Protected area - Knowledge

611:' was defined as "a geographically defined area other than a Protected Area, which is governed and managed in ways that achieve positive and sustained long-term outcomes for the in situ conservation of biodiversity, with associated ecosystem functions and services and where applicable, cultural, spiritual, socio-economic, and other locally relevant values." Other effective area-based conservation measures complement protected areas across landscapes, seascapes, and river basins. Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures are referenced together in Target 3 of the draft Global Biodiversity Framework, which is due to be agreed at the 15th Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, which will be held 5 to 17 December in 377:, while cultural services are a source of aesthetic and cultural value for tourism and heritage. Such services are often overlooked by humanity, due to the ecosystem from which they originate being far from urbanized areas. The contamination of ecosystem services within a designated area ultimately degrades their use for society. For example, the protection of a water body inherently protects that water body's microorganisms and their ability to adequately filter pollutants and pathogens, ultimately protecting water quality itself. Therefore, the implementation of protected areas is vital to maintaining the quality and consistency of ecosystem services, ultimately allowing human society to function without the interference of human infrastructure or policies. 84: 297:

levels, elected and traditional authorities, indigenous peoples and local communities, private individuals and non-profit trusts, among others. Most protected-area and forest management institutions acknowledge the importance of recognizing the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, sharing the costs and benefits of protected areas and actively involving them in their governance and management. This has led to the recognition of four main types of governance, defined on the basis of who holds authority, responsibility, and who can be held accountable for the key decisions for protected areas. Indeed, governance of protected areas has emerged a critical factor in their success.

734:. Although these networks are well regulated (local communities are aware of their importance and actively contribute to their maintenance), Bhutan is currently a developing country that is undergoing infrastructure development and resource collection. The country's economic progression has brought about human-wildlife conflict and increased pressure on the existence of its protected areas. In light of ongoing disputes on the topic of optimal land usage, Dorji (et al.), in a study using camera traps to detect wildlife activity, summarize the results of a nationwide survey that compares the biodiversity of Bhutan's protected areas versus that of intervening non-protected areas. 595:(COP) adopted the Program of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA) to further develop and promote protected areas. PoWPA's objective was the "establishment and maintenance by 2010 for terrestrial and by 2012 for marine areas of comprehensive, effectively managed, and ecologically representative national and regional systems of protected areas that collectively, inter alia through a global network contribute to achieving the three objectives of the Convention and the 2010 target to significantly reduce the current rate of biodiversity loss." In 2010, protected areas were included in Target 11 of the CBD's 808: 687:(PADDD) events are processes that change the legal status of national parks and other protected areas in both terrestrial and marine environments. Downgrading is a decrease in legal restrictions on human activities within a protected area, downsizing is a decrease in protected area size through a legal boundary change, and degazettement is the loss of legal protection for an entire protected area. Collectively, PADDD represents legal processes that temper regulations, shrink boundaries, or eliminate legal protections originally associated with establishment of a protected area. 40: 845: 500:. However, the mass protected areas movement did not begin until late nineteenth-century in North America, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, when other countries were quick to follow suit. While the idea of protected areas spread around the world in the twentieth century, the driving force was different in different regions. Thus, in North America, protected areas were about safeguarding dramatic and sublime scenery; in Africa, the concern was with game parks; in Europe, landscape protection was more common. 226: 1090:, the administration of Joe Biden reached a record in conservation. In 3 years of ruling it conserved or in the process of conserving more than 24 millions acres of public land and in 2023 alone more than 12.5 million acres of public land became protected area. It is doing it together with the indigenouse people as 200 agreements of co-stewardship with them were signed in 2023 alone. The goal of Biden is to protect 30% of the terrestrial and marine territory of the United States by the year 2030. 465: 831: 203: 1327: 624: 5480: 1313: 636: 386: 603:"By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well-connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscapes." 981:, hosts tree species with critical biogeographical locations (southernmost limit) on the western slopes of Mount Lebanon’s mountain range and has passed laws to protect environmental sites at the national level, including nature reserves, forests, and Hima (local community-based conservation), with some of these sites having acquired one or more international designations: 738:

areas and non-protected areas". Protected areas had the highest levels of mammal biodiversity. This is made possible by the restriction of commercial activity and regulation of consumptive uses (firewood, timber, etc.). The regulation of such practices has allowed Bhutan's protected areas to thrive with high carnivore diversity and other rare mammals such as

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14 countries are currently considering at least 46 PADDD proposals. Proximate causes of PADDD vary widely but most PADDD events globally (62%) are related to industrial scale resource extraction and development – infrastructure, industrial agriculture, mining, oil and gas, forestry, fisheries, and industrialization.

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Scientific publications have identified 3,749 enacted PADDD events in 73 countries since 1892 which have collectively impacted an area approximately the size of Mexico. PADDD is a historical and contemporary phenomenon. 78% of PADDD events worldwide were enacted since 2000 and governments in at least

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Nationally designated protected areas cover 14.3% of the world's mountain areas, and these mountainous protected areas made up 32.5% of the world's total terrestrial protected area coverage in 2009. Mountain protected area coverage has increased globally by 21% since 1990 and out of the 198 countries

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Strategic Plan: Future Evaluation of Progress, Doc UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/VII/30 Annex (13 April 2004), Aichi Biodiversity Target 11. Among the twenty-one subsidiary targets, the first two were: "1.1 At least 10% of each of the world's ecological regions effectively conserved" and "1.2 Areas of particular

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or the core of a village) of special architectural or historic interest, the character of which is considered worthy of preservation or enhancement. It creates a precautionary approach to the loss or alteration of buildings and/or trees, thus it has some of the legislative and policy characteristics

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The study indicated that Bhutan's protected areas "are effectively conserving medium and large mammal species, as demonstrated through the significant difference in mammal diversity between protected areas, biological corridors, and non-protected areas with the strongest difference between protected

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How to manage areas protected for conservation brings up a range of challenges – whether it be regarding the local population, specific ecosystems or the design of the reserve itself – and because of the many unpredicatable elements in ecology issues, each protected area requires a case-specific set

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The designation of protected areas often also contained a political statement. In the 17th and 18th centuries, protected areas were mostly hunting grounds of rulers and thus, on the one hand, an expression of the absolute personal authority of a monarch, and on the other hand, they were concentrated

