2072:
71:
3849:
1457:
1476:
1426:
505:
631:, the envoy who received him, was commissioned to act as protector-general of both the Northern and Southern routes. Another account states that the post of protector-general had already been established by 64 BC and Zheng Ji was sent out to meet Rizhu, who led over 10,000 Xiongnu to submit to Han authority. Under the protector-general was a deputy colonel of the Western Regions. The protector-general established a general headquarters at Wulei.
1402:
1414:
3666:
31:
3678:
1490:
685:
was established and awarded to Ban Chao. The position of the chief official was beneath that of the protector-general. Ban Chao would later be made protector-general in 91 CE, after which he reconquered the
Western Regions. The seat of the protectorate was for a time shifted to Taqian (or Tagan; near
646:) from 8 to 22 CE. By then, at least 18 different people had served as protector-general, though only 10 of them have known names. In 45 CE, the eighteen states of the Western Regions requested the re-establishment of the protectorate to restore peace to the region, but
756:
2071:
2732:
3008:
334:
2494:
1698:
Tremblay, Xavier (2007). "The Spread of
Buddhism in Serindia: Buddhism Among Iranians, Tocharians and Turks before the 13th Century". In Heirman, Ann; Bumbacker, Stephan Peter (eds.).
1425:
2250:
4188:
1401:
4017:
4208:
3108:
2149:
392:
544:
trade that passed through the area. The local inhabitants of the
Western Regions were diverse, and the area contained several groups who originated in Western
1910:
3848:
3619:
3243:
345:
627:
ruler Bi, the Rizhu King of the Right, submitted to the Han dynasty. Rizhu was bestowed the title of
Marquis of Allegiance to Imperial Authority while
2709:
2432:
2310:
3918:
3904:
2480:
1740:"A Study of the History of the Relationship Between the Western and Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Western Regions"
3928:
3908:
2822:
2575:
1535:
736:
190:
3422:
603:
Prior to the establishment of the protectorate, there was a preceding post known as the "Colonel Envoys" that was established a year after the
2080:
2039:
1985:
634:
It was the highest Han dynasty military position in the west during its existence. During the peak of the protectorate's power in 51 BCE, the
3884:
2774:
2259:
1812:
1715:
1682:
1656:
1503:
728:
In the southern Tarim Basin, coins from the period of the protectorate's existence have been found with inscriptions in both
Chinese and the
682:
110:
3716:
3624:
2861:
2669:
2221:
2014:
310:
1456:
4110:
2216:
2004:
1866:
1602:
615:
and Quli. The post was established to guard their farmland and to take care of grain storage for Han envoys traveling to other states.
3614:
70:
2974:
2265:
1630:
385:
2487:
3121:
2675:
1903:
138:
3447:
2411:
359:
3641:
3636:
3367:
3144:
3020:
2991:
2945:
2228:
2099:
1413:
709:. Duan Xi was killed and the post was abandoned. The protectorate was later restored from 123 to 124 by the son of Ban Chao,
418:
326:
133:
3427:
3337:
284:
4203:
2986:
2913:
2702:
2189:
2120:
2044:
1951:
493:
446:
410:
321:
3646:
3098:
4198:
3412:
3397:
2955:
1989:
1878:
378:
50:
3432:
3362:
1646:
3437:
3126:
2967:
2193:
1896:
289:
3651:
3279:
2009:
1739:
1648:
Thought and Law in Qin and Han China: Studies
Dedicated to Anthony HulsewĂąe on the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday
669:
and his successor awarded the position of protector-general (now with administrative obligations as well) to general
492:
and Han garrisons placed under the authority of a protector-general of the
Western Regions, who was appointed by the
4042:
4009:
3971:
3896:
3327:
3058:
2275:
2138:
1966:
1928:
1547:
1530:
1523:
604:
229:
186:
4074:
4027:
3984:
3866:
3442:
1956:
1513:
698:
