Prosperity theology

1247:, God's promise to bless Abraham's descendants, arguing that this blessing is spiritual and should already apply to all Christians. He also argues that the proponents of the doctrine misconstrue the atonement, criticizing their teaching that Jesus' death took away poverty as well as sin. He believes that this teaching is drawn from a misunderstanding of Jesus' life and criticizes John Avanzini's teaching that Jesus was wealthy as a misrepresentation, noting that Paul often taught Christians to give up their material possessions. Although he accepts giving as "praiseworthy", he questions the motives of prosperity theology and criticizes the "Law of Compensation", which teaches that when Christians give generously, God will give back more in return. Rather, Jones cites Jesus' teaching to "give, hoping for nothing in return". Jones and Woodbridge also note that Jesus instructed followers to focus on spiritual rewards, citing his command in Matthew 6:19–20 "Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth ... But lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven" (KJV). Jones criticizes the doctrine's view of faith: he does not believe that it should be used as a spiritual force for material gain but seen as selfless acceptance of God. 1260:

desires for wealth, and Christians should "recognize the sovereignty of God". The statement further criticizes prosperity theology for overlooking the importance of prayer, arguing that prayer should be used for all requests, not simply positive confession. The Council noted that Christians should expect suffering in this life. They urge readers to apply practical tests to positive confession, arguing that the doctrine appeals to those who are already in affluent societies but that many Christians in other societies are impoverished or imprisoned. Finally, the paper criticizes the distinction made by advocates of prosperity theology in the two Greek words that mean "speaking", arguing that the distinction is false and that they are used interchangeably in the Greek text. The Council accused prosperity theology of taking passages out of context to fulfill its own needs, with the result that doctrine of positive confession is contradictory to the

1243:, theologians David Jones and Russell Woodbridge characterize the doctrine as poor theology. They suggest that righteousness cannot be earned and that the Bible does not promise an easy life. They argue that it is inconsistent with the gospel of Jesus and propose that the central message of the gospel should be Jesus' life, death, and resurrection. Jones and Woodbridge see Jesus' importance as vital, criticizing the prosperity gospel for marginalizing him in favor of a focus on human need. In another article, Jones criticizes the prosperity theology interpretation of the 769:

to a belief in positive confession: the doctrine that believers may claim whatever they desire from God, simply by speaking it. Prosperity theology teaches that the Bible has promised prosperity for believers, so positive confession means that believers are speaking in faith what God has already spoken about them. Positive confession is practiced to bring about what is already believed-in; faith itself is a confession, and speaking it brings it into reality.

1016: 233: 1362:, noting that the Protestant ethic related prosperity to religiously inspired austerity while the prosperity gospel saw prosperity as the simple result of personal faith. They criticized many aspects of the prosperity gospel, noting particularly the tendency of believers to lack compassion for the poor, since their poverty was seen as a sign that they had not followed the rules and therefore are not loved by God. 1030:, particularly those who seek personal and social advancement. It has seen significant growth in black and Hispanic churches and is particularly popular among immigrants. Apologists for the movement note its ethnic diversity and argue that it encompasses a variety of views. Joel Robbins of Cambridge University notes that most anthropologists attribute the theology's appeal to the poor—especially in the 701: 1604: 1330:. In a lengthy segment, Oliver focused on what he characterized as the predatory conduct of televangelists who appeal for repeated gifts from people in financial distress or personal crises, and he criticized the very loose requirements for entities to obtain tax exempt status as churches under U.S. tax law. Oliver said that he would ultimately donate any money collected by the church to 4970: 6836: 409:

an equivalent unexpected payment. In the 1970s, Roberts characterized his blessing pact teaching as the "seed faith" doctrine: donations were a form of "seed" which would grow in value and be returned to the donor. Roberts began recruiting "partners", wealthy donors who received exclusive conference invitations and ministry access in exchange for support.

467:, a pastor from New York City, began preaching about prosperity in the late 1960s. He soon had widely aired radio and television programs and became distinguished for his flashy style. His openness about love for material possessions and teachings about the "Science of the Mind" led many evangelists to distance themselves from him. 1079:

for healing and the prosperity theology's contractual doctrine about giving and blessings. Asia's economic problems, he argued, encouraged the growth of the doctrine in South Korea, though he claims it ignores the poor and needy. During the interview, he stated that he saw the problem beginning to be

893:; and then a sermon on another topic which follows the offering. Prosperity-church leaders often claim that a specific blessing can be exchanged for the money being donated to their ministry; some have been reported to instruct worshippers to hold their donations above their heads during the prayer. 408:

began teaching prosperity theology in 1947. He explained the laws of faith as a "blessing pact" in which God would return donations "seven fold", promising that donors would receive back from unexpected sources the money they donated to him. Roberts offered to return any donation that did not lead to

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While Kenyon's teachings on overcoming faith laid the groundwork for the prosperity gospel, the first generation of Pentecostals influenced by him and other figures, such as Bosworth, did not view faith as a means to attain material prosperity. In fact, early Pentecostals tended to view prosperity as

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in Seoul, has been criticized for shamanising Christianity. This criticism has focused on his healing and exorcism ministries and his promise of material blessings. Malaysian Christian writer Hwa Yung has defended Cho's healing and exorcism ministries, arguing that he successfully contextualized the

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was credited with a key role in the expansion of prosperity theology. He founded the RHEMA Bible Training Center in 1974, and over the next 20 years, the school trained more than 10,000 students in his theology. As is true of other prosperity movements, there is no theological governing body for the

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anointed with "miracle oil". In the late 1950s, Allen increasingly focused on prosperity. He taught that faith could miraculously solve financial problems and claimed to have had a miraculous experience in which God supernaturally changed one-dollar bills into twenty-dollar bills to allow him to pay

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The prosperity theology teaching of positive confession stems from its proponents' view of scripture. The Bible is seen as a faith contract between God and believers; God is understood to be faithful and just, so believers must fulfill their end of the contract to receive God's promises. This leads

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Congregants in prosperity churches are encouraged to speak positive statements about aspects of their lives that they wish to see improved. These statements, known as "positive confessions" (distinct from confessions of sin), are said to miraculously change aspects of people's lives if spoken with

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in the Christian sense, return to their godhood with divine power over their own lives, including their personal health and prosperity. Any failure to attain what a person needs or wants is a failure of the person to truly understand their godhood as explained in the scriptures (i.e., Bible). As

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allowed believers to appropriate the same spiritual power that God used to create the world and attain the provisions promised in Christ's death and resurrection. Prayer was understood to be a binding, legal act. Rather than asking, Kenyon taught believers to demand healing since they were already

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criticized the doctrine of positive confession in 1980, noting examples of negative confessions in the Bible (where Biblical figures express fears and doubts) that had positive results and contrasting these examples with the focus on positive confessions taught by prosperity theology. The Council

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Although nearly all of the healing evangelists of the 1940s and 1950s taught that faith could bring financial rewards, a new prosperity-oriented teaching developed in the 1970s that differed from the one taught by Pentecostal evangelists of the 1950s. This "Positive Confession" or "Word of Faith"

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word often translated as "confess" literally translates as "to speak the same thing", and refers to both positive and negative confessions. The statement also criticizes the doctrine for failing to recognize the will of God: God's will should have precedence over the will of man, including their

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editorial from 2011 alleged that these similarities were behind the Republican Party's economic policies, and further claimed that " In comparison to most other Protestant denominations, Mormonism has an established tradition of entrepreneurship and less ambivalence about the pursuit of wealth."

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stated that people who believe in "the theology of prosperity" are deceived by riches. He continued by saying that the "possession of wealth or significant income is not a mark of heavenly favor, and their absence is not evidence of heavenly disfavor". He also cited how Jesus differentiated the

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notes that some 1st-century rabbis portrayed material blessings as a sign of God's favor. He cites Jesus' statement in Mark 10:25 that "It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God" (KJV) as evidence to oppose such thinking.

