20:
567:). When the same code appears alone it indicates the action of spacing down two lines on a page in order to create the white space indicating the start of a new paragraph or new section in a message heading. When used as a prosign, there is no actual written or printed character representation or symbol for a new paragraph (i.e. no symbol corresponding to "
186:
that would occur between the letters shown, if the representation were (mistakenly) sent as a sequence of letters: In printed material describing their meaning and use, prosigns are shown either as a sequence of dots and dashes for the sound of a telegraph, or by an overlined sequence of letters from
353:
pauses between the patterns that represent the "combined" letters, and are most commonly written with a single bar over the merged letters (if more than one single character) to indicate this. The only difference between what is transmitted for the Morse code prosign vs. the separate letter signs is
273:
was then just a logical progression. They were not defined by the developers of Morse code, but were gradually introduced by telegraph operators to improve the speed and accuracy of high-volume message handling, especially those sent over that era's problematic long distance communication channels,
136:
Not all prosigns used by telegraphers are standard: There are regional and community-specific variations of the coding convention used in certain radio networks to manage transmission and formatting of messages, and many unofficial prosign conventions exist; some of which might be redundant or
113:
At the coding level, prosigns admit any form the Morse code can take, unlike abbreviations which have to be sent as a sequence of individual letters, like ordinary text. On the other hand, most prosigns codes are much longer than typical codes for letters and numbers. They are individual and
1438:
The following table lists standard abbreviations used for organizing radiotelegraph traffic, however none of them are actual prosigns, despite their similar purpose. All are strictly used as normal strings of one to several letters, never as
550:
Many Morse code prosigns do not have written or printed textual character representations in the original source information, even if they do represent characters in other contexts. For example, when embedded in text the Morse code sequence
684:, which could be considered either abbreviations (for "okay, go ahead", and for "received") or prosigns that are also letters. All of the rest of the symbols are not letters, but in some cases are also used as punctuation.
3303: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
399:, their representation by two letters is usually arbitrary, and may be done in multiple equivalent ways. Normally, one particular form is used by convention, but some prosigns have multiple forms in common use:
252:
In the early decades of telegraphy, many efficiency improvements were incorporated into operations. Each of the early versions of Morse code was an example of that: With only one glaring exception (Intl. Morse
121:
The development of prosigns began in the 1860s for wired telegraphy. Since telegraphy preceded voice communications by several decades, many of the much older Morse prosigns have acquired precisely equivalent
2961:
288:
Among other prosign uses, improvement in the legibility of written messages sent by telegraph (telegrams) using white space formatting was supported by the procedural symbols. To become an efficient
1443:
symbols, and have standard meanings used for the management of sending and receiving messages. Dots following indicate that in use, the abbreviation is always followed by more information.
137:
ambiguous. One typical example of something which is not an officially recognized prosign, but is yet fairly often used in Europe, is one or two freely timed dits at the end of a message,
354:
the presence or absence of an inter-letter space between the two "dit" / "dah" sequences. Although the difference in the transmission is subtle, the difference in meaning is gross:
1380:
42:
telegraphy, for the purpose of simplifying and standardizing procedural protocols for landline and radio communication. The procedural signs are distinct from conventional
4293:(Report). Maritime Safety Information Division (United States ed.). Bethesda, MD: National Imagery and Mapping Agency. 2003 . pub 102 – via SeaSources.net.
2991: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
2950: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
544: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
238: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
4447:
1112:
1056:
4451:
970:
1228:
644:
The procedure signs below are compiled from the official specification for Morse Code, ITU-R M.1677, International Morse Code, while others are defined the
3772:
1945 procedural use: "The correctness of a short portion of a message may be questioned directly by the receiving operator using the interrogatory prosign
62:
as prosigns and as single letters or punctuation marks, and for those, the distinction between a prosign and abbreviation is ambiguous, even in context.
1379:
4397:
2235:
1369:
920:
2786: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
1111:
1055:
969:
4359:
4259:
4006:
1227:
70:
In the broader sense prosigns are just standardised parts of short form radio protocol, and can include any abbreviation. Examples would be
4584:
854:
798:
1086:
When standing alone, a note of interrogation or request for repetition of the immediate prior transmission that was not understood. When
919:
598:", neither of which is in the international standard. Other prosigns are officially designated for both characters and prosigns, such as
1101:
1045:
4725:
4720:
4708:
4703:
4688:
4187:
853:
799:
4387:
4500:
3339:
959:
261:), they all encoded more common characters into shorter keying sequences, and the rare ones into longer, thus effecting online
1217:
275:
4428:
649:
4551:
2238:(military) standards; a few have no equivalent in any other definition of Morse code procedure signals or abbreviations.
106:. Different from abbreviations, those are universally recognizable across language barriers as distinct and well-defined
372:) indicates that the receiving Morse operator should begin a new line, but the two separate letter sign or abbreviation
2749: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
2508: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
1371: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
1344: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
634: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
4179:
4109:
3643:
2837: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
2692: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
2304:
1951: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
1666: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
1406: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
1103: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
1080: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
4526:(military field manual). United States War Department. Fort Monroe, VA: Army Field Printing Plant, CAS. 1945. FM24-6.
4427:
Benediktsson, Kristjan, (TF3KB); Kjartansson, Villi; et al. (Iceland Radio
Association) (21–27 September 2014).
4309:
The
Deutsch-Österreichischer Telegraphenverein officially adopted Gerke's redaction / revision of Morse code in 1851.
4436:. International Amateur Radio Union Region 1 2014 General Conference. Varna-Albena, Bulgaria. paper VA14 C3 40.