597:
481:) by Turkic-speaking peoples. The term "western regions" was also used by the Chinese more generally to refer to
355:
4032:
4022:
3913:
4089:
4079:
3989:
3799:
3772:
3767:
3709:
3407:
3238:
2940:
2808:
2804:
2695:
2663:
2245:
1978:
1973:
1940:
1552:
273:
163:
158:
3317:
653:
During the second half of the first century CE, at the time of the
Eastern Han dynasty, Chinese armies led by
3777:
3402:
3222:
3028:
2812:
2288:
2049:
549:
168:
1936:
3762:
3478:
2827:
2800:
2054:
1994:
1946:
1301:
647:
153:
4050:
2918:
4084:
3994:
3631:
3594:
3387:
2238:
2206:
2126:
2113:
1871:
665:
brought the
Western Regions back under Han control. The protectorate was thus re-established. In 74 CE,
488:
The protectorate was the first direct rule by a
Chinese government of the area. It consisted of various
17:
3979:
4193:
4116:
3923:
3682:
3382:
3259:
2834:
2388:
2300:
2143:
2059:
1999:
1540:
194:
3874:
1961:
1518:
521:
3809:
3702:
3568:
3533:
3513:
3417:
3392:
3352:
3116:
2950:
2856:
2741:
2581:
2348:
2283:
2179:
666:
210:
59:
3347:
3342:
3289:
3164:
1355:
628:
553:
504:
4149:
3670:
3604:
3377:
3372:
3357:
3309:
3264:
3149:
3073:
3068:
3052:
2781:
2569:
2353:
1808:
1711:
1678:
1652:
1626:
1579:
350:
118:
1802:
1672:
1599:
4055:
3824:
3794:
3752:
3088:
2923:
2883:
2846:
2786:
2610:
2425:
2211:
1707:
1699:
744:
624:
458:
279:
233:
215:
205:
1407:
Asia in 1 AD. The Western Regions were at the centre of the map (south-west of the Xiongnu)
4145:
4138:
4128:
3838:
3563:
3518:
3332:
3093:
3083:
2908:
2903:
2640:
2634:
2460:
2439:
2378:
1606:
771:
545:
450:
316:
258:
247:
100:
39:
436:
1763:
638:
nation was brought under Han submission. The post was abandoned after the usurpation of
3857:
3833:
3784:
3757:
3734:
3609:
3543:
3508:
3473:
3322:
3174:
2962:
2898:
2841:
2796:
2628:
2527:
2418:
2233:
1576:
China and her neighbours, from ancient times to the Middle Ages: a collection of essays
1495:
722:
623:
The position of protector-general was officially established in 59 or 60 BCE after the
569:
243:
200:
1883:
4182:
4165:
3999:
3951:
3819:
3814:
3553:
3523:
3498:
3284:
3063:
3038:
2996:
2979:
2930:
2873:
2646:
2539:
2521:
2446:
702:
612:
593:
529:
263:
225:
4155:
4121:
3956:
3938:
3573:
3558:
3503:
3488:
3483:
3269:
2935:
2878:
2817:
2453:
2025:
1700:
1481:
755:
740:
714:
489:
482:
123:
2728:
2472:
3946:
3548:
3538:
3294:
3217:
3048:
2888:
2868:
2764:
2616:
2593:
2358:
2172:
2106:
2020:
1919:
1437:
776:
760:
643:
537:
509:
466:
454:
239:
220:
35:
1745:. Sino-Platonic Papers. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. pp. 56, 68â71.
4160:
4062:
3961:
3725:
3493:
3299:
3187:
2749:
2373:
2368:
2167:
1471:
767:
729:
462:
128:
85:
3694:
3599:
3528:
3078:
3042:
3033:
2328:
2295:
2162:
2132:
2093:
1446:
1380:
706:
687:
639:
541:
478:
470:
268:
1583:
30:
3463:
3274:
3207:
3136:
2893:
2791:
2718:
2622:
2563:
2551:
2545:
2363:
2323:
2201:
2156:
2034:
1374:
718:
710:
674:
654:
608:
557:
525:
474:
339:
253:
143:
4133:
3804:
3747:
3742:
3589:
3468:
3202:
3182:
3154:
2759:
2397:
2338:
2318:
1574:
TikhvinskiÄ, SergeÄ Leonidovich; Perelomov, Leonard Sergeevich (1981).
1386:
1368:
691:
670:
662:
589:
533:
524:, the Chinese empire established a military garrison at Wulei (west of
95:
3212:
3197:
3192:
2754:
2404:
2343:
2333:
2088:
1888:
1508:
658:
611:
and the Salt Marsh with several hundred farmer soldiers stationed at
585:
581:
576:
457:
and its successors on and off from 59 or 60 BCE until the end of the
426:
148:
90:
584:(KrorÀn/Korla). Additionally, residents of the oasis city-states of
27:
Region of Han dynasty suzerainty over previously independent states
4067:
3159:
3003:
2851:
2687:
2587:
2557:
2515:
2029:
678:
635:
564:
503:
1625:(2nd ed.). Zhengzhou: Zhongzhou Guji Press. pp. 57â59.