1155:(LDS Church) are reminiscent of prosperity theology. This includes a similar interpretation of Malachi 3:10 found among LDS members as among Protestant prosperity theology and LDS lesson manuals teaching a "prosperity cycle" that shows material wealth follows from obedience to God. A 350:

religion and mind-power beliefs—what he termed "overcoming faith"—resonated with a small but influential segment of the Pentecostal movement. Pentecostals had always been committed to faith healing, and the movement also possessed a strong belief in the power of speech (in particular

1236:, points to the conflict with basic Christian teachings "Jesus was born poor, and he died poor. During his earthly tenure, he spoke time and again about the importance of spiritual wealth and health. When he talked about material wealth, it was usually part of a cautionary tale." 733:

as providing for the alleviation of sickness, poverty, and spiritual corruption; poverty and illness are cast as curses which can be broken by faith and righteous actions. There are, however, some prosperity churches which seek a more moderate or reformed paradigm of prosperity.

914:. Many prosperity churches hold seminars on financial responsibility. Kate Bowler, an academic who studies prosperity theology, has criticized such seminars, arguing that though they contain some sound advice, the seminars often emphasize the purchase of expensive possessions. 436:

criticized other prosperity ministries, arguing that their fund-raising tactics unfairly pressured attendees. These tactics were prompted in part by the expense of developing nationwide radio networks and campaign schedules. At the same time, leaders of the Pentecostal

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and positive declarations. His writing influenced leaders of the nascent prosperity movement during the post-war American healing revival. Kenyon and later leaders in the prosperity movement have denied that he was influenced by the New Thought movement. Anthropologist

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non-denominational mega-church, has argued in favor of prosperity, rejecting what he sees as the demonization of success. He views poverty as a barrier to living a Christian life, suggesting that it is easier to make a positive impact on society when one is affluent.

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Prosperity theology teaches that Christians are entitled to well-being and, because spiritual and physical realities are seen as one inseparable reality, interprets well-being as physical health and economic prosperity. Teachers of the doctrine focus on personal

791:'Bring ye all the tithes into the storehouse, that there may be meat in mine house, and prove me now herewith, saith the Lord of hosts, if I will not open you the windows of heaven, and pour you out a blessing, that there shall not be room enough to receive it. 909:

While some prosperity churches have a reputation for manipulating and alienating the poor, many are involved in social programs. Underlying these programs is a theology of empowerment and human flourishing with the goal of releasing people from a "welfare" or

584:, poor citizens of impoverished countries often find the doctrine appealing because of their economic powerlessness and the doctrine's emphasis on miracles. One region seeing explosive growth is Western Africa, particularly Nigeria. In the Philippines, the 1388:

follows the lives of pastors who adhere to prosperity theology. In a review, Cathleen Falsani described it as imitating other reality series with "McMansions, bling, hair extensions, luxury cars, pontificating, preening and epic delusions of grandeur".

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doctrine that should be discarded and replaced with an emphasis on prosperity. Prosperity-theology advocates also argue that biblical promises of blessings awaiting the poor have been unnecessarily spiritualized, and should be understood literally.

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was once a mortal man like us who progressively obeyed the precepts of Mormonism in order to attain godhood. Following the Father's example, all humans may be exalted to godhood ...Thus, God's rationale for creating humans divine reproduction."

677:. In January 2011, Grassley concluded his investigation stating that he believed self-regulation by religious organizations was preferable to government action. Only the ministries led by Meyer and Hinn cooperated with Grassley's investigation. 287:

The New Thought movement, which emerged in the 1880s, was responsible for popularizing belief in the power of the mind to achieve prosperity. While initially focused on achieving mental and physical health, New Thought teachers such as

109:. Secular as well as Christian observers have also criticized some versions of the prosperity theology as exploitative of the poor. The practices of some preachers have attracted scandal and some have been charged with 752:

Wealth is interpreted in prosperity theology as a blessing from God, obtained through a spiritual law of positive confession, visualization, and donations. Believers may see this process in almost mechanical terms;

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Gospel in a culture where shamanism was still prevalent. However, Hwa criticizes Cho's teaching of earthly blessings for not reflecting a trust in God's daily provision and for their heavy focus on earthly wealth.

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Price states, "Whether you win or lose is not up to God. Whether you are a success or a failure is not up to God. It is up to you .... God is on vacation ...the work did for our benefit is already done on part."

1034:—to the fact that it promises security and helps explain capitalism. Simon Coleman developed a theory based on the doctrine's rhetoric and the feeling of belonging it gave parishioners. In a study of the Swedish 955:. They argue that leaders attempt to control the lives of adherents by claiming divinely-bestowed authority. Jenkins contends that prosperity theology is used as a tool to justify the high salaries of pastors. 508:

Word of Faith movement, and well-known ministries differ on some theological issues, though many ministries are unofficially linked. The teachings of Kenneth Hagin have been described by Candy Gunther Brown of

3825: 547:, another leader in the Word of Faith movement, makes similar claims, namely that God has a human body with eyes, ears, etc. and that the reason God created Adam was to reproduce himself. Thus humans, once 2851: 3219: 988:

in the United States that began in the 1970s. Rosin argues that prosperity theology emerged because of broader trends, particularly American economic optimism in the 1950s and 1990s. Tony Lin of the

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are often criticized for abusing the faith of their listeners by enriching themselves through large donations. Prosperity theology has been opposed for not adequately explaining the poverty of the

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Prosperity theology views the Bible as a contract between God and humans: if humans have faith in God, God will deliver security and prosperity. The doctrine emphasizes the importance of personal

1125:. Coleman notes that several pre–20th century Christian movements in the United States taught that a holy lifestyle was a path to prosperity and that God-ordained hard work would bring blessing. 7296: 1184:

and prosperity ministries have frequently come into conflict with other Christian groups, including those within the Pentecostal and Charismatic movements. Critics, such as Evangelical pastor

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a threat to a person's spiritual well-being. By the 1940s and 1950s, however, a recognizable form of the doctrine began to take shape within the Pentecostal movement through the teachings of

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The theme of Abundant life sometimes is used by leaders associated with the Word of Faith movement to refer to the experience of congregants who corporately experience the results of faith.

6520: 932:. She maintains that prosperity churches heavily emphasized home ownership based on reliance on divine financial intervention that led to unwise choices based on actual financial ability. 4106: 643:

to repay money he had appropriated for his personal use. In 2017, the organisation was under criminal investigation after a leading member was found by a court in 2015 to have operated a

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Church, he noted that members felt part of a complex gift-exchange system, giving to God and then awaiting a gift in return (either from God directly or through another church member).

3483: 757:, an American author and televangelist, argues that prosperity is governed by laws, while other teachers portray the process formulaically. Journalists David van Biema and Jeff Chu of 7261: 2782: 605:

reported that 17 percent of Christians in America said they identified with the movement. By the 2000s, adherents of prosperity theology in the United States were most common in the

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suggested that the growth in popularity of prosperity theology in South Korea reflects a strong "shamanistic influence". Bong pointed to parallels between the tradition of paying

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Prosperity churches place a strong emphasis on the importance of giving. Some services include a teaching-time focused on giving and prosperity, including Biblical references to

2034: 7301: 7256: 3569: 5002: 1200:, have harshly criticized the movement, sometimes denouncing it as heretical. Warren proposes that prosperity theology promotes the idolatry of money, and others argue that 3652: 1371:

presents a number of critical analyses of the prosperity gospel while following the stories of individuals whose lives had intersected with prosperity teachings, including

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made material success a major emphasis of the movement. By the 20th century, New Thought concepts had saturated American popular culture, being common features of both

3817: 3327:, p. 222: "The now popular notion that Calvin held the prosperity of believers to be proof of their election is a perversion of Weber and an inversion of Calvin." 1692: 3958: 1308:

That same year, well known pastor and prosperity gospel advocate Creflo Dollar launched a fundraising campaign to replace a previous private jet with a $ 65 million

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owing to its focus on uplifting oppressed groups, though he notes that it differs in its concentration on individual success rather than corporate political change.

