201:
776:
37:
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repealing PUHCA would lead to "massive consolidation of utility ownership." Within one year of PUHCA's August 2005 repeal the spot price of natural gas had dropped by 26%, creating a financial incentive for utilities to abandon nuclear generation in favor of natural gas. Many license applications filed with the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission for proposed new reactors were suspended or cancelled.
790:
804:
480:#3 nuclear plant due primarily to the high cost and "burdensome conditions" that the loan guarantee conditions, which the United States government would place on the project. Wallace, in his letter, stated that any next steps in the further pursuit of the loan guarantee and the overall project were "for EDF to determine".
610:
has identified some US nuclear power plants that face particularly significant challenges to their continued operation. These are
Palisades, Fort Calhoun, Nine Mile Point, Fitzpatrick, Ginna, Oyster Creek, Vermont Yankee, Millstone, Clinton, Indian Point. Cooper says the lesson here for policy makers
327:, released a book on nuclear power discussing the need for an āall-of-the-aboveā energy policy that advances the goal of decarbonizing the environment through all available means, specifically, nuclear power. Poneman argues that the United States should work to enhance the ability of nuclear power to
497:
and the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission". Moreover, this project is going forward only because it is in one of the few regions of the United States (the Southeast) where electricity markets were not deregulated. That means "the utility, operating on cost-plus basis, can pass on to rate-payers all its
492:
Generation III reactors are safer than older reactors like the GE MAC 1 at
Fukushima, Vermont Yankee and other plants around the world. But after a decade in which the federal government policy promoted this new version of nuclear power, only one Generation III+ reactor project has been approved in
192:
projected almost 17 gigawatts of new nuclear power reactors by 2030, but in its 2011 projections, it "scaled back the 2030 projection to just five". A survey conducted in April 2011 found that 64 percent of
Americans opposed the construction of new nuclear reactors. Yet five months later a survey
220:
on two new nuclear units (Vogtle 3 & 4) has begun, and they are expected to be delivering commercial power by 2016 and 2017. In the wake of
Fukushima, experts at the time saw continuing challenges that they felt would make it difficult for the nuclear power industry to expand beyond a small
159:
administrator Lynn Hargis noted in 2005 that "PUHCA prohibits the re-creation of the huge holding companies (the Power Trusts) that grew up in the 1920s and ā30s, when three utility holding companies owned nearly half of all the electric utilities in the country." She correctly predicted that
312:
has estimated that 15 to 20 reactors are at risk of early closure for economic reasons. Nuclear operators in
Illinois and New York have obtained financial support from regulators, and operators in Connecticut, New Jersey, Ohio and Pennsylvania are seeking similar support.
47:, which offered incentives for US nuclear reactor construction including cost-overrun support up to a total of $ 2 billion for six new nuclear plants. Critics allege its primary purpose was to permit fossil fuel holding companies to monopolize utility generation.
1637:
742:
in 2019. In 2020 the former CEO and the former vice president of SCANA pleaded guilty to multiple fraud related charges, centering around their efforts to hide the construction delays from shareholders and regulators. Both men were also indicted by the
535:, and documents show that the utility won't bring the plant online until at least 2027 ā if at all. But if the state continues to allow the utility to collect money for the project, customers will have to keep paying the so-called advance fee for years.
2492:
456:
As of
September 2010, ground has been broken the Vogtle project and one other reactor in South Carolina. Two other reactors in Texas, four in Florida and one in Missouri have all been "moved to the back burner, mostly because of uncertain
286:
in South
Carolina. The U.S. government had given $ 8.3 billion of loan guarantees on the financing of the four nuclear reactors being built in the U.S., and it is expected a way forward to completing the plant can be agreed.
140:, the "developers of wind and solar power could only dream of". The Act provides substantial loan guarantees, cost-overrun support of up to $ 2 billion total for multiple new nuclear power plants, and the extension of the
688:
establishment of The
Gateway for Accelerated Innovation (GAIN), "to provide the nuclear energy community with access to the technical, regulatory, and financial support necessary to move new or advanced nuclear reactor
63:. However, the case for widespread nuclear plant construction has been hampered due to inexpensive natural gas, slow electricity demand growth in a weak US economy, lack of financing, and safety concerns following the
681:
emissions by between six and eight million tons annually. Unit 2 has an expected service lifetime of 60 years. At 90% capacity factor, it will generate 700 billion kilowatthours of electricity at a projected cost of
1645:
517:, the inability to raise other construction financing, the current low cost of electricity in Texas, and expected additional permitting delays. NRG has written off its investment of $ 331 million in the project.
592:
wrote an open letter "to those influencing environmental policy but opposed to nuclear power", arguing "there is no credible path to climate stabilization that does not include a substantial role for nuclear
625:
showed that a plant fueled by natural gas was nearly certain to be cheaper than a nuclear-fueled plant over the next 6 decades. About $ 1 billion had been spent on the preparatory work for the Levy nuclear
524:, conducted in September 2011, found that "62 percent of respondents said they favor the use of nuclear energy as one of the ways to provide electricity in the United States, with 35 percent opposed".
