1286:âor receive a bill of complaint. They can direct investigations or conduct them through orders and directives given to (judicial) police detectives, who can make their own parallel investigations in coordination with the Prosecutor. If enough evidence has been gathered in order to proceed, the prosecution is compulsory and it must move from preliminary investigations to initiate trial proceedings. At trial, the prosecuting attorney has to handle the prosecution but has an overarching duty to promote justice. In practice, this duty means that prosecutors are prohibited from withholding exculpatory evidence and must request that the judge acquit the defendant if, during the trial, the prosecutor becomes convinced of the defendant's innocence, or agrees that there is no evidence that proves his guilt beyond any reasonable doubt.
1134:) who practice before the state courts of appeals. There are also military prosecutors whose career, although linked to the federal prosecutors, is divided in a manner similar to state prosecutors. In Brazil, the prosecutors' main job is to promote justice, as such they have the duty of not only trying criminal cases, but, if during the trial, they become convinced of a defendant's innocence, requesting the judge to acquit him. The prosecutor's office has always the last word on whether criminal offenses will or will not be charged, with the exception of those rare cases in which Brazilian law allows for private prosecution. In such cases, the prosecutor will officiate as
1246:. The Staatsanwalt heads pre-trial criminal investigations, decides whether to press a charge or drop it, and represents the government in criminal courts. The Staatsanwalt not only has the "professional responsibility" not to withhold exculpatory information, but is also required by law to actively determine such circumstances and to make them available to the defendant or the defense attorney. If the Staatsanwalt is not convinced of the defendant's guilt, the state attorney is required to plead against or in favor of the defendant according to the prosecutor's own assessment. Prosecution is
1150:) or other procedure provided by law that has the purpose of ascertaining the circumstances, materiality, and authorship of criminal offenses. Similar provisions are found in the Code of Criminal Procedure and in article 144 of the federal constitution. Beside their criminal duties, Brazilian prosecutors are among those authorized by the Brazilian constitution to bring action against private individuals, commercial enterprises, and the federal, state and municipal governments, in the defense of minorities, the environment, consumers, and the civil society in general.
569:(1991) 2 All ER 201, it was found by the court that a prosecution is instituted by the police only when they have investigated, arrested and brought the arrested person to the custody officer. A case is not instituted by the police simply because a custody officer at a police station charges the suspect. Applying the same principle, proceedings are instituted by another prosecuting agency when they have been solely responsible for the investigation and arrest of the suspect, even though the suspect is taken to the police station to be charged by a custody officer.
56:
565:, may all bring prosecutions themselves without using the CPS. Nevertheless, these prosecutors will follow the standards set by the Code of Crown Prosecutors alongside their own prosecution policies, which may deal with issues specific to the types of crime they engage with. There may, at times, be confusion as to which agency is responsible for having brought a prosecution. Which agency is prosecuting may affect whether an offence can be properly tried, as not all agencies can investigate and prosecute all offences. In
985:
As such, he is in a peculiar and very definite sense the servant of the law, the two-fold aim of which is that guilt shall not escape or innocence suffer. He may prosecute with earnestness and vigorâindeed, he should do so. But, while he may strike hard blows, he is not at liberty to strike foul ones. It is as much his duty to refrain from improper methods calculated to produce a wrongful conviction as it is to use every legitimate means to bring about a just one.
4585:
2510:
2115:
1741:
4599:
1542:
348:, and the Attorney General also has supervisory authority as the sponsor of the CPS; however, the CPS is an independent body and the Attorney General cannot direct particular prosecutions. Unlike in the United States and other jurisdictions, the Attorney General is not a prosecutor in England and Wales. Instead, the role is a political office of the chief legal advisor to the
456:
reasonable jury or bench of magistrates or judge hearing a case alone, properly directed and acting in accordance with the law, is more likely than not to convict the defendant of the charge alleged. This is a different test from the one that the criminal courts themselves must apply. A court may only convict if it is sure that the defendant is guilty.
1138:, being responsible to ensure that justice is indeed carried out. Although empowered by law to do so, prosecutors conduct criminal investigations only in major cases, usually involving police or public officials' wrongdoings. Also, they are in charge of external control over police activity and requesting the initiation of a police investigation.
2980:("SĂŁo funçÔes institucionais do MinistĂ©rio PĂșblico: . . . (VII) exercer o controle externo da atividade policial, na forma da lei complementar mencionada no artigo anterior ; (VIII) requisitar diligĂȘncias investigatĂłrias e a instauração de inquĂ©rito policial, indicados os fundamentos jurĂdicos de suas manifestaçÔes processuais; . . . .").
818:. The prosecution is the legal party responsible for presenting the case against an individual or a corporation suspected of breaking the law, initiating and directing further criminal investigations, guiding and recommending the sentencing of offenders, and are the only attorneys allowed to participate in grand jury proceedings.
2735:, Ark. Const. amdt. 21, § 1 (offenses may be prosecuted by an "information filed by the Prosecuting Attorney"), and amdt. 80, § 20 ("A Prosecuting Attorney shall be elected by the qualified electors of each judicial circuit."); Ark. Code Ann. §§ 16-21-101 et seq. (provisions concerning "prosecuting attorneys").
300:
typically barristers, and they represent the state or
Commonwealth in serious criminal cases in higher courts, County Court and above. Aside from police prosecutors and Crown prosecutors, government agencies have the authority to appoint non-lawyers to prosecute on their behalf, such as the RSPCA Inspectors.
762:. In very serious cases, a Procurator Fiscal, Advocate Depute, or even the Lord Advocate may take charge of a police investigation. It is at the discretion of the Procurator Fiscal, Advocate Depute, or Lord Advocate to take a prosecution to court, and to decide on whether or not to prosecute it under
693:
It is usually practically difficult for an individual to bring a private prosecution given the high cost â estimated by the
Ministry of Justice at ÂŁ8,500 on average. Even if a private prosecutor is not legally qualified, they must meet the usual legal requirements lawyers must undertake including the
530:
This determination must be based on a proper risk assessment, which reveals that the suspect is not suitable to be bailed, even with substantial conditions. For example, a dangerous suspect who poses a serious risk of harm to a particular person or the public, or a suspect who poses a serious risk of
1395:
Korean prosecutors is similar or identical to that of
European equivalents in commanding investigations, determining indictable cases and prosecuting process. A prosecutor has the power to prohibit a defendant or an accused individual from departing the Republic of Korea via an "international hold".
1339:
are professional officials who have considerable powers of investigation, prosecution, superintendence of criminal execution and so on. Prosecutors can direct police for investigation purposes, and sometimes investigate directly. Only prosecutors can prosecute criminals in principle, and prosecutors
1141:
The power of individual prosecutors to hold criminal investigations was controversial and, although massively supported by judges, prosecutors and the general population, it was contested before the
Supremo Tribunal Federal, but in 2015, this Court decided favorably to its power (RGE n. 593.727-MG).
279:. At least in the case of very serious matters, the DPP will be asked by the police, during the investigation, to advise them on the sufficiency of evidence and may well be asked to prepare an application to the relevant court for search, listening device or telecommunications interception warrants.
1072:
During a criminal trial, prosecutors must introduce and explain the case to the trier of fact, i.e., judges or jury. They generally suggest a reasonable sentence which the court is not obligated to follow; the court may decide on a tougher or softer sentence. Crown prosecutors also have a number of
984:
is the representative not of an ordinary party to a controversy, but of a sovereignty whose obligation to govern impartially is as compelling as its obligation to govern at all, and whose interest, therefore, in a criminal prosecution is not that it shall win a case, but that justice shall be done.