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Most churches in the prosperity movement are non-denominational and independent, though some groups have formed networks. Prosperity churches typically reject

7251: 3203: 402:, these evangelists taught "the laws of faith ('ask and ye shall receive') and the laws of divine reciprocity ('give and it will be given back unto you')". 124:(reconciliation with God) is interpreted to include the alleviation of sickness and poverty, which are viewed as curses to be broken by grace and faith. 7458: 4378: 3889: 3241: 3850: 7349: 7281: 3983: 7319: 6084: 5954: 1132:

movement, though he admits that the connection is sometimes unclear. Jenkins notes that critics draw a parallel between prosperity theology and the

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began emphasizing prosperity in the 1960s and became known for his often ostentatious displays of personal wealth. During that decade, Roberts and

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has been credited with spreading it outside of the Pentecostal and Charismatic movement through his books, which have sold over 4 million copies.

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phenomenon. While citing the popularity of prosperity theology in agrarian African communities, he argues that it can also bear similarities to

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Other critics of the movement assail promises made by its leaders, arguing that the broad freedom from problems they promise is irresponsible.

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In the 1980s, public attention in the United States was drawn to prosperity theology through the influence of prominent televangelists such as

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in his betrayal. Oaks concluded this portion of his sermon by highlighting that the "root of all evil is not money but the love of money".

3915: 1952: 1031: 3786: 6318: 5894: 1228:, who is believed to have experienced significant suffering during his ministry, are particularly in conflict with prosperity theology. 1188:, have argued that prosperity theology has little in common with traditional Christian theology. Prominent evangelical leaders, such as 2576: 5406: 4988: 4955: 4203: 3390: 2026: 3768: 844:: "Therefore I say unto you, What things soever ye desire, when ye pray, believe that ye receive them, and ye shall have them." (KJV) 515:

Kirk R. MacGregor of the University of Northern Iowa has argued that the theology of the Word of Faith movement has its roots in the

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where he was exposed to the New Thought movement. Kenyon later became connected with well-known Pentecostal leaders and wrote about

6169: 780:, teachers of prosperity theology usually draw attention to its descriptions of physical wealth. Frequently quoted verses include: 7238: 6874: 6054: 6044: 5652: 4484: 4101: 3640: 1441: 1072: 568:

during the late 1990s. In the 2000s, Evangelical-Pentecostal churches teaching prosperity theology saw significant growth in the

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in the United States and has spread throughout the world. Prominent leaders in the development of prosperity theology include

7595: 6934: 6822: 6706: 6652: 4359: 4328: 4278: 685: 324: 264:, and "an American gospel of pragmatism, individualism, and upward mobility". This "American gospel" was best exemplified by 3950: 6827: 5791: 4723: 1367: 1221: 1141: 829: 581: 7605: 7218: 7192: 7103: 6601: 6009: 5690: 4039: 1294: 1137: 943:; it is common for pastors of prosperity churches to be the highest organizational authority-figure. Critics, including 681: 589: 475: 457:

weekly program that became the most watched religious show in the United States. By 1968, television had supplanted the

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faith. Prosperity churches also encourage people to "live without limits" and to cultivate optimism about their lives.

7228: 7213: 6769: 6657: 6637: 6405: 6049: 5326: 5320: 5196: 5041: 4877: 4172: 4149: 1286: 1268: 1051: 7200: 4044: 2577:"Pentecostalism and the morality of money: Prosperity, inequality, and religious sociality on the Zambian Copperbelt" 1655:

Pejorative nicknames have been attached to the theology, including "name it and claim it" and "blab it and grab it".

1346:, examined the origins of the prosperity gospel in the United States and described it as a reductive version of the 7557: 7361: 6243: 6004: 5994: 5647: 5426: 5396: 5305: 5218: 5180: 4336: 2503: 802: 776:

often being given special attention. While Christians have generally celebrated Malachi for its passages about the

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and asserted that anyone could become rich through hard work. This gospel of wealth, however, was an expression of

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has said that "the prosperity gospel will not make anybody praise Jesus; it will make people praise prosperity."

1042:, the largest congregation in Australia, teaches a form of prosperity theology that emphasizes personal success. 865: 730: 639:

in southern England, which preaches a "health and wealth" gospel and collects regular tithes, was ordered by the

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By the late 2000s, proponents claimed that tens of millions of Christians had accepted prosperity theology. The

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and came to dominate religious programming in the United States. Oral Roberts was among the first, developing a

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Pentecostal Churches in Transition: Analysing the Developing Ecclesiology of the Assemblies of God in Australia

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Steve Brouwer, Paul Gifford, and Susan Rose speculate that the movement was fueled by a prevailing disdain for

835: 609:. By 2006, three of the four largest congregations in the United States were teaching prosperity theology, and 593: 565: 561: 501:

movement taught that a Christian with faith can speak into existence anything consistent with the will of God.

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who have embraced prosperity theology argue that Christianity has historically placed an unnecessary focus on

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has been characterized in part by an emphasis on prosperity theology, which gained greater acceptance within

314:, is credited with introducing mind-power teachings into early Pentecostalism. In the 1890s, Kenyon attended 7286: 7017: 6400: 5729: 5662: 5421: 5118: 4195: 1415: 1392: 1342: 1331: 739: 356: 319: 90: 4001: 1162:

However, it also explicitly noted that "None of the prosperity gospel’s proponents are themselves Mormon."

7403: 7126: 6754: 6711: 6690: 6680: 6563: 5522: 5495: 5431: 5233: 4605: 3980: 1323: 989: 705: 474:. Bakker's influence waned, however, after he was implicated in a high-profile scandal. In the aftermath, 277: 7534: 7385: 6764: 6583: 6578: 6482: 6293: 6019: 5889: 5714: 5639: 5597: 5572: 5555: 5416: 5364: 5347: 5332: 5243: 5185: 5165: 5133: 5066: 3412: 1637: 1251: 997: 585: 524: 454: 438: 281: 79: 6510: 902: 4482:

Hunt, Stephen (2000). "'Winning Ways': Globalisation and the Impact of the Health and Wealth Gospel".

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satirized prosperity theology by announcing that he had established his own tax-exempt church, called

592:, has spread prosperity theology outside Protestant Christianity. One South Korean prosperity church, 7442: 7437: 7427: 7141: 7121: 6902: 6867: 6685: 6675: 6543: 6427: 6422: 6345: 6204: 5984: 5851: 5831: 5560: 5280: 5228: 5170: 5036: 3381: 1276: 1193: 1157: 1106: 940: 651: 391: 339: 311: 151: 147: 98: 31: 1271:

criticized prosperity theology as a damaging teaching which departs from the central message of the

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opened a probe into the finances of six televangelism ministries that promoted prosperity theology:

82:, positive scriptural confession, and giving to charitable and religious causes will increase one's 7512: 7166: 7096: 7047: 7022: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6840: 6809: 6647: 6447: 6305: 6159: 6064: 5861: 5783: 5759: 5586: 5275: 5076: 5019: 4580: 4441: 4406: 3526: 3474: 3423: 3271: 3010: 1609: 1508: 1244: 936: 619: 372: 352: 155: 138:

movement which began in the 19th century. The prosperity teaching later figured prominently in the

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Investing in Miracles: El Shaddai and the Transformation of Popular Catholicism in the Philippines

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over secular society. It contends that God's promises of prosperity and victory to Israel in the

823: 796: 721:. They maintain that Christians have been given power over creation because they are made in the 640: 632: 509: 297: 67: 4793:. Michael Bergunder, André Droogers, and Cornelis van der Laan. University of California Press. 1944: 848:

Prosperity theology casts itself as the reclamation of true doctrine and thus part of a path to

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denomination often criticized the focus on prosperity taken by independent healing evangelists.