2484:
3443:
856:
2561:
221:
handful of reactor projects that "government agencies decide to subsidize by forcing taxpayers to assume the risk for the reactors and mandating that ratepayers pay for construction in advance".
428:
for long-term disposal of nuclear waste have been difficult to site, and have not yet reached fruition. Specific controversies, and projects which have not proceeded according to plan, include:
163:
As of 2020, the plans for 31 new renaissance reactors in the United States have resulted in two reactors beginning construction, a third reactor being commissioned, and two additional reactors,
1201:
355:, has set the goal of completely decarbonizing the global economy by 2040 using primarily nuclear energy. The center is also responsible for the nuclear energy- and climate-related podcast,
614:
On August 1, 2013, as part of a comprehensive settlement with Florida consumers, Duke Energy announced termination of the engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) agreement for the
641:(EPR) at Constellation Energy's Nine Mile Point site. Less than a year later however, Unistar requested a temporary suspension of the application review, and in 2013, citing a lack of
400:
in Idaho, was cancelled because of cost increases leading to some of its members withdrawing. This raised concerns about the commercial prospects in the U.S. of the other SMR designs.
569:
In 2013, four aging reactors were permanently closed: San Onofre 2 and 3 in California, Crystal River 3 in Florida, and Kewaunee in Wisconsin. The state of Vermont is trying to close
596:
In March 2013, the construction of the reactors Virgil C. Summer 2 and Vogtle 3 had begun, following the start of the construction of Virgil C. Summer 3 and Vogtle 4 in November 2013
3172:
1483:
603:
is released with a central argument that "nuclear power..is a relatively safe and clean energy source which can help mitigate the serious problem of anthropogenic global warming".
851:
824:
487:
and wait until the combined construction permit-operating license (COL) was approved by the NRC before deciding to complete the project. This approval is expected in early 2013.
1566:
1087:
685:
In November 2015, the Obama administration announced actions "to ensure that nuclear energy remains a vibrant component of the United Statesā clean energy strategy", including:
3438:
105:
was canceled due to delays and cost overruns raising questions about the future of the two remaining US reactors under construction, since these are also of the AP1000 design.
2459:
751:. About 720,000 electric ratepayers would have to pay another $ 2.3 billion of sunk project costs into the future, on top of the about $ 2 billion past higher power bills.
197:
found that "62 percent of respondents said they favor the use of nuclear energy as one of the ways to provide electricity in the United States, with 35 percent opposed".
3281:
347:
by 2040 (up from 36% in 2019) to stave off the worst effects of climate change. IEA advocates for nuclear energy as the most feasible option for meeting that goal. The
2554:
1157:
437:
2239:
70:
Most of the proposed 31 reactors have been canceled, and as of August 2017 only two reactors are under construction. In 2013, four reactors were permanently closed:
450:
141:
1257:
889:
3412:
2294:
416:) needs to be regularly removed from the reactors and disposed of safely for up to a million years, so that it does not pollute the environment. Recycling of
3397:
3137:
1010:
2310:
In May, the Times reported that, over a 60 year lifespan, the Levy plant would cost more than an equivalent natural gas plant under any reasonable scenario.
1764:
274:
because of $ 9 billion of losses from its nuclear reactor construction projects. The projects responsible for this loss are mostly the construction of four
3326:
2723:
2547:
1547:
634:
283:
164:
102:
3402:
2623:
152:
2798:
2708:
2598:
1919:
1608:
2159:
2140:
1208:
388:, another SMR project introduced in 2020 that has published open-source blueprints for the design and construction of a nuclear power plant with a
384:(SMR) projects which are theoretically easier and more inexpensive to build than traditional plants. Similarly, the Energy Impact Center developed
3384:
3087:
3037:
2793:
2733:
2628:
2177:
744:
727:
655:
409:
1522:
520:
A survey conducted in April 2011 found that 64 percent of Americans opposed the construction of new nuclear reactors. A survey sponsored by the
3107:
2997:
2893:
2828:
1668:
1585:
510:
483:
On Oct 29, 2010 Dominion president Tom Farrell told investors that Dominion had decided to slow its development of a proposed third reactor at
2783:
2460:"Obama Administration Announces Actions to Ensure that Nuclear Energy Remains a Vibrant Component of the United States' Clean Energy Strategy"
3379:
3112:
3092:
2888:
2883:
2698:
2608:
2439:
829:
484:
433:
317:
308:
boom has lowered electricity generation costs placing severe pressure on the economics of operating older existing nuclear power plants. The
71:
1497:
3407:
3241:
3042:
2919:
2898:
2808:
2763:
2668:
2638:
867:
670:
248:
172:
156:
3007:
2041:
509:
has decided to abandon already started construction on two new nuclear power plants in Texas. Analysts attributed the abandonment of the
436:
have overall received more support than opposition, but have also brought public protest. On August 7, 2008 six activists from the
3417:
2853:
2803:
2588:
2127:
75:
761:
On February 14, 2024, Vogtle Unit 4 reached criticality for the first time, and it began commercial power generation on April 29, 2024.