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guarding sacred sites or the convention of European hunting reserves. Over 2000 years ago, royal decrees in India protected certain areas. In Europe, rich and powerful people protected hunting grounds for a thousand years. Moreover, the idea of protection of special places is universal: for example,

1040:, also known as a 'Private Reserve' predominantly managed for biodiversity conservation, protected without formal government recognition and is owned and stewarded by the O corporation International. O parks plays a particularly important role in conserving critical biodiversity in a section of the 1083:, the United States had a total of 6770 terrestrial nationally designated (federal) protected areas. These protected areas cover 2,607,131 km (1,006,619 sq mi), or 27.08 percent of the land area of the United States. This is also one-tenth of the protected land area of the world. 672:

In some countries, protected areas can be assigned without the infrastructure and networking needed to substitute consumable resources and substantively protect the area from development or misuse. The soliciting of protected areas may require regulation to the level of meeting demands for food,

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emerged which, thanks to the transport and communication technologies of industrialisation and the closely meshed and well-connected administrative apparatus that came with it, could actually assert claims to power over large contiguous territories. The establishment of nature reserves in mostly

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are reduced and longterm land cover change is prevented, which is an effective strategy in the struggle against global warming. Of all global terrestrial carbon stock, 15.2% is contained within protected areas. Protected areas in South America hold 27% of the world's carbon stock, which is the

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for example. As a result, Protected Areas can encompass a broad range of governance types. A wide variety of rights-holders and stakeholders are involved in the governance and management of protected areas, including forest protected areas, such as government agencies and ministries at various

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For waters under national jurisdiction beyond inland waters, there are 14,688 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), covering approximately 10.2% of coastal and marine areas and 4.12% of global ocean areas. In contrast, only 0.25% of the world's oceans beyond national jurisdiction are covered by MPAs.

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There is increasing pressure to take proper account of human needs when setting up protected areas and these sometimes have to be "traded off" against conservation needs. Whereas in the past governments often made decisions about protected areas and informed local people afterwards, today the

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that define protected areas according to their management objectives, which are internationally recognised by various national governments and the United Nations. The categories provide international standards for defining protected areas and encourage conservation planning according to their

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Subsequently, the range of natural resources that any one protected area may guard is vast. Many will be allocated primarily for species conservation whether it be flora or fauna or the relationship between them, but protected areas are similarly important for conserving sites of (indigenous)

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Enforcing protected area boundaries is a costly and labour-heavy endeavour, particularly if the allocation of a new protected region places new restrictions on the use of resources by the native people which may lead to their subsequent displacement. This has troubled relationships between

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also protects the ecosystem services society enjoys. Some ecosystem services include those that provide and regulate resources, support natural processes, or represent culture. Provisioning services provide resources to humanity, such as fuel and water, while regulating services include

591:(CBD) as "a geographically defined area which is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives." Under Article 8 of the CBD, parties who entered the treaty agreed to, among other things, "establish a system of protected areas." In 2004, the CBD's 1070:

report indicating that Russia now ranks first in the world for its amount of protected natural areas with 63.3 million hectares of specially protected natural areas. However, the article did not contain a link to WWF's report and it may be based on previously gathered data.

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Jonas H.D., MacKinnon K., Dudley N., Hockings M., Jessen S., Laffoley D., MacKinnon D., Matallana-Tobon C., Sandwith T., Waithaka J., and S. Woodley, 2018. "Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures: From Aichi Target 11 to the Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework."

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PADDD challenges the longstanding assumption that protected areas are permanent fixtures and highlights the need for decision-makers to consider protected area characteristics and the socioeconomic context in which they are situated to better ensure their permanence.

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and several other fields of analysis are expected to be introduced in the monitoring of protected areas management effectiveness, such as freshwater and marine or coastal studies which are currently underway, and islands and drylands which are currently in planning.

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emphasis is shifting towards greater discussions with stakeholders and joint decisions about how such lands should be set aside and managed. Such negotiations are never easy but usually produce stronger and longer-lasting results for both conservation and people.

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endorsed the protection of representative examples of all major ecosystem types as a fundamental requirement of national conservation programmes. This has become a core principle of conservation biology and has remained so in recent resolutions – including the

568:(ICCAs). ICCAs are "natural and/or modified ecosystems containing significant bio - diversity values and ecological services, voluntarily conserved by (sedentary and mobile) indigenous and local communities, through customary laws or other effective means". 660:

trades, which are resorted to as an alternative form of substinence. Poaching has thus increased in recent years as areas with certain species are no longer easily and legally accessible. This increasing threat has often led governments to enforce

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is a heritage register, a list of national heritage places deemed to be of outstanding heritage significance to Australia, established in 2003. The list includes natural and historic places, including those of cultural significance to

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on the standards and terminology of protected areas took place at the International Conference for the Protection of Fauna and Flora in London. At the 1962 First World Conference on National Parks in Seattle the effect the

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populations changed at slower rate in protected areas. On average, vertebrate populations declined five times more slowly within protected areas (−0.4% per year) than at similar sites lacking protection (−1.8% per year).

799:. The maintenance of these charismatic megafauna and other threatened species can be attributed to the intensity of Bhutan's management of its protected areas and its local communities' commitment to preserving them. 715:, and pollution, their high costs, and their increasing conflict with human demands for nature's resources. In addition, the type of habitat, species composition, legal issues and governance, play important roles. 1998:

Justin Nowakowski, A.; Watling, James I.; Murray, Alexander; Deichmann, Jessica L.; Akre, Thomas S.; Muñoz Brenes, Carlos L.; Todd, Brian D.; McRae, Louise; Freeman, Robin; Frishkoff, Luke O. (October 2023).

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Petersen, Anders Højgård; Strange, Niels; Anthon, Signe; Bjørner, Thomas Bue; Rahbek, Carsten (February 2016). "Conserving what, where and how? Cost-efficient measures to conserve biodiversity in Denmark".