689:
in which these prosecutions have widely come to be seen as a miscarriage of justice. The RSPCA have come under strong criticism for lacking sufficient independence to act as a prosecutor from the independent 'Wooler' review; the
Environmental, Food and Rural Affairs Committee and the Justice Select
230:
need to be filed. They are employed by an office of the government, with safeguards in place to ensure such an office can successfully pursue the prosecution of government officials. Multiple offices exist in a single country, especially in those countries with federal governments where sovereignty
1613:
In the early history of
England, victims of a crime and their family had the right to hire a private attorney to prosecute criminal charges against the person alleged to have injured the victim. In the 18th century, prosecution of almost all criminal offences in England was private, usually by the
1598:
In many countries, the prosecutor's administration is directly subordinate to the executive branch (e.g., the United States
Attorney General is a member of the President's cabinet). In some other countries, such as Brazil or Italy, the prosecutors are judicial civil servants, so they have the same
1223:
countries. While the defense and the plaintiff are both represented by common lawyers, who sit (on chairs) on the courtroom floor, the prosecutor sits on a platform as the judge does, although he doesn't participate in deliberation. Judges and prosecutors are trained at the same school, and regard
972:
can bring criminal cases on behalf of private parties in some states. Prosecutors are required by state and federal laws to follow certain rules. For example, the government must disclose exculpatory evidence to the defense; must disclose matters affecting the credibility of prosecution witnesses,
435:
In order to charge, the circumstances must meet the Full Code Test. In some urgent cases, a lower
Threshold Test can be applied to get a charge quickly; however, the Full Code Test must then be applied at the earliest opportunity. The Full Code Test has two stages; both parts are equal and must be
1394:
Prosecutors are public officials who are members of the
Prosecutor's Office. Prosecutors can conduct crime investigations directly or indirectly. They are responsible for the entire process of investigations and court prosecutions. Since Korean modern law was designed after civil law, the role of
468:
It has never been the rule that a prosecution will automatically take place once the evidential stage is met. A prosecution will usually take place unless the prosecutor is satisfied that there are public interest factors tending against prosecution which outweigh those tending in favour. In some
452:
Prosecutors must be satisfied that there is sufficient evidence to provide a realistic prospect of conviction against each suspect on each charge. They must consider what the defence case may be, and how it is likely to affect the prospects of conviction. A case which does not pass the evidential
299:
Prosecutors in
Australia come in a few distinct species. Prosecutors of minor criminal cases in lower courts are police sergeants with a traineeship in prosecution and advocacy lasting approximately one year in duration, although they may hold law degrees. Crown Prosecutors are always lawyers and
717:
The final consideration is designed to cover the situation where, for whatever reason, the investigative authorities with which the CPS usually deals have not brought the case to the CPS' attention and yet it is a case that merits the prosecution being conducted by a public prosecuting authority
489:
Prosecutors must be satisfied, on an objective assessment of the evidence, that there are reasonable grounds to suspect that the person to be charged has committed the offence. The assessment must consider the impact of any defence or information that the suspect has put forward or on which they
1423:
acts as the prosecuting attorney. In court, the prosecutor is not necessarily in an adversarial relationship to the defendant, but is under an obligation to investigate and present information that may incriminate or exonerate the defendant. The prosecutor is not a judicial officer, nor do they
702:
The DPP has authority to take over any prosecution instituted by another person or organisation, and to discontinue the prosecution if they see fit. The CPS have set out public guidance on when they will take over a prosecution; this indicates that the CPS should take over and continue with the
513:
Prosecutors must be satisfied that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the continuing investigation will provide further evidence, within a reasonable period of time, so that when all the evidence is considered together, including material which may point away from as well as towards a
1599:
liberties and independence that judges traditionally enjoy. In other countries, a form of private prosecution is available, meaning persons or private entities can directly petition the courts to hold trial against someone they feel is guilty of a crime, should the prosecutor refuse to indict.
455:
The finding that there is a realistic prospect of conviction is based on the prosecutor's objective assessment of the evidence, including the impact of any defence and any other information that the suspect has put forward or on which they might rely. It means that an objective, impartial, and
355:
Crown Prosecutors are lawyers who work for the CPS. They are responsible for researching, advising police investigations, preparing cases for trial and sometimes presenting the case at trial. These lawyers may also be referred to as prosecutors. A number of other bodies have authority to bring
1415:) and direct police investigations of serious crimes. For all criminal cases, public prosecutors decide arrests and charges on behalf of the public and are the only public officers who can make such decisions. Plaintiffs also have the option of hiring their own special prosecutor (
1622:, public officials came to dominate the prosecution of crimes; however, privately funded prosecutors constituted a significant element of the state criminal justice system throughout the nineteenth century. The use of a private prosecutor was incorporated into the common law of
492:
In determining whether there are reasonable grounds to suspect, prosecutors must consider all of the material or information available, whether in evidential format or otherwise. Prosecutors must be satisfied that the material to be relied on at this stage is capable of being:
690:
Committee, given they also investigate the offences and campaign politically for animal rights. The ongoing issues with private prosecutions outlined above has led to the Justice Select Committee calling for a closer examination of the process and regulation by government.
1200:) be assigned to lead a formal judicial investigation. When an investigation is led by a judge, the prosecutor plays a supervisory role, defining the scope of the crimes being examined by the judge and law enforcement forces. Like defense counsel, the chief prosecutor may
400:, and barristers may work in teams with a leader directing juniors. Unlike in the United States, these prosecuting barristers will work on a case-by-case basis, and so may also engage in defence work; they will not be employed solely to undertake prosecution advocacy.
2926:, 877 (Ariz. 2006) ("Indictments can be dismissed for various reasons, including a prosecutor's determination that the person charged did not in fact commit the crime orâas this case illustratesâthat there is no reasonable likelihood of conviction.")..
973:
such as an agreement to dismiss the witness's own charges in exchange for their testimony; must not destroy potentially useful evidence in bad faith; and must not use false testimony to secure a conviction. Failure to follow these rules may result in a finding of
344:, the DPP does not take on cases themselves and instead plays an administrative and leadership role. In this way, while the DPP may be referred to as a prosecutor, the individual in the role would not take any cases to court. The DPP is appointed by His Majesty's
396:). In these instances, referring to the prosecutor would refer to the lawyer conducting the case during trial. In most serious offences, the CPS or other prosecuting authority will instruct a barrister to represent them. In the most serious cases, this may be a
247:
cases and other appellate cases have ruled that such disclosure is required. Typical sources of ethical requirements imposed on prosecutors come from appellate court opinions, state or federal court rules, and state or federal statutes (codified laws).
1073:
administrative duties. They may advise the court during civil actions. Under Belgian law, judges and prosecutors are judicial officers with equal rank and pay. The Minister of Justice can order a criminal investigation but cannot prevent one (
412:, which governs how cases are charged and trials conducted. This fundamental code is supported by a range of other policies, most notably the Director's Guidance on Charging. The first stage in prosecuting a case is deciding to
1216:. Prosecutors generally suggest advisory sentencing guidelines, but the sentence remains at the court's discretion to decide, to increase or reduce as it sees fit. In addition, prosecutors have several administrative duties.
1065:) be appointed to lead a judicial inquest. With a judge investigating, Crown prosecutors do not conduct the interrogatories, but simply lay out the scope of the crimes which the judge and law enforcement forces investigate (
469:
cases the prosecutor may be satisfied that the public interest can be properly served by offering the offender the opportunity to have the matter dealt with by an out-of-court disposal rather than bringing a prosecution.