3152:
2992:
2823:
2688:
2683:
2643:
2593:
2570:
966:
846:
693:
642:
502:
477:
369:
97:
because of US$ 9 billion of losses from its U.S. nuclear construction projects. Later that year construction of two reactors of their
3266:
3246:
3157:
3122:
3117:
2863:
971:
461:
240:, a former staffer to President Obama. The initiative is called Nuclear Matters, and it has begun a newspaper advertising campaign.
189:
1034:
703:
supplementation of the Dept. of Energy's $ 12.5 billion in loan guarantees available to support innovative nuclear energy projects
3256:
3186:
3102:
3077:
3057:
2813:
2768:
2738:
2068:
Letter from Michael J. Wallace, Constellation Energy, to US Department of Energy Deputy Secretary Dan Poneman, October 8, 2010.
988:
279:
255:
209:
168:
3316:
3291:
3286:
3072:
3022:
2934:
2603:
615:
563:
532:
116:
is the only company thus far to have been granted regulatory approval for an SMR design from the NRC, however. Both Presidents
3321:
3311:
3226:
3221:
3017:
2678:
1691:
305:
2003:
112:(SMRs), which could theoretically cut down on the high costs and lengthy construction times of conventional nuclear plants.
3331:
3216:
3206:
3097:
3082:
3047:
2903:
2718:
2618:
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2250:
697:
666:
630:
292:
267:
90:
52:
1942:
3301:
3236:
3191:
3127:
2924:
2778:
1738:
171:
are the two new units and occupy an existing nuclear site. The other construction likewise occupies an existing site at
2322:
2217:
1231:
3002:
2858:
2613:
340:
1336:
1845:
424:
which can be used in weapons, and in any case still leaves much unwanted waste to be stored and disposed of. Large,
3356:
3296:
3261:
3196:
3162:
3142:
3062:
3012:
2985:
2970:
2965:
2950:
2929:
2878:
2788:
2663:
1790:
861:
674:
638:
446:
64:
2017:
1007:
175:, but had been 80% built from 1973 to 1985, with the final 20% occurring from 2007 to 2015. Matthew Wald from the
3374:
3276:
3231:
3147:
3132:
2873:
2818:
2728:
2633:
809:
389:
365:
328:
133:
44:
2268:
2110:
1920:"U.S. Department of Energy Announces $ 160 Million in First Awards under Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program"
1296:
1171:
368:
tool has led to efforts aimed at speeding up construction time and reducing costs of power plants. In 2020, the
3271:
3251:
3211:
2344:
521:
493:
the United States. Work on it has just begun in Georgia, and already "there are conflicts between the utility,
309:
194:
155:(PUHCA), as an attempt by oil and gas interests to monopolize utility generation through deregulation. Former
17:
2199:
2185:
1816:
392:. As of 2023, however, the only company to be granted regulatory approval from the NRC for its SMR design is
3336:
2743:
2693:
2673:
2377:
1135:
718:
The cancellation of the Virgil C. Summer AP1000 nuclear plant, and the subsequent business failures, caused
539:
469:
136:
offered the nuclear power industry financial incentives and economic subsidies that, according to economist
124:
have proposed or helped pass legislation that would increase subsidies for new and existing nuclear plants.
2053:
1894:
1373:
930:
3306:
3067:
2868:
2713:
2703:
834:
607:
547:
344:
200:
109:
79:
2372:
2773:
755:
706:
establishment of the Light Water Reactor (LWR) Research, Development, and Deployment (RDD) Working Group
473:
465:
381:
271:
94:
1109:
3201:
2848:
2160:"Progress Energy looking to cancel main construction contract for building Levy County nuclear plant"
1526:
1446:
840:
781:
600:
352:
819:
543:
528:
425:
336:
320:
economics as the three main causes of the failure of the nuclear renaissance in the United States.
182:
145:
31:
2534:
1968:
758:
reached criticality for the first time, and it began commercial power generation on July 31, 2023.
224:
As of 2014, the U.S. nuclear industry began a new lobbying effort, hiring three former senators ā
2400:
2349:
2203:
1501:
1462:
1412:
1340:
1151:
1039:
413:
2069:
559:
651:
In March 2015, a Gallup poll showed that a majority (51%) of Americans supported nuclear power.
648:
On Dec., 29th 2014, Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant in Vernon, VT was permanently shut down.
3027:
962:
357:
295:
member, commented "They placed a big bet on this hallucination of a nuclear renaissance". The
288:
1484:"Americans' Support for Nuclear Energy Holds at Majority Level 6 Months After Japan Accident"
1275:
1454:
1404:
748:
719:
494:
348:
237:
217:
1065:
3349:
3344:
1014:
739:
621:
297:
233:
1713:
949:
2414:
1450:
908:
243:
As of August 2017 locations of new US reactors and their scheduled operating dates are:
2464:
1282:
915:
723:
570:
324:
177:
83:
40:
36:
1392:
316:
A 2017 assessment put rising nuclear construction costs, low gas prices and improving
3432:
2539:
2516:
1871:
1466:
1416:
795:
710:
581:
453:", trimmed plans for the potential four-unit Bellefonte nuclear plant to one reactor.
