363:
124:
80:
433:
institutionalized or hospitalized for a different diagnosis. Risk factors include a primary diagnosis of intellectual disability, cystic fibrosis, malignancy, cardiovascular disease, end stage renal disease, oncologic disease, genetic disease, neurological disease, multiple diagnoses, or prolonged hospitalization. In these conditions, the challenging nutritional management may get overlooked and underestimated, resulting in an impairment of the chances for recovery and the worsening of the situation.
48:
321:, pregnant women showed more successful results during birth, including high birth weights, longer gestations, and fewer pre-term births, than women who had consumed a supplement with micronutrients and low energy but no protein (although this finding may be due to the increase of energy in the supplements, not the increase of protein).
466:
between malnutrition and other health risks via the common underlying factor of poverty. For example, condoms can reduce spread of HIV, but impoverished people often may not have money to buy condoms or a nearby place to buy them. Also, once a poor person has any particular infection, they may not
279:
have been linked with many deficits, including decreased brain weight, increased obesity, and impaired communication within the brain in some animals. Even diets of mild protein undernutrition (7.2%) have been shown to have lasting and significant effects in rats. The following are some studies in
457:
is what prevents such diseases from being more widespread in healthy, well-nourished people and (2) malnutrition stresses and diminishes immune function. In other words, malnutrition tends to cause (mild or moderate) immunodeficiency, eroding the barriers that normally keep infectious diseases at
353:
From these studies it is possible to conclude that prenatal protein nutrition is vital to the development of the fetus, especially the brain, the susceptibility to diseases in adulthood, and even gene expression. When pregnant females of various species were given low-protein diets, the offspring
284:
Decreased brain size: Protein deficiency has been shown to affect the size and composition of brains in rhesus monkeys. Monkeys whose mother had eaten a diet with an adequate amount of protein were shown to have no deficit in brain size or composition, even when their body weight amounted to less
445:
A large percentage of children that suffer from PEM also have other co-morbid conditions. The most common co-morbidities are diarrhea (72.2% of a sample of 66 subjects) and malaria (43.3%). However, a variety of other conditions have been observed with PEM, including sepsis, severe anaemia,
432:
Although protein energy malnutrition is more common in low-income countries, children from higher-income countries are also affected, including children from large urban areas in low socioeconomic neighborhoods. This may also occur in children with chronic diseases, and children who are
308:
Increased obesity: Mice exposed to a low-protein diet prenatally weighed 40% less than the control group at birth (intrauterine growth retardation). When fed a high-fat diet after birth, the prenatally undernourished mice were shown to have increased body weight and
304:
in rats that were protein-deprived during early (gestation days 0–7) and mid (gestation days 8–14) pregnancy, and throughout pregnancy, whereas rats that were protein-deprived only late in gestation (gestation days 15–22) were shown to have increased gonadal
299:
Altered fat distribution: Protein undernutrition can have varying effects depending on the period of fetal life during which the malnutrition occurred. Although there were not significant differences in the food intake, there were increased amounts of
1294:
1275:
1260:
237:
PEU is fairly common worldwide in both children and adults and accounts for about 250,000 deaths annually. In the industrialized world, PEM is predominantly seen in hospitals, is associated with disease, or is often found in the elderly.
436:
PEM is fairly common worldwide in both children and adults and accounts for 250,000 deaths annually. In the industrialized world, PEM is predominantly seen in hospitals, is associated with disease, or is often found in the elderly.
655:
Liu, T; Howard, RM; Mancini, AJ; Weston, WL; Paller, AS; Drolet, BA; Esterly, NB; Levy, ML; et al. (2001). "Kwashiorkor in the United States: Fad diets, perceived and true milk allergy, and nutritional ignorance".