242:
requires prosecutors to "make timely disclosure to the defense of all evidence or information that tends to negate the guilt of the accused or mitigates the offense." Not all U.S. states adopt the model rules; however,
3048: (1988) ("Ăs polĂcias civis, dirigidas por delegados de polĂcia de carreira, incumbem, ressalvada a competĂȘncia da UniĂŁo, as funçÔes de polĂcia judiciĂĄria e a apuração de infraçÔes penais, exceto as militares.").
1280:, being responsible to ensure that justice is indeed carried out. They are obligated under the Constitution to initiate preliminary investigations once they are informed or take personal notice of a criminal actâ
1099:)âworking both at the federal and state level. Members of the Federal Prosecution Service are divided in three ranks, according to the jurisdiction of the courts before which they officiate. Federal Prosecutors (
1069:). Like defense counsel, Crown prosecutors can request or suggest further investigation be carried out. The Crown prosecutor is in charge of policy decisions and may prioritize cases and procedures as need be.
3306:
Die Rolle des Staatsanwaltes Erfahrungen in EuropaâIl ruolo del Pubblico Ministero Esperienze in EuropaâLe role du Magistrat du Parquet ExpĂ©riences en EuropeâThe role of the Public Prosecutor Experiences in
465:
In every case where there is sufficient evidence to justify a prosecution or to offer an out-of-court disposal, prosecutors must go on to consider whether a prosecution is required in the public interest.
1645:
1466:, which in some ways corresponds to that of a public prosecutor in other legal systems but with more far-reaching responsibilities, such as handling investigations otherwise performed by branches of the
798:
The United States is the only country in the world where citizens elect prosecutors. The director of a prosecution office is known by any of several names depending on the jurisdiction, most commonly
340:(DPP). The CPS prosecutes on behalf of the Crown and also takes forward prosecutions originating from police investigations. While the DPP must be a suitably qualified lawyer under section 71 of the
613:
Offences stipulating Attorney General's consent require the explicit consent of either the Attorney or Solicitor General. These roles together are known as the Law Officers. Under section 1 of the
1626:
but is no longer permitted there. Private prosecutors were also used in North Carolina as late as 1975. Private prosecution has been used in Nigeria, although the practice is being phased out.
1380:â district public prosecutor's offices (358). Apart from a brief period between 2010 and 2016, the position of Public Prosecutor General has been held concurrently by the Minister of Justice.
531:
absconding or interfering with witnesses. Prosecutors should not accept, without careful enquiry, any unjustified or unsupported assertions about risk if release on bail were to take place.
2587:
1840:
1389:
416:
the suspect, and it is this process which begins the prosecution. The CPS has the authority to decide whether a person is charged in all offences. However, the police may charge all
3035:("A polĂcia judiciĂĄria serĂĄ exercida pelas autoridades policiais no territĂłrio de suas respectivas circunscriçÔes e terĂĄ por fim a apuração das infraçÔes penais e da sua autoria.").
682:
2940:
2895:
2851:
2826:
2801:
2776:
2873:
3171:
3150:
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637:
Where an offence requires the personal consent of the DPP, this must be sought from the serving DPP by prosecutors, though the exact process varies depending on the offence.
522:
The seriousness and the circumstances of the case should be assessed in relation to the alleged offending and should be linked to the level of risk created by granting bail.
337:
1013:, Michigan, and New York, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the People. In the remaining states, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the State.
2183:
2100:
1364:), who is the chief of the Prokuratura Krajowa (National Public Prosecutor's Office). The GP has 5 deputies. The sttructure of Public Prosecution in Poland is four-level:
948:
Prosecutors are most often chosen through local elections, and typically hire other attorneys as deputies or assistants to conduct most of the actual work of the office.
945:
in Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, North Dakota, and Vermont; State Prosecutor; Attorney General in Delaware and Rhode Island; and Solicitor in South Carolina.
2565:
594:
Prosecutions under certain acts require the consent of the Attorney General or DPP before they can proceed. In practice, the following types of consent may be required:
1810:
368:(FCA). These organisations and their legal representatives may be called prosecutors. This is the same for any person, organisation, or their representatives during a
2365:
677:. Some organisations regularly use private prosecutions on a large scale to achieve an institutional goal, for example the vast majority of prosecutions under the
2300:
2460:
1057:). They open preliminary investigations and can hold a suspect in custody for up to 48 hours. When necessary, a Crown prosecutor will request an examining judge (
673:
In England and Wales, there is a statutorily protected common law right for any person to institute a private prosecution. This right is retained by section 6(1)
527:
There are continuing substantial grounds to object to bail in accordance with the Bail Act 1976 and in all the circumstances of the case it is proper to do so
202:, an individual accused of breaking the law. Typically, the prosecutor represents the state or the government in the case brought against the accused person.
2042:
1309:
stated that prosecutors who wish to become judges must relocate to another region and are prohibited to sit or hear trials that they themselves initiated.
1112:
2967:
2427:
783:
2517:
2122:
1748:
1726:
2749:
324:
The prosecution landscape in England and Wales is highly varied, meaning that a prosecutor can refer to a number of different individuals and roles.
4566:
3118:
2994:
1523:
961:
239:
2591:
1832:
1090:
345:
3338:
2043:"Charging (The Director's Guidance) - sixth edition, December 2020, incorporating the National File Standard | The Crown Prosecution Service"
554:
357:
3022:
579:
the police were only involved in overseeing a search, effecting an arrest or assisting other investigators in the conduct of an interview;
1687:
1424:
participate in the private deliberations of the court. Public prosecutors are the only public officers who can decide to appeal cases to
993:, if they determine that there is no reasonable likelihood of conviction. Prosecutors may dismiss charges in this situation by seeking a
625:
Where an offence requires the consent of the DPP to proceed, this consent may be granted by a Crown Prosecutor under section 1(7) of the
2495:
980:
Prosecutors are also tasked with seeking justice in their prosecutions. "The United States Attorney," explained the U.S. Supreme Court,
685:(RSPCA) as private prosecutions. The Post Office also undertook a wide array of private prosecutions against post masters, leading to a
2936:
2152:
1960:
2870:
2222:
1870:
1357:
341:
3992:
3550:
3449:
3314:
2538:
2259:
1780:
1585:
1318:
674:
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1483:
1146:), as the police authority, is responsible for conducting the criminal investigation in Brazil by means of a police investigation (
3165:
585:
someone other than a police officer is named on the charge sheet as the person accepting the charge or as the officer in the case.
4106:
3975:
3144:
3068:
2175:
646:
626:
545:
The Threshold Test must be kept under proactive and continuous review, and should only be used in rare and urgent circumstances.
2092:
1992:
1305:, the Supreme Court of Italy. Prosecutors are allowed during their career to act in the other's stead, although a ruling by the
4654:
4561:
3908:
3809:
373:
261:
2561:
730:. The most serious crimes, which are about 5% of all crimes, is outsourced to a lawyer working at private law firm known as a
4068:
3702:
1552:
1420:
953:
731:
389:
385:
1802:
1428:. Otherwise, appeals are initiated by defense counsel, the plaintiff, their representatives, and other parties to the case (
514:
particular suspect, it is capable of establishing a realistic prospect of conviction in accordance with the Full Code Test.
2389:
2358:
825:
vary from state to state and level of government (i.e. city, county, and state) and include the terms District Attorney in
3421:
3324:
1640:
1489:
1404:
1306:
746:
is a mixed system, its civil law jurisdiction indicates its civil law heritage. Here, all prosecutions are carried out by
562:
361:
4228:
3707:
2292:
1437:
1194:). The Chief Prosecutor generally initiates preliminary investigations and, if necessary, asks that an examining judge (
1159:
965:
572:
The CPS advise that another prosecuting authority should probably conduct a case if any of the following factors apply:
539:
Prosecutors must apply the public interest stage of the Full Code Test based on the information available at that time.