417:
397:
393:
380:
as part of its Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program. Both companies are developing
113:
60:
56:
3052:
585:
577:
332:
137:
117:
1434:
1110:"Toshiba decides on Westinghouse bankruptcy, sees $ 9 billion in charges: sources"
449:, faced with "falling electric sales and rising costs from cleaning up a massive
1314:
735:
531:
plans to cancel the main development and construction contract for its proposed
2485:"3 years later: How the fallout from SC's $ 9 billion nuclear fiasco continues"
2081:
738:
company based in South Carolina, dramatically fell, leading to its merger with
654:
In May 2015, the NRC approved a construction permission for a third reactor at
1990:
771:
589:
506:
373:
229:
1846:"Someone just uploaded open-source nuclear power plant blueprints to the web"
1458:
1408:
1258:"Reviving nuclear power debates is a distraction. We need to use less energy"
890:"Reviving nuclear power debates is a distraction. We need to use less energy"
673:
Unit 2, it started commercial operation in October 2016. The unit will lower
412:
may overheat and escape from the reactor building. Toxic, radioactive waste (
789:
692:
the Second Advanced Non-Light Water Reactors Workshops would be held by the
421:
225:
121:
950:
The National Politics of Nuclear Power: Economics, Security, and Governance
108:
As of 2021, the private sector focus has shifted toward the development of
1088:"Nuclear Plants, Old and Uncompetitive, Are Closing Earlier Than Expected"
1548:"Experts: Even higher costs and more headaches for nuclear power in 2012"
1355:"Team France in disarray: Unhappy attempts to revive a national industry"
1354:
377:
1136:"Huge nuclear cost overruns push Toshiba's Westinghouse into bankruptcy"
3032:
2004:"Energy rules have Virginia weighing new nuclear reactor at North Anna"
1567:"Nuclear Industry Gains Carbon-Focused Allies in Push to Save Reactors"
611:
and economists is clear: "nuclear reactors are simply not competitive".
385:
263:
2444:
659:
629:
Unistar Nuclear announced in late 2008 that it had notified the U.S.
555:
275:
205:
98:
2018:"Six nuclear protesters arrested at North Anna plant visitors area"
909:"PUHCA for Dummies: An Electricity Blackout and Energy Bill Primer"
440:
were arrested at the North Anna Information Center for trespassing.
301:
characterised the U.S. nuclear industry as being in "deep crisis".
148:" in the United States, with dozens of new plants being announced.
2955:
731:
551:
514:
199:
89:
In March 2017, the last remaining U.S.-based new nuclear company,
35:
331:
even as we reduce the risks of nuclear terror. Others, including
167:
in South Carolina, beginning construction before being canceled.
2980:
2975:
2960:
2469:
1002:
1000:
871:, a 2013 documentary about the urgent need for safe depositories
343:(IEA), low-carbon energy sources must account for 85% of global
2543:
1669:"The future of the nuclear sector - is innovation the answer?"
1638:"Nuclear plant owners expand search for rescue to more states"
55:(NRC) for construction and operating licenses to build 31 new
2218:"Top climate change scientists' letter to policy influencers"
1317:. U.S. Energy Information Administration (eia). Feb 10, 2016
857:
List of articles associated with nuclear issues in California
662:
announced that there were no construction plans by that time.
1789:
Goldstein, Joshua S.; Qvist, Staffan A. (January 11, 2019).
1035:"U.S. Nuclear Comeback Stalls as Two Reactors Are Abandoned"
258:
unit 3 expected to be operational in 2019 and unit 4 in 2020
144:
through to 2025. The Act was promoted as a forerunner to a "
67:
at a plant built in the early 1970s which occurred in 2011.
1872:"SILICON VALLEY STARTUP PRO SHIFTS FOCUS TO NUCLEAR ENERGY"
1586:"How an American tech icon bet on nuclear power ā and lost"
1172:"The Fate of America's Nuclear Future Rests on One Utility"
2295:"Duke Energy to cancel proposed Levy County nuclear plant"
713:
to establish new cost-shared modeling and simulation tools
1895:"The State of Nuclear Energy Today ā and What Lies Ahead"
1765:"Want to stop climate change? Embrace the nuclear option"
1609:"Keeping the Lights on at America's Nuclear Power Plants"
396:, but in November 2023 its first deployment project, the
2535:
Status of Proposed Nuclear Power Projects ā January 2011
2440:"First American Nuke Plant In 21st Century To Open Soon"
513:
project to the financial situation of the plant-partner
408:
Nuclear power has proved controversial since the 1970s.
1631:
1629:
1202:"The controversial future of nuclear power in the U.S."