1759: 749:, teaching prosperity for the whole human being, which he sees as a path to combating poverty. 531:

of the Nation of Islam, also asserted that God is literally a man and that Adam and Eve before

7505: 7432: 7151: 7091: 7086: 6667: 6515: 6467: 6459: 6328: 6323: 5968: 5929: 5899: 5764: 5710: 5680: 5657: 5624: 5461: 5456: 5295: 4951: 4933: 4912: 4881: 4858: 4839: 4816: 4808: 4794: 4775: 4752: 4727: 4701: 4678: 4654: 4635: 4609: 4584: 4561: 4542: 4518: 4468: 4445: 4420: 4387: 4363: 4340: 4316: 4306: 4264: 4241: 4218: 4199: 4176: 4153: 3211: 2710: 2700: 2676: 2611: 2549: 2531: 2523: 2515: 1617: 1581: 1559: 1537: 1513: 1491: 1469: 1445: 1419: 1384: 1318: 1102: 985: 849: 735: 726: 395: 832:: "My God shall supply all your need according to his riches in glory by Christ Jesus." (KJV) 7069: 6907: 6548: 6437: 6274: 6079: 6039: 5904: 5676: 5581: 5506: 5357: 5160: 5051: 4577:

Health, Wealth & Happiness: Has the Prosperity Gospel Overshadowed the Gospel of Christ?

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has argued that this message has drawn a significant number of upwardly mobile Australians.

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and understood success to be the result of personal effort rather than divine intervention.

269: 191: 3377: 1015: 7610: 7552: 7468: 7156: 7131: 6860: 6804: 6799: 6779: 6568: 6553: 6442: 6410: 6381: 6333: 5944: 5871: 5826: 5532: 5512: 5113: 4748: 4715: 4697: 4668: 4631: 4623: 4282: 3987: 3911: 3873: 3859: 3854: 3772: 3765: 3419: 3242:"Explainer: what is Pentecostalism, and how might it influence Scott Morrison's politics?" 2846: 2593: 1717: 1503: 1337: 1309: 1114: 1098: 1039: 861: 773: 614: 601: 532: 528: 516: 433: 384: 315: 273: 265: 207: 128: 110: 83: 3736: 3734: 3641:"The Bankruptcy of the Prosperity Gospel: An Exercise in Biblical and Theological Ethics" 2361:"The Word-Faith Movement: A Theological Conflation of the Nation of Islam and Mormonism?" 131:

of the 1950s that prosperity theology first came to prominence in the United States.

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his debts. Allen taught the "word of faith" or the power to speak something into being.

256:, the prosperity gospel was formed from the intersection of three different ideologies: 86:. Material and especially financial success is seen as a sign of divine grace or favor. 6721: 6593: 6388: 6374: 6340: 6119: 6029: 5705: 5684: 5672: 5619: 5441: 5401: 5374: 5175: 5151: 5108: 5061: 5046: 4742: 4532: 4464: 1786: 1433: 1347: 1302: 1298: 1289: 1209: 1177: 1145: 1055: 1047: 1027: 1009: 1005: 877: 654: 577: 539: 421: 364: 347: 335: 257: 94: 3204:"The 'prosperity doctrine' and neoliberal Jesusing, Scott Morrison-style | Van Badham" 2486:"The Pentecostal prosperity gospel in Nigeria: Paradoxes of corruption and inequality" 327:

argues that there are "obvious parallels" between Kenyon's teachings and New Thought.

7574: 7526: 7491: 7136: 6987: 6606: 6472: 6269: 6259: 6089: 5836: 5821: 5806: 5769: 5754: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5342: 5223: 5123: 4599: 4536: 4505: 4410: 4287:

Handbook of Global Contemporary Christianity: Movements, Institutions, and Allegiance

3386: 2688: 2631: 2606: 2561: 1735: 1217: 1197: 1171: 1043: 1001: 973: 869: 853: 762: 746: 725:

and teach that positive confession allows Christians to exercise dominion over their

666: 662: 504: 495: 479: 450: 399: 203: 199: 187: 175: 143: 139: 4601:

Strange Fire, Holy Fire: Exploring the Highs and Lows of Your Charismatic Experience

4281:(2016). "The Prosperity Gospel: Debating Charisma, Controversy, and Capitalism". In 1128:

Coleman has speculated that modern-day prosperity theology borrows heavily from the

596:, gained attention in the 1990s by claiming to be the world's largest congregation. 7419: 7161: 7007: 6789: 6759: 6477: 6264: 6254: 5846: 5609: 5542: 5517: 5482: 5390: 5238: 5128: 5103: 4927: 2421: 1483: 1185: 969: 944: 920: 857: 772:

The teaching often depends on non-traditional interpretations of Bible verses, the

722: 644: 569: 464: 458: 429: 405: 368: 303: 195: 179: 167: 163: 2677:"The Changing Face of Christian Proselytization: New Actors from the Global South" 2027:"This televangelist is asking his followers to buy him a $ 54 million private jet" 818:'I am come that they might have life, and that they might have it more abundantly. 765:'s teachings about prosperity as an inviolable contract between God and humanity. 700: 4672: 4412:

All Things are Possible: the Healing & Charismatic Revivals in Modern America

4333:

The Globalisation of Charismatic Christianity: Spreading the Gospel of Prosperity

1760:"Transformational Tithing: Sacrifice and Reciprocity in a Neo-Pentecostal Church" 1682:

Osteen's teachings are often described as a moderate form of prosperity theology.

363:). Kenyon's ideas would be reflected in the teachings of Pentecostal evangelists 236: 17: 7485: 7146: 7076: 7042: 7012: 6982: 6794: 6784: 6774: 6611: 6487: 6367: 6209: 6194: 6179: 6174: 6059: 6034: 5856: 5719: 5500: 5337: 5156: 5098: 4874:

From Pews to Polling Places: Faith and Politics in the American Religious Mosaic

4435: 1632: 1531: 1459: 1256: 1189: 1129: 1068: 977: 948: 915: 898: 714: 689: 674: 670: 610: 573: 478:(TBN) emerged as the dominant force in prosperity televangelism, having brought 413: 261: 253: 183: 171: 135: 117: 7395: 7171: 6961: 6492: 6352: 6124: 6024: 5979: 5919: 5909: 5816: 5700: 5695: 5567: 5270: 5093: 5028: 4905:

My Jesus Year: A Rabbi's Son Wanders the Bible Belt in Search of His Own Faith

4302: 2511: 1721: 1599: 1573: 1551: 1527: 1376: 1372: 1133: 1105:

has drawn parallels between contemporary prosperity theology and the medieval

1035: 742: 718: 688:

featured prayers from two preachers known for advocating prosperity theology.

548: 483: 471: 159: 4320: 3215: 2615: 2519: 1350:

which had offered opportunities of success and prosperity unreachable in the

7390: 7081: 6996: 6966: 6956: 6951: 6835: 6626: 6360: 6313: 6224: 6199: 6189: 6094: 6074: 5914: 5796: 5667: 5550: 5446: 5379: 4969: 4908: 4835: 4720:

The Assemblies of God at the Crossroads: Charisma and Institutional Dilemmas

4391: 4356:

Moral Ambition: Mobilization and Social Outreach in Evangelical Megachurches

2696: 2535: 2499: 2376: 1778: 1603: 1355: 1351: 1122: 1118: 1110: 873: 520: 293: 276:'s famous sermon "Acres of Diamonds", in which Conwell equated poverty with 2553: 1495: 1004:

argues that the doctrine's focus on the material world is a symptom of the

860:

Christians today, and that faith and holy actions release this prosperity.

1691:

After the probe was opened, Joyce Meyer Ministries voluntarily joined the

647:

between 2007 and 2011, losing or spending £8 million of investors' money.