532:). The Chinese sought to control the Western Regions to keep the
3789:
461:
period in 439 AD. The "Western Regions" refers to areas west of
3698:
2691:
2476:
1892:
607:
ended in 101 BC. After the war, Han posts were erected between
732:
script, which was used for local Indo-European languages.
1867:"Xiyu Duhu" ("Protector General of the Western Regions")
469:
in southern Xinjiang. These areas would later be termed
1764:"The Western Territories è„żć (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
735:
In the 7th century, a successor administration, the
4102:
4041:
4008:
3970:
3937:
3895:
3865:
3856:
3733:
3582:
3456:
3308:
3252:
3231:
3173:
3135:
3107:
3019:
2740:
2656:
2603:
2508:
2454:
Treatise on Cold Injury and Miscellaneous Disorders
2387:
2309:
2274:
2188:
2079:
1927:
673:. Chen Mu was killed by the rebellious troops of
2426:Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet
713:. The protectorate was again revived in 335 by
1595:
1593:
3710:
2703:
2488:
2150:Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals
1904:
386:
335:Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China
8:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
4189:Administrative divisions of Imperial China
3862:
3717:
3703:
3695:
3620:East Turkistan National Awakening Movement
3244:Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
2710:
2696:
2688:
2495:
2481:
2473:
1911:
1897:
1889:
1804:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
1623:A Comprehensive History of Western Regions
765:
393:
379:
44:
2433:The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
1807:. Columbia University Press. p. 23.
1788:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1616:
1614:
686:modern Kucha). Ban Chao was succeeded by
1852:The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1
754:
29:
18:Protector General of the Western Regions
2823:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
2576:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
1566:
1536:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
1397:
747:(Turpan) and was later moved to Kucha.
737:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
441:
58:
47:
4209:History of the Chinese in Central Asia
2040:Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions
1674:The General Theory of Dunhuang Studies
2775:Chief Official of the Western Regions
1776:
1706:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p.
1504:Chief Official of the Western Regions
683:Chief Official of the Western Regions
7:
3677:
2862:Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin
2015:Second Chinese domination of Vietnam
1578:. Progress Publishers. p. 124.
445:) was an imperial administration (a
311:Xinjiang Province, Republic of China
4111:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
3880:Protectorate of the Western Regions
2770:Protectorate of the Western Regions
2534:Protectorate of the Western Regions
2256:Protectorate of the Western Regions
2005:First Chinese domination of Vietnam
1322:Duan Huizong (æź”æćź) 33ïŒ30, 21ïŒ18 BCE
407:Protectorate of the Western Regions
3615:East Turkistan Government in Exile
3423:2014 ChinaâVietnam border shootout
1875:(Chinese History Edition), 1st ed.
1843:Military Culture in Imperial China
25:
1419:The Han dynasty (yellow) in 1 AD.
552:languages. These groups included
346:Production and Construction Corps
3847:
3676:
3665:
3664:
3122:Xinjiang Agricultural University
2676:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
2266:Translation of government titles
2070:
1488:
1474:
1455:
1424:
1412:
1400:
340:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
181:Medieval and early modern period
69:
3448:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
2518:(5th century BCâ5th century AD)
2503:Historical polities in Xinjiang
2412:Book on Numbers and Computation
360:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
3368:September 2009 Xinjiang unrest
2992:Second East Turkestan Republic
2946:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
2229:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
2100:Records of the Grand Historian
562:(Arshi; later Agni/Karasahr),
540:, and to control the valuable
431:
422:
414:
1:
3260:Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb
2987:First East Turkestan Republic
2914:Dzungar conquest of Altishahr
2121:Records of the Three Kingdoms
2045:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
1952:Rebellion of the Seven States
1879:The Grand Game in Afghanistan
1834:Ancient China and Its Enemies
3413:2013 Tiananmen Square attack
3398:Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554
2956:Holy War of the Seven Khojas
1854:, Cambridge University Press
1836:, Cambridge University Press
697:On 29 July 107, a series of
3438:Assassination of Juma Tayir
3127:Xinjiang Medical University
1677:. Springer. 25 March 2022.
1319:Gan Yanshou (çć»¶ćŁœ) 36ïŒ33 BCE
556:-speaking city-states like
327:2nd East Turkestan Republic
322:1st East Turkestan Republic
4225:
3980:against Northwest khanates
3642:ChinaâKyrgyzstan relations
3637:ChinaâKazakhstan relations
3004:People's Republic of China
2251:Provinces and commanderies
2139:Eight Immortals of Huainan
1967:War of the Heavenly Horses
1845:, Harvard University Press
1801:James A. Millward (2007).
