280:
109:
271:. However, even these later versions still contained much of the earlier legendary material, such as that of Albina; indeed, the prose versions have been described as being "enthusiastic" in its rendition of these aspects of English history. It has also been described as "one of the best records of rumours and propaganda, if not of the event themselves."
247:
differences in the quality of the surviving manuscripts, and Julia Marvin has suggested that this reflects their "diverse ownership and readership". It has been described as "a tremendous success", and one of the most-copied chronicles of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. A version produced in
66:
in 1272; subsequent versions extend the narrative. Fifty versions in Anglo-Norman remain, in forty-nine manuscripts, in a variety of versions and stages. Latin translations of the Anglo-Norman versions remain in nineteen different versions, which fall into two main categories; some of those were
246:
classes. It was thus available to much of
English society; certainly, as Andrea Ruddock has said, to the entire political class. And, since it only took "one literate person to make a text available to an entire household", its circulation could have been even broader. Similarly, there are vast
242:, but, the more it got added to and altered, so it became noticed by other sectors of society. Firstly the clergy, for whom it was translated into Latin, and then into the more accessible French and then English for the lower gentry and
303:, in various versions and stages. There are Latin translations of the Anglo-Norman versions in nineteen different versions, which fall into two main categories; some of those were subsequently translated into
189:, although not as an official history. It later became a source for monastic chronicles. Popular already in its early incarnations, it may even have limited the circulation of rival contemporary histories.
213:
English editions appeared from the early 15th century, particularly the so-called Long version and its various continuations. This has become known as the "Common" version, and was probably transcribed in
1255:
307:. There are no fewer than 184 versions of the English translation of the work in 181 medieval and post-medieval manuscripts, the highest number of manuscripts for any text in Middle English except for
71:. There are no fewer than 184 versions of the English translation of the work in 181 medieval and post-medieval manuscripts, the highest number of manuscripts for any text in Middle English except for
476:
The Brut's significance is now seen as being in the fact that it was written by laymen, for laymen, and also that the latter portion, at least, was one of the first chronicles written in the
468:, among others. Matheson identifies a number of women owners and readers as well: Isabel Alen (niece of vicar William Trouthe), Alice Brice, Elizabeth Dawbne, and Dorothy Helbartun.
1270:
1260:
311:. From the fifteenth century there is "an amorphous, heterogenous group" of texts which are composed of individuals' notes and preliminary workings of various areas of the
1275:
1250:
910:
342:, and 1528 it went through thirteen editions. As a result, according to Matheson, "it is no exaggeration to say that in the late Middle Ages in England the
210:, it was one of the most popular political and secular histories of fourteenth-century England, with the latest-known version ending with events from 1479.
1280:
378:
173:, and exists in both abridged and long versions. Early versions describe the country as being divided, both culturally and politically, by the
1148:
1127:
1106:
1060:
1039:
1012:
929:
218:. A later fifteenth-century version consists of the Common versions with "a major one" concluding in 1419, occasionally with the addition of
1235:
434:
382:
251:
in the later fourteenth century was based on official contemporary records, and contains, for example, an eye-witness account of the
1245:
1240:
1169:
981:
958:
394:
287:
from the mid-to-late 15th century; Albina and other daughters of
Diodicias disembarking from a ship in Britain, with two giants and
128:
chronicle written in Anglo-Norman in the thirteenth century (identified by the fact that some existing copies finish in 1272), the
373:
The Anglo-Norman text was initially intended for a lay audience of the upper class. Likely and certain owners of versions of the
413:(which had two copies). Matheson lists five manuscripts of continental provenance, produced in France, Flanders, and Lorraine.
84:
1085:
1071:
1265:
322:
After the "massive scribal activity" that produced over 250 extant manuscripts (a "vast number for a medieval text"), the
512:
177:, with the southern half described as "this side of the Humber" and "the better part". Having been written at a time of
480:; it also occasionally provides historical details not found in other contemporaries' writings. The Brut owned by the
196:
underwent various revisions over the centuries, and from 1333 material inflected from a mid-thirteenth century poem,
264:
186:
151:'s text from the previous century. It also covered the reigns of many kings later the subject of legend, including
539:
279:
461:
410:
397:(in his will he left it to his wife). Copies were also listed in the library catalogues of religious houses –
532:
315:. The English edition made it the first chronicle to be written in the vernacular since the ninth-century
939:
Kaufman, Alexander L. (2016). "'And Many Oþer
Diuerse Tokens...': Portents and Wonders in 'Warkworth's'
442:
390:
316:
296:
56:
504:
421:
Outside the traditional lay, upper-class audience, the reach of the Middle
English translations of the
950:
and Other Late
Medieval Chronicles: Books Have Their Histories. Essays in Honour of Lister M. Matheson
148:
63:
308:
72:
226:. The 16th century also saw an abridged version, created from the major fifteenth-century copies.