931:"U.S. approves first new nuclear plant in a generation"
323:
In 2019, former Department of Energy Deputy Secretary,
1922:. United States Department of Energy. October 13, 2020
1134:
Tom Hals, Makiko Yamazaki, Tim Kelly (30 March 2017).
1817:"Can nuclear power help save us from climate change?"
852:
List of cancelled nuclear plants in the United States
3444:
Proposed nuclear power stations in the United States
2373:"Effort to build new Lake Ontario nuke plant halted"
3365:
3171:
2943:
2912:
2837:
2752:
2652:
2577:
1943:"Deal to build pint-size nuclear reactors canceled"
1393:"The implications of Fukushima: The US perspective"
1129:
1127:
1103:
1101:
51:Between 2007 and 2009, 13 companies applied to the
2042:TVA plan for Ala. nuclear plant drops to 1 reactor
1967:Kemp, David; Van Doren, Peter (10 November 2023).
1584:Christopher Martin, Chris Cooper (31 March 2017).
1428:
1426:
825:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
554:, until the project was canceled in August 2012.
2517:"Combined License Applications for New Reactors"
1991:Nuclear Energy: Overview of Congressional Issues
1297:"The Coming Wave of Utility Consolidation/work"
142:Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act
3413:Nuclear reactor accidents in the United States
2141:"NRG Abandons Project for 2 Reactors in Texas"
2128:NRG ends project to build new nuclear reactors
2111:"Nuclear Dead End: It's the Economics, Stupid"
1478:
1476:
1028:
1026:
18:Prospective nuclear units in the United States
2555:
2483:Wilks, Avery G.; Brown, Andrew (2020-07-31).
1059:
1057:
339:, have echoed those points. According to the
8:
3398:Regions of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2082:"Dominion's 3rd-quarter net income declines"
1692:"Nuclear economics - a perpetual challenge?"
1156:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
472:that it was abandoning its partnership with
364:This renewed interest in nuclear power as a
74:in California following equipment problems,
3439:Nuclear power stations in the United States
1739:"How Nuclear Power Can Stop Global Warming"
730:suffered considerable losses. The stock of
635:combined construction and operating licence
618:project. Research published in May 2013 by
432:Proposed plans to add a new reactor to the
3403:Anti-nuclear movement in the United States
2562:
2548:
2540:
2104:
2102:
1081:
1079:
153:Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935
86:, in Vernon, was closed on Dec. 29, 2014.
1791:"Only Nuclear Energy Can Save the Planet"
1337:Nuclear āRenaissanceā Is Short on Largess
1195:
1193:
2401:"U.S. Support for Nuclear Energy at 51%"
2233:
2231:
1969:"Nuclear Power's Newest Cautionary Tale"
576:On November 3, 2013, climate scientists
1372:Matthew L. Wald. (September 23, 2010).
1276:"PUHCA Repeal for Dummies - The Sequel"
880:
745:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
728:South Carolina Public Service Authority
656:Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station
151:Others saw the Act, which repealed the
1149:
645:, withdrew the application completely.
511:South Texas Nuclear Generating Station
2178:"Exelon scraps Texas reactor project"
1839:
1837:
1230:Meyer, Robinson (November 10, 2021).
830:Economics of new nuclear power plants
485:North Anna Nuclear Generating Station
434:North Anna Nuclear Generating Station
216:As of December 2011, construction by
7:
3408:Nuclear history of the United States
3375:Clinch River (Small Modular Reactor)
2323:"Levy nuclear plant project shelved"
2269:"Florida Nuclear Project Is Dropped"
2109:Christian Parenti (April 18, 2011).
1815:Johnson, Jeff (September 23, 2019).
1763:Kugelmass, Bret (January 22, 2020).
1335:Matthew L. Wald (December 7, 2010).
983:
981:
868:Journey to the Safest Place on Earth
671:Watts Bar Nuclear Generating Station
157:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
27:Potential U.S. nuclear power revival
3418:Nuclear safety in the United States
2381:. Associated Press. 6 December 2013
2325:. World Nuclear News. 2 August 2013
1737:Biello, David (December 12, 2013).
1694:. Nuclear Engineering International
1671:. Nuclear Engineering International
1498:"Archived copy of Southern Nuclear"
989:Entergy says nuclear remains costly
754:On March 6, 2023, Vogtle Unit 3 in
599:In June 2013, the documentary film
420:has been discussed, but it creates
2571:Nuclear power in the United States
2267:Matthew L. Wald (August 1, 2013).
2139:Matthew L. Wald (April 19, 2011).
1315:"Henry Hub Natural Gas Spot Price"
847:Nuclear power in the United States
694:United States Department of Energy
503:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident
262:On March 29, 2017, parent company
25:
2182:Nuclear Engineering International
1870:Menser, Paul (February 7, 2018).
1439:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1397:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1070:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
972:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
953:(London: Routledge, 2012), p. 82.
888:Quiggin, John (8 November 2013).
669:granted an operating license for
438:Peoples Alliance for Clean Energy
204:Construction of two Westinghouse
190:Energy Information Administration
2293:PennIvan Penn (August 1, 2013).