316:
Decreased birth weight, and gestation duration: Supplementation of protein and energy can lead to increased duration of gestation and higher birth weight. When fed a supplement containing protein, energy, and
252:
Protein–energy undernutrition affects children the most because they have less protein intake. The few rare cases found in the developed world are almost entirely found in small children as a result of
275:
Protein undernutrition is detrimental at any point in life, but protein undernutrition prenatally has been shown to have significant lifelong effects. Diets that consist of less than 6% protein
327:
Decreased sperm quality: A low-protein diet during gestation in rats has been shown to affect the sperm quality of the male offspring in adulthood. The protein deficiency appeared to reduce
342:
Altered cardiac energy metabolism: Prenatal nutrition, specifically protein nutrition, may affect the regulation of cardiac energy metabolism through changes in specific genes.
285:
than one-half of that of the controls, whereas monkeys whose mothers had eaten low-protein diets were shown to have smaller brains regardless of the diet given after birth.
726:"Effect of prenatal protein malnutrition on long-term potentiation and BDNF protein expression in the rat entorhinal cortex after neocortical and hippocampal tetanization"
1022:"Feeding a protein-restricted diet during pregnancy induces altered epigenetic regulation of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-α in the heart of the offspring"
324:
Increased stress sensitivity: Male offspring of pregnant rats fed low-protein diets have been shown to exhibit blood pressure that is hyperresponsive to stress and salt.
1376:
313:(body fat), while those who were adequately nourished prenatally did not show an increase in body weight or adiposity when fed the same high-fat diet after birth.
502:"Plasma fatty acids in children with grade III protein–energy malnutrition in its different clinical forms: Marasmus, marasmic kwashiorkor, and kwashiorkor"
362:
450:
and other paediatricians, tax already malnourished children and may prolong hospital stays initially for PEM and may increase the likelihood of death.
1229:
288:
Impaired neocortical long-term potentiation: Mild protein deficiency (in which 7.2% of the diet consists of protein) in rats has been shown to impair
1803:
446:
bronchopneumonia, HIV, tuberculosis, scabies, chronic suppurative otitis media, rickets, and keratomalacia. These co-morbidities, according to
1134:"Under-five Protein Energy Malnutrition Admitted at the University of In Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu: a 10 year retrospective review"
569:
Muscaritoli, Maurizio; Molfino, Alessio; Bollea, Maria Rosa; Fanelli, Filippo Rossi (2009). "Malnutrition and wasting in renal disease".
233:(marked protein deficiency and marked calorie insufficiency signs present, sometimes referred to as the most severe form of malnutrition)
1369:
556:"Dietary Reference Intake: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements" published by the Institute of Medicine and available online at
724:
Hernández A, Burgos H, Mondaca M, Barra R, Núñez H, Pérez H, Soto-Moyano R, Sierralta W, Fernández V, Olivares R, Valladares L (2008).
467:
have access to optimal treatment of it, which allows it to get worse, present more chances of transmission, and so on. Even when a
123:
1451:
1679:
1647:
830:"Protein malnutrition during pregnancy in C57BL/6J mice results in offspring with altered circadian physiology before obesity"
1362:
354:
were shown to have many deficits. These findings highlight the great significance of adequate protein in the prenatal diet.
127:
781:"Exposure to undernutrition in fetal life determines fat distribution, locomotor activity and food intake in ageing rats"
1456:
918:"Maternal protein restriction leads to hyperresponsiveness to stress and salt-sensitive hypertension in male offspring"
1726:
458:
bay. For example, this reversal is well established regarding the variable natural history of tuberculosis in the pre–
463:
1132:
Ubesie, Agozie C.; Ibeziako, Ngozi S.; Ndiokwelu, Chika I.; Uzoka, Chinyeaka M.; Nwafor, Chinelo A. (2012-01-01).
685:"Effects of maternal and long-term postnatal protein malnutrition on brain size and composition in rhesus monkeys"
540:
557:
472:
1196:
Bistrian, Bruce R.; McCowen, Karen C.; Chan, Samuel (1999). "Protein–energy malnutrition in dialysis patients".