6184: 6014: 5629: 5614: 5527: 5466: 5248: 5056: 4771: 4744:

God's Profits: Faith, Fraud, and the Republican Crusade for Values Voters

606: 102: 4515:

Mangoes or bananas?: the Quest for an Authentic Asian Christian Theology

4127: 3752: 3740: 3725: 3713: 3701: 2623: 7064: 6573: 6502: 6214: 6109: 6104: 5934: 5866: 5841: 5749: 5290: 5143: 3818:"Pastor Creflo Dollar might get his $ 65 million private jet after all" 2775:"Police Open Fraud Inquiry After 'Mismanagement' at Evangelical Church" 2384: 2360: 1224:. For instance, some theologians believe that the life and writings of 777: 307: 146:. In the 1990s and 2000s, it was adopted by influential leaders in the 74:

that financial blessing and physical well-being are always the will of

4813:

Thinking in Tongues: Pentecostal Contributions to Christian Philosophy

4538:

The new Faces of Christianity: Believing the Bible in the Global South

4497: 2685:

Proselytization Revisited: Rights Talk, Free Markets, and Culture Wars

1673:

Bakker renounced prosperity theology after being imprisoned for fraud.

338:. This was attained through positive, faith-filled speech; the spoken 7498: 7113: 6884: 5724: 5592: 4980: 4290: 3848:

John Oliver Becomes a Televangelist and Finally Starts His Own Church

2875:"Exploring the Nationalistic and Christian Right Influences On Trump" 2692: 1627: 1261: 1181: 1020: 996:, the 19th-century belief that the United States was entitled to the 968:

In the United States, the movement has drawn many followers from the

623:

also sold millions of copies and invited readers to seek prosperity.

428:

In the 1960s, prosperity became a primary focus in healing revivals.

244: 939:(or governance) and the idea that a pastor should be accountable to 3601: 3599: 2527: 1121:

idea that Calvinism promoted the idea of prosperity as a marker of

729:

and material objects around them. Leaders of the movement view the

6946: 6099: 5604: 4169:

It's a New Day: Race and Gender in the Modern Charismatic Movement

2714: 1712: 1706: 1409: 1272: 1201: 1014: 890: 699: 512:

as the most "orthodox" form of Word of Faith prosperity teaching.

106: 6852: 1151:

Observers have proposed that some doctrines and beliefs found in

134:

Some commentators have linked the origins of its theology to the

5490: 3916:"Teologia della Prosperità. Il pericolo di un 'vangelo diverso'" 120:, proposing that it is God's will for people to be blessed. The 89:

Prosperity theology has been criticized by leaders from various

6856: 6291: 6241: 6141: 5966: 4984: 4929:

Name It and Claim It?: Prosperity Preaching in the Black Church

2842:"Trump Inaugural to Include Prayers from Prosperity Preachers" 1720:

word is rendered into both words in different passages of the

1313: 1080:

reversed, citing calls for renewed faith and other practices.

1008:

of American religion. He sees it as an attempt to fulfill the

982:

Exporting the American Gospel: Global Christian Fundamentalism

1991: 1989: 1058:, a Pentecostal church that believes in prosperity theology. 420:

and promoted merchandise such as "miracle tent shavings" and

4832:

Watch This! The Ethics and Aesthetics of Black Televangelism

3378:"Pennies from Heaven: How Mormon economics shape the G.O.P." 1465:

Your Best Life Now: 7 Steps to Living at Your Full Potential

394:

and healing evangelists. Combining prosperity teaching with

4259:. Global Pentecostal and Charismatic Studies. Vol. 3. 4097:"New Panel Formed to Examine Issues Around Church Finances" 101:

movements, who maintain that it is irresponsible, promotes

4289:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 12. 692:, one of Trump's spiritual advisers, gave the invocation. 3951:"'American Gospel' Blows a Hole in the Prosperity Gospel" 3110: 3108: 2275: 2273: 1509:

The Prayer of Jabez: Breaking Through to the Blessed Life

1411:

Prosperous Christian: 10 Commandments of Godly Prosperity

1403:

Notable works that advocate prosperity theology include:

3685: 3683: 3681: 3149: 3147: 3083: 3081: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2658: 2656: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2197: 2195: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1897: 1895: 1556:

Better Than Good: Creating a Life You Can't Wait to Live

4948:

The Prosperity Gospel Exposed; and Other False Doctrine

4558:

The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity

3438:"Pastor: Prosperity Gospel Is Hindering Church Revival" 2224: 2222: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1882: 1880: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1354:. The authors distinguished the prosperity gospel from 1204:' teachings indicate a disdain for material wealth. In 3562:"The Worst Ideas of the Decade: The prosperity gospel" 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 1867: 1865: 1863: 449:

During the 1960s, prosperity gospel teachers embraced

1716:

are used interchangeably in the New Testament, and a

4791:

Studying Global Pentecostalism: Theories and Methods

4649:

Maddox, Marion (2012). Farhadian, Charles E. (ed.).

4192:

Blessed: A History of the American Prosperity Gospel

239:

Blessed: A History of the American Prosperity Gospel

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America Now: the Anthropology of a Changing Culture