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The oldest legally protected reserve recorded in history is the Main Ridge Forest Reserve, established by an ordinance dated 13 April 1776. Other sources mention the 1778 approval of a protected area on

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and to provide a way for measuring the progress of such conservation. Protected areas will usually encompass several other zones that have been deemed important for particular conservation uses, such as

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Hermoso, Virgilio; Abell, Robin; Linke, Simon; Boon, Philip (2016). "The role of protected areas for freshwater biodiversity conservation: challenges and opportunities in a rapidly changing world".

2371: 163:. Protection helps maintain ecological processes that cannot survive in most intensely managed landscapes and seascapes. Indigenous peoples and local communities frequently criticize this method of 926:. 787,767 km (304,159 sq mi) are designated as terrestrial sites and 251,564 km (97,129 sq mi) as marine sites. Overall, 18 percent of the EU land mass is designated. 1845: 684: 480:

Protected areas are cultural artifacts, and their story is entwined with that of human civilization. Protecting places and natural resources is by no means a modern concept, whether it be

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Ansell, Dean; Freudenberger, David; Munro, Nicola; Gibbons, Philip (June 2016). "The cost-effectiveness of agri-environment schemes for biodiversity conservation: A quantitative review".

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conservation. These newly implemented reserves safeguard a range of ecosystems, from tropical forests to marine habitats. These protected areas encompass nearly 20% of China's land area.

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The effectiveness of protected areas to protect biodiversity can be estimated by comparing population changes over time. Such an analysis found that the abundance of 2,239 terrestrial

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Drechsler, Martin; Johst, Karin; Wätzold, Frank (March 2017). "The cost-effective length of contracts for payments to compensate land owners for biodiversity conservation measures".

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Symes, William S.; et al. (2016). "Why do we lose protected areas? Factors influencing protected area downgrading, downsizing and degazettement in the tropics and subtropics".

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A clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated

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importance to biodiversity protected." See also Stephen Woodley et al, "Meeting Aichi Target 11: What Does Success Look Like for Protected Area Systems?" (2012) 18(1) Parks 23.

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in a sustainable manner. The spectrum of benefits and values of protected areas is recognised not only ecologically, but culturally through further development in the arena of

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Bomhard, B., Butchart, S., Tracking Progress Towards the CBD's Targets for Protected Area Coverage and Management Effectiveness (UNEP-WCMC & BirdLife International, 2010)

707:. However, their effectiveness is limited by their small size and isolation from each other (which influence the maintenance of species), their restricted role in preventing 652:

conservationists and rural communities in many protected regions and is often why many Wildlife Reserves and National Parks face the human threat of poaching for the illegal

284:(KBA) among others. Likewise, a protected area or an entire network of protected areas may lie within a larger geographic zone that is recognised as a terrestrial or marine 673:

feed, livestock and fuel, and the legal enforcement of not only the protected area itself but also 'buffer zones' surrounding it, which may help to resist destabilisation.

533: 476:), was declared a protected area in 1872, and it encompasses areas which are classified as both a National Park (Category II) and a Habitat Management Area (Category IV). 4655: 4123: 4903: 3996: 1918: 1862: 1780: 608: 1538:"Ongoing global biodiversity loss and the need to move beyond protected areas: A review of the technical and practical shortcoming of protected areas on land and sea" 319:

18.8% of the world's forest is covered by protected areas and sixteen of the twenty forest types have 10% or more protected area coverage. Of the 670 ecoregions with

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to maintain the networks that hold regular revisions for the succinct categorisations that have been developed to regulate and record protected areas. In 1972, the

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across multiple borders. As of 2016, there are over 161,000 protected areas representing about 17 percent of the world's land surface area (excluding Antarctica).

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Two Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance (SPAMI) (under the Protocol of Specially Protected Areas and Biodiversity of the Barcelona Convention)

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are locations which receive protection because of their recognized natural or cultural values. Protected areas are those areas in which human presence or the

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As of 2019, 2.2% of England making up 2,938 km (1,134 sq mi) is a conservation area, 59% of which are rural, and 41% are in urban areas.

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One major problem is that only 18% of the area covered by protected areas have been assessed, hence the effectiveness of most of them remains unclear.

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Initially, protected areas were recognised on a national scale, differing from country to country until 1933, when an effort to reach an international

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Scientists advocate that 50% of global land and seas be converted to inter-connected protected areas to sustain these benefits. The Asian country

273: 3715: 879:(IPAs) are formed by agreement with Indigenous Australians, and declared by Indigenous Australians, and form a specific class of protected area. 4193: 4036: 3211:

Schöttker, Oliver; Johst, Karin; Drechsler, Martin; Wätzold, Frank (September 2016). "Land for biodiversity conservation — To buy or borrow?".

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Bohorquez, John J.; Xue, Guifang; Frankstone, Timothy; Grima, Maria M.; Kleinhaus, Karine; Zhao, Yiyi; Pikitch, Ellen K. (12 November 2021).

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Carbon emissions from deforestation account for an estimated 20% of global carbon emissions, so in protecting the worlds carbon stocks

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initiative has targeted to protect 30% of ocean territory and 30% of land territory worldwide by 2030; this has been adopted by the

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and implement new policies to adhere to the initial goal of protected areas, though many illegal activities are often overlooked.

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Prohibition of degradative activities including: fishing, hunting, development, agriculture, mining, logging, and sometimes entry.

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had had on the world's natural environment was acknowledged, and the need to preserve it for future generations was established.

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Increased: populations, species resilience, genetic diversity, and potential for adaptations, lowering the risk of extinction

1773: 3964: 3164:"Easement or public land? An economic analysis of different ownership modes for nature conservation measures in California" 504:

in certain places and diminished with increasing spatial distance from the seat of power. In the late 19th century, modern

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achieved this high-reaching target by reserving 51.4% of the country's area as protected areas interconnected through

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Xu, Weihua; Pimm, Stuart L.; Du, Ao; Su, Yang; Fan, Xinyue; An, Li; Liu, Jianguo; Ouyang, Zhiyun (1 September 2019).