2549: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
1262: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
1219: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
1184: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
952:"I must pause for a few minutes." Also means "I am engaged in a contact with another station ; please wait quietly."
4761:
2017:
1960:
1522:
General-purpose response to any request or inquiry for which the answer is "nothing" or "none" or "not available" (
909:
4622:
4493:
755:, or the prosign for "next line", and then only when it is embedded inside a heading section in amateur traffic.
4348:
86:
for "message, received". In a more restricted sense, "prosign" refers to something analogous to the nonprinting
4668:
4577:
4441:
3538:
3131:
3044:
3040:
2243:
2208:
2148:
2110:
2046:
1893:
1863:
1825:
1793:
1763:
1733:
1703:
1673:
1641:
1611:
1581:
1552:
1523:
1491:
293:
188:
43:
4504:
2227:
4735:
4307:(Report) (in German). Deutsch-Österreichischer Telegraphenverein (German-Austrian Telegraph Union). 1851.
3210: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
2004: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
1941: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
1574: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
4324:
4252:
Miscellaneous
Abbreviations and Signals to be used for Radiocommunications in the Maritime Mobile Service
3600: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
2468: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
2364: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1310: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
1266: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1138: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
1008: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
911: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
880: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
831: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
553: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
536: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
310: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
172: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
3782:, but this method should not be used to question a part of a message for which a receipt has been given.
1440:
843:
788:
645:
344:
3815:
be used to cancel a message after it has already been completely transmitted, and receipt acknowledged.
4658:
4607:
1971:
4756:
4698:
4570:
282:
3859:
Non-ITU Code adopted nationally for languages with letters not used in Latin, English, or
Italian.
3584:
When overlining is not available, the same characters can be written in <angle brackets> or
4713:
2957:
Only used by the original distressed station, and only for imminent danger to life or property. (
87:
4612:
4537:
182:
Even though represented as strings of letters, prosigns are rendered without the intercharacter
2063: ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄
4183:
4098:
657:
636:), the International Morse prosign that marks the start of a new transmission or new message.
391:, used to indicate what part of the previously transmitted message needs to be re-transmitted.
3837: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
2197: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
231: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
3673: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
3559:
3207: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
3120: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
2638: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
2278: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
2230:
nets, the following prosigns and signals can be used, most of which are an exact match with
2194: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
2141: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
2097: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1913: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
1856: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1660: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1631: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1604: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1601: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1571: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1542: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
735:
used for directional signal lights. It has no official use in radio telegraphy, where it is
723: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
577:
496: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
370: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
262:
51:
3513: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
3258: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
2877: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
2410: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
1047: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1032: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1004: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
961: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
946: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
4617:
3676:
2286:
1490:
Used to precede the name or other identification of the station sending the transmission (
130:
4401:
3705:
3548:
2223:
4325:
Annual Report of the Board of
Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for the Year 1878
4750:
199:
95:
24:
4472:
3348:
mark and to represent the warning "I repeat" before a duplicated transmission.
3543:
1824:
The portion of the message to which I refer is all that falls between ... and ... (
576:
Some prosigns are in unofficial use for special characters in languages other than
339:
Although some of the prosigns as-written appear to be simply two adjacent letters,
289:
47:
2756:
Go ahead, specific named station. Decoder software may show equivalent character "
2703:" from the receiving station in response to a transmission; possibly followed by
1378:
1226:
1110:
1054:
968:
918:
852:
797:
4632:
1352:(Starting signal that precedes every transmission session. Sometimes written as
115:
99:
91:
3033: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
2596: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
2138: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
2039: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
1916: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
1792:
The portion of the message to which I refer is all that precedes the text ... (
1723: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
1693: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
845: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
834: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
823: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
612:", which marks the end of a message. Some genuinely have only one use, such as
518: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
437: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
4730:
4627:
4593:
3763:
may optionally be followed by the estimated number of minutes of waiting time.
3123: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
3030: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
2885:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2100: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
2036: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
1919: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1815: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
1786: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
1762:
The portion of the message to which I refer is all that follows the text ... (
1726: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
1545: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
1516: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
540: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
514: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
492: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
183:
39:
3368: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
1417:(Ending signal that follows every transmission session. Occasionally written
2290:
304:
There are at least three methods used to represent Morse prosign symbols:
241:
118:
within the broader Morse code, fully at par with basic letters and numbers.
107:
55:
4562:
4287:
1190:
Preceding text was in error. The following is the corrected text. (Same as
4251:
3998:
3732:
was used to mark the end of individual telegrams within a batched-message.
19:
4327:(Report). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 1879. pp. 358–360
781:
necessarily indicate the message was understood or will be complied with.
323:
279:
4412:
2475:
Space down two lines; typewritten CR-LF-LF. Decoder software may show "
653:
395:
Because no letter boundaries are transmitted with the codes counted as
214:. As a prosign it is not really composed of the three separate letters
123:
3345:
4678:
4673:
4521:
3696:
Only when sent with ship-to-ship signal lights does the abbreviation
3564:
3554:
292:
it was important to master the Morse code prosigns, as well as the
4355:
4255:
4002:
3741:
As of 2017 the is a proposal that (perhaps inadvertently) changes
2231:
2103: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
103:
18:
3642:
is only used for multi-line addresses inside message headings of
3262:
Code re-used for "Message verified" or "Message understood" (see
3213: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
2375:". Alternative for "Break" in conversational Morse. Also written
2190: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
2010: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1947: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1481: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
1272:
The entire message just sent is in error, disregard it. (Same as
790: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
771: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
451: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
4394:
4302:
4300:
3824:
When Morse was still being used in aeronautics, the entire word
2804:
2050:
1149:
829:
Invitation to transmit after terminating the call signal. (e.g.