2184:. 29 August 2012. Archived from
1941:Cho, Adrian (10 November 2023).
1893:Cho, Renee (November 23, 2020).
1523:"Archived copy Southern Nuclear"
1256:John Quiggin (8 November 2013).
1232:"Nuclear Is Hot, for the Moment"
1066:"Nuclear aging: Not so graceful"
802:
788:
774:
2495:from the original on 2020-12-25
2200:A Nuclear Giant Moves Into Wind
1989:Congressional Research report,
1844:Dormehl, Luke (March 5, 2020).
1821:Chemical & Engineering News
1690:Kidd, Steve (1 December 2017).
1565:Matthew Wald (April 27, 2014).
1374:"Aid Sought for Nuclear Plants"
947:Sovacool, BK and SV Valentine.
907:Hargis, Lynn (September 2003).
616:Levy County Nuclear Power Plant
533:Levy County Nuclear Power Plant
165:Virgil C. Summers Units 2 and 3
3242:Clinch River (Breeder Reactor)
2468:. 6 November 2015 – via
2158:Ivan Penn (January 26, 2012).
1607:Carl, Jeremy (3 August 2017).
1486:. PR Newswire. 3 October 2011.
1435:"Nuclear power and the public"
1200:Parshley, Lois (May 4, 2021).
1086:Matthew Wald (June 14, 2013).
1008:AmerenUE pulls plug on project
967:Delivering the nuclear promise
929:Rascoe, Ayesha (Feb 9, 2012).
633:(NRC) of its plan to submit a
1:
2521:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2238:Mark Cooper (July 18, 2013).
2054:Aid Sought for Nuclear Plants
1033:Plumer, Brad (31 July 2017).
720:a political and legal scandal
698:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
667:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
631:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
372:awarded $ 80 million each to
293:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
268:Westinghouse Electric Company
91:Westinghouse Electric Company
53:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2345:"Nine Mile Point COL lodged"
1667:Kidd, Steve (7 April 2017).
1636:Levy, Marc (11 April 2017).
1108:Fuse, Taro (24 March 2017).
1064:Mark Cooper (18 June 2013).
410:Highly radioactive materials
236:, a Republican ā as well as
185:is looking small and slow".
1874:. Idaho National Laboratory
606:As of July 2013, economist
451:coal ash spill in Tennessee
351:-based research institute,
341:International Energy Agency
3460:
1433:M. V. Ramana (July 2011).
862:Nuclear Power 2010 Program
675:Tennessee Valley Authority
639:Evolutionary Power Reactor
447:Tennessee Valley Authority
65:Fukushima nuclear accident
29:
3393:
3133:Sodium Reactor Experiment
1391:Mark Cooper (July 2011).
810:Nuclear technology portal
637:(COL) application for an
501:Following the March 2011
398:Carbon Free Power Project
390:pressurized water reactor
366:climate change mitigation
134:Energy Policy Act of 2005
45:Energy Policy Act of 2005
2240:"Renaissance in reverse"
1459:10.1177/0096340211413358
1409:10.1177/0096340211414840
542:was a proposed two-unit
522:Nuclear Energy Institute
426:purpose-built facilities
310:Nuclear Energy Institute
251:unit 2 in operation 2016
195:Nuclear Energy Institute
2378:The Wall Street Journal
2022:Richmond Times/Dispatch
1795:The Wall Street Journal
1642:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
643:federal loan guarantees
540:Victoria County Station
470:US Department of Energy
464:Vice President and CEO
181:has reported that "the
2415:"Watts Bar Completion"
1018:Columbia Daily Tribune
835:Generation III reactor
608:Mark Cooper (academic)
558:had previously bought
345:electricity generation
335:, Bret Kugelmass, and
213:
110:small modular reactors
48:
2059:, September 23, 2010.
1380:. The New York Times.
756:Burke County, Georgia
665:In October 2015, the
560:John Deere Renewables
474:Electricite de France
382:small modular reactor
329:combat climate change
272:Chapter 11 bankruptcy
208:reactors underway at
203:
95:Chapter 11 bankruptcy
39:
2256:on January 14, 2016.
782:United States portal
527:As of January 2012,
462:Constellation Energy
460:On October 8, 2010,
445:In August 2009, the
370:Department of Energy
353:Energy Impact Center
318:renewable generation
232:, a Republican; and
169:Vogtle units 3 and 4
2523:(NRC). July 2, 2009
2188:on 29 January 2013.
1993:, CRS Report, 2015.
1899:State of the Planet
1743:Scientific American
1714:"Daniel B. Poneman"
1554:. 28 December 2011.
1451:2011BuAtS..67d..43R
1361:. December 2, 2010.
1205:National Geographic
820:Nuclear renaissance
562:and is moving into
544:nuclear power plant
498:expense over-runs".
476:(EDF) to build the
337:Joshua S. Goldstein
183:nuclear renaissance
146:nuclear renaissance
32:Nuclear renaissance
3179:whole plants only)
2998:Connecticut Yankee
2350:World Nuclear News
2273:The New York Times
2247:Vermont Law School
2224:. 3 November 2013.