5305: 4913: 4705: 4590: 4558: 4471: 4280: 4260: 4031: 3477: 1169: 269: 137: 3296:"Mammal richness and diversity in a Himalayan hotspot: the role of protected areas in conserving Bhutan's mammals" 2586: 5345: 5325: 5310: 5280: 5176: 4553: 4476: 4456: 4419: 4347: 4315: 4158: 4133: 1174: 1147: 958: 876: 513: 469: 103: 2306: 39: 5504: 5473: 5390: 5360: 5340: 4948: 4866: 4851: 4841: 4816: 4811: 4573: 4404: 4382: 4367: 4300: 4290: 4245: 4240: 3884: 1825:

Borrini-Feyerabend, G., N. Dudley, T. Jaeger, B. Lassen, N. Pathak Broome, A. Phillips and T. Sandwith (2013).

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Along with providing important stocks of natural resources, protected areas are often major sources of vital

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The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the

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almost 200 countries, signed onto the agreement which includes protecting 30% of land and oceans by 2030 (

281: 1353: 5335: 5320: 5141: 5062: 5034: 5029: 4988: 4958: 4953: 4918: 4836: 4780: 4720: 4710: 1791: 1234: 1194: 1137: 891:, has begun implementing various protected areas in recent years. As of the year 2017, China has nearly 556:

Recently, the importance of protected areas has been brought to the fore at the threat of human-induced

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peripheral regions thus became possible and at the same time underpinned the new state claim to power.

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Progress on the Convention on Biological Diversity's 2010 and 2012 Targets for Protected Area Coverage

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it occurs among the communities in the Pacific ("tapu" areas) and in parts of Africa (sacred groves).

5430: 5420: 5227: 5024: 4973: 4963: 4928: 4826: 4821: 4785: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4685: 4664: 3516: 3307: 3255: 3220: 3175: 3136: 3039: 2989: 2931: 2878: 2834: 2785: 2774:"Protected Area Downgrading, Downsizing, and Degazettement (PADDD) and Its Conservation Implications" 2705: 2552: 2131: 2059: 2012: 1552: 1453: 1373: 1361: 1163: 704: 370: 261: 156: 3958: 3824: 3748: 1966:"Looking to the Future of the CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas" (Cambridge: UNEP-WCMC, 2009) 1045: 5237: 5212: 5205: 5127: 5049: 4770: 4760: 4730: 2448:

Protected Areas (Articles 8 (a) to (e)), Doc UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/VII/28 (20 February 2004) at para 18.

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CBD (2018). Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (Decision 14/8).

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Xu, Weihua; Xiao, Yi; Zhang, Jingjing; Yang, Wu; Zhang, Lu; Hull, Vanessa; Wang, Zhi; Zheng, Hua;

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highest percentage of any continent in both absolute terms and as a proportion of the total stock.

5193: 5067: 4998: 4790: 3607: 3331: 3193: 3005: 2955: 2904: 2803: 2729: 2568: 2238: 1912: 1856: 1774:"Guidelines for Applying the IUCN Protected Area Management Categories to Marine Protected Areas" 1485: 1362:"Beyond exclusion: alternative approaches to biodiversity conservation in the developing tropics" 1332: 919: 910:

is a network of protected areas established by the EU across all member states. It is made up of

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Reduction in: shifts in species distribution, intensity of storms, and impacts of sea level rise.

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in the United States. Yellowstone, the world's second official protected area (after Mongolia's

202: 1124:. The concept was introduced in 1967, and by 2017 almost 9,800 had been designated in England. 5509: 5450: 5159: 5117: 5003: 4886: 3599: 3591: 3550: 3532: 3323: 3108: 2947: 2896: 2721: 2401: 2167: 2149: 2093: 2075: 2028: 1900: 1890: 1835: 1477: 1469: 1389: 1204: 731: 561: 505: 361: 293: 3883:

Zhang, Yin; West, Paige; Thakholi, Lerato; Suryawanshi, Kulbhushansingh; et al. (2023).

3077:"Money for Nothing? A Call for Empirical Evaluation of Biodiversity Conservation Investments" 571:

As of December 2022, 17% of land territory and 10% of ocean territory were protected. At the

5181: 4876: 4700: 3904: 3896: 3581: 3540: 3524: 3315: 3263: 3228: 3183: 3144: 3098: 3088: 3055: 3047: 2997: 2939: 2886: 2842: 2793: 2713: 2587:"for Conservation: A Global Overview, Dan Brockington and Jim Igoe. Accessed: 18 April 2011" 2560: 2529: 2157: 2139: 2083: 2067: 2048:"Ecosystem services and justice of protected areas: the case of Circeo National Park, Italy" 2020: 1560: 1461: 1381: 1357: 1326: 1219: 816: 739: 712: 497: 439: 390: 373:, climate regulation, and protection against disease. Supporting ecosystem services include 179:(IUCN) in its categorisation guidelines for protected areas. The definition is as follows: 4908: 3988: 3900: 2973:

Regos, Adrian; D'Amen, M; Titeux, Nicolas; Herrando, S; Guisan, A; Brotons, Lluis (2016).

2674: 2283: 1804: 1229: 1189: 1117: 923: 820: 773: 748: 743: 542: 493:, a mountain previous protected by local nomads for centuries in Mongolia, by then-ruling 241: 2616:"Poachers target endangered animals in protected areas, study finds | DW | 18 April 2017" 3520: 3311: 3259: 3224: 3179: 3140: 3043: 2993: 2935: 2882: 2838: 2789: 2709: 2556: 2135: 2063: 2016: 1683: 1556: 1457: 1444:

Soutullo, Alvaro (2010). "Extent of the Global Network of Terrestrial Protected Areas".

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for the generally violent processes by which the regulations of the areas are enforced.

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Pringle, Robert M. (2017). "Upgrading protected areas to conserve wild biodiversity".

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Since then, it has been an international commitment on behalf of both governments and

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Annual updates on each of these analyses are made in order to make comparisons to the

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with mountain areas, 43.9% still have less than 10% of their mountain areas protected.

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Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories, Published October, 2008

2000: 1721: 1465: 1244: 783:. Also found to be prevalent were the large herbivore species: Asiatic water buffalo 754: 662: 433: 31: 3653: 3009: 2807: 2640: 2572: 2276: 2213: 1489: 323:, 54% have 10% or more of their forest cover protected under IUCN Categories I – VI. 5112: 4695: 3232: 2959: 2733: 2340:

A Short History of the International System of Protected Area Management Categories

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In 2018, to complement protected areas across landscapes and seascapes, the term '

17: 3267: 3093: 2846: 2321: 1622:"More than 190 countries sign landmark agreement to halt the biodiversity crisis" 1385: 2294: 2120:"Strengthening protected areas for biodiversity and ecosystem services in China" 2115: 1886:

Conservation of Wildlife Populations : Demography, Genetics, and Management

1259: 1249: 1199: 1142: 907: 812: 778: 3586: 3569: 3319: 3051: 2024: 1001:

There are three biosphere reserves in Lebanon that have been designated by the

87:

Share of important terrestrial biodiversity areas under protection, as of 2018.