569:
4566:
2371:
New Page, space down several lines. Decoder software may show "
590:
is used unofficially for both the "next line" prosign and for "
462:
Although the well-known calling prosign for emergency messages
4653:
4648:
3226:
3195:
3003:
2942:
1094:
a coded signal, modifies the code to be a question or request.
473:
203:
3217:
Obsolete code used to call all stations during distress (see
2317:
would prematurely start a pending next section. Also written
2045:
Signal used to interrupt a transmission already in progress (
1925:
Your last transmission was wrong. The correct version is ...
296:
used to facilitate checking and re-sending sections of text.
2884:
Message received and checks okay. Alternatively shift from
646:
International Radio
Regulations for Mobile Maritime Service
4358:(international standard). ITU Recommendation. Geneva, CH:
4349:
Morse
Telegraphy Procedures in the Maritime Mobile Service
4319:
4317:
4258:(international standard). ITU Recommendation. Geneva, CH:
4005:(international standard). ITU Recommendation. Geneva, CH:
2556:
Always followed by correct text. Equivalent to both
648:, including ITU-R M.1170, ITU-R M.1172, and the Maritime
198:
The best-known example of the convention is the standard
2995:
Start of a distress signal relayed from another station
1159:
a signal, modifies the signal to be a question/request.
777:
Means the last transmission has been received, but does
4478:(military manual). ACP 124 – via Navy-Radio.
886:
End of transmission / End of message / End of telegram.
3646:
batched message format, where sending the more common
1672:
What is the name or identity signal of your station? (
3675:
has also been in non-ITU (hence "unofficial") use in
4473:
3834: ▄▄▄ ▄
2181: ▄▄▄ ▄
1886: ▄▄▄ ▄
1818: ▄▄▄ ▄
1783: ▄ ▄▄▄
1756: ▄ ▄▄▄
1753: ▄ ▄▄▄
1696: ▄ ▄▄▄
1510: ▄▄▄ ▄
555:
represents the "double hyphen" character (normally "
419: ▄ ▄▄▄
415: ▄ ▄▄▄
385: ▄ ▄▄▄
382: ▄ ▄▄▄
4687:
4641:
4600:
1676:) In many contexts, the question mark is optional.
1663: ▄ ▄ ▄
1634: ▄ ▄ ▄
234: ▄ ▄ ▄
228: ▄ ▄ ▄
195:the usual spacing, sounds like the prosign symbol.
50:that convey messages to other parties with greater
1412:End of contact / End of work / Line is now free /
4362:. March 2012. ITU-R M.1170-1 – via ITU.int.
3656:prosign would prematurely terminate the heading.
2368:Message separator, start new message / telegram.
4487:
4485:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
2515:Attention commencing transmission. Also written
573:"), other than the two-line white space itself.
4343:
4341:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
1957:Time-check request. / What is the correct time?
652:, with a few details of their use appearing in
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
3628:
3626:
1963:, unless explicitly requested otherwise, e.g.
4578:
4492:Knight, David; Ryan, Jerry, eds. (May 2009).
4400:. April 2009. ACP 131(F). Archived from
4388:Communications Instructions Operating Signals
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
1610:Specific call to two or more named stations (
387:) indicates either the voice procedure words
8:
4446:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3855:
3853:
3342:CW operations, and other military standards.
2512:Start of transmission Start of new message.
1640:Specific call to exactly one named station (
1526:). Also means "I have no messages for you."
1350:Message begins / Start of work / New message
542:); all of these render the same single code
472:is always represented by the three letters "
156:, meaning "I'm done; go ahead". However the
4540:(military reference). UK: Royal Navy. 1937.
4178:(textbook) (10th ed.). Newington, CT:
3047:). In conversational Morse some use any of
1447:General-use abbreviations and letter-codes
265:. The introduction of Morse symbols called
4585:
4571:
4563:
4450:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
3687:, for eastern European railway telegraphy.
1014:I must pause for more than a few minutes.
4516:
4514:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4398:Combined Communications Electronics Board
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
3719:
3717:
2753:Invitation for named station to transmit
2236:Combined Communications Electronics Board
668:The following table of prosigns includes
236:) but is run together as a single symbol
4099:"Chapter 3: Sending messages in CW"
3168:
2576: . Sometimes transcribed as "???".
2242:Table of Morse code prosigns and useful
2240:
1445:
686:
4407:on 2013-02-15 – via jcs.dtic.mil.
3896:
3839:) was sent instead of the abbreviation
3577:
3372:Exactly five dits (code for digit
2901:" verification requested. Also written
2600:Invitation for any station to transmit
2184: ▄▄▄
2007: ▄▄▄
1944: ▄▄▄
455: ▄▄▄
174:, which takes a little longer to send.
4439:
4430:Resolution on conflicting CW procedure
3324: ▄ ▄
3321: ▄ ▄
2998:Used to forward a copy of a received "
2222:For the special purpose of exchanging
2178: ▄ ▄
1513: ▄ ▄
522: ▄ ▄
150: ▄ ▄
147: ▄ ▄
4360:International Telecommunication Union
4260:International Telecommunication Union
4007:International Telecommunication Union
2218:Amateur radio National Traffic System
739:used to represent an accented letter
7:
3517:Re-purposed original ITU symbol for
3130:Abbreviation for "closing station" (
2285:Space down one line; typewritten as
1862:Answer to prior question is "yes". (
358:For example, the unofficial prosign
4262:. ITU-R M.1172 – via ITU.int.