974:
The
Medieval Chronicle: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on the Medieval Chronicle
919:
904:
492:
425:
extended the audience to the merchant class. Landowning gentry with a Middle
English copy of the
406:
386:
260:
256:
181:, it was "baronial in its sympathies". It was probably originally composed "at least in part" by
117:
1220:
75:. The sheer number of copies that survive and its late-fourteenth century translation into the
1202:
1165:
1144:
1123:
1117:
1102:
1081:
1056:
1050:
1035:
1008:
992:
977:
954:
925:
354:
96:
1096:
1023:
969:
338:, and he may have compiled this version himself. Between 1480, when Caxton printed it as the
1192:
1138:
1052:
Thirteenth
Century England XIV: Proceedings of the Aberystwyth and Lampeter Conference, 2011
477:
239:
465:
398:
252:
156:
894:
491:
The first scholarly edition of the later-medieval portion was transcribed and edited by
519:, and the following year F.W.D. Brie published a list of all extant manuscripts in his
500:
496:
438:
335:
331:
304:
288:
133:
113:
68:
1049:
Marvin, Julia (1 April 2013). Burton, Janet; Schofield, Phillipp; Weiler, Bjö (eds.).
1229:
215:
206:
430:
402:
141:
90:
As well as the Prose Brut there are also a number of Welsh versions of
Geoffrey's
1159:
1080:. Vol. 180. Tempe, Arizona: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies.
944:
1197:
1180:
358:
178:
170:
160:
300:
268:
243:
76:
485:
350:
165:
152:
144:
108:
48:
1206:
17:
481:
223:
219:
80:
45:
484:
family in the late fourteenth-century contained their view of their own
1098:
English historical documents. 4. [Late medieval]. 1327 – 1485
346:
was the standard historical account of
British and English history".
235:
201:
174:
137:
125:
278:
182:
107:
1119:
English Identity and Political Culture in the Fourteenth Century
248:
27:
Collective name of medieval chronicles of history of Cymru/Wales
255:
of 1376. The post-1399 versions are notable by their clear pro-
943:". In Rajsic, Jaclyn; Kooper, Erik; Hoche, Dominique (eds.).
204:), had entered the main versions. Eventually, along with the
654:
Szarmach, P.E, M T. Tavormina, and J.T. Rosenthal (eds),
488:(which they also traced back to King Arthur and Brutus).
59:; it was subsequently translated into Latin and English.
83:; it is considered "central" to the literary culture of
1161:
English historical literature in the fourteenth century
1256:
Latin historical texts from Norman and Angevin England
62:
The first Anglo-Norman versions end with the death of
1140:
Reimagining History in Anglo-Norman Prose Chronicles
970:"Romancing the Past: A Medieval English Perspective"
747:
745:
521:The Brute of England or The Chronicles of England.
365:, and so, by extension, did William Shakespeare.
1024:"Author Authorized: The Prophecies of the Prose
896:The Brut of England or The Chronicles of England
326:was the first chronicle printed in England. The
1077:: The Development of a Middle English Chronicle
993:"A Warning to the Incurious: M. R. James, the
717:
715:
586:
584:
574:
572:
562:
560:
460:, named for him), as did the religious houses
51:of the history of England. The original Prose
953:. York: York Medieval Press. pp. 49–63.
921:Historical Writing in England: c.550 – c.1307
687:
685:
598:
596:
8:
1181:"The Deposition and Abdication of Edward II"
1030:. In Busby, Keith; Dalrymple, Roger (eds.).
666:
664:
626:
624:
622:
509:Historical Recollections of a London Citizen
1271:Cultural depictions of Henry III of England
1261:History of literature in the United Kingdom
291:and his followers arriving in another ship.
200:, describing the settlement of England (as
991:King, Andy; Marvin, Julia (January 2008).
909:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
612:
610:
608:
234:It was primarily of interest to the upper-
1276:Cultural depictions of Henry V of England
1196:
44:, is the collective name of a number of
968:Kennedy, Edward Donald (January 1999).
805:
556:
263:'s victories in France, for example at
1221:Lehigh Codex 7 Anon. The Brut at OPenn
902:
503:published parts of it relating to the
379:Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick
1251:Anglo-Norman chronicles about England
132:described the settling of Britain by
7:
445:, owned a copy (which included the
179:division between crown and nobility
1055:. Boydell Press. pp. 169–82.
435:Henry Bourchier, 2nd Earl of Essex
383:Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln
147:. In this, it was itself based on
25:
656:Medieval England: An Encyclopedia
395:Thomas Ughtred, 1st Baron Ughtred
1281:Propaganda in the United Kingdom
515:published three versions in his
79:indicating the growth in common
433:'s father, who passed it on to
85:England in the Late Middle Ages
1122:. Cambridge University Press.
472:Historiography and publication
104:Origins and subsequent history
1:
1185:The English Historical Review
1095:Myers, Alec Reginald (1996).
1034:. DS Brewer. pp. 84–99.
389:(who gave a copy to her son,
67:subsequently translated into
1143:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd.
1070:Matheson, Lister M. (1998).
295:There are fifty versions in
283:French version of the Prose
275:Medieval publication history
116:'s printing, describing the
1007:. Rodopi. pp. 129–46.
997:and the Anglo-Norman prose
1297:
1236:13th-century history books
976:. Rodopi. pp. 13–39.
924:. Routledge. pp. 1–.