1548:Qing dynasty in Inner Asia
1531:Tang dynasty in Inner Asia
1524:War of the Heavenly Horses
1291:List of protectors-general
701:uprisings in the areas of
681:. In 83 CE, the office of
605:War of the Heavenly Horses
3845:
3660:
3443:Xinjiang internment camps
2726:
2068:
1957:Han dynasty in Inner Asia
1850:Twitchett, Denis (2008),
1841:Cosmo, Nicola di (2009),
1832:Cosmo, Nicola Di (2002),
1738:Yu, Taishan (Oct 2006) .
1514:Han dynasty in Inner Asia
1431:Modern Xinjiang, showing
1349:Unknown (16th) 3 BCEïŒ1 CE
759:Historical cities of the
598:Eastern Iranian languages
356:Xinjiang internment camps
3773:Western Turkic Khaganate
3768:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
3647:ChinaâPakistan relations
3428:April 2014 ĂrĂŒmqi attack
3408:June 2013 Shanshan riots
3338:1997 ĂrĂŒmqi bus bombings
3099:LanzhouâXinjiang railway
2664:Xinjiang under Qing rule
2010:Trung sisters' rebellion
1974:Han conquest of Gojoseon
1941:Feast at Swan Goose Gate
1553:Xinjiang under Qing rule
1334:Unknown (11th) 18ïŒ15 BCE
164:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
159:Western Turkic Khaganate
3778:Second Turkic Khaganate
3403:April 2013 Bachu unrest
3223:Chinese Islamic cuisine
2289:Ancient Chinese coinage
2050:Yellow Turban Rebellion
1651:. Brill Archive. 1990.
1337:Guo Shun (éè) 15ïŒ12 BCE
1328:Unknown (9th) 27ïŒ24 BCE
1325:Lian Bao (ć»è€) 30ïŒ27 BCE
1316:Unknown (5th) 39ïŒ36 BCE
1313:Unknown (4th) 42ïŒ39 BCE
1310:Unknown (3rd) 45ïŒ42 BCE
1307:Han Xuan (é柣) 48ïŒ45 BCE
1191:Wulei (Central Command)
739:was established by the
169:Second Turkic Khaganate
3763:First Turkic Khaganate
3652:ChinaâTurkey relations
3433:May 2014 ĂrĂŒmqi attack
3363:July 2009 ĂrĂŒmqi riots
2968:Reconquest of Xinjiang
2828:Four Garrisons of Anxi
2311:Science and technology
2055:End of the Han dynasty
1995:Han conquest of Nanyue
1702:The Spread of Buddhism
1346:Unknown (15th) 6ïŒ3 BCE
1343:Unknown (14th) 9ïŒ6 BCE
1340:Sun Jian (ć«ć»ș) 12ïŒ9 BCE
763:
751:Thirty-six city states
648:Emperor Guangwu of Han
512:
154:First Turkic Khaganate
42:
3905:against Western Turks
3632:World Uyghur Congress
3625:Independence movement
3595:Migration to Xinjiang
3388:Pishan hostage crisis
2239:Three Ducal Ministers
2127:Flying Horse of Gansu
2114:Book of the Later Han
1872:Encyclopedia of China
1331:Han Li (éç«) 24ïŒ21 BCE
758:
717:and headquartered in
507:
33:
4204:Former protectorates
4117:Greater Central Asia
3383:2011 Kashgar attacks
3328:1992 ĂrĂŒmqi bombings
3280:Grand Bazaar, ĂrĂŒmqi
3059:GurbantĂŒnggĂŒt Desert
2835:Beiting Protectorate
2301:Sino-Roman relations
2144:Mawangdui Silk Texts
2060:Battle of Red Cliffs
2000:Han conquest of Dian
1621:Yu, Taishan (2003).