4108:(procedure manual). Newington, CT:
3868:Proposed double-use as punctuation
3704:have the same meaning as the voice
2472:Start new section / new paragraph.
1892:Answer to prior question is "no". (
78:for "okay, heard you, continue" or
27:used to send messages in Morse code
1434:Abbreviations for message handling
178:Representation in printed material
152:; it is equivalent to the proword
14:
3876:and; non-standard. Abbreviation "
2203:Groups of abbreviations from the
160:prosign with the same meaning is
2611:" at the end of a transmission.
1376:
1224:
1108:
1052:
966:
916:
850:
795:
308:Unique dot/dash sequences, e.g.
4494:Radiotelegraph Operations Guide
4009:. October 2009. ITU-R M.1677-1.
3338:, although it is still used in
3170:Historical Morse code prosigns
2881:Understood. Verify / verified.
1148:prosign; equivalent to Spanish
58:. However, some codes are used
4556:(image). UK: Royal Navy. 1937.
3178:Matching voice procedure word
3016:dah di di dah di di dah di dit
2975:di di di dah dah dah di di dit
2293:(CR-LF). Only used instead of
1455:Matching voice procedure word
696:Matching voice procedure word
322:Non-unique printed or written
38:are shorthand signals used in
1:
4499:(military procedure manual).
4288:International Code of Signals
4106:ARRL Network Reference Manual
2841:End of contact / End of work
2205:International Code of Signals
2061:. Some military networks use
2016:The following is the correct
1580:General call to any station (
1551:Announcing station shutdown (
1316:Start new section of message.
1144:Military replacement for the
650:International Code of Signals
3884:" is typically used instead.
3602:) is equivalent to both <
3283:1937 Royal Navy Signal Card
2653:" surrounded by word spaces.
2020:in HHMM 24 hour format
688:General-use procedure signs
343:prosigns are transmitted as
315:Unique audible sounds, e.g.
300:Notation and representations
16:Predefined shorthand signals
4180:American Radio Relay League
4110:American Radio Relay League
2645:Lone alphabetic character "
2603:Lone alphabetic character "
1254:DISREGARD THIS TRANSMISSION
421:) is exactly equivalent to
294:many standard abbreviations
226:, (in International Morse:
4778:
2665:in ARRL batched messages.
1414:Frequency no longer in use
898:"end copy", and character
656:, which otherwise defines
46:, which consist mainly of
4623:Modulated continuous wave
4356:Radiocommunication Sector
4256:Radiocommunication Sector
4003:Radiocommunication Sector
3661:The sequence produced by
3344:Later re-used for both a
3282:
3012:
2971:
2954:Start of distress signal
2819:
2807:characters. Also written
2578:
2187: ▄
1484: ▄
660:, not procedure signals.
500: ▄
433: ▄
4669:Morse code abbreviations
4594:International Morse code
4334:– via Archive.org.
3999:International Morse Code
3539:Morse code abbreviations
2582:di di di di di di di dit
2307:batched messages, where
2244:Morse code abbreviations
2147:Weather report follows (
640:International Morse code
480:just as well be written
189:International Morse Code
44:Morse code abbreviations
4664:Prosigns for Morse code
4523:Radio Operator's Manual
4505:United States Air Force
2228:National Traffic System
326:character groups, e.g.
129:for use in more recent
4736:Chinese telegraph code
3328:Generally replaced by
3317:Separative sign break
3037:Break in conversation
2655:Substitute for period
28:
4689:Other writing systems
4176:ARRL Operating Manual
3679:Morse for the letter
3525:not used in English.
3509:Further message sign
3386:(exactly eight dits,
2822:dah di di dah dah dah
22:
4659:Morse code mnemonics
4608:Electrical telegraph
4601:Transmission methods
4507:– via QSL.net.
4112:. 25 September 2002.
3272:above). Replaced by
2729:di di dah dah di dit
2699:Lone question mark "
1038:Message is verified.
4699:American Morse code
4393:(military manual).
3181:Former code symbol
3171:
3043:for "back-to you" (
2859:di di di dah di dah
2553:Error / correction
2246:
1448:
689:
283:wireless telegraphy
276:transoceanic cables
4411:Also, see article
4182:. 8 October 2012.
3169:
3041:Morse abbreviation
2765:dah di dah dah dit
2241:
2109:Message received (
1936:REQUEST TIME CHECK
1492:Morse abbreviation
1446:
1318:Same as character
687:
622:or the equivalent
290:telegraph operator
244:in its own right.
191:, which when sent
88:control characters
29:
4762:Operating signals
4744:
4743:
4503:Training Manual.