924:argues that prosperity theology contributed to the 371:(who co-led a congregation with New Thought author 225: 7464:Socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor 3036: 1943:Chu, Jeff; Van Biema, David (September 10, 2006). 4694:The Future of Pentecostalism in the United States 4377:General Council of the Assemblies of God (1980). 3519:"Maybe We Should Blame God for the Subprime Mess" 704:Proponents of prosperity theology often cite the 527:, a leader in the Word of Faith movement, citing 4692:Patterson, Eric; Rybarczyk, Edmund John (2007). 4677:. London: Oxford University Press. p. 222. 3878:"The Prosperity Gospel: Dangerous and Different" 1733:Prosperity theology is often seen as supporting 1693:Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability 1180:has consistently opposed prosperity theology as 538:Regarding Mormon roots, Mormonism teaches that " 7262:Largest financial services companies by revenue 3672: 3617: 3605: 3590: 3006:"The Truth About The New Apostolic Reformation" 1153:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 535:were exactly like God and hence "little gods". 2585:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 951:, maintain that prosperity teachers cultivate 717:, promoting a positive view of the spirit and 7257:Largest corporations by market capitalization 6868: 4996: 4128:General Council of the Assemblies of God 1980 3753:General Council of the Assemblies of God 1980 3741:General Council of the Assemblies of God 1980 3726:General Council of the Assemblies of God 1980 3714:General Council of the Assemblies of God 1980 3702:General Council of the Assemblies of God 1980 3138: 2479: 2477: 1773:(4). University of California Press: 85–109. 1026:Prosperity theology has become popular among 8: 4789:Robbins, Joel (2010). Allan Anderson (ed.). 3547: 2809:"Tax-Exempt Ministries Avoid New Regulation" 2802: 2800: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 1340:and Marcelo Figueroa, in the Jesuit journal 1252:General Council of the Assemblies of God USA 7459:The rich get richer and the poor get poorer 2365:Journal of the American Academy of Religion 2339: 219:Late 19th and early 20th-century background 7378: 7267:Largest manufacturing companies by revenue 7188: 6895: 6875: 6861: 6853: 6301: 6288: 6238: 6138: 5963: 5959: 5263: 5081: 5024: 5003: 4989: 4981: 4575:Jones, David; Woodbridge, Russell (2011). 4215:Global Pentecostal and Charismatic Healing 418:The Secret to Scriptural Financial Success 4232:Ciampa, Roy E.; Rosner, Brian S. (2010). 3371: 3369: 2605: 2543: 1512:. Colorado Springs, CO: Multnomah Books. 1232:, religion writer in an opinion piece in 7586:Charismatic and Pentecostal Christianity 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3312: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1488:God's Formula for Success and Prosperity 1312:. On the August 16, 2015 episode of his 7277:Largest technology companies by revenue 4025: 3348: 3336: 3324: 3177: 3153: 3126: 3114: 3060: 2991: 2967: 2924: 2760: 2739: 2727: 2662: 2468: 2447: 2429:from the original on September 11, 2011 2327: 2291: 2279: 2264: 2240: 2201: 2114: 1995: 1980: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1901: 1854: 1811: 1750: 1648: 1558:. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers. 637:Kingsway International Christian Centre 7345:Income inequality in the United States 7340:Wealth inequality in the United States 6433:Conditional preservation of the saints 4674:The History and Character of Calvinism 4238:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 4082: 3990:, ocregister.com, USA, October 7, 2013 3981:Falsani: Get real, ‘Preachers of L.A.’ 3961:from the original on February 17, 2020 3785:Elder Dallin H. Oaks (April 4, 2015). 3775:, baptistworld.org, USA, June 29, 2013 3689: 3504: 3360: 3189: 3165: 3099: 3087: 2979: 2955: 2785:from the original on February 13, 2017 2315: 2303: 2252: 2228: 2213: 2186: 2174: 2162: 2150: 2138: 2126: 2102: 2090: 2078: 2066: 2054: 1886: 1871: 1835: 1823: 1799: 222: 27:Material wealth–based Christian belief 7272:Largest software companies by revenue 4070: 4052:from the original on February 2, 2011 3914:; Figueroa, Marcelo (July 21, 2018). 3876:; Figueroa, Marcelo (July 18, 2018). 3572:from the original on 1 September 2022 3470:"Falwell Shuns 'Prosperity Theology'" 3072: 3048: 3004:Wagner, C. Peter (November 1, 2011). 2885:from the original on February 4, 2017 2807:Goodstein, Laurie (January 7, 2011). 2012: 1109:. Comparisons have also been made to 635:, the founder of the largely African 7: 7252:Largest corporate profits and losses 4741:Posner, Sarah; Conason, Joe (2008). 4380:The Believer and Positive Confession 4109:from the original on August 18, 2021 4002:"Will Suffering Weaken My Ministry?" 3797:from the original on August 27, 2019 3517:van Biema, David (October 3, 2008). 3240:Jennings, Mark (30 September 2018). 2943: 2903: 1490:. Tulsa: Abundant Life Publication. 1293:attitudes towards money held by the 761:have described Word of Faith pastor 7325:Countries by number of billionaires 6319:Christian views on the Old Covenant 4234:The First Letter to the Corinthians 3949:Strachan, Owen (January 17, 2019). 3486:from the original on April 12, 2023 3413:Mormonism And The Prosperity Gospel 3300: 3272:"Bankrupting the Prosperity Gospel" 2773:Booth, Robert (February 12, 2017). 2417:"Did Christianity Cause the Crash?" 1578:Born to Win: Find Your Success Code 665:Ministries, Benny Hinn Ministries, 4815:. William B. Eerdmans Publishing. 4038:Garber, Kent (February 15, 2008). 3930:from the original on July 18, 2018 3892:from the original on July 18, 2018 3828:from the original on June 11, 2015 3282:from the original on June 30, 2013 3270:Ro, Bong Rin (November 16, 1998). 2873:Posner, Sarah (February 2, 2017). 2840:Zoll, Rachel (December 28, 2016). 1955:from the original on July 13, 2015 992:has also compared the teaching to 25: 6974:Primitive accumulation of capital 6750:Attributes of God in Christianity 4095:Poole, Shelia (January 7, 2011). 3450:from the original on May 13, 2013 3393:from the original on 29 July 2013 3376:Lehmann, Chris (1 October 2011). 3018:from the original on May 14, 2012 2641:from the original on 18 July 2018 2491:Journal of Modern African Studies 1758:Devaka Premawardhana (May 2012). 1704:The Council notes that the words 708:(here depicted in a 1712 woodcut) 334:secured for believers a right to 7320:Cities by number of billionaires 6834: 4968: 4485:Journal of Contemporary Religion 4144:Balmer, Randall Herbert (2002). 4102:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution 2821:from the original on May 6, 2012 2607:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2011.01734.x 2359:Kirk R. MacGregor (March 2007). 2025:Willingham, A. J. (2018-05-30). 1602: 1536:. Gretna, La.: Pelican Pub. Co. 1442:Christ for the Nations Institute 1093:Comparisons with other movements 1073:Asia Graduate School of Theology 343:legally entitled to receive it. 231: 7521:The Theory of the Leisure Class 7396:Acquired situational narcissism 4461:Mark: Jesus, Servant and Savior 3655:from the original on 2011-12-11 3436:Vu, Michelle (March 20, 2010). 3422:", January 2011 lecture at the 3252:from the original on 2021-05-01 3222:from the original on 2020-05-13 2598:Royal Anthropological Institute 2484:Smith, Daniel J. (March 2021). 2037:from the original on 2023-12-10 1945:"Does God Want You To Be Rich?" 1328:Our Lady of Perpetual Exemption 1295:young rich man in Mark 10:17–24 1206:Mark: Jesus, Servant and Savior 1054:in August 2018, is a member of 7591:Christian personal development 7335:Countries by wealth inequality 6935:History of economic inequality 6823:Lists of Christian theologians 6521:Separation of church and state 4926:Mitchem, Stephanie Y. (2007). 4857:. University of Hawaii Press. 4853:Wiegele, Katharine L. (2005). 4651:Introducing World Christianity 4360:University of California Press 4146:Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism 4040:"Behind the Prosperity Gospel" 3037:Patterson & Rybarczyk 2007 2415:Rosin, Hanna (December 2009). 1438:God's Master Key to Prosperity 1382:The reality television series 1140:rituals. J. Matthew Wilson of 686:President of the United States 237:Interview with Kate Bowler on 42:(sometimes referred to as the 1: 6828:Outline of Christian theology 5792:History of Christian theology 4724:University of Tennessee Press 4213:Brown, Candy Gunther (2011). 3766:The prosperity gospel problem 3639:Jones, David W. (Fall 1998). 1368:American Gospel: Christ Alone 1142:Southern Methodist University 1138:traditional African religious 1117:disputes the widespread semi- 1012:by using supernatural power. 582:Pennsylvania State University 310:minister and adherent of the 7302:Number of billionaire alumni 7247:Largest companies by revenue 6602:Baptism with the Holy Spirit 4946:Fortner, Michael D. (2011). 4830:Walton, Jonathan L. (2009). 4598:Klassen, Michael J. (2009). 4137:General and cited references 4045:U.S. News & World Report 3816:AbOhlheiser (June 3, 2015). 2575:Haynes, Naomi (March 2012). 1486:; Montgomery, G. H. (1966). 1365:A 2019 documentary entitled 1241:Health, Wealth and Happiness 876:. They often view this as a 682:inauguration of Donald Trump 667:Bishop Eddie Long Ministries 590:Catholic Charismatic Renewal 476:Trinity Broadcasting Network 330:Kenyon taught that Christ's 6770:Love of God in Christianity 6638:Christian reconstructionism 6406:Priesthood of all believers 5327:extra Ecclesiam nulla salus 4878:Georgetown University Press 4872:Wilson, J. Matthew (2007). 