3675: 3148: 1904: 1308: 1184: 1112: 635: 628: 494: 385: 348: 289: 285: 3595: 3536: 3350:"Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, Section 324A" 3327: 3295: 2153: 2079: 2032: 1646: 1473: 1393: 5252: 5084: 3697: 2891: 2866: 2352:

Uekötter, Frank (9 March 2020). "Eine kleine Geschichte des Artenschutzes".

2144: 792: 769: 301:

cultural importance and considerable reserves of natural resources such as;

3799: 3603: 3554: 3528: 3112: 2951: 2900: 2747: 2725: 2171: 2097: 1481: 4633: 1590: 5008: 4735: 3924: 3741:"Summary of protection by Country and Territory on the 31st January 2008" 2001:"Protected areas slow declines unevenly across the tetrapod tree of life" 1301: 977:

Lebanon, home to one of the highest densities of floral diversity in the

653: 612: 576: 159:, often providing habitat and protection from hunting for threatened and 149: 125: 2717: 240:

buffers pH change), and increasing natural carbon sequestration via the

3909: 3188: 3163: 3060: 838: 824: 236:

by: maintaining coastal primary producers, increasing teleost biomass (

43:

World map with percentage of each country under protection (2005 data)

3294:

Dorji, Sangay; Rajaratnam, Rajanathan; Vernes, Karl (1 October 2019).

3001: 2943: 2425:"A handbook for the indigenous and community conserved areas registry" 1884: 1565: 455:

Category VI – Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources

4993: 3934: 3428:"Indigenous rangers to receive $ 250m in funding for jobs until 2021" 2564: 1975:

Rodríguez-Rodríguez, D., Bomhard, B., Fitzgerald, C. & Blyth, S.

1002: 849: 727: 3747:. World Database on Protected Areas. 31 January 2008. Archived from 3775:"The Biden Administration Has Reached Conservation Records in 2023" 2295:

Mongolia Sacred Mountains: Bogd Khan, Burkhan Khaldun, Otgon Tenger

1932: 1665:"G7 commits to end support for coal-fired power stations this year" 1166:: a person who has been forced to relocate from a conservation area 3978: 3929: 843: 829: 806: 764: 643:

in West Bengal, India, is a Habitat Management Area (Category IV).

634: 622: 565: 481: 463: 384: 224: 201: 38: 3647:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

848:

Prohibited activities and safety instructions at a state park in

3983: 3974:

Indicator Factsheet: Management Effectiveness of Protected Areas

3940: 3716:"Russia Has Most Protected Natural Areas in the World, WWF Says" 402: 4637: 3992: 1175:

Climate change mitigation#Preserving and enhancing carbon sinks

144:. In December 2022, Nations have reached an agreement with the 3937:– campaigns for protecting at least 30% of the planet by 2030 1709:

Guidelines for Applying Protected Areas Management Categories

991:

15 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) (under Birdlife International)

599:, known as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Target 11 states: 2860: 2858: 2856: 1949:

Campbell, A., Miles. L., Lysenko, I., Hughes, A., Gibbs, H.

587:

In 1992, a protected area was defined in paragraph 2 of the

27:

Areas protected for having ecological or cultural importance

3984:

Brazilian Amazon Protected areas – Instituto Socioambiental

3626:"Natura 2000 Barometer - Environment - European Commission" 3376:

Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts

2822: 1828:

Governance of Protected Areas. From understanding to action

141: 3075:

Ferraro, Paul J; Pattanayak, Subhrendu K (11 April 2006).

2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2505:

from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.

685:

Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement

677:

Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement

136:, Campaign for Nature which promoted the goal during the 1684:"COP15: Nations reach 'historic' deal to protect nature" 1356:; Wilshusen, Peter; Brockington, Dan; Seidler, Reinmar; 3162:

Schöttker, Oliver; Santos, Maria João (November 2019).

2468: 2545:

Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

1962:

Coad L., Burgess, N.D., Bomhard, B., and Besancon, C.

2354:

Zeitschrift der Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung

2867:"The uncertain future of protected lands and waters" 2342:(WCPA Task Force on Protected Area Categories, 2007) 2118:; Polasky, Stephen; Jiang, Ling (14 February 2017). 895:, 80% of which are nature reserves aiming to foster 5413: 5268: 5105: 5048: 5017: 4937: 4804: 4684: 2499:

International Institute for Sustainable Development

1977:

How much of the world's mountain area is protected?

1951:

Carbon Storage in Protected Areas: Technical Report

1304:(type of protected area in former Soviet republics) 2239:"Protecting ecosystems brings benefits to society" 1079:As of 31 January 2008, according to the 560:and the understanding of the necessity to consume 534:United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 3855:"What Is a Conservation Area? | Historic England" 3570:"Transforming Protected Area Management in China" 2516:"Schweizerischer Nationalpark – Protected Planet" 1953:(UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 2008) 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1048:, located along the 12-mile-wide isthmus between 4904:Other effective area-based conservation measures 2495:UN Biodiversity Conference (CBD COP 15) (Part 2) 2046:Benetti, Stefania; Langemeyer, Johannes (2021). 609:other effective area-based conservation measures 255:The objective of protected areas is to conserve 4899:Integrated Conservation and Development Project 3941:DOPA, a Digital Observatory for Protected Areas 3478:"Is China stepping up its nature conservation?" 2124:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1366:Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2865:Golden Kroner, Rachel E.; et al. (2019). 177:International Union for Conservation of Nature 146:Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework 4649: 4004: 703:A main goal of protected areas is to prevent 445:Category IV – Habitat/Species Management Area 8: 3452:Hayes, Shelley; Egli, Daniel (26 May 2022). 2772:Mascia, Michael B.; Pailler, Sharon (2011). 2601:"BBC News: A Battle for DR Congo's Wildlife" 1917:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1861:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1225:List of largest protected areas in the world 3454:"Directory of Protected Areas in East Asia" 573:2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference 4656: 4642: 4634: 4011: 3997: 3989: 3889:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 3402:"Department of the Environment and Energy" 3352:. Australasian Legal Information Institute 1615: 1613: 1611: 1111:almost always applies to an area (usually 3908: 3585: 3544: 3372:"Fact Sheets: Indigenous Protected Areas" 3187: 3102: 3092: 3059: 3032:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2890: 2797: 2471:doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf 2161: 2143: 2087: 2052:Ecosystems and People (Abingdon, England) 1564: 918:(SPAs) designated respectively under the 631:is a Strict Nature Reserve (Category Ia). 414:IUCN Protected Area Management Categories 381:IUCN Protected Area Management Categories 3406:Department of the Environment and Energy 2821:Roberts, Kelsey E.; et al. (2018). 2423:Environment, U. N. (16 September 2017). 566:Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas 274:Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas 109:The term "protected area" also includes 82: 48: 0–3.9% of the country is protected 3979:A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance 3800:"UK planning policy, practice and data" 1576:from the original on 11 September 2011. 1407: 1405: 1403: 1345: 1210:Indigenous and Community Conserved Area 3835:from the original on 14 September 2015 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 2208: 2206: 2109: 2107: 1910: 1854: 1851:from the original on 17 December 2020. 1800: 1789: 3901:10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-081348 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1425:from the original on 2 September 2016 627:Schweizerischer National Park in the 229:Climate change threats to coral reefs 7: 3949:World Conservation Monitoring Center 3946:United Nations Environment Programme 3656:. Convention on Biological Diversity 3466:from the original on 11 August 2022. 1620:Paddison, Laura (19 December 2022). 1585: 1583: 1081:United Nations Environment Programme 407:Protected Area Management Categories 155:Protected areas are implemented for 3971:Biodiversity Indicators Partnership 3959:World Commission on Protected Areas 3019:from the original on 6 August 2016. 1286:World Commission on Protected Areas 955:conservation and community reserves 399:World Commission on Protected Areas 32:Protected area in the cricket pitch 3676:"Biosphere reserves in Arab State" 2322:"Tobago Main Ridge Forest Reserve" 1786:from the original on 27 July 2021. 1682:Briggs, Helen (19 December 2022). 1153:Conservation area (United Kingdom) 1101:Conservation area (United Kingdom) 994:One Specially Protected Area (SPA) 589:Convention on Biological Diversity 583:Convention on Biological Diversity 192:Protected Areas and Climate Change 25: 4776:Conservation biology of parasites 3925:WDPA dataset on Ocean Data Viewer 3574:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 3426:Davidson, Helen (27 April 2018). 3378:. 7 December 2007. Archived from 1504:"unstats - Millennium Indicators" 1291:World Database on Protected Areas 1034:O Parks, Wildlife, and Recreation 1016:Jabal Al Rihane Biosphere Reserve 148:at the COP15, which includes the 100:exploitation of natural resources 5479: 5478: 4892:Tropical rainforest conservation 4796:Vulnerability and susceptibility 3642: 2799:10.1111/j.1755-263x.2010.00147.x 2307:"Yellowstone – Protected Planet" 1647:"Sign the 30x30 Petition Today!" 1466:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01465.x 1325: 1311: 1107:In the United Kingdom, the term 1099:This section is an excerpt from 1042:Mesoamerican Biological Corridor 988:Five UNESCO World Heritage Sites 893:10,000 to 12,000 protected areas 356:Protection of ecosystem services 5441:NatureServe conservation status 4726:Conservation-induced extinction 3965:Global Protected Area Programme 3129:Journal for Nature Conservation 2673:. 16 April 2013. Archived from 2429:UNEP - UN Environment Programme 2400:. 1 August 2012. Archived from 2320:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. 2214:"More About Ecosystem Services" 1155:(urban heritage area in the UK) 1086:According to a report from the 597:Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 251:Protection of natural resources 4832:Conservation management system 4716:Conservation-dependent species 4676:Index of conservation articles 3233:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.06.011 2614:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. 2530:"Jaldapara – Protected Planet" 2370:. October 2008. Archived from 2356:(in German). 11/2020. bpb: 15. 