1749:
1313:
1461:
459:
1539:
829:
230:
1699:
1632:
1500:
476:
242:
1610:
1604:
1596:
1581:
1562:
878:
684:
345:
Increased passive stiffness: Intrauterine undernutrition was shown to increase passive stiffness in
79:
1716:
1704:
1694:
1298:
776:
453:
The general explanation of increased infectious comorbidity in malnourished people is that (1) the
1767:
1624:
1423:
1017:
967:"In utero protein restriction causes growth delay and alters sperm parameters in adult male rats"
637:
594:
468:
270:
109:
1739:
1734:
1689:
1684:
1526:
1513:
1269:
1213:
1173:
1155:
1100:
1051:
998:
947:
898:
859:
810:
757:
706:
665:
629:
586:
523:
289:
68:
1652:
1567:
1205:
1163:
1145:
1090:
1082:
1041:
1033:
988:
978:
937:
929:
890:
849:
841:
800:
792:
747:
737:
696:
621:
578:
513:
346:
17:
1674:
1669:
246:
612:
Bosaeus, Ingvar (2008). "Nutritional support in multimodal therapy for cancer cachexia".
1118:
1709:
1168:
1133:
1095:
1070:
1046:
1021:
993:
966:
942:
917:
854:
805:
780:
752:
725:
332:
318:
1209:
1797:
1744:
1642:
454:
447:
301:
73:
56:
1307:
1303:
1224:
1086:
598:
1662:
1637:
1591:
1385:
1342:
641:
328:
280:
which prenatal protein deficiency has been shown to have unfavorable consequences.
258:
105:
1071:"Passive stiffness of rat skeletal muscle undernourished during fetal development"
922:
American
Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
1318:
582:
1782:
1772:
1657:
1413:
1403:
336:
218:
120:) in varying proportions. The condition has mild, moderate, and severe degrees.
60:
933:
47:
1474:
1432:
1037:
625:
558:
https://www.nap.edu/read/11537/chapter/14?term=protein-energy+malnutrition#151
257:, or ignorance of the nutritional needs of children, particularly in cases of
1159:
701:
518:
501:
1337:
1288:
1284:
1150:
965:
Toledo FC, Perobelli JE, Pedrosa FP, Anselmo-Franci JA, Kempinas WD (2011).
310:
293:
1177:
1104:
1055:
1002:
983:
951:
902:
863:
814:
796:
761:
669:
633:
590:
527:
1217:
894:
742:
710:
1777:
1487:
1446:
1408:
845:
480:
254:
224:
108:
that is defined as a range of conditions arising from coincident lack of
1252:
1020:, Townsend PA, Torrens C, Hoile SP, Hanson MA, Burdge GC (August 2011).
879:"Maternal supplementation differentially affects the mother and newborn"
1586:
117:
1575:
1279:
1264:
130:
for protein–energy malnutrition per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.
113:
366:
Deaths from protein-energy malnutrition per million persons in 2012
541:
Deaths from protein-energy malnutrition, by age - Our World in Data
361:
122:
916:
Augustyniak RA, Singh K, Zeldes D, Singh M, Rossi NF (May 2010).
292:
plasticity (visuospatial memory), noradrenergic function in the
1358:
1354:
241:
Note that PEU may be secondary to other conditions such as
500:
Franco, V.; Hotta, JK; Jorge, SM; Dos Santos, JE (1999).
571:
Current
Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
1026:
683:
Portman OW, Neuringer M, Alexander M (November 1987).
1242:
1760:
1725:
1623:
1554:
1431:
1422:
1392:
1328:
1246:
479:, the poorest quarter of its population may face a
67:
37:
32:
1069:Toscano AE, Ferraz KM, Castro RM, Canon F (2010).
41:Protein–calorie undernutrition, PEU, PCU, PEM, PCM
249:in which protein energy wasting (PEW) may occur.
828:Sutton GM, Centanni AV, Butler AA (April 2010).
63:, an example of protein-energy undernutrition.
1370:
8:
1428:
1377:
1363:
1355:
1243:
877:Rasmussen KM, Habicht JP (February 2010).
78:
46:
29:
1230:The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy
1167:
1149:
1094:
1045:
992:
982:
941:
853:
804:
751:
741:
700:
517:
296:, and neocortical long-term potentiation.
492:
462:era. Epidemiologically, there are also
971:Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
552:
550:
548:
7:
483:reality of poor health care access.
1198:American Journal of Kidney Diseases
221:(protein malnutrition predominant)
25:
785:International Journal of Obesity
1121:. Medscape Reference. May 2009.