2207:, August 31, 2010.
2204:The New York Times
2052:Matthew L. Wald.
1341:The New York Times
1040:The New York Times
1013:2012-07-13 at the
709:an agreement with
466:Michael J. Wallace
414:spent nuclear fuel
214:
72:San Onofre 2 and 3
49:
3426:
3425:
3177:(incomplete list,
3138:Three Mile Island
2470:National Archives
2198:Matthew L. Wald.
1020:, April 23, 2009.
963:Peter A. Bradford
841:Pandora's Promise
601:Pandora's Promise
358:Titans of Nuclear
289:Peter A. Bradford
193:sponsored by the
16:(Redirected from
3451:
3385:Turkey Point-6/7
3180:
3083:Millstone Unit 1
3043:Fort Saint Vrain
2920:Fort Saint Vrain
2842:
2757:
2657:
2582:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2489:Post and Courier
2480:
2474:
2473:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2403:. 30 March 2015.
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2353:. 2 October 2008
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2249:. Archived from
2244:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2136:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2106:
2097:
2096:
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2093:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2050:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:. August 7, 2008
2014:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1971:. Cato Institute
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1890:
1884:
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1881:
1879:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1648:on 10 April 2017
1644:. Archived from
1633:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1525:. Archived from
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1500:. Archived from
1494:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1369:
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1293:
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1280:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1207:. Archived from
1197:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1131:
1122:
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1119:
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1105:
1096:
1095:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1030:
1021:
1004:
995:
987:Eileen O'Grady.
985:
976:
960:
954:
945:
939:
938:
926:
920:
919:
913:
904:
898:
897:
885:
812:
807:
806:
805:
798:
793:
792:
784:
779:
778:
777:
749:securities fraud
495:Southern Company
404:Detailed history
349:Washington, D.C.
304:As of 2017, the
238:William M. Daley
218:Southern Company
78:in Florida, and
59:reactors in the
21:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
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3429:
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3427:
3422:
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3361:
3178:
3176:
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3167:
2939:
2908:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2755:
2754:
2748:
2655:
2654:
2648:
2624:Nine Mile Point
2580:
2579:
2573:
2568:
2526:
2524:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2498:
2496:
2482:
2481:
2477:
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2328:
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2320:
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2303:
2301:
2299:Tampa Bay Times
2292:
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2266:
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2253:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2197:
2193:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2164:Tampa Bay Times
2157:
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2138:
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2126:
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2100:
2091:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2027:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
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1697:
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1674:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1613:National Review
1606:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1303:. 27 July 2012.
1301:Investing Daily
1295:
1294:
1290:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1178:. 1 August 2017
1170:
1169:
1165:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1015:Wayback Machine
1005:
998:
994:, May 25, 2010.
986:
979:
961:
957:
946:
942:
928:
927:
923:
911:
906:
905:
901:
887:
886:
882:
878:
816:
815:
808:
803:
801:
794:
787:
780:
775:
773:
768:
740:Dominion Energy
680:
622:Tampa Bay Times
548:Victoria County
529:Progress Energy
406:
298:National Review
282:in Georgia and
256:Vogtle Electric
234:Spencer Abraham
210:Vogtle Electric
130:
76:Crystal River 3
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3457:
3455:
3447:
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3441:
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3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3363:
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3329:
3324:
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3314:
3309:
3304:
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3279:
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3259:
3254:
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3224:
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3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3153:Vermont Yankee
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2993:Big Rock Point
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2940:
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2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2824:Prairie Island
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2753:NRC Region III
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2719:St. Lucie
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
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2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2594:Calvert Cliffs
2591:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2511:
2510:External links
2508:
2506:
2505:
2475:
2465:whitehouse.gov
2451:
2431:
2406:
2392:
2364:
2336:
2314:
2285:
2259:
2227:
2209:
2191:
2169:
2150:
2145:New York Times
2131:
2120:
2098:
2088:. Oct 29, 2010
2073:
2061:
2045:
2034:
2009:
1995:
1982:
1959:
1933:
1911:
1885:
1862:
1850:Digital Trends
1833:
1807:
1781:
1755:
1729:
1705:
1682:
1659:
1625:
1599:
1576:
1571:New York Times
1557:
1539:
1514:
1489:
1472:
1422:
1383:
1364:
1346:
1328:
1306:
1288:
1283:Public Citizen
1267:
1248:
1222:
1211:on May 4, 2021
1189:
1163:
1123:
1097:
1092:New York Times
1075:
1053:
1022:
996:
977:
955:
940:
921:
916:Public Citizen
899:
879:
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874:
873:
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864:
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854:
849:
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832:
827:
822:
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813:
799:
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752:
724:South Carolina
716:
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690:
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678:
663:
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649:
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627:
612:
604:
597:
594:
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571:Vermont Yankee
567:
536:
525:
518:
499:
489:
488:
481:
478:Calvert Cliffs
458:
454:
442:
441:
405:
402:
325:Daniel Poneman
306:U.S. shale gas
260:
259:
252:
228:, a Democrat;
178:New York Times
129:
126:
84:Vermont Yankee
82:in Wisconsin.