425:
283:
2452:
214:
and are recognised as suitable legal professionals by the court in which they are acting. This may mean they have been
4223:
2616:
1341:
1183:
822:
686:
558:
393:
365:
235:
55:
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2659:
649:
is based on an underlying offence which requires consent to prosecute, the inchoate offence will also need consent.
4664:
4198:
3697:
3185:
Robert M. Ireland (January 1995). "Privately Funded Prosecution of Crime in the Nineteenth-Century United States".
1425:
878:
4659:
4281:
1002:
775:
333:
125:
2633:
409:
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4076:
4058:
2400:
1567:
1220:
1001:. In Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the
974:
969:
191:
3727:
2963:
2423:
2411:
1930:
1900:
1718:
4451:
4238:
3712:
2890:
2796:
2514:
2119:
1745:
1563:
1433:
678:
3235:
Okagbue, Isabella (Spring 1990). "Private Prosecution in Nigeria: Recent Developments and Some Proposals".
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of the Soviet Union, were not aimed at fulfilling the same roles as police forces in democratic countries.
4506:
4491:
3237:
3045:
2990:
2745:
1247:
1238:("state attorney") is a life-tenured public official in the senior judicial service belonging to the same
949:
790:, which are not courts of law, but a panel of lay members empowered to act in the interests of the child.
787:
349:
3353:
3114:
989:
Prosecutors in some jurisdictions have the discretion to not pursue criminal charges, even when there is
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4610:
4203:
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2899:
2855:
2830:
2821:
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1361:
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614:
519:
The seriousness or the circumstances of the case justifies the making of an immediate charging decision
977:, although a 2013 investigation found that actual discipline for prosecutorial misconduct was lacking.
655:
The range of offences which require consent is wide, a list of the offences can be found at Annex 1 of
1282:
4644:
4639:
4331:
3677:
1205:
1196:
957:
854:
257:
187:
3393:
2711:
4486:
3626:
3543:
2923:
2093:"Charging (The Director's Guidance) - sixth edition, December 2020 | The Crown Prosecution Service"
1608:
1302:
1270:). Prosecutors in Italy are judicial officers just like judges and are ceremonially referred to as
994:
942:
668:
421:
369:
238:
rules in addition to those binding all lawyers. For example, in the United States, Rule 3.8 of the
215:
1276:
4301:
3960:
3814:
3799:
3777:
3521:
3501:
3454:
3444:
3262:
3254:
3202:
1353:
1234:
930:
727:
381:
272:
244:
219:
179:
3245:(1). Cambridge University Press on behalf of the School of Oriental and African Studies: 53â66.
1095:
In Brazil, the public prosecutors form a body of autonomous civil servantsâthe Public Ministry (
486:
There are reasonable grounds to suspect that the person to be charged has committed the offence
3018:
2588:"Standards on Prosecutorial Investigations (Table of Contents) | Criminal Justice Section"
1510:
Investigate criminal cases directly accepted by the People's Procuratorates as provided by law.
264:(DPP) and is appointed, not elected. A DPP may be subject to varying degrees of control by the
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4208:
4046:
3789:
3784:
3737:
3662:
3656:
3496:
3414:
3334:
3310:
2846:
2771:
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1679:
1635:
1457:
799:
747:
397:
61:
2487:
4291:
4258:
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3621:
3616:
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3375:
3246:
3194:
3097:
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2017:
1952:
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1408:
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in law and additional training in the administration of justice. In some countries, such as
826:
763:
271:
In Australia, the Offices of the Director of Public Prosecutions institute prosecutions for
265:
65:
2322:
2214:
1862:
1419:). The exception is cases concerning crimes against the freedom of the press for which the
4540:
4513:
4501:
4481:
4415:
4410:
4393:
4373:
4368:
4348:
4213:
4193:
4188:
4091:
4051:
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3611:
3596:
3516:
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2877:
2521:
2126:
1764:
1752:
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767:
759:
751:
417:
413:
99:
17:
2534:
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1776:
1500:. According to Article 6, the functions and duties of public procurators are as follows:
3115:"Fleeing Korea while under Police/Prosecutor Investigation: International Hold in Korea"
2509:
2390:
https://www.rspca.org.uk/webContent/staticImages/Downloads/WoolerReviewFinalSept2014.pdf
2114:
1740:
4617:
4425:
4343:
3932:
3898:
3849:
3834:
3606:
3511:
3491:
3481:
3070:
The Rule of Compulsory Prosecution and the Scope of Prosecutorial Discretion in Germany
2858:
2808:
1833:"[Withdrawn] Protocol between the Attorney General and prosecuting departments"
1528:
The Supreme People's Procuracy is the highest office of public procurators in Vietnam.
998:
990:
850:
429:
309:
195:
2833:
2684:. Prosecutor's Office Management Association ("POMA") of New Jersey. 5 November 2010.
726:
In New Zealand, most crimes are prosecuted by a Police Prosecutor, an employee of the
4633:
4471:
4430:
4316:
4296:
4268:
4218:
4183:
4157:
4152:
4145:
4096:
4036:
3876:
3866:
3824:
3747:
3742:
3672:
3631:
3555:
3289:
The Attorney General and the State Prosecutor: Is Institutional Separation Warranted?
3266:
1985:
1463:
1022:
934:
846:
755:
313:
4603:
4353:
4321:
4276:
4014:
4009:
3980:
3893:
3871:
3839:
3772:
3752:
3646:
3586:
3576:
3528:
3486:
3464:
3407:
3284:
2902:
1618:, because of Dutch and possibly French practice and the expansion of the office of
838:
3088:
Guarnieri, Carlo (January 1997), "The Judiciary in the Italian Political Crisis",
1432:). When a case has been decided by an appellate court, the right to appeal to the
617:, the Solicitor General can undertake any role assigned to the Attorney General.
226:. They become involved in a criminal case once a suspect has been identified and
4584:
4525:
4466:
4456:
4253:
4248:
4086:
3987:
3903:
3862:
3829:
3794:
3717:
3641:
3591:
3506:
3360:
indexes almost 2,900 prosecutor web sites throughout the US and other countries.
1209:
1103:) officiate before single judges and lower courts, Federal Circuit Prosecutors (
779:
771:
223:
31:
3323:, Volume XXXVIII, New Series 2003, The Law Faculty, University College, Dublin
510:
Further evidence can be obtained to provide a realistic prospect of conviction
4589:
4518:
4336:
4081:
4002:
3997:
3955:
3937:
3925:
3886:
3732:
3722:
3682:
3667:
3651:
3601:
3538:
3533:
3250:
3101:
1107:) before federal appellate courts, and Associate Federal Prosecutors General (
902:
874:
830:
227:
211:
194:. The prosecution is the legal party responsible for presenting the case in a
183:
166:
83:
1208:, prosecutors are responsible for presenting the case at trial to either the
4496:
4461:
4403:
4378:
4243:
4140:
4128:
4113:
4101:
4029:
3947:
3920:
3804:
2401:
https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmenvfru/117/117.pdf
2176:"Regina v Stafford Justices ex parte Customs and Excise Commissioners: 1991"
1493:
1471:
894:
862:
743:
629:. The prosecutor should apply all the normal tests before granting consent.