1591:"Protected Planet Report 2020" 1545:Marine Ecology Progress Series 1413:"Protected Planet Report 2016" 1215:IUCN protected area categories 1022:Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve 951:reserved and protected forests 835:Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve 214:effects in a variety of ways: 134:Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 1: 5058:Assisted natural regeneration 4862:Ecoregion conservation status 3300:Biodiversity and Conservation 2072:10.1080/26395916.2021.1946155 1726:www.survivalinternational.org 1010:Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve 912:Special Areas of Conservation 206:Change in average temperature 115:transboundary protected areas 5446:Special Area of Conservation 4984:Landscape-scale conservation 4979:High conservation value area 4857:Community-based conservation 4057:Australian Capital Territory 3779:Center for American progress 3654:"Lebanon Biodiversity Facts" 3268:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.01.014 3094:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040105 2847:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.01.004 2394:"The Worlds Protected Areas" 2326:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2190:National Wildlife Federation 1979:(Cambridge, UNEP-WCMC, 2009) 1595:Protected Planet Report 2020 1386:10.1016/j.cosust.2010.03.006 1276:Transboundary protected area 1270:Special Area of Conservation 1088:Center for American Progress 862:Protected areas of Australia 526:non-government organisations 336:Millennium Development Goals 278:Alliance for Zero Extinction 5464:List of conservation issues 4872:Evidence-based conservation 4766:Mutualisms and conservation 2982:Diversity and Distributions 5526: 4914:Roadless area conservation 4706:Compassionate conservation 3587:10.1016/j.tree.2019.05.009 3320:10.1007/s10531-019-01821-9 3052:10.1016/J.AGEE.2016.04.008 2025:10.1038/s41586-023-06562-y 1170:Centres of Plant Diversity 1098: 877:Indigenous Protected Areas 859: 343:Protection of biodiversity 270:Centres of Plant Diversity 210:Protected Areas alleviate 195: 138:Convention on Biodiversity 106:, water, ...) is limited. 104:non-timber forest products 72: 41.8–72.3% protected 66: 22.7–41.8% protected 60: 11.3–22.7% protected 29: 5459: 4671: 4184:Newfoundland and Labrador 4027: 3953:Protected Areas Programme 3149:10.1016/J.JNC.2015.10.004 1722:"Decolonize Conservation" 1711:(IUCN: Switzerland, 2008) 1148:Coastal Reserve (Ukraine) 593:Conference of the Parties 470:Yellowstone National Park 157:biodiversity conservation 54: 3.9–11.3% protected 5301:Central African Republic 4949:Conservation designation 4867:Environmental protection 4852:Conspicuous conservation 4842:Conservation photography 4817:Conservation development 4812:Conservation agriculture 1728:. Survival International 1159:Conservation designation 1122:tree preservation orders 935:Protected areas of India 916:Special Protection Areas 759:Asian small clawed otter 551:Johannesburg Declaration 539:World Charter for Nature 310:greenhouse gas emissions 140:'s COP15 Summit and the 30:Not to be confused with 5040:Human–wildlife conflict 4924:Site-based conservation 4847:Conservation psychology 4665:Conservation of species 4022:by country or territory 3248:Biological Conservation 2892:10.1126/science.aau5525 2827:Biological Conservation 2667:"About Protected Areas" 2145:10.1073/pnas.1620503114 1937:www.biodiversitya-z.org 1536:Mora C, Sale P (2011). 1052:and the Pacific Ocean. 963:private protected areas 641:Jaldapara National Park 5097:Species reintroduction 4756:Latent extinction risk 4124:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3859:historicengland.org.uk 3529:10.1126/sciadv.abj1569 2641:"Wildlife Trafficking" 1799:Cite journal requires 1418:. UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. 1298:– registered by UNESCO 1265:Private protected area 1240:National heritage site 1038:private protected area 873:Indigenous Australians 868:National Heritage List 852: 841: 827: 722:Bhutan as a role model 644: 632: 482:indigenous communities 477: 394: 389:Strict nature reserve 282:Key Biodiversity Areas 230: 207: 189: 111:marine protected areas 88: 80: 5469:List of organisations 5123:Hawaiian honeycreeper 5063:Ecosystem restoration 5035:Habitat fragmentation 5030:Fortress conservation 4989:Marine protected area 4959:Conservation easement 4954:Conservation district 4919:Roadside conservation 4837:Conservation movement 4781:Species translocation 4721:Conservation genetics 4711:Conservation behavior 4189:Northwest Territories 2924:Global Change Biology 2493:IISD (14 March 2022). 1235:Marine Protected Area 1195:Fortress conservation 1138:Biodiversity hotspots 847: 833: 810: 638: 626: 530:Stockholm Declaration 519:Industrial Revolution 498:Tenger Tetgegch Khaan 468:Black Opal Spring in 467: 422:Strict nature reserve 388: 228: 205: 181: 165:fortress conservation 124:In recent years, the 86: 42: 5431:Planetary boundaries 5421:Conservation officer 5025:Conservation refugee 4974:Habitat conservation 4964:Conservation reserve 4929:Wetland conservation 4827:Conservation grazing 4822:Conservation finance 4786:Conservation welfare 4751:In-situ conservation 4746:Extinction threshold 4741:Ex-situ conservation 4564:United Arab Emirates 4209:Prince Edward Island 3825:"Conservation Areas" 3213:Ecological Economics 3168:Conservation Letters 2778:Conservation Letters 2469:https://www.cbd.int/ 2186:"Ecosystem Services" 1510:on 27 September 2017 1446:Conservation Biology 1354:Lele, Sharachchandra 1164:Conservation refugee 1060:On 21 May 2019, The 1024:, designated in 2009 1018:, designated in 2007 1012:, designated in 2005 943:Wildlife sanctuaries 732:biological corridors 705:loss of biodiversity 371:carbon sequestration 262:Important Bird Areas 187:and cultural values. 4771:Nature conservation 4761:Marine conservation 4731:Conservation status 3935:Campaign For Nature 3930:ProtectedPlanet.net 3804:www.bedfordpark.net 3698:"Account Suspended" 3521:2021SciA....7.1569B 3312:2019BiCon..28.3277D 3260:2017BCons.207...72D 3225:2016EcoEc.129...94S 3180:2019ConL...12E2647S 3141:2016JNatC..29...33P 3044:2016AgEE..225..184A 2994:2016DivDi..22...83R 2936:2016GCBio..22..656S 2883:2019Sci...364..881G 2839:2018BCons.219...20R 2790:2011ConL....4....9M 2718:10.1038/nature22902 2710:2017Natur.546...91P 2557:2016ACMFE..26S...3H 2282:4 June 2013 at the 2136:2017PNAS..114.1601X 2064:2021EcoPe..17..411B 2017:2023Natur.622..101J 1754:. 10 September 2015 1651:Campaign for Nature 1557:2011MEPS..434..251M 1458:2010ConBi..24..362. 1378:2010COES....2...94L 1296:World Heritage Site 1281:Urban heritage park 1068:World Wildlife Fund 979:Mediterranean basin 889:megadiverse country 761:, the tiger, dhole 746:, mountain weasel ( 450:Protected Landscape 234:ocean acidification 5068:Island restoration 4999:Open space reserve 4791:Threatened species 4067:Northern Territory 3189:10.1111/conl.12647 1933:"Biodiversity A-Z" 1883:Scott., Mills, L. 1333:Environment portal 967:conservation areas 947:biosphere reserves 920:Habitats Directive 853: 842: 828: 645: 633: 506:territorial states 478: 474:Bogd Khan Mountain 405:has developed six 395: 362:ecosystem services 266:Endemic Bird Areas 231: 208: 185:ecosystem services 161:endangered species 96:conservation areas 89: 81: 18:Protected Seascape 5492: 5491: 5451:Soil conservation 5004:Wildlife corridor 4887:Forest protection 4882:Forest management 4631: 4630: 4092:Western Australia 3484:. 28 October 2021 3306:(12): 3277–3297. 3002:10.1111/ddi.12375 2944:10.1111/gcb.13089 2877:(6443): 881–886. 2011:(7981): 101–106. 1896:978-1-118-40669-4 1841:978-2-8317-1608-4 1707:Dudley, N. (ed.) 1566:10.3354/meps09214 1205:Historic district 1109:conservation area 985:Four Ramsar sites 776:and Tibetan fox ( 562:natural resources 549:in 1992, and the 410:management aims. 294:Crisis Ecoregions 16:(Redirected from 5517: 5482: 5481: 5366:Papua New Guinea 5258:Cryopreservation 5223:Gray nurse shark 4877:Flagship species 4701:Captive breeding 4658: 4651: 4644: 4635: 4482:Ulyanovsk Oblast 4442:Papua New Guinea 4311:Himachal Pradesh 4169:British Columbia 4013: 4006: 3999: 3990: 3914: 3912: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3829:Historic England 3821: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3753: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3720:The Moscow Times 3712: 3706: 3705: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3589: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3548: 3515:(46): eabj1569. 