4560:. Oxford University Press. 4541:. Oxford University Press. 4217:. Oxford University Press. 4173:University of Alabama Press 4167:Billingsley, Scott (2008). 4150:Westminster John Knox Press 3673:Jones & Woodbridge 2011 3618:Jones & Woodbridge 2011 3606:Jones & Woodbridge 2011 3591:Jones & Woodbridge 2011 1269:Nigerian Baptist Convention 1052:Prime Minister of Australia 953:authoritarian organizations 7627: 4337:Cambridge University Press 3787:"The Parable of the Sower" 3202:Badham, Van (2018-08-28). 2504:Cambridge University Press 1399:Notable works by advocates 1169: 930:2007–2008 financial crisis 493: 382: 379:Post 1945 Healing Revivals 316:Emerson College of Oratory 29: 7548: 7381: 7330:Countries by total wealth 7209:List of centibillionaires 7053:High-net-worth individual 6898: 6818: 6300: 6287: 6250: 6237: 6150: 6137: 5975: 5962: 5802:Calvinist–Arminian debate 5266: 5084: 4768:Pentecostalism in America 4653:. John Wiley & Sons. 4628:The European Reformations 4303:10.1163/9789004310780_014 4261:Brill Academic Publishers 3139:Posner & Conason 2008 2512:10.1017/S0022278X2000066X 1580:. Dallas: SUCCESS Media. 1144:compares the movement to 866:New Apostolic Reformation 745:, supports a theology of 332:substitutionary atonement 230: 105:, and is contrary to the 66:movement) is a religious 6942:International inequality 6930:Consumption distribution 6539:Confessional Lutheranism 4903:Cohen, Benyamin (2009). 4556:Jenkins, Philip (2011). 4517:. Regnum International. 4459:Hughes, R. Kent (1989). 4417:Indiana University Press 3764:Baptist World Alliance, 3548:Ciampa & Rosner 2010 1468:. New York: FaithWords. 1086:Yoido Full Gospel Church 594:Yoido Full Gospel Church 576:countries. According to 566:charismatic Christianity 562:neo-Pentecostal movement 93:, including within some 48:health and wealth gospel 30:Not to be confused with 7018:Conspicuous consumption 6401:Protestant ecclesiology 6144:Eastern Orthodox Church 4434:Harris, Marvin (1981). 4255:Clifton, Shane (2009). 4196:Oxford University Press 3791:churchofjesuschrist.org 2681:Hackett, Rosalind I. J. 1787:10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.85 1779:10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.85 1332:Doctors Without Borders 1061:In a 1998 interview in 972:and is most popular in 320:supernatural revelation 252:According to historian 91:Christian denominations 7601:Heresy in Christianity 7581:Prosperity theologians 7404:Argumentum ad crumenam 6755:Christian universalism 6691:Wesleyan Quadrilateral 6681:Imparted righteousness 6564:Lutheran scholasticism 6418:Protestant Soteriology 4973:Quotations related to 4766:Robins, R. G. (2010). 4606:Baker Publishing Group 2675:Freston, Paul (2008). 1576:; Ziglar, Tom (2012). 1506:; Kopp, David (2000). 1416:Best Seller Publishing 1264:message of the Bible. 1050:, who became the 30th 1023: 990:University of Virginia 964:Socioeconomic analysis 807:Parable of the talents 709: 706:parable of the talents 675:Paula White Ministries 671:Joyce Meyer Ministries 412:In 1953, faith healer 72:Charismatic Christians 7596:Christian terminology 7535:The Wealth of Nations 7386:Diseases of affluence 6765:Grace in Christianity 6579:Theology of the Cross 6020:Immaculate Conception 5715:New Covenant theology 5134:Social trinitarianism 4932:. The Pilgrim Press. 4386:. Assemblies of God. 4354:Elisha, Omri (2011). 4190:Bowler, Kate (2013). 3920:La Civilità Cattolica 3882:La Civilità Cattolica 2377:10.1093/jaarel/lfl063 1638:Protestant work ethic 1408:Hill, Edward (2019). 1267:The president of the 1018: 703: 525:Frederick K. C. Price 282:Muscular Christianity 7443:Venture philanthropy 7438:Philanthrocapitalism 7350:Most expensive items 7224:Wealthiest Americans 7204:list of billionaires 6903:Capital accumulation 6686:Second work of grace 6676:Christian perfection 6544:Evangelical Catholic 6428:Conditional election 6346:Evangelical theology 5985:Apostolic succession 5301:Conditional Security 4442:Simon & Schuster 4407:Harrell, David Edwin 4297:. pp. 276–296. 2854:on December 29, 2016 2699:. pp. 109–138. 1343:La Civiltà Cattolica 1194:Ben Witherington III 556:International growth 312:Higher Life movement 152:charismatic movement 148:Pentecostal movement 32:The Gospel of Wealth 7606:New Thought beliefs 7499:Greek god of wealth 7410:Prosperity theology 7229:Wealthiest families 7214:Female billionaires 7048:Captain of industry 7023:Conspicuous leisure 6925:Income distribution 6920:Wealth distribution 6915:Economic inequality 6841:Christianity portal 6810:Unlimited atonement 6617:Prosperity theology 6448:Unlimited atonement 6160:Cataphatic theology 6065:Papal infallibility 6010:Ecumenical Councils 5862:Counter-Reformation 4975:Prosperity theology 4581:Kregel Publications 3822:The Washington Post 3566:The Washington Post 3560:Falsani, Cathleen. 3475:The Free Lance-Star 3424:Sunstone Foundation 3303:, pp. 205–209. 3180:, pp. 170–171. 2958:, pp. 141–142. 1998:, pp. 234–235. 1814:, pp. 276–296. 1802:, pp. 140–142. 1610:Christianity portal 1234:The Washington Post 1019:Hillsong Church in 937:presbyterian polity 620:The Prayer of Jabez 586:El Shaddai movement 355:and the use of the 353:speaking in tongues 142:movement and 1980s 78:for them, and that 40:Prosperity theology 7362:Wealthiest animals 6653:Lordship salvation 6559:Lutheran orthodoxy 6511:Believer's baptism 6244:Oriental Orthodoxy 6155:Apophatic theology 6115:Transubstantiation 6000:Christian humanism 5990:Assumption of Mary 5012:Christian theology 4809:Smith, James K. A. 4513:Hwa, Yung (1997). 3986:2020-11-03 at the 3979:Cathleen Falsani, 3863:, August 17, 2015. 3853:2015-08-24 at the 3771:2022-10-19 at the 3529:on October 4, 2008 3443:The Christian Post 3418:2019-08-01 at the 3276:Christianity Today 2814:The New York Times 2177:, pp. 21, 23. 2165:, pp. 23, 25. 2105:, pp. 14, 16. 1533:See You at the Top 1245:Abrahamic covenant 1064:Christianity Today 1024: 926:real estate bubble 912:"victim" mentality 903:The Potter's House 864:, a leader of the 850:Christian dominion 710: 641:Charity Commission 633:Matthew Ashimolowo 510:Indiana University 346:Kenyon's blend of 298:popular psychology 127:It was during the 7568: 7567: 7544: 7543: 7433:The Giving Pledge 7370: 7369: 7180: 7179: 6850: 6849: 6738: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6717:Messianic Judaism 6516:Immersion baptism 6468:Anglo-Catholicism 6329:Dispensationalism 6324:Covenant theology 6283: 6282: 6275:Aphthartodocetism 6233: 6232: 6133: 6132: 5778: 5777: 5658:Dispensationalism 5625:Church discipline 5477: 5476: 5457:Union with Christ 5229:Angelic hierarchy 5205: 5204: 4939:978-0-8298-1709-6 4918:978-0-061-24518-3 4887:978-1-58901-172-4 4864:978-0-8248-2861-5 4845:978-0-8147-9417-3 4822:978-0-8028-6184-9 4800:978-0-520-26662-9 4781:978-0-313-35294-2 4758:978-0-9794822-1-2 4733:978-0-87049-607-3 4707:978-0-7391-2103-0 4660:978-1-4051-8248-5 4641:978-1-4051-8067-2 4615:978-0-7642-0549-1 4590:978-0-8254-2930-9 4567:978-0-19-976746-5 4548:978-0-19-530065-9 4524:978-1-870345-25-5 4498:10.1080/713676038 4474:978-0-89107-537-0 4451:978-0-671-43148-8 4426:978-0-253-10090-0 4401:on June 11, 2012. 4369:978-0-520-26751-0 4346:978-0-521-66072-3 4312:978-90-04-26539-4 4270:978-90-04-17526-6 4247:978-0-8028-3732-5 4224:978-0-19-539341-5 4182:978-0-8173-1606-8 4159:978-0-664-22409-7 3926:(4034): 105–111. 3846:Melissa Locker, " 3645:Faith and Mission 3620:, pp. 85–86. 3608:, pp. 82–84. 3507:, pp. 64–65. 3382:Harper's Magazine 3339:, pp. 42–43. 3315:, pp. 59–60. 3141:, pp. 61–62. 2982:, pp. 93–94. 2596:on behalf of the 2330:, pp. 29–30. 2267:, pp. 74–75. 2129:, pp. 18–19. 2117:, pp. 44–45. 2093:, pp. 35–36. 2069:, pp. 31–32. 1838:, pp. 14–16. 1644:Explanatory notes 1623:Law of attraction 1618:Dominion theology 1565:978-0-7852-8919-7 1519:978-1-57673-733-0 1475:978-0-446-53275-4 1451:978-0-89985-001-6 1425:978-1-949535-38-9 1385:Preachers of L.A. 1319:Last Week Tonight 1158:Harper's Magazine 1103:Boston University 986:social liberalism 736:Kirbyjon Caldwell 461:in his ministry. 439:Assemblies of God 430:T. 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5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5176:Christocentric 5173: 5168: 5163: 5154: 5148: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5109:Theocentricism 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5062:Law and Gospel 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5033: 5031: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4964: 4963:External links 4961: 4960: 4959: 4956:978-1463737986 4944: 4938: 4923: 4917: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4886: 4869: 4863: 4850: 4844: 4827: 4821: 4805: 4799: 4786: 4780: 4763: 4757: 4738: 4732: 4712: 4706: 4689: 4683: 4665: 4659: 4646: 4640: 4620: 4614: 4595: 4589: 4572: 4566: 4553: 4547: 4529: 4523: 4510: 4479: 4473: 4465:Crossway Books 4456: 4450: 4431: 4425: 4403: 4374: 4368: 4351: 4345: 4329:Coleman, Simon 4325: 4311: 4279:Coleman, Simon 4275: 4269: 4252: 4246: 4229: 4223: 4210: 4205:978-0199827695 4204: 4187: 4181: 4164: 4158: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4120: 4087: 4075: 4073:, p. 165. 4063: 4030: 4028:, p. 248. 4018: 3992: 3972: 3941: 3922:(in Italian). 3903: 3865: 3839: 3808: 3777: 3757: 3745: 3730: 3718: 3706: 3694: 3692:, p. 152. 