3529:
3528:
3165:Obsolete prosigns
3162:
3161:
2888:to Morse code. "
2696:Please say again
2566: and
2530:dah di dah di dah
2435:" (Received) or "
2427:, or characters "
2390:di dah di dah dit
2215:
2214:
1431:
1430:
1381:
1229:
1113:
1057:
971:
921:
855:
800:
658:operating signals
4769:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4518:
4509:
4508:
4498:
4489:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4469:
4456:
4455:
4445:
4437:
4435:
4424:
4418:
4408:
4406:
4392:
4383:
4364:
4363:
4353:
4345:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4321:
4312:
4311:
4304:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4283:
4264:
4263:
4247:
4194:
4193:
4171:
4114:
4113:
4103:
4094:
4011:
4010:
3994:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3721:
3712:
3702:
3701:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3630:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3608:
3607:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3582:
3560:QSA and QRK code
3523:
3522:
3514:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3488:
3487:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3369:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3325:
3322:
3304:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3278:
3277:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3259:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3200:
3199:
3172:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3124:
3121:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3099:
3093:
3083:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3034:
3031:
3019:
3018:
3009:
3007:
3006:
2992:
2986:
2978:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2951:
2945:
2934:
2933:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2916:di di di dah dit
2910:
2908:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2878:
2872:
2861:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2838:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2787:
2781:
2767:
2750:
2744:
2731:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2693:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2650:
2639:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2597:
2585:
2584:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2550:
2543:
2532:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2509:
2503:
2486:
2484:dah di di di dah
2469:
2463:
2450:
2448:di dah di di dit
2441:
2440:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2411:
2405:
2392:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2365:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2279:
2273:
2247:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2161:
2160:
2142:
2139:
2120:
2119:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2040:
2037:
2011:
2008:
2005:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1959:(Time is always
1952:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1887:
1857:
1819:
1816:
1806:
1787:
1784:
1757:
1754:
1727:
1724:
1697:
1694:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1635:
1632:
1605:
1602:
1575:
1572:
1546:
1543:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1485:
1482:
1449:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1396:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1345:
1334:
1311:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1267:
1263:
1249:
1244:
1231:
1230:
1220:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1185:
1167:
1153:punctuation mark
1139:
1128:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1081:
1059:
1058:
1048:
1033:
1022:
1009:
1005:
991:
986:
973:
972:
962:
947:
936:
923:
922:
912:
897:
895:
894:
881:
870:
857:
856:
846:
835:
832:
824:
802:
801:
791:
772:
753:
752:
745:
744:
729:This meaning is
724:
713:
690:
682:
681:
674:
673:
635:
631:
629:
628:
621:
619:
618:
607:
605:
604:
596:
595:
589:
587:
586:
572:
566:
554:
545:
541:
537:
532:
531:
530:
523:
519:
515:
510:
509:
508:
501:
497:
493:
488:
487:
486:
470:
469:
468:
456:
452:
447:
446:
445:
438:
434:
429:
428:
427:
420:
416:
411:
410:
409:
386:
383:
378:
377:
371:
366:
365:
364:
334:
333:
332:
317:dah di di di dah
311:
267:procedural signs
263:data compression
259:
258:
239:
235:
232:
229:
212:
211:
209:
184:commas or pauses
173:
169:
168:
166:
151:
148:
144:
143:
84:
83:
76:
75:
32:Procedural signs
4777:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4709:Cyrillic script
4690:
4683:
4642:Notable signals
4637:
4618:Continuous wave
4596:
4591:
4561:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4520:
4519:
4512:
4496:
4491:
4490:
4483:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4459:
4442:cite conference
4438:
4433:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4404:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4367:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4339:
4330:
4328:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4306:
4305:
4298:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4267:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4197:
4190:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4117:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4014:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3851:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3709:UNKNOWN STATION
3699:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3682:
3681:
3677:German language
3672:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3624:
3614:
3613:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3534:
3520:
3519:
3512:
3503:
3496:
3495:
3485:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3376:). Replaced by
3367:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3343:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3323:
3320:
3302:
3299:Answering sign
3291:
3289:
3288:
3275:
3274:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3257:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:). Replaced by
3220:
3219:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3193:
3192:
3167:
3154:
3153:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3122:
3119:
3105:
3104:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3080:
3079:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3032:
3029:
3014:
3013:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2990:
2984:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2941:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2922:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2876:
2870:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2836:
2830:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2785:
2779:
2763:
2748:
2742:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2691:
2677:
2676:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2637:
2623:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2605:
2595:
2580:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2548:
2541:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2507:
2501:
2482:
2467:
2461:
2446:
2443:" (Confirmed).