1541:Beiting Protectorate
1352:Dan Qin (äœæŹœ) 1ïŒ13 CE
721:until the demise of
4199:History of Xinjiang
3569:Ghulam Osman Yaghma
3418:2014 Kunming attack
3393:2012 Yecheng attack
3353:2008 Kashgar attack
3253:Visitor attractions
3117:Xinjiang University
3079:Karakoram Mountains
2951:Afaqi Khoja revolts
2857:Kara-Khanid Khanate
2582:Kara-Khanid Khanate
2180:Eastern Han Chinese
2081:Society and culture
1986:Southward expansion
1947:LĂŒ Clan disturbance
1296:Western Han and Xin
781:
667:Emperor Ming of Han
419:traditional Chinese
254:Ming ruled Kara Del
211:Kara-Khanid Khanate
3348:2008 Uyghur unrest
3343:2007 Xinjiang raid
3318:1989 ĂrĂŒmqi unrest
3165:Tocharian clothing
2398:Balanced Discourse
1937:ChuâHan Contention
1605:2007-09-29 at the
766:
764:
513:
449:) situated in the
411:simplified Chinese
187:Tang Protectorates
43:
4174:
4173:
4150:Chinese Turkestan
4098:
4097:
3919:Mongolian Plateau
3692:
3691:
3605:Chinese Turkestan
3378:2011 Hotan attack
3373:2010 Aksu bombing
3358:Shaoguan incident
3310:Xinjiang conflict
3265:Flaming Mountains
3155:Meshrep gathering
3074:Turpan Depression
3069:Taklamakan Desert
3053:Southern Xinjiang
3009:PRC incorporation
2975:Republic of China
2919:DzungarâQing Wars
2782:Kingdom of Khotan
2685:
2684:
2570:Kingdom of Khotan
2509:Pre-Mongol Empire
2470:
2469:
1979:Four Commanderies
1814:978-0-231-13924-3
1717:978-90-04-15830-6
1684:978-981-16-9073-0
1658:978-90-04-09269-3
1288:
1287:
508:Garrisons of the
465:, especially the
455:Han dynasty China
403:
402:
351:Xinjiang conflict
119:Kingdom of Khotan
34:Expansion of the
16:(Redirected from
4216:
3863:
3851:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3696:
3680:
3679:
3668:
3667:
3089:Kunlun Mountains
2924:Dzungar genocide
2884:Chagatai Khanate
2847:Uyghur Khaganate
2787:Sixteen Kingdoms
2712:
2705:
2698:
2689:
2611:Chagatai Khanate
2497:
2490:
2483:
2474:
2074:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1890:
1884:Maps of Xinjiang
1855:
1846:
1837:
1819:
1818:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1722:
1721:
1705:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1618:
1609:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1571:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1459:
1444:
1435:
1428:
1416:
1404:
782:
625:Southern Xiongnu
459:Sixteen Kingdoms
453:administered by
443:
433:
424:
416:
395:
388:
381:
280:Dzungar genocide
234:Chagatai Khanate
216:Kingdom of Qocho
206:Uyghur Khaganate
107:Han Protectorate
73:
63:
45:
21:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4170:
4146:Western Regions
4139:Chinese Tartary
4129:Eurasian nomads
4094:
4051:against Dzungar
4037:
4018:against Mongols
4004:
3966:
3933:
3891:
3875:against Xiongnu
3858:Chinese empires
3852:
3843:
3735:Nomadic empires
3729:
3723:
3693:
3688:
3656:
3578:
3564:Shirzat Bawudun
3519:Saifuddin Azizi
3452:
3333:Ghulja incident
3304:
3248:
3239:Cotton industry
3227:
3169:
3131:
3103:
3094:Pamir Mountains
3084:Altai Mountains
3015:
2909:Dzungar Khanate
2904:Yarkent Khanate
2736:
2722:
2716:
2686:
2681:
2652:
2641:Dzungar Khanate
2635:Yarkent Khanate
2599:
2566:(?â9th century)
2524:(200 BC-709 AD)
2504:
2501:
2471:
2466:
2461:Zhoubi Suanjing
2440:Huangdi Neijing
2405:Book of Origins
2383:
2379:Zhang Zhongjing
2305:
2270:
2184:
2075:
2066:
1962:HanâXiongnu War
1923:
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1607:Wayback Machine
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1519:HanâXiongnu War
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772:Western Regions
753:
621:
522:HanâXiongnu War
518:
502:
451:Western Regions
442:Hsi-yĂŒ Tu-hu Fu
399:
370:
369:
317:Xinjiang clique
306:
298:
297:
290:Qing reconquest
259:Dzungar Khanate
182:
174:
173:
111:Chief Officials
101:Western Regions
81:
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54:
40:Western Regions
28:
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15:
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5:
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4103:Related topics
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4023:against Turpan
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3885:Chief Official
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3728:history series
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3580:
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3544:Zhang Chunxian
3541:
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3516:
3511:
3509:Ehmetjan Qasim
3506:
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3496:
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3474:Jahangir Khoja
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3323:Barin uprising
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3145:Doppa Festival
3141:
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3124:
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3113:
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3001:
3000:
2999:
2989:
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2972:
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2970:
2965:
2963:General of Ili
2960:
2959:
2958:
2948:
2943:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2906:
2901:
2899:Turpan Khanate
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2854:
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2842:Tibetan Empire
2839:
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2679:
2673:
2670:Xinjiang (ROC)
2667:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2629:Turpan Khanate
2626:
2620:
2614:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
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2537:
2531:
2528:Loulan Kingdom
2525:
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2263:
2260:Chief Official
2253:
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2236:
2234:Nine Ministers
2226:
2225:
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2209:
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2065:
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2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1990:HanâMinyue War
1983:
1982:
1981:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1933:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1861:
1860:External links
1858:
1857:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1793:
1791:, p. 421.