3509:Science Advances 3500: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3458: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3291: 3272: 3271: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3191: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3106: 3096: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3018: 2979: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2894: 2862: 2851: 2850: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2801: 2769: 2756: 2755: 2752:farmlandgrab.org 2744: 2738: 2737: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2677:on 16 April 2013 2663: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2565:10.1002/aqc.2681 2540: 2534: 2533: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2512: 2506: 2491: 2485: 2478: 2472: 2465: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2404:on 1 August 2012 2390: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2374:on 19 March 2012 2364: 2358: 2357: 2349: 2343: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2303: 2297: 2292: 2286: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2210: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2165: 2147: 2130:(7): 1601–1606. 2111: 2102: 2101: 2091: 2043: 2037: 2036: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1973: 1967: 1960: 1954: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1916: 1908: 1880: 1867: 1866: 1860: 1852: 1850: 1833: 1822: 1809: 1808: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1787: 1785: 1778: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1718: 1712: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1617: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1587: 1578: 1577: 1575: 1568: 1542: 1533: 1520: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1506:. Archived from 1500: 1494: 1493: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1424: 1417: 1409: 1398: 1397: 1350: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1321: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1272:(European Union) 1220:Last of the Wild 1118:listed buildings 959:communal forests 811:Kuivajärvi, the 779:Vulpes ferrilata 753:, small-toothed 740:Chinese pangolin 713:invasive species 440:Natural monument 391:Belianske Tatras 375:nutrient cycling 280:Sites (AZE) and 102:(e.g. firewood, 77: 71: 65: 59: 53: 47: 21: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5505:Protected areas 5495: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5455: 5409: 5264: 5182:Indian elephant 5101: 5044: 5013: 5009:30 by 30 target 4940: 4933: 4909:Riparian buffer 4800: 4687: 4680: 4667: 4662: 4632: 4627: 4524:Solomon Islands 4077:South Australia 4062:New South Wales 4023: 4020:Protected areas 4017: 3921: 3882: 3879: 3877:Further reading 3874: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3783: 3781: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3754:on 13 July 2009 3751: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3724: 3722: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3652: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3487: 3485: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3456: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3436: 3434: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3382:on 23 July 2008 3370: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3293: 3292: 3275: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3016: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2864: 2863: 2854: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2771: 2770: 2759: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2704:(7656): 91–99. 2695: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2647:. 13 April 2015 2645:www.justice.gov 2639: 2638: 2634: 2624: 2622: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2492: 2488: 2479: 2475: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2422: 2421: 2417: 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Directive 905: 885: 864: 858: 821:Tavastia Proper 805: 774:clouded leopard 749:Mustela altaica 744:Indian pangolin 724: 701: 648:of guidelines. 621: 585: 543:Rio Declaration 462: 438:Category III – 428:Wilderness Area 383: 358: 345: 253: 242:biological pump 238:osmosregulation 200: 194: 173: 92:Protected areas 79: 75: 73: 69: 67: 63: 61: 57: 55: 51: 49: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5523: 5521: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5497: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5476: 5474:List of people 5471: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5386:United Kingdom 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5247: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5233:Painted turtle 5230: 5225: 5220: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5191: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5174: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5157: 5152: 5150:American bison 5144: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5125: 5115: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5054: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4945: 4943: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4692: 4690: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4653: 4646: 4638: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4569:United Kingdom 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 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2813: 2757: 2739: 2688: 2658: 2632: 2606: 2592: 2578: 2535: 2521: 2507: 2486: 2473: 2460: 2450: 2441: 2415: 2385: 2359: 2344: 2331: 2312: 2298: 2287: 2269: 2266:. 8 June 2016. 2255: 2230: 2202: 2177: 2103: 2058:(1): 411–431. 2038: 1990: 1981: 1968: 1955: 1942: 1924: 1895: 1868: 1840: 1810: 1801:|journal= 1765: 1739: 1713: 1700: 1674: 1671:. 21 May 2021. 1656: 1638: 1607: 1579: 1521: 1495: 1452:(2): 362–363. 1436: 1399: 1360:(1 May 2010). 1358:Bawa, Kamaljit 1344: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1322: 1319:Ecology portal 1306: 1305: 1299: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1255:Nature reserve 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1180:Exclusion zone 1177: 1172: 1167: 1161: 1156: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1105: 1097: 1095: 1094:United Kingdom 1092: 1076: 1073: 1057: 1054: 1050:Lake Nicaragua 1046:Paso del Istmo 1030: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1019: 1013: 999: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 974: 971: 939:National parks 931: 928: 904: 903:European Union 901: 884: 881: 860:Main article: 857: 854: 804: 801: 797:Asian elephant 723: 720: 709:climate change 700: 697: 620: 617: 605: 604: 584: 581: 558:global heating 461: 458: 457: 456: 453: 446: 443: 436: 432:Category II – 430: 426:Category Ib – 424: 420:Category Ia – 382: 379: 357: 354: 344: 341: 332: 331: 324: 314: 306:Carbon stocks: 252: 249: 248: 247: 244: 222: 219: 212:climate change 198:Climate Change 196:Main article: 193: 190: 172: 169: 130:European Union 74: 68: 62: 56: 50: 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5522: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5485: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5436:IUCN Red List 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5426:De-extinction 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5398:United States 5396: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 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