2438:
2437:
2430:
2429:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2409:
2403:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2363:
2357:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2338:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2287:Carriage Return
2282:Start new line
2277:
2271:
2224:ARRL Radiograms
2220:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2158:
2157:
2140:
2137:
2115:
2114:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2038:
2035:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1885:
1855:
1817:
1814:
1801:
1785:
1782:
1755:
1752:
1725:
1722:
1695:
1692:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1633:
1630:
1626:CALLING STATION
1603:
1600:
1573:
1570:
1544:
1541:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1483:
1480:
1436:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1405:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1343:
1332:
1317:
1309:
1298:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1165:
1137:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1079:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1020:
1007:
1006:
1003:
989:
984:
978:
977:
976:
975:
974:
967:
964:
960:
953:
945:
934:
928:
927:
926:
925:
924:
917:
914:
910:
903:
892:
891:
889:
887:
879:
868:
862:
861:
860:
859:
858:
851:
848:
844:
837:
833:
830:
822:
807:
806:
805:
804:
803:
796:
793:
789:
782:
770:
750:
749:
742:
741:
722:
718:UNKNOWN STATION
711:
679:
678:
671:
670:
666:
642:
633:
626:
625:
623:
616:
615:
613:
602:
601:
599:
593:
592:
584:
583:
581:
568:
560:
552:
543:
539:
535:
528:
527:
526:
521:
517:
513:
506:
505:
504:
499:
495:
491:
484:
483:
482:
466:
465:
464:
454:
450:
443:
442:
441:
436:
432:
425:
424:
423:
418:
414:
407:
406:
405:
384:
381:
375:
374:
369:
362:
361:
360:
330:
329:
328:
309:
302:
256:
255:
250:
237:
233:
230:
227:
207:
205:
204:
180:
171:
164:
162:
161:
149:
146:
139:
138:
131:voice protocols
81:
80:
73:
72:
68:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4775:
4773:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4749:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4706:
4704:Greek alphabet
4701:
4695:
4693:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4567:
4560:
4559:
4543:
4529:
4510:
4481:
4457:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4365:
4337:
4313:
4296:
4265:
4195:
4189:978-0872595965
4188:
4115:
4012:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3861:
3849:
3817:
3784:
3765:
3747:
3734:
3713:
3706:procedure word
3689:
3660:
3659:
3622:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3549:Procedure word
3546:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3515:
3510:
3507:
3492:
3491:
3480:
3413:
3410:
3398:
3397:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3350:
3349:
3326:
3318:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3260:
3255:
3252:
3240:
3239:
3215:
3204:
3203:Distress call
3201:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3150:
3140:dah di dah dit
3135:
3128:
3125:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3101:
3086:
3038:
3035:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3011:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2980:
2979:
2970:
2955:
2952:
2947:
2937:
2936:
2919:
2912:
2882:
2879:
2874:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2855:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2794:
2788:
2783:
2775:
2774:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2725:
2697:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2673:
2666:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2619:
2612:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2577:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2526:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2497:
2496:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2417:Respond with:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2386:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2353:
2352:
2335:
2328:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:Verbalization
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2201:
2199:
2175:
2163:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2143:
2135:
2130:
2123:
2122:
2107:
2105:
2094:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2043:
2041:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1988:
1955:
1953:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1820:
1812:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1788:
1780:
1775:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1758:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1728:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1375:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1270:
1268:
1259:
1251:
1238:
1237:
1223:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1155:. When placed
1142:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1107:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1051:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1001:
993:
980:
979:
965:
958:
957:
956:
955:
954:
950:
948:
943:
938:
930:
929:
915:
908:
907:
906:
905:
904:
884:
882:
877:
872:
864:
863:
849:
842:
841:
840:
839:
838:
827:
825:
820:
815:
809:
808:
794:
787:
786:
785:
784:
783:
775:
773:
768:
763:
757:
756:
727:
725:
720:
715:
707:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
665:
662:
641:
638:
580:, for example
548:
547:
459:
458:
393:
392:
337:
336:
320:
313:
301:
298:
249:
246:
179:
176:
141:I I
96:character sets
67:
64:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4774:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4726:Arabic script
4724:
4722:
4721:Hebrew script
4719:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4691:in Morse code
4686:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4613:On–off keying
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4588:
4583:
4581:
4576:
4574:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4555:
4554:
4547:
4544:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4432:
4431:
4423:
4420:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4289:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3883:
3865:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3831:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3799:
3791:The prowords
3788:
3785:
3780:
3769:
3766:
3761:
3751:
3748:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3678:
3669:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3645:
3640:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3609:
3597:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3524:
3516:
3511:
3508:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3414:
3412:Receipt sign
3411:
3407:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3364:Digit 5
3363:
3359:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3286:
3280:(see above).
3279:
3271:
3261:
3256:
3254:General call
3253:
3249:
3242:
3241:
3238:(see above).
3237:
3235:
3224:
3216:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3164:
3158:
3151:
3147:
3146:di dah di dit
3141:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3127:Closing down
3126:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3091:dah di di dit
3087:
3084:
3075:
3065:
3055:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3008:
3005:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2965:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2900:
2896:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2844:Also written
2843:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2711:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2674:
2671:
2670:dah di di dah
2667:
2663:
2652:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2574:
2564:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2332:di dah di dah
2329:
2325:
2316:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2095:
2093:
2092:I ACKNOWLEDGE
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1508:
1506:
1505:NOTHING HEARD
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1433:
1425:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1373:
1360:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1221:
1208:
1198:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1133:INTERROGATIVE
1131:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1105:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1049:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1002:
1000:
997:
994:
992:
987:
982:
981:
963:
951:
949:
944:
942:
939:
937:
932:
931:
913:
901:
896:
885:
883:
878:
876:
873:
871:
866:
865:
847:
828:
826:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
792:
780:
776:
774:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
754:
746:
738:
734:
733:
728:
726:
721:
719:
716:
714:
709:
708:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
691:
685:
683:
675:
663:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
639:
637:
630:
620:
611:
606:
597:
588:
579:
574:
571:
564:
558:
533:
511:
489:
479:
475:
471:
461:
460:
448:
430:
412:
403:For example,
402:
401:
400:
398:
390:
379:
367:
357:
356:
355:
352:
351:
346:
342:
335:
325:
321:
318:
314:
307:
306:
305:
299:
297:
295:
291:
286:
284:
281:
277:
272:
268:
264:
260:
247:
245:
243:
240:, which is a
225:
221:
217:
213:
210:
201:
200:distress call
196:
194:
190:
185:
177:
175:
167:
159:
155:
142:
134:
132:
128:
127:
119:
117:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:and computer
93:
89:
85:
77:
65:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:brevity codes
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
25:telegraph key
23:Diagram of a
21:
4663:
4552:
4546:
4532:
4522:
4429:
4422:
4402:the original
4329:. Retrieved
4308:
4175:
4105:
3877:
3864:
3840:
3825:
3820:
3812:
3803:
3793:
3787:
3774:
3768:
3755:
3750:
3737:
3724:
3708:
3697:
3692:
3680:
3663:
3648:
3634:
3632:The prosign
3612:
3611:
3603:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3544:Brevity code
3518:
3502:(printed as
3497:
3483:
3482:Replaced by
3403:
3387:
3377:
3373:
3355:
3329:
3312:
3290:
3273:
3263:
3245:
3227:
3218:
3194:
3184:Explanation
3152:
3145:
3139:
3114:
3103:
3096:
3090:
3078:
3069:
3059:
3049:
3024:
3015:
3000:
2983:
2974:
2940:
2929:
2921:
2915:
2903:
2898:
2890:
2869:
2858:
2846:
2829:
2821:
2809:
2778:
2770:
2764:
2757:
2741:
2734:
2728:
2716:
2705:
2700:
2686:
2675:
2669:
2657:
2646:
2632:
2621:
2615:
2604:
2590:
2581:
2568:
2558:
2540:
2529:
2517:
2500:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2476:
2460:
2453:
2447:
2436:
2428:
2419:
2402:
2395:
2389:
2377:
2372:
2356:
2345:
2337:
2331:
2319:
2308:
2294:
2270:
2253:Code symbol
2221:
2204:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2156:
2132:
2126:
2116:
2113:). (Same as
2091:
2087:
2082:
2069:
2054:
2030:
2025:
1998:
1992:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1935:
1930:
1907:
1901:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1809:
1802:
1777:
1771:
1747:
1741:
1717:
1711:
1687:
1681:
1654:
1649:
1625:
1619:
1595:
1589:
1565:
1560:
1536:
1531:
1504:
1499:
1475:
1469:
1464:Explanation
1458:Code symbol
1437:
1419:
1400:
1393:
1354:
1338:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1304:
1297:
1284:
1274:
1256:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1202:
1192:
1178:kor-rek-shun
1177:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1132:
1125:
1091:
1087:
1074:
1069:
1026:
1019:
998:
995:
988:
983:
940:
933:
899:
890:
874:
867:
817:
812:
778:
765:
760:
748:
740:
737:unofficially
736:
731:
730:
717:
710:
705:Explanation
699:Code symbol
677:
669:
667:
643:
624:
614:
609:
600:
591:
582:
575:
562:
559:", but also
556:
549:
525:
503:
481:
477:
463:
440:
422:
404:
396:
394:
388:
373:
359:
349:
348:
340:
338:
327:
316:
303:
287:
270:
266:
254:
251:
223:
219:
215:
206:
197:
192:
181:
163:
157:
153:
140:
135:
125:
120:
114:indivisible
112:
79:
71:
69:
59:
35:
31:
30:
4633:Signal lamp
4553:Signal Card
4538:Signal Card
3132:Morse abbr.
3085:" instead.
3045:Morse abbr.
2796:Shift from
2209:Morse abbr.
2149:Morse abbr.
2111:Morse abbr.
2047:Morse abbr.
1894:Morse abbr.
1864:Morse abbr.
1847:AFFIRMATIVE
1826:Morse abbr.
1810:ALL BETWEEN
1794:Morse abbr.
1764:Morse abbr.
1734:Morse abbr.
1718:WORD BEFORE
1704:Morse abbr.
1674:Morse abbr.
1642:Morse abbr.
1612:Morse abbr.
1596:CALLING FOR
1582:Morse abbr.
1553:Morse abbr.
1524:Morse abbr.
524:), or even
116:code points
92:teleprinter
4757:Morse code
4751:Categories
4731:Wabun code
4628:Heliograph
4331:2021-03-17
3892:References
3586:underlined
3187:Reference
2802:Wabun code
2798:Morse code
2792:Wabun code
2642:Full stop
2616:dah di dah
2133:WEATHER IS
1778:ALL BEFORE
1688:WORD AFTER
1461:Reference
1322:or rarely
1173:CORRECTION
1090:is placed
1075:SAY AGAIN?
702:Reference
347:that have
278:and later
202:preamble:
98:, such as
40:Morse code
3880:E S
3745:protocol.
3610:> and
3551:(proword)
3307:Dropped.
3097:da di dah
2790:Shift to
2494:– –
2291:Line Feed
2259:Comments
2171:in-tur-ko
2077:instead.
2053:nets use
1748:ALL AFTER
1339:ATTENTION
888:(Same as
563:– –
389:ALL AFTER
324:overlined
3588:, hence
3532:See also
3391:EEEEEEEE
3175:Prosign
3143:
3094:
2571:EEEEEEEE
2265:As text
2256:Meaning
2250:Prosign
2207:follow (
2031:BREAK-IN
1881:NEGATIVE
1592:... ...
1452:Abbrev.
1277:EEEEEEEE
1205:EEEEEEEE
1027:VERIFIED
693:Prosign
664:Prosigns
608:equiv. "
397:prosigns
345:digraphs
280:longwave
274:such as
271:prosigns
158:official
66:Overview
56:accuracy
36:prosigns
4714:Russian
4413:ACP 131
3346:"ditto"
3236:in 1906
2864:
2773:
2535:
2226:during
2166:INTERCO
2159:INTERCO
2088:CONFIRM
1999:TIME IS
1851:CONFIRM
1839:CORRECT
1805:... ...
1566:CALLING
1537:CLOSING
1441:digraph
654:ACP 131
578:English
248:History
193:without
108:symbols
4679:Z code
4674:Q code
4186:
3801:
3565:Z code
3555:Q code
3077:, or "
2963:listen
1282:
1157:before
476:", it
439:) and
319:
312:
222:, and
100:Baudot
4497:(PDF)
4476:(PDF)
4434:(PDF)
4405:(PDF)
4391:(PDF)
4352:(PDF)
4291:(PDF)
4102:(PDF)
3572:Notes
3405:RRRRR
3357:EEEEE
3292:NNNNN
2886:Wabun
2723:... .