377:
276:
234:
Since the power of the state backs prosecutors, they are subject to special
199:
154:
150:
38:
2412:
https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/2823/documents/27637/default/
1719:"Relations with other prosecuting agencies | The Crown Prosecution Service"
941:
where cities additionally use City Attorneys to prosecute on their behalf;
4545:
4530:
4233:
4118:
3915:
3459:
1623:
1201:
1010:
1006:
938:
926:
914:
890:
886:
882:
870:
842:
158:
2655:
1126:
At the state level, the career is usually divided in state prosecutors (
4435:
4383:
4363:
4311:
4123:
4041:
3857:
3819:
3767:
3381:
1470:. Conversely, the policing systems in socialist countries, such as the
1130:) who practice before the lower courts and state apellate prosecutors (
910:
898:
178:
is a legal representative of the prosecution in states with either the
3258:
3206:
2629:
1340:
can decide whether to prosecute or not. High-ranking officials of the
453:
stage must not proceed, no matter how serious or sensitive it may be.
408:
Crown Prosecutors are bound by a strict code of conduct, known as the
4535:
4388:
4133:
4024:
4019:
3965:
3636:
1467:
1170:
In France, the Office of the Prosecutor includes a Chief Prosecutor (
1030:
918:
866:
858:
2746:"South Carolina Bench Book for Summary Court JudgesâGeneral Section"
1570:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1219:
Prosecutors are considered magistrates under French law, as in most
1053:
in appellate courts) is supported by subordinate Crown prosecutors (
713:
there is a particular need for the CPS to take over the prosecution.
3198:
3146:
No One Can Serve Two Masters: Arguments against Private Prosecutors
1922:
1892:
1258:
In Italy, a Prosecutor's Office is composed of a Chief Prosecutor (
316:. They are generally appointed by the provincial Attorney-General.
4476:
4420:
4326:
4167:
3970:
3469:
1243:
1239:
1034:
922:
913:; District Attorney General in Tennessee; Prosecuting Attorney in
834:
786:. Procurators fiscal will usually refer cases involving minors to
582:
the other authority is in possession of all the main exhibits; and
162:
3387:
3167:
Making Sense of English Law Enforcement in the Eighteenth Century
2871:
Who Polices Prosecutors Who Abuse Their Authority? Usually Nobody
877:
cities (typically prosecute only minor and misdemeanor offenses)
770:. Other remedies are open to a prosecutor in Scotland, including
4358:
4306:
4162:
3560:
3476:
3363:
2145:"The Code for Crown Prosecutors | The Crown Prosecution Service"
2018:"The Code for Crown Prosecutors | The Crown Prosecution Service"
1213:
906:
218:
or obtained a comparable qualification where available, such as
3403:
2783:
694:
Criminal Procedure Rules and appropriate disclosure standards.
567:
R v Stafford Justices ex parte Customs and Excise Commissioners
3430:
3319:
Raoul Muhm, "The role of the Public Prosecutor in Germany" in
2513:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under an
2118:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under an
1744:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under an
1535:
1403:
In Sweden, public prosecutors are lawyers who work out of the
1274:("Public Ministry" or P.M.). Italian Prosecutors officiate as
707:
the evidential sufficiency stage of the Full Code Test is met;
95:
3350:
703:
prosecution if the papers clearly show all of the following:
576:
the police did not conduct the majority of the investigation;
128:
in the jurisdiction, law degree, in some cases a traineeship.
2937:"TraduçÔes oficiais do MPF conforme Portaria PGR/MPF nÂș 618"
2707:
2293:"Consent of the Attorney General to prosecute: how to apply"
1289:
In appellate courts, the Office of the Prosecutor is called
3293:
The Index of Arab-Jewish Relations in Israel 2012 (English)
2087:
2085:
2083:
710:
the public interest stage of the Full Code Test is met; and
308:
In Canada, public prosecutors in most provinces are called
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
286:, guarantee the independence and impartiality of the DPP.
2681:
1498:
Public Procurators' Law of the People's Republic of China
3170:, vol. 2, U. Chi. L. Sch. Roundtable, p. 475,
497:
put into an admissible format for presentation in court;
260:, the head of the prosecuting authority is known as the
2323:"Consents to Prosecute | The Crown Prosecution Service"
2215:"Consents to Prosecute | The Crown Prosecution Service"
1765:
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/41/section/71
1648:(European Association of Judges and Public Prosecutors)
1646:
Magistrats Européens pour la Démocratie et les Libertés
1559:
697:
3399:
2656:"Maricopa County Attorney's Office âą Phoenix, Arizona"
2488:"Private Prosecutions | The Crown Prosecution Service"
2347:
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/23/section/6
2281:
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/23/section/1
2244:
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1997/60/section/1
1250:
if the prosecutor has sufficient evidence to convict.
683:
Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
268:, a formal written directive which must be published.
30:"Prosecution" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2961:
Article 129, preamble paragraphs VII and VIII of the
1119:) heads the federal body, and tries cases before the
3396:
Edmonds Marshall McMahon Leading Private Prosecutors
1390:
Supreme Prosecutors' Office of the Republic of Korea
758:, and, in theory, they can direct investigations by
4554:
4444:
4267:
4176:
4067:
3946:
3848:
3569:
3437:
3291:(Jerusalem: The Israel Democracy Institute, 2010).
1504:
Supervise the enforcement of laws according to law.
536:It is in the public interest to charge the suspect
144:
132:
118:
110:
105:
89:
77:
72:
3366:Free trial advocacy tips for prosecutors and trial
1496:and public prosecutor. Legally, they are bound by
1299:Procuratore Generale presso la Corte di Cassazione
561:(FCA), alongside independent prosecutors like the
332:The primary prosecutor in the jurisdiction is the
114:Advocacy skills, analytical mind, sense of justice
1376:â regional public prosecutor's offices (45); and
356:prosecutions in England and Wales, including the
210:Prosecutors are typically lawyers who possess a
3372:Summaries of Recent U.S. Criminal Law Decisions
1372:â provincial public prosecutor's offices (11);
1332:
3073:, vol. 41, U. Chi. L. Rev., p. 468,
1513:Other functions and duties as provided by law.
1326:
1142:According to a 2012 law, the chief of police (
372:. Finally, when cases are brought to trial, a
3415:
2562:"$ 40m of public money for private law firms"
1352:The highest-ranking prosecutor office of the
698:DPP's power to take over private prosecutions
231:has been bifurcated or devolved in some way.
8:
3378:Consultative Council of European Prosecutors
3309:, Vecchiarelli Editore Manziana (Roma) 2005
3222:Outmoded Concept of Private Prosecution, The
428:. The nature of the offence is suitable for
48:
3224:, vol. 25, Am. U. L. Rev., p. 754
1893:"About CPS | The Crown Prosecution Service"
1301:is the Chief General Prosecutor before the
774:and non-court based interventions, such as
3422:
3408:
3400:
3138:
3136:
1507:Public prosecution on behalf of the State.
1204:or move for further investigation. During
784:Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service
782:. All prosecutions are handled within the
436:met before a prosecution can be brought.
2604:Standards on Prosecutorial Investigations
1586:Learn how and when to remove this message
1488:A Public Procurator is a position in the
1462:A Public Procurator is an office used in
1436:passes from the case's prosecutor to the
1045:In Belgium, the Senior Crown prosecutor (
553:State investigative agencies such as the
549:Prosecutions by other government agencies
4567:History of the American legal profession
3390:International Association of Prosecutors
3304:Raoul Muhm, Gian Carlo Caselli (Hrsg.),
2630:"Directory of Nebraska County Attorneys"
596:
475:
438:
2708:"St. Joseph County Prosecutor's Office"
1658:
1368:â National Public Prosecutor's Office;
240:ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct
3301:, 5ÂȘ edição, SĂŁo Paulo: Saraiva, 2001.