3677: 3675:, p. 149. 3665: 3622: 3610: 3595: 3583: 3552: 3550:, p. 180. 3540: 3509: 3497: 3461: 3428: 3411:John Larsen, " 3404: 3365: 3363:, p. 142. 3353: 3341: 3329: 3317: 3305: 3293: 3262: 3232: 3194: 3192:, p. 205. 3182: 3170: 3168:, p. 141. 3158: 3143: 3131: 3119: 3117:, p. 199. 3104: 3092: 3090:, p. 109. 3077: 3065: 3063:, p. 133. 3053: 3041: 3029: 2996: 2984: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2946:, p. 333. 2929: 2908: 2906:, p. 332. 2896: 2865: 2832: 2796: 2765: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2705: 2667: 2652: 2567: 2473: 2452: 2440: 2390: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2318:, p. 131. 2308: 2296: 2294:, p. 108. 2284: 2282:, p. 105. 2269: 2257: 2245: 2233: 2218: 2206: 2191: 2179: 2167: 2155: 2143: 2131: 2119: 2107: 2095: 2083: 2071: 2059: 2047: 2017: 2015:, p. 152. 2000: 1985: 1966: 1906: 1904:, p. 171. 1891: 1889:, p. 129. 1876: 1859: 1840: 1828: 1816: 1804: 1792: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1732: 1726: 1703: 1697: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1654: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1586: 1570: 1564: 1548: 1542: 1524: 1518: 1500: 1480: 1474: 1456: 1450: 1430: 1424: 1400: 1397: 1348:American Dream 1316:weekly series 1303:Judas Iscariot 1299:good Samaritan 1290:Dallin H. Oaks 1257:biblical Greek 1239:In their book 1218:Televangelists 1210:R. Kent Hughes 1178:evangelicalism 1167: 1164: 1146:Black theology 1094: 1091: 1056:Horizon Church 1048:Scott Morrison 1028:poor Americans 1010:American Dream 1006:secularization 974:commuter towns 965: 962: 960: 957: 886: 883: 878:Roman Catholic 846: 845: 839: 833: 827: 809: 800: 738:, pastor of a 697: 694: 655:Chuck Grassley 628: 627:Recent history 625: 588:, part of the 578:Philip Jenkins 557: 554: 540:God the Father 494:Main article: 491: 488: 446: 443: 383:Main article: 380: 377: 365:F. F. Bosworth 336:divine healing 258:Pentecostalism 248: 247: 228: 227: 220: 217: 215: 212: 60:Faith movement 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7623: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7547: 7537: 7536: 7532: 7530: 7529: 7525: 7523: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7509: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7494: 7490: 7488: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7450: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7417: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7373: 7363: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7293:Universities 7292: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7239:Organizations 7236: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7183: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7122:Concentration 7120: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7102: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7063: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7034: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6989:Nouveau riche 6986: 6985: 6984: 6981: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6878: 6873: 6871: 6866: 6864: 6859: 6858: 6855: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6817: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6741: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6665: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6624: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6607:Faith healing 6605: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6483:Center church 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6473:Branch theory 6471: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6339: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6294:Protestantism 6290: 6286: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6270:Monothelitism 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6260:Monophysitism 6258: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6240: 6236: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6149: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6090:Sacerdotalism 6088: 6086: 6085:Real presence 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5974: 5970: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5837:Scholasticism 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5822:Caesaropapism 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5807:Apostolic Age 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5771: 5770:War in Heaven 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5755:Second Coming 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5745:New Jerusalem 5743: 5741: 5740:Millennialism 5738: 5736: 5735:Last Judgment 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5388: 5386: 5385:Mortification 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5370:Justification 5368: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5343:Glorification 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5239:Fallen angels 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5124:Impassibility 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5006: 5001: 4999: 4994: 4992: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4745: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4684:9780199727995 4680: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4438: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4381: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4141: 4136: 4129: 4124: 4121: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4091: 4088: 4085:, p. 44. 4084: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4064: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4019: 4007: 4003: 4000:Piper, John. 3996: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3942: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3809: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3666: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3593:, p. 81. 3592: 3587: 3584: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3541: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3498: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3439: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3392: 3388: 3387:New York City 3384: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3351:, p. 72. 3350: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3313:Lindberg 2010 3309: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3294: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3263: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3233: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3159: 3156:, p. 93. 3155: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3132: 3129:, p. 95. 3128: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3102:, p. 45. 3101: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3075:, p. 88. 3074: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3054: 3051:, p. 43. 3050: 3045: 3042: 3039:, p. 77. 3038: 3033: 3030: 3017: 3013: 3012: 3007: 3000: 2997: 2994:, p. 92. 2993: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2927:, p. 28. 2926: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2897: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2866: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2843: 2836: 2833: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2766: 2763:, p. 91. 2762: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2733: 2730:, p. 95. 2729: 2724: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2706:9781845532284 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2668: 2665:, p. 99. 2664: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2578: 2571: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2471:, p. 27. 2470: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2450:, p. 23. 2449: 2444: 2441: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2418: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2371:(1): 87–120. 2370: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2342:, p. 41. 2341: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2309: 2306:, p. 89. 2305: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2258: 2255:, p. 88. 2254: 2249: 2246: 2243:, p. 42. 2242: 2237: 2234: 2231:, p. 87. 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2216:, p. 81. 2215: 2210: 2207: 2204:, p. 40. 2203: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2189:, p. 30. 2188: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2156: 2153:, p. 21. 2152: 2147: 2144: 2141:, p. 20. 2140: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2081:, p. 32. 2080: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2060: 2057:, p. 11. 2056: 2051: 2048: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1983:, p. 30. 1982: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1874:, p. 85. 1873: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1857:, p. 41. 1856: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1829: 1826:, p. 94. 1825: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1761: 1754: 1751: 1745: 1738: 1737: 1736:laissez-faire 1730: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1589: 1587:9780983156512 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1543:0-88289-126-X 1539: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1484:Roberts, Oral 1481: 1477: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 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