
4755:doi
4724:PMC
4716:doi
4683:doi
4648:PMC
4640:doi
4636:126
4599:doi
4595:543
4570:doi
4537:doi
4533:165
4500:doi
4469:PMC
4461:doi
4417:doi
4382:doi
4347:PMC
4339:doi
4304:PMC
4296:doi
4236:doi
4197:hdl
4189:doi
4158:PMC
4150:doi
4146:104
4092:doi
4088:129
4053:PMC
4043:doi
4002:doi
3998:100
3822:PMC
3812:doi
3686:doi
3604:doi
3567:PMC
3559:doi
1718:.
1624:at
1579:or
1534:soy
1459:MYC
1424:ATM
1331:APC
1302:ATM
1294:RB1
1290:p53
1275:ERG
1232:p63
1202:or
1188:DNA
1113:or
947:or
510:).
412:ERG
317:or
5824::
5380:NG
5239::
5228::
5217::
5193::
5182::
5171::
5160::
5145::
5142:10
5130::
5127:11
5067:.
5055:83
5053:.
5049:.
5032:.
5022:.
5012:70
5010:.
5006:.
4989:.
4981:.
4967:.
4963:.
4906:.
4898:.
4886:.
4850:.
4840:.
4828:.
4824:.
4807:.
4799:.
4787:.
4769:.
4761:.
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