3019:"Brazilian Code of Criminal Procedure"
1111:) before superior federal courts. The
1047:Procureur du Roi/Procureur des Konings
590:Prosecutions requiring special consent
346:Attorney General for England and Wales
47:
3299:Regime Juridico do MinistĂ©rio PĂșblico
3187:The American Journal of Legal History
2997:from the original on 14 November 2016
2943:from the original on 29 November 2021
2688:from the original on 4 September 2012
2482:
2480:
2478:
2447:
2445:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2139:
2137:
2135:
1980:
1978:
1524:Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam
718:rather than by a private individual.
7:
2752:from the original on 3 December 2013
2714:from the original on 28 October 2016
2424:"JSC Report on Private Prosecutions"
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1051:Procureur Général/Procureur-Generaal
424:when there is an anticipated guilty
2662:from the original on 5 October 2013
2568:from the original on 3 October 2021
1667:Director of Public Prosecutions Act
1186:) and his deputies and assistants (
1109:subprocuradores gerais da RepĂșblica
1105:procuradores regionais da RepĂșblica
1091:Public Prosecutor's Office (Brazil)
404:Approach of the CPS to prosecutions
282:More recent constitutions, such as
2430:from the original on 29 April 2022
1690:from the original on 23 March 2019
1113:Prosecutor General of the Republic
968:in both civil and criminal cases.
342:Courts and Legal Services Act 1990
206:Prosecutor as a legal professional
25:
3551:Restitution and unjust enrichment
3174:from the original on 1 April 2012
3153:from the original on 1 April 2012
3143:Nichols, Matthew S. (2000â2001),
3077:from the original on 11 July 2011
3025:from the original on 22 July 2012
2560:Espiner, Guyon (3 October 2021).
2541:from the original on 15 June 2022
2498:from the original on 15 June 2022
2463:from the original on 15 June 2022
2371:from the original on 7 April 2022
2303:from the original on 15 June 2022
2262:from the original on 9 April 2022
2225:from the original on 15 June 2022
2186:from the original on 9 April 2022
2155:from the original on 15 June 2022
2103:from the original on 15 June 2022
1998:from the original on 27 July 2022
1963:from the original on 15 June 2022
1903:from the original on 12 June 2022
1873:from the original on 15 June 2022
1843:from the original on 15 June 2022
1813:from the original on 15 June 2022
1783:from the original on 15 June 2022
1729:from the original on 15 June 2022
1477:
1319:Public Prosecutors Office (Japan)
675:Prosecution of Offenders Act 1985
4598:
4597:
4583:
3121:from the original on 7 July 2016
2508:
2113:
1933:from the original on 22 May 2022
1739:
1540:
627:Prosecution of Offences Act 1985
252:Directors of public prosecutions
54:
4562:History of the legal profession
3193:(1). Temple University: 43â58.
3067:Herrmann, Joachim (1973â1974),
3044:Article 144, Section IV of the
2970:from the original on 5 May 2016
2636:from the original on 7 May 2019
1953:"Service Prosecuting Authority"
338:Director of Public Prosecutions
262:director of public prosecutions
3149:, vol. 13, Cap. Def. J.,
2658:. Maricopacountyattorney.org.
1484:Supreme People's Procuratorate
1037:, they are classed as judges.
384:may present the case before a
1:
1405:Swedish Prosecution Authority
1307:Constitutional Court of Italy
1293:and the Chief Prosecutor the
1117:Procurador Geral da RepĂșblica
821:The titles of prosecutors in
563:Service Prosecuting Authority
362:Service Prosecuting Authority
3220:Sidman, Andrew (1975â1976),
2515:Open Government Licence v3.0
2120:Open Government Licence v3.0
1746:Open Government Licence v3.0
1323:In Japan, Public Prosecutors
3325:LARCHIVIO - Finance Journal
3164:Friedman, David D. (1995),
2617:Category:District attorneys
1863:"Attorney General - GOV.UK"
1566:the claims made and adding
1452:Socialist law jurisdictions
1333:
1075:droit d'injonction positive
610:Attorney General's consent
559:Financial Conduct Authority
432:in the magistrates' court.
366:Financial Conduct Authority
336:(CPS), which is led by the
236:professional responsibility
4686:
4229:International legal theory
3708:International slavery laws
3703:International human rights
3698:International criminal law
3333:(Paris: Gallimard, 2008),
2256:"s1 Law Officers Act 1997"
1986:"FCA Prosecution Handbook"
1641:Public prosecutor's office
1606:
1532:Institutional independence
1521:
1490:People's Republic of China
1481:
1478:People's Republic of China
1455:
1387:
1316:
1172:Procureur de la RĂ©publique
1163:
1157:
1088:
1021:Prosecutors are typically
666:
410:Code for Crown Prosecutors
126:authorised to practice law
36:
29:
18:Prosecutor (United States)
4577:
4282:Administration of justice
3394:Private Prosecution in UK
3251:10.1017/s0021855300008196
3102:10.1080/01402389708425179
1344:are largely prosecutors.
1327:
1224:one other as colleagues.
1160:MinistĂšre public (France)
1101:Procuradores da RepĂșblica
970:Private attorneys general
480:
443:
382:higher rights of audience
334:Crown Prosecution Service
124:Typically required to be
53:
4059:Basic structure doctrine
3909:Natural and legal rights
3790:Public international law
2964:"Constitution of Brazil"
2748:. Judicial.state.sc.us.
1262:) assisted by deputies (
975:prosecutorial misconduct
290:Common law jurisdictions
140:Government legal service
37:Not to be confused with
4239:Principle of typicality
3713:International trade law
2891:Berger v. United States
2797:Giglio v. United States
1132:procuradores de Justiça
1121:Brazilian Supreme Court
1079:positief injunctierecht
1017:Civil law jurisdictions
950:United States Attorneys
901:; County Prosecutor in
879:Commonwealth's Attorney
816:commonwealth's attorney
679:Animal Welfare Act 2006
634:DPP's personal consent
64:(on the pulpit) at the
4655:Government occupations
3238:Journal of African Law
3090:West European Politics
3046:Constitution of Brazil
2453:"Private Prosecutions"
1445:
1412:
1370:prokuratury regionalne
1055:substituts/substituten
987:
802:. Other names include
681:are prosecuted by the
462:Public Interest Stage
190:, which is adopted in
182:, which is adopted in
4234:Principle of legality
3993:Delegated legislation
3693:Intellectual property
3297:Hugo Nigro Mazzilli.
2822:Arizona v. Youngblood
2682:"President's Message"
2174:dls (24 April 2021).
1421:Chancellor of Justice
1268:sostituti procuratori
1128:promotores de Justiça
982:
960:. They represent the
956:and confirmed by the
889:; County Attorney in
657:Consents to Prosecute
615:Law Officers Act 1997
4452:Barristers' chambers
4394:Legal representation
4332:Justice of the peace
3678:Financial regulation
3356:23 July 2008 at the
3331:Paroles de procureur
3057:RiStBV, No. 138/139.
2924:127 P.3d 873
2876:30 June 2017 at the
2524:. © Crown copyright.
2520:28 June 2017 at the
2129:. © Crown copyright.
2125:28 June 2017 at the
1927:Serious Fraud Office
1755:. © Crown copyright.