2454:&
2414:Wait
2232:ITU-R
1931:QTR ?
1908:WRONG
1655:WHO ?
1305:BREAK
1092:after
766:ROGER
478:could
170:, or
126:words
104:ASCII
52:speed
4501:MARS
4452:link
4448:link
4395:NATO
4184:ISBN
3872:mper
3811:may
3644:ARRL
3340:MARS
2805:Kana
2561:IIII
2545:...
2305:ARRL
2234:and
2129:...
2072:TTTT
2051:NATO
1995:...
1904:...
1774:...
1744:...
1714:...
1684:...
1650:CS ?
1622:...
1476:FROM
1472:...
1200:or
1195:IIII
1169:...
996:WAIT
941:WAIT
818:OVER
732:only
676:and
341:most
242:sign
187:the
102:and
60:both
54:and
4654:CQD
4649:SOS
3813:not
3777:INT
3471:▄▄▄
3459:▄▄▄
3447:▄▄▄
3435:▄▄▄
3423:▄▄▄
3396:).
3313:i i
3231:SOS
3196:CQD
3134:).
3010:".
3004:SOS
2985:DDD
2943:SOS
2800:to
2760:".
2714:or
2712:...
2660:AAA
2479:".
2303:in
2211:).
2151:).
2121:.)
2083:CFM
2049:).
2018:UTC
1993:QTR
1975:HST
1967:QTR
1961:UTC
1902:ZWF
1843:YES
1644:).
1614:).
1584:).
1555:).
1500:NIL
1494:).
1427:.)
1401:OUT
1324:– –
1292:.)
1257:OUT
1127:INT
999:OUT
875:OUT
779:not
747:or
507:VGI
502:),
485:VZE
474:SOS
467:SOS
269:or
208:SOS
154:OUT
145:or
124:pro
90:in
34:or
4753::
4513:^
4484:^
4460:^
4444:}}
4440:{{
4368:^
4354:.
4340:^
4316:^
4299:^
4268:^
4254:.
4198:^
4118:^
4104:.
4015:^
4001:.
3899:^
3852:^
3828:NO
3806:AR
3796:HH
3758:AS
3743:AR
3727:AR
3716:^
3700:AA
3671:=
3666:AA
3651:BT
3637:AA
3625:^
3615:BT
3606:BT
3593:BT
3506:)
3490:.
3417:▄▄
3381:HH
3333:BT
3276:CQ
3267:SN
3247:VE
3221:CQ
3155:CL
3115:CL
3106:BK
3072:KN
3067:,
3062:BT
3057:,
3052:AR
3025:BK
2969:)
2928:,
2911:.
2906:VE
2893:SN
2871:SN
2854:.
2849:VA
2831:SK
2817:.
2812:XM
2780:NJ
2743:KN
2719:AB
2708:AA
2542:HH
2525:.
2520:KA
2502:CT
2492:,
2462:BT
2422:SN
2404:AS
2385:.
2380:RN
2358:AR
2344:,
2327:.
2322:RT
2312:BT
2298:BT
2289:,
2272:AA
2173:)
2127:WX
2090:/
2057:AX
2026:BK
1987:)
1896:)
1879:/
1877:NO
1866:)
1849:/
1845:/
1841:/
1828:)
1803:BN
1796:)
1772:AB
1766:)
1742:AA
1736:)
1712:WB
1706:)
1682:WA
1620:CS
1590:CP
1561:CQ
1532:CL
1470:DE
1422:VA
1395:SK
1362:.)
1357:CT
1333:KA
1326:.
1299:BT
1287:AR
1248:AR
1243:HH
1210:.)
1180:)
1166:HH
1021:VE
990:AR
985:AS
935:AS
902:.)
893:EC
869:AR
836:).
712:AA
627:KA
617:CT
603:AR
585:AA
529:3B
457:).
444:RT
426:EK
408:AA
376:AA
363:AA
350:no
331:BT
285:.
218:,
165:AR
133:.
110:.
4586:e
4579:t
4572:v
4454:)
4415:.
4192:.
3874:s
3870:a
3847:.
3843:N
3832:(
3711:.
3683:Ä
3620:.
3598:(
3521:É
3504:e
3498:É
3486:R
3477:▄
3475:▄
3473:▄
3469:▄
3467:▄
3465:▄
3463:▄
3461:▄
3457:▄
3455:▄
3453:▄
3451:▄
3449:▄
3445:▄
3443:▄
3441:▄
3439:▄
3437:▄
3433:▄
3431:▄
3429:▄
3427:▄
3425:▄
3421:▄
3419:▄
3374:5
3081:K
2932:Ś
2924:Š
2899:?
2771:(
2758:(
2735:?
2701:?
2687:?
2678:X
2649:X
2633:X
2624:K
2607:K
2591:K
2490:=
2477:=
2439:C
2431:R
2396:+
2373:+
2348:Á
2340:Ä
2169:(
2117:R
2066:≈
1983:?
1872:N
1834:C
1732:(
1702:(
1320:=
1176:(
1151:¿
1146:?
1088:?
1070:?
900:+
813:K
761:R
751:Á
743:Ä
680:R
672:K
632:(
610:+
594:Ä
570:¶
565:"
561:"
557:=
546:.
538:+
534:(
520:+
516:+
512:(
498:+
494:+
490:(
453:+
449:(
435:+
431:(
417:+
413:(
380:(
368:(
257:O
224:S
220:O
216:S
82:R
74:K
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