1789:Twitchett 2008
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1496:History portal
1485:
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1465:
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1462:1st century BC
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723:Northern Liang
620:
617:
580:(Turpan), and
574:(later Aksu),
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201:Tibetan Empire
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80:Ancient period
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48:
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4166:Greater China
4164:
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4000:Northern Yuan
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3952:Northern Liao
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3927:
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3914:against Tibet
3912:
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3909:Eastern Turks
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3820:Mongol Empire
3818:
3816:
3815:Khamag Mongol
3813:
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3808:
3807:
3806:
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3801:
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3590:Uyghur people
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3554:Salih Hudayar
3552:
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3525:
3524:Rebiya Kadeer
3522:
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3502:
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3499:Sabit Damolla
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3285:Id Kah Mosque
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3064:Kumtag Desert
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3039:Junggar Basin
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3007:
3006:
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3002:
2998:
2997:Ili Rebellion
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2988:
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2980:Xinjiang Wars
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2931:Kumul Khanate
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2874:Mongol Empire
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2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2647:Kumul Khanate
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2540:Jushi Kingdom
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2522:Shule Kingdom
2520:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2447:Shuowen Jiezi
2444:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1779:, p. 98.
1778:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1632:7-5348-1266-6
1628:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1486:
1483:
1472:
1467:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1439:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1023:Further Pulei
1022:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
993:
989:
986:
983:
980:
979:
975:
972:
969:
966:
965:
961:
958:
955:
953:Further Jushi
952:
951:
947:
944:
941:
938:
937:
933:
930:
927:
924:
923:
919:
916:
913:
910:
909:
905:
902:
899:
896:
895:
891:
888:
885:
882:
881:
877:
874:
871:
868:
867:
863:
860:
857:
854:
853:
849:
846:
843:
840:
839:
835:
832:
829:
826:
825:
821:
818:
815:
813:Further Beilu
812:
811:
807:
804:
801:
798:
797:
793:
790:
787:
784:
783:
779:
778:
773:
769:
762:
757:
750:
748:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:Hexi Corridor
700:
695:
693:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
619:Establishment
618:
616:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
596:, one of the
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:
573:
572:
567:
566:
561:
560:
555:
551:
550:Indo-European
548:and/or spoke
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:Luntai County
528:, in present
527:
523:
515:
511:
506:
499:
497:
495:
491:
490:vassal states
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
438:
434:
428:
420:
412:
408:
396:
391:
389:
384:
382:
377:
376:
374:
373:
361:
357:
354:
353:
352:
349:
347:
343:
342:
341:
338:
336:
333:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
314:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:Modern period
302:
301:
291:
288:
286:
285:Dungan Revolt
283:
281:
277:
276:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
264:Kumul Khanate
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
249:
245:
241:
238:
235:
231:
227:
226:Mongol Empire
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
196:
192:
188:
185:
184:
178:
177:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
139:Western Liang
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
112:
108:
104:
103:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
83:
77:
76:
72:
68:
67:
64:
57:
52:
46:
41:
37:
32:
19:
4176:
4156:China proper
4122:Central Asia
4109:
3957:Eastern Liao
3947:Western Liao
3879:
3681:
3669:
3574:Rahile Dawut
3559:Sattar Sawut
3504:Sheng Shicai
3489:Yang Zengxin
3484:Zuo Zongtang
3290:Karakul Lake
3270:Jiaohe ruins
2936:Qing dynasty
2879:Yuan dynasty
2818:Tang dynasty
2769:
2631:(1487-1660?)