1751:28 June 2017 at the
1492:, analogous to both
1378:prokuratury rejonowe
1374:prokuratury okrÄgowe
1358:Prokurator Generalny
1295:Procuratore Generale
1264:procuratori aggiunti
1206:criminal proceedings
1174:in trial courts and
1049:in trial courts and
958:United States Senate
663:Private prosecutions
555:Serious Fraud Office
358:Serious Fraud Office
258:Commonwealth Nations
188:inquisitorial system
4487:Election commission
4199:Expressive function
3728:Landlordâtenant law
3627:Consumer protection
3384:"diritto â history"
2594:on 19 December 2017
1609:Private prosecution
1603:Private prosecution
1366:Prokuratura Krajowa
1342:Ministry of Justice
1303:Corte di Cassazione
1144:delegado de polĂcia
995:voluntary dismissal
873:; City Attorney in
788:Children's Hearings
669:Private prosecution
598:
477:
440:
422:either-way offences
392:(with or without a
370:private prosecution
328:Types of prosecutor
273:indictable offences
220:solicitor advocates
216:admitted to the bar
50:
4445:Legal institutions
4312:Lawsuit/Litigation
4302:Dispute resolution
4107:Catholic canon law
3815:State of emergency
3778:Will and testament
3502:Law of obligations
3455:Constitutional law
3445:Administrative law
3364:ProsecutorTips.com
3016:Article 4 of the
1839:. 14 August 2019.
1551:possibly contains
1438:Prosecutor-General
1413:Ă
klagarmyndigheten
1362:General Prosecutor
1272:Pubblico Ministero
1266:) and assistants (
1197:juge d'instruction
1184:Court of Cassation
1148:inquérito policial
1097:MinistĂ©rio PĂșblico
1059:juge d'instruction
962:federal government
748:Procurators Fiscal
728:New Zealand Police
687:subsequent scandal
642:Inchoate offences
597:
476:
439:
245:U.S. Supreme Court
180:adversarial system
120:Education required
4665:Legal professions
4627:
4626:
4287:Constitutionalism
4209:Law and economics
4047:Act of parliament
3785:Product liability
3738:Legal archaeology
3663:Environmental law
3657:Entertainment law
3497:International law
3339:978-2-07-011977-6
2991:"Law 12.830/2013"
2847:Napue v. Illinois
2772:Brady v. Maryland
1636:Public procurator
1596:
1595:
1588:
1553:original research
1458:Public Procurator
1356:in Poland is the
1176:procureur général
1063:onderzoeksrechter
1027:university degree
1005:. In California,
952:are appointed by
800:district attorney
768:summary procedure
754:on behalf of the
653:
652:
543:
542:
474:
473:
449:Evidential Stage
320:England and Wales
172:
171:
62:Robert H. Jackson
60:Chief Prosecutor
16:(Redirected from
4677:
4660:Local government
4602:
4601:
4600:
4588:
4587:
4411:Question of fact
4292:Criminal justice
3622:Construction law
3617:Conflict of laws
3582:Agricultural law
3424:
3417:
3410:
3401:
3370:Burnley Law Firm
3321:The Irish Jurist
3272:
3270:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3049:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2912:
2906:
2887:
2881:
2868:
2862:
2843:
2837:
2818:
2812:
2793:
2787:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2626:
2620:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2590:. Archived from
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2531:
2525:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2484:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2449:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2420:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2370:
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3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:Core subjects
3436:
3432:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3315:88-8247-156-X
3312:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
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3240:
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3231:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3213:
3208:
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3200:
3196:
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3181:
3178:
3173:
3169:
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3160:
3157:
3152:
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3147:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3120:
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3110:
3107:
3103:
3099:
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3091:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3063:
3060:
3054:
3051:
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3024:
3020:
3013:
3010:
2996:
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2986:
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2942:
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2925:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2880:. ProPublica.
2879:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2835:
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2828:
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2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2803:
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2778:
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2773:
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2764:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
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2726:
2713:
2709:
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2700:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2540:
2536:
2535:"s6 PoA 1985"
2530:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2462:
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2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
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2277:
2274:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1782:
1778:
1777:"s2 PoA 1985"
1772:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1600:
1590:
1587:
1579:
1576:December 2010
1569:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1549:This section
1547:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:socialist law
1459:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1446:RiksÄklagaren
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:Supreme Court
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1335:
1320:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
981:
978:
976:
971:
967:
966:federal court
963:
959:
955:
954:the President
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
935:West Virginia
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
847:Massachusetts
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:United States
793:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:Lord Advocate
753:
749:
745:
737:
735:
733:
729:
721:
719:
712:
709:
706:
705:
704:
695:
691:
688:
684:
680:
676:
670:
662:
660:
658:
648:
644:
641:
640:
636:
633:
632:
628:
624:
621:
620:
616:
612:
609:
608:
604:
602:Consent type
601:
600:
595:
589:
584:
581:
578:
575:
574:
573:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
548:
546:
538:
535:
534:
529:
526:
525:
521:
518:
517:
512:
509:
508:
502:
500:reliable; and
499:
496:
495:
494:
488:
485:
484:
479:
470:
464:
461:
460:
457:
451:
448:
447:
442:
437:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
403:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
327:
325:
319:
317:
315:
314:Crown Counsel
311:
303:
301:
294:
289:
287:
285:
280:
278:
275:on behalf of
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
251:
249:
246:
241:
237:
232:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
205:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:
143:
139:
131:
127:
123:
117:
113:
109:
104:
101:
97:
94:
88:
85:
82:
76:
71:
67:
63:
57:
52:
46:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4650:Criminal law
4616:
4609:
4595:
4581:
4398:
4354:Jurisdiction
4322:Legal remedy
4277:Adjudication
4177:Legal theory
4015:Ratification
4010:Promulgation
3981:Proclamation
3961:Codification
3894:Human rights
3882:Divine right
3872:Constitution
3840:Women in law
3758:Military law
3753:Marriage law
3748:Maritime law
3647:Election law
3587:Aviation law
3577:Abortion law
3529:Property law
3465:Criminal law
3330:
3320:
3305:
3298:
3288:
3285:Gad Barzilai
3279:Bibliography
3242:
3236:
3230:
3221:
3215:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3166:
3159:
3145:
3123:. Retrieved
3109:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3069:
3062:
3053:
3040:
3027:. Retrieved
3012:
2999:. Retrieved
2985:
2972:. Retrieved
2957:
2945:. Retrieved
2931:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905: (1935).
2889:
2885:
2866:
2861: (1959).
2845:
2841:
2836: (1988).
2820:
2816:
2811: (1972).
2795:
2791:
2786: (1963).
2770:
2766:
2754:. Retrieved
2740:
2732:
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2702:
2690:. Retrieved
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2624:
2613:
2609:
2596:. Retrieved
2592:the original
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2564:. Radio NZ.
2555:
2543:. Retrieved
2529:
2500:. Retrieved
2491:
2465:. Retrieved
2456:
2432:. Retrieved
2418:
2407:
2396:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2353:
2342:
2330:. Retrieved
2326:
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2296:
2287:
2276:
2264:. Retrieved
2250:
2239:
2227:. Retrieved
2218:
2188:. Retrieved
2179:
2169:
2157:. Retrieved
2148:
2105:. Retrieved
2096:
2050:. Retrieved
2046:
2037:
2025:. Retrieved
2021:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1965:. Retrieved
1956:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1926:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1896:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1866:
1857:
1845:. Retrieved
1836:
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1806:
1797:
1785:. Retrieved
1771:
1760:
1731:. Retrieved
1722:
1692:. Retrieved
1683:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1612:
1597:
1582:
1573:
1550:
1527:
1497:
1487:
1461:
1429:
1417:enskilt Ă„tal
1416:
1402:
1393:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1351:
1334:kensatsu-kan
1322:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1281:
1277:custos legis
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1235:Staatsanwalt
1233:
1231:
1218:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1136:custos legis
1135:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1020:
1003:Commonwealth
988:
983:
979:
947:
839:Pennsylvania
823:state courts
820:
815:
811:
807:
803:
797:
772:fiscal fines
741:
725:
716:
701:
692:
672:
656:
654:
593:
571:
566:
552:
544:
491:
490:might rely.