918:Gransden, Antonia (2013).
361:relied extensively on the
1198:10.1093/ehr/CXIII.453.852
1032:Arthurian Literature XXII
1003:. In Kooper, Erik (ed.).
972:. In Kooper, Erik (ed.).
540:A Short English Chronicle
349:Tudor historians such as
1246:15th-century manuscripts
1241:14th-century manuscripts
1116:Ruddick, Andrea (2013).
1005:The Medieval Chronicle V
462:St Bartholomew-the-Great
94:, collectively known as
417:Middle English versions
140:, and the reign of the
1022:Marvin, Julia (2005).
691:King and Marvin 135ff.
658:(New York, 1998), 146.
292:
267:, for the purposes of
121:
1158:Taylor, John (1987).
1137:Spence, John (2013).
893:Brie, F.W.D. (1906).
499:in 1856, and in 1879
443:Peterhouse, Cambridge
411:St Mary's Abbey, York
391:Edward III of England
369:Anglo-Norman versions
340:Chronicles of England
317:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
282:
111:
1266:Medieval manuscripts
1179:Valente, C. (1998).
1101:. Psychology Press.
517:Chronicles of London
149:Geoffrey of Monmouth
37:, also known as the
1164:. Clarendon Press.
533:Gregory's Chronicle
505:Hundred Years' War
407:Clerkenwell Priory
387:Isabella of France
293:
259:bias and focus on
122:
118:Percy-Neville feud
1150:978-1-903153-45-1
1129:978-1-107-00726-0
1108:978-0-415-60467-3
1062:978-1-84383-809-8
1041:978-1-84384-062-6
1014:978-90-420-2354-3
931:978-1-136-19021-6
862:Kennedy 1999, 20.
778:Kennedy 1999, 28.
751:Marvin 2013, 170.
679:Marvin 2013, 169.
355:Raphael Holinshed
97:Brut y Brenhinedd
16:(Redirected from
1288:
1210:
1200:
1191:(453): 852–881.
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817:Gransden ??
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760:Marvin 2005, 85.
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513:C.S.L. Kingsford
478:English language
456:
452:
448:
309:Wycliffe's Bible
299:, in forty-nine
240:English nobility
198:Des Grantz Geanz
159:(the subject of
73:Wycliffe's Bible
21:
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938:
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901:
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884:
879:
875:
870:
866:
861:
857:
853:Matheson 12–13.
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466:Dartford Priory
454:
450:
446:
437:'s son Thomas.
419:
399:Fountains Abbey
371:
277:
253:Good Parliament
232:
106:
55:was written in
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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844:Kaufman 50–52.
837:
835:Matheson 9–12.
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332:William Caxton
305:Middle English
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187:Royal chancery
134:Brutus of Troy
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69:Middle English
64:King Henry III
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832:
829:
826:Matheson 8–9.
823:
820:
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811:
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802:
799:
793:
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784:
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772:
769:Gransden 467.
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590:Matheson 6–8.
587:
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581:
578:Matheson 5–6.
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573:
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566:Matheson 1–5.
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995:Scalacronica
994:
973:
949:
945:
940:
920:
895:
887:Bibliography
876:
867:
858:
849:
840:
831:
822:
813:
806:Valente 1998
801:
792:
783:
774:
765:
756:
739:Ruddick 177.
735:
726:
721:Gransden 73.
705:
696:
675:
655:
602:Matheson ix.
538:
531:
520:
516:
508:
490:
475:
457:
431:John Sulyard
426:
422:
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403:Hailes Abbey
374:
372:
362:
348:
343:
339:
327:
323:
321:
312:
297:Anglo-Norman
294:
284:
261:King Henry V
233:
212:
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197:
193:
191:
175:River Humber
164:
129:
123:
112:A page from
95:
91:
89:
61:
57:Anglo-Norman
52:
40:
38:
32:
31:
29:
787:Ruddick 69.
730:Matheson 3.
670:Ruddick 94.
630:Ruddick 39.
511:. In 1905,
493:J.S. Davies
359:Edward Hall
330:was one of
301:manuscripts
257:Lancastrian
171:King Arthur
161:Shakespeare
1230:Categories
1087:0866982221
1073:The Prose
1028:Chronicle"
1001:Chronicle"
946:The Prose
796:Spence 75.
709:Spence 10.
700:Taylor 11.
547:References
269:propaganda
244:mercantile
145:Cadwalader
77:vernacular
49:chronicles
18:Prose Brut
941:Chronicle
905:cite book
899:. London.
880:Brie 1–5.
871:Myers 42.
616:Myers 38.
486:genealogy
458:Chronicle
449:Warkworth
377:included
351:John Stow
336:printings
334:'s first
224:epilogues
220:prologues
166:King Lear
163:'s play,
157:King Leir
153:King Cole
136:, son of
126:legendary
35:Chronicle
526:See also
495:for the
482:Mortimer
429:include
238:and the
230:Audience
92:Historia
81:literacy
46:medieval
1207:2207424
507:in his
393:), and
185:in the
169:), and
120:of 1454
1205:
1168:
1147:
1126:
1105:
1084:
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