2619:(1347â1680s)
2533:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2255:
2155:
2148:
2131:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2026:Red Eyebrows
1870:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1826:Bibliography
1803:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1701:
1693:
1673:
1667:
1647:
1641:
1622:
1575:
1569:
1482:China portal
925:Western Jumi
911:Eastern Jumi
775:
741:Tang dynasty
734:
727:
715:Former Liang
696:
652:
633:
622:
602:
575:
570:
563:
558:
519:
487:
483:Central Asia
477:, excluding
447:protectorate
440:
432:XÄ«yĂč DĆ«hĂč FÇ
430:
406:
404:
124:Former Liang
106:
4194:Han dynasty
3929:Tarim Basin
3549:Ilham Tohti
3539:Wang Lequan
3295:Kizil Caves
3049:Tarim Basin
2889:Moghulistan
2869:Qara Khitai
2765:Han dynasty
2672:(1912-1992)
2666:(1757-1912)
2649:(1696â1930)
2643:(1634â1758)
2637:(1514â1705)
2625:(1389â1513)
2617:Moghulistan
2613:(1225â1370)
2596:(1124â1218)
2594:Qara Khitai
2548:(77 BCâ630)
2536:(60 BCâ107)
2359:Luoxia Hong
2222:Family tree
2107:Book of Han
2021:Xin dynasty
1920:Han dynasty
1600:"Xiyu Duhu"
1438:Tarim Basin
1363:Eastern Han
777:Book of Han
768:City states
761:Tarim Basin
644:Xin dynasty
538:Inner China
520:During the
510:Han dynasty
467:Tarim Basin
240:Moghulistan
221:Qara Khitai
134:Later Liang
60:History of
36:Han dynasty
4183:Categories
4161:Sinosphere
4063:Lifan Yuan
3962:Later Liao
3726:Inner Asia
3494:Jin Shuren
3300:Niya ruins
3218:Tunurkawab
2750:Tocharians
2590:(843â1209)
2584:(840â1212)
2374:Zhang Heng
2369:Wang Chong
2190:Government
2168:Han poetry
1865:Ma, Yong.
1777:Cosmo 2009
1561:References
1436: the
791:Population
788:Households
774:(from the
730:Kharoshthi
536:away from
516:Background
473:(southern
463:Yumen Pass
437:WadeâGiles
129:Former Qin
86:Tocharians
4075:Manchuria
4028:Manchuria
3985:Manchuria
3600:Altishahr
3529:Nur Bekri
3514:Wang Zhen
3479:Yaqub Beg
3109:Education
3043:Dzungaria
3034:Tian Shan
3021:Geography
2941:Qing rule
2578:(640-790)
2554:(460-640)
2530:(?â77 BC)
2349:Liu Xiang
2329:Ding Huan
2296:Silk Road
2163:Old Texts
2133:Huainanzi
2094:Sima Qian
1447:Dzungaria
1381:Ren Shang
1304:60ïŒ48 BCE
1205:Wutanzili
794:Soldiers
707:Guanzhong
688:Ren Shang
650:refused.
640:Wang Mang
568:(Kucha),
554:Tocharian
542:Silk Road
494:Han court
479:Dzungaria
471:Altishahr
274:Qing rule
269:Yettishar
38:into the
4090:Xinjiang
4080:Mongolia
4056:genocide
3990:Mongolia
3825:Chagatai
3758:GöktĂŒrks
3671:Category
3464:Amursana
3275:Gaochang
3208:Pamirdin
2894:Kara Del
2797:GöktĂŒrks
2792:Gaochang
2719:Xinjiang
2623:Kara Del
2572:(?â1006)
2552:Gaochang
2546:Shanshan
2364:Sima Tan
2324:Cai Yong
2202:Ban Chao
2194:military
2157:Yiwu Zhi
2035:Chengjia
1603:Archived
1468:See also
1375:Ban Chao
1358:13ïŒ23 CE
1356:Li Chong
1302:Zheng Ji
1219:Xiaoyuan
1037:Qiangruo
719:Gaochang
711:Ban Yong
655:Ban Chao
629:Zheng Ji
609:Dunhuang
526:Karasahr
475:Xinjiang
144:Gaochang
62:Xinjiang
51:a series
49:Part of
4134:Tartary
3924:Beiting
3839:Dzungar
3834:Timurid
3785:Tibetan
3748:Xianbei
3743:Xiongnu
3683:Commons
3583:Related
3469:Mingrui
3232:Economy