467:
454:
434:
407:
354:
331:
323:
307:
298:
281:
270:
255:
233:
209:
198:against the
175:
173:
146:Related jobs
111:Competencies
45:
43:
4645:Prosecution
4640:Prosecutors
4526:Legislature
4457:Bureaucracy
4254:Rule of man
4249:Rule of law
4224:Libertarian
4087:Chinese law
3988:Legislation
3938:Regulations
3926:Law reports
3904:Natural law
3800:Reparations
3795:Refugee law
3718:Jurimetrics
3659:(Media law)
3597:Banking law
3592:Amnesty law
3570:Disciplines
3507:Private law
2947:28 November
2692:22 December
2598:13 November
2180:swarb.co.uk
1669:1983 (Cth).
1614:victim. In
1430:mÄlsÀganden
1384:South Korea
1354:Prokuratura
780:social work
722:New Zealand
364:(SPA), and
224:England law
106:Description
32:Persecution
4634:Categories
4519:Law school
4399:Prosecutor
4337:Magistrate
4124:Jewish law
4082:Common law
4003:Rulemaking
3998:Regulation
3948:Law making
3887:Divine law
3863:Legal code
3810:Sports law
3733:Law of war
3683:Health law
3668:Family law
3652:Energy law
3602:Bankruptcy
3539:Punishment
3534:Public law
3382:L'Archivio
3001:8 November
2718:5 December
1923:"About us"
1867:www.gov.uk
1653:References
1560:improve it
1297:(PG). The
1248:compulsory
1192:substituts
1164:See also:
1067:la saisine
931:Washington
903:New Jersey
875:California
831:California
386:magistrate
212:law degree
184:common law
176:prosecutor
167:magistrate
136:employment
84:Profession
73:Occupation
49:Prosecutor
4497:Judiciary
4492:Executive
4467:The bench
4404:Solicitor
4379:Barrister
4259:Sociology
4244:Pseudolaw
4184:Anarchist
4141:Roman law
4129:Parsi law
4114:Hindu law
4102:Canon law
4077:Civil law
4030:Concordat
3921:Precedent
3830:Trust law
3805:Space law
3642:Drugs law
3512:Procedure
3450:Civil law
3267:145695321
2756:4 October
2733:See, e.g.
2666:4 October
2572:3 October
1564:verifying
1494:detective
1472:Militsiya
1221:civil law
895:Minnesota
863:Wisconsin
744:Scots law
742:Although
645:Where an
503:credible.
378:solicitor
374:barrister
350:executive
295:Australia
277:the Crown
200:defendant
192:civil law
155:solicitor
151:Barrister
134:Fields of
39:Prosector
4604:Category
4546:Tribunal
4531:Military
4374:Attorney
4344:Judgment
4204:Feminist
4119:Jain law
3916:Case law
3637:Cyberlaw
3544:Corporal
3522:Criminal
3492:Evidence
3482:Doctrine
3460:Contract
3354:Archived
3172:archived
3151:archived
3119:Archived
3075:archived
3029:7 August
3023:Archived
2995:Archived
2968:Archived
2941:Archived
2874:Archived
2750:Archived
2712:Archived
2686:Archived
2660:Archived
2634:Archived
2566:Archived
2539:Archived
2518:Archived
2496:Archived
2461:Archived
2428:Archived
2366:Archived
2301:Archived
2260:Archived
2223:Archived
2184:Archived
2153:Archived
2123:Archived
2101:Archived
1993:Archived
1961:Archived
1931:Archived
1901:Archived
1871:Archived
1841:Archived
1811:Archived
1781:Archived
1749:Archived
1727:Archived
1694:23 March
1688:Archived
1630:See also
1624:Virginia
1202:petition
1011:Illinois
1007:Colorado
939:Missouri
927:Michigan
915:Arkansas
891:Nebraska
887:Virginia
883:Kentucky
871:Oklahoma
843:Delaware
827:New York
738:Scotland
605:Details
430:sentence
256:In most
159:advocate
4618:Outline
4555:History
4462:The bar
4436:Verdict
4384:Counsel
4364:Justice
4219:History
4042:Statute
3858:Charter
3820:Tax law
3768:Probate
3125:30 June
2640:5 March
2545:15 June
2502:15 June
2467:15 June
2434:15 June
2375:15 June
2307:15 June
2266:15 June
2229:15 June
2190:15 June
2159:15 June
2107:15 June
2002:15 June
1967:15 June
1937:15 June
1907:15 June
1877:15 June
1847:15 June
1817:15 June
1787:15 June
1733:15 June
1558:Please
1518:Vietnam
1442:Swedish
1409:Swedish
1228:Germany
1212:or the
1182:or the
1041:Belgium
911:Indiana
899:Arizona
855:Georgia
360:(SFO),
228:charges
4536:Police
4507:Agency
4389:Lawyer
4134:Sharia
4025:Treaty
4020:Repeal
3966:Decree
3877:Custom
3773:Estate
3723:Labour
3487:Equity
3337:
3313:
3307:Europe
3265:
3259:745600
3257:
3207:845749
3205:
2922:,
2903:78, 88
2894:,
2850:,
2825:,
2800:,
2775:,
2457:GOV.UK
2332:15 May
2297:GOV.UK
2052:15 May
2027:15 May
1957:GOV.UK
1837:GOV.UK
1807:GOV.UK
1468:police
1399:Sweden
1348:Poland
1244:judges
1154:France
1085:Brazil
1031:France
933:, and
919:Hawaii
909:, and
897:, and
869:, and
867:Oregon
859:Nevada
814:, and
420:, and
414:charge
304:Canada
4611:Index
4477:Court
4421:Trial
4327:Judge
4168:Yassa
3971:Edict
3517:Civil
3470:Crime
3263:S2CID
3255:JSTOR
3203:JSTOR
2974:7 May
2898:
2854:
2829:
2804:
2779:
2369:(PDF)
2362:(PDF)
1996:(PDF)
1989:(PDF)
1313:Japan
1254:Italy
1240:corps
1210:bench
1035:Italy
923:Idaho
835:Texas
390:judge
388:or a
380:with
186:, or
163:judge
4359:Jury
4307:Fiqh
4163:Xeer
3561:Tort
3477:Deed
3376:CCPE
3335:ISBN
3311:ISBN
3127:2016
3031:2012
3003:2016
2976:2016
2949:2021
2900:U.S.
2856:U.S.
2831:U.S.
2806:U.S.
2781:U.S.
2758:2013
2720:2016
2694:2011
2668:2013
2642:2020
2614:See:
2600:2017
2574:2021
2547:2022
2504:2022
2469:2022
2436:2022
2377:2022
2334:2024
2309:2022
2268:2022
2231:2022
2192:2022
2161:2022
2109:2022
2054:2024
2029:2024
2004:2022
1969:2022
1939:2022
1909:2022
1879:2022
1849:2022
1819:2022
1789:2022
1735:2022
1696:2019
1665:See
1214:jury
1190:and
1033:and
907:Ohio
885:and
778:and
750:and
426:plea
394:jury
3431:Law
3388:IAP
3247:doi
3195:doi
3098:doi
2915:See
2896:295
2859:264
2852:360
2827:488
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