41:George W. Bush
30:Main article:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3333:
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3293:
3290:
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3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3267:Greene County
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:Douglas Point
3245:
3243:
3240:
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3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:Crystal River
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
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2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:Diablo Canyon
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:Comanche Peak
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2838:NRC Region IV
2836:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
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3053:Hanford Site
3038:Fort Calhoun
2794:Enrico Fermi
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2578:NRC Region I
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1262:The Guardian
1261:
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1236:The Atlantic
1235:
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700:in June 2016
619:
586:James Hansen
578:Ken Caldeira
573:, in Vernon.
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363:
356:
333:James Hansen
322:
315:
303:
296:
284:V. C. Summer
278:reactors at
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131:
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3108:Rancho Seco
2894:South Texas
2829:Quad Cities
2819:Point Beach
2784:DavisāBesse
2644:Susquehanna
2599:FitzPatrick
2581:(Northeast)
2424:11 February
1975:11 November
1952:11 November
1698:15 December
1588:. Bloomberg
1552:MarketWatch
1403:(4): 8ā13.
1176:fortune.com
736:Fortune 500
734:, the only
457:economics".
247:Tennessee,
103:V.C. Summer
3433:Categories
3327:Summer-2/3
3322:Stanislaus
3312:Sears Isle
3272:Hartsville
3227:Bodega Bay
3222:Blue Hills
3212:Bellefonte
3148:Vallecitos
3113:San Onofre
3093:Pathfinder
2904:Wolf Creek
2889:River Bend
2884:Palo Verde
2879:Grand Gulf
2804:Monticello
2699:North Anna
2609:Hope Creek
2527:2009-07-08
2499:2020-12-25
2385:6 December
2115:The Nation
2092:2010-11-10
2086:WTOP Radio
2028:2017-08-02
1723:2019-08-29
1533:2012-01-21
1508:2012-01-21
876:References
590:Tom Wigley
564:wind power
507:NRG Energy
374:TerraPower
230:Judd Gregg
101:design at
3332:Sundesert
3217:Black Fox
3207:Bell Bend
3173:Cancelled
3073:La Crosse
3028:Elk River
2913:Converted
2899:Waterford
2809:Palisades
2764:Braidwood
2756:(Midwest)
2744:Watts Bar
2669:Brunswick
2619:Millstone
2357:8 October
2304:August 3,
2278:August 3,
1769:USA Today
1467:144321178
1445:(4): 44.
1417:146270304
1152:cite news
1138:. Reuters
1112:. Reuters
422:plutonium
291:, former
254:Georgia,
249:Watts Bar
226:Evan Bayh
173:Watts Bar
122:Joe Biden
3337:Victoria
3307:Offshore
3302:Montague
3237:Cherokee
3192:Atlantic
3128:Shoreham
3068:Kewaunee
2930:Somerset
2859:Columbia
2854:Callaway
2849:Arkansas
2714:Sequoyah
2709:Robinson
2639:Seabrook
2614:Limerick
2493:Archived
2329:5 August
1675:12 April
1652:11 April
1618:5 August
1182:2 August
1142:31 March
1116:25 March
1046:2 August
1011:Archived
766:See also
696:and the
689:designs"
626:project.
378:X-energy
128:Overview
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3345:1 and 4
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3033:Fermi 1
2925:Midland
2799:LaSalle
2789:Dresden
2774:Clinton
2694:McGuire
2674:Catawba
2656:(South)
2519:. U.S.
2419:Bechtel
2222:CNN.com
1947:Science
1592:2 April
1447:Bibcode
992:Reuters
935:Reuters
682:6Ā¢/kWh.
593:power."
386:OPEN100
266:placed
264:Toshiba
212:in 2011
3367:Future
3341:WPPSS
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3197:Bailly
3143:Trojan
3118:Saxton
3048:Hallam
3023:EBR II
2944:Closed
2935:Zimmer
2869:Cooper
2841:(West)
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2724:Summer
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2684:Harris
2679:Farley
2445:Forbes
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1321:12 Feb
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660:Exelon
588:, and
556:Exelon
280:Vogtle
276:AP1000
206:AP1000
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3277:Haven
3103:Piqua
3018:EBR I
2986:SM-1A
2971:PM-3A
2956:MH-1A
2814:Perry
2769:Byron
2729:Surry
2689:Hatch
2634:Salem
2604:Ginna
2254:(PDF)
2243:(PDF)
2057:Green
1463:S2CID
1413:S2CID
1378:Green
1279:(PDF)
912:(PDF)
732:SCANA
677:'s CO
552:Texas
546:, in
515:TEPCO
3297:MM-1
3252:Erie
3163:Zion
3013:DAEC
3008:CVTR
2981:SM-1
2976:SL-1
2966:PM-1
2961:ML-1
2951:ANPP
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2387:2013
2359:2008
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2306:2013
2280:2013
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