3203:Youtazi
3183:Dapanji
3175:Cuisine
3137:Culture
2809:Eastern
2805:Western
2760:Xiongnu
2742:History
2733:capital
2678:(1949-)
2560:(?â789)
2542:(?-460)
2419:Fangyan
2354:Liu Xin
2339:Hua Tuo
2319:Cai Lun
2284:Coinage
2276:Economy
2212:Emperor
2207:Ma Yuan
1929:History
1584:8669104
1389:106ïŒ107
1387:Duan Xi
1383:102ïŒ106
1369:Chen Mu
1261:Yulishi
1074:21,076
897:Jingjue
827:Danhuan
770:of the
692:Duan Xi
671:Chen Mu
663:Guo Xun
590:Kashgar
546:Eurasia
534:Xiongnu
500:History
248:Yarkent
195:Beiting
96:Xiongnu
3805:Mongol
3800:Kyrgyz
3795:Uyghur
3753:Rouran
3534:Li Zhi
3457:People
3193:Sangza
3029:Cities
2813:Second
2755:Yuezhi
2729:ĂrĂŒmqi
2721:topics
2657:Modern
2604:Mongol
2344:Liu An
2334:Du Shi
2089:Ban Gu
1922:topics
1811:
1714:
1681:
1655:
1629:
1582:
1509:Sogdia
1445:
1443:
1434:
1377:91ïŒ102
1284:2,400
1281:19,300
1275:Yutian
1256:6,000
1253:32,100
1242:1,000
1186:1,500
1172:2,000
1149:Weitou
1144:2,000
1130:3,049
1127:16,373
1116:2,000
1113:18,647
1071:81,317
995:Pishan
990:1,000
981:Moshan
976:2,912
973:14,100
967:Loulan
962:1,890
948:1,865
878:3,540
875:20,040
864:4,500
861:24,500
745:Xizhou
661:, and
659:Dou Gu
613:Luntai
592:spoke
586:Khotan
582:Loulan
577:Turfan
439::
429::
427:pinyin
421::
413::
244:Turpan
149:Rouran
91:Yuezhi
53:on the
4085:Tibet
4068:Amban
4033:Tibet
3995:Tibet
3810:Tatar
3213:Xurpa
3198:Samsa
3160:Muqam
3150:Music
2852:Qocho
2801:First
2588:Qocho
2564:Yanqi
2558:Kucha
2516:Wusun
2389:Texts
2246:Kings
2030:Lulin
1743:(PDF)
1371:74ïŒ75
1278:3,300
1267:1,445
1250:4,000
1239:4,000
1225:1,050
1197:1,200
1183:8,400
1180:2,200
1177:Wensu
1169:4,900
1163:Weixu
1155:2,300
1141:9,600
1138:1,200
1135:Weili
1124:2,339
1121:Suoju
1110:1,510
1107:Shule
1099:1,610
1085:2,170
1068:6,970
1065:Qiuci
1057:1,610
1051:Qiemo
1043:1,750
1029:1,070
1015:2,032
1009:Pulei
1001:3,500
987:5,000
970:1,570
959:4,774
945:6,050
939:Jushi
931:1,926
917:1,948
903:3,360
872:3,340
869:Hanmi
858:3,500
819:1,137
805:1,387
799:Beilu
699:Qiang
679:Qiuci
675:Yanqi
636:Wusun
423:è„żćéœè·ćș
415:è„żćéœæ€ćș
4043:Qing
4010:Ming
3972:Yuan
3939:Liao
3897:Tang
3790:Zubu
2811:and
2217:list
2192:and
2028:and
1809:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1679:ISBN
1653:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1580:OCLC
1394:Maps
1270:331
1233:Xiye
1228:200
1200:300
1158:800
1102:300
1093:Quli
1088:300
1079:Qule
1060:320
1046:500
1040:450,
1032:334
1018:799
1004:500
934:738
920:572
906:500
892:115
855:Gumo
841:Guhu
822:350
808:422
785:City
705:and
690:and
677:and
594:Saka
588:and
571:Gumo
565:KuÄa
559:ÄrĆi
405:The
230:Yuan
191:West
3867:Han
3188:Nan
1264:190
1236:350
1222:150
1214:57
1211:231
1194:110
1166:700
1152:300
1096:240
1082:310
1054:230
1026:100
1012:325
998:500
984:450
956:595
942:700
928:332
914:191
900:480
889:500
883:Jie
850:45
847:264
836:45
833:194
816:462
802:277
743:at
725:.
485:.
4185::
3907:/
2807:,
2803:,
2799::
2173:Fu
1869:.
1751:^
1726:^
1710:.
1708:77
1613:^
1592:^
1208:41
886:99
844:55
830:27
780:)
694:.
657:,
600:.
496:.
435:;
425:;
417:;
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