1087:10.1590/s1807-59322010001200022
265:Prenatal protein undernutrition
506:Journal of Tropical Pediatrics
227:(deficiency in calorie intake)
1:
1225:Protein–Energy Undernutrition
1210:10.1016/S0272-6386(99)70278-7
128:Disability-adjusted life year
90:Protein–energy undernutrition
33:Protein–energy undernutrition
583:10.1097/MCO.0b013e32832c7ae1
142: less than 10
1804:Protein–energy malnutrition
1452:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
98:protein-energy malnutrition
18:Protein-energy malnutrition
1820:
1119:"Marasmus and Kwashiorkor"
934:10.1152/ajpregu.00848.2009
268:
1457:Wernicke's encephalopathy
1038:10.1017/S2040174410000425
775:Bellinger L, Sculley DV,
626:10.1007/s00520-007-0388-7
614:Supportive Care in Cancer
473:national health insurance
471:nominally/officially has
54:
45:
883:The Journal of Nutrition
689:The Journal of Nutrition
1151:10.1186/1475-2891-11-43
658:Archives of Dermatology
984:10.1186/1477-7827-9-94
797:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803205
702:10.1093/jn/117.11.1844
519:10.1093/tropej/45.2.71
429:
211:
59:in 1970 with signs of
1633:Electrolyte imbalance
1501:Pyridoxine deficiency
1475:Riboflavin deficiency
1016:Slater-Jefferies JL,
895:10.3945/jn.109.114488
477:universal health care
365:
243:chronic renal disease
126:
1611:Vitamin K deficiency
1605:Vitamin E deficiency
1582:Vitamin D deficiency
1563:Vitamin A deficiency
1462:Korsakoff's syndrome
1233:Professional Edition
846:10.1210/en.2009-1133
231:Marasmic kwashiorkor
208: more than 1350
1075:Clinics (Sao Paulo)
743:10.1155/2008/646919
1625:Mineral deficiency
1424:Vitamin deficiency
1329:External resources
469:developing country
430:
271:Prenatal nutrition
212:
136: no data
1791:
1790:
1740:Failure to thrive
1735:Delayed milestone
1619:
1618:
1597:Harrison's groove
1527:Folate deficiency
1514:Biotin deficiency
1352:
1351:
1138:Nutrition Journal
730:Neural Plasticity
290:entorhinal cortex
87:
86:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
1811:
1429:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1356:
1244:
1221:
1182:
1181:
1171:
1153:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1013:
1007:
1006:
996:
986:
962:
956:
955:
945:
913:
907:
906:
874:
868:
867:
857:
825:
819:
818:
808:
777:Langley-Evans SC
772:
766:
765:
755:
745:
721:
715:
714:
704:
680:
674:
673:
652:
646:
645:
609:
603:
602:
566:
560:
554:
543:
538:
532:
531:
521:
497:
425:
419:
413:
407:
401:
395:
389:
383:
377:
371:
347:skeletal muscles
207:
201:
195:
189:
183:
177:
171:
165:
159:
153:
147:
141:
135:
104:), is a form of
83:
82:
50:
30:
21:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1756:
1721:
1615:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1523:
1510:
1497:
1484:
1471:
1443:
1418:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1324:
1323:
1255:
1241:
1236:
1195:
1191:
1189:Further reading
1186:
1185:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1015:
1014:
1010:
964:
963:
959:
928:(5): R1375–82.
915:
914:
910:
876:
875:
871:
827:
826:
822:
774:
773:
769:
723:
722:
718:
695:(11): 1844–51.
682:
681:
677:
654:
653:
649:
611:
610:
606:
568:
567:
563:
555:
546:
539:
535:
499:
498:
494:
489:
443:
428:
427:
423:
421:
417:
415:
411:
409:
405:
403:
399:
397:
393:
391:
387:
385:
381:
379:
375:
373:
369:
360:
273:
267:
247:cancer cachexia
214:Types include:
210:
209:
205:
203:
202: 1000–1350
199:
197:
193:
191:
187:
185:
181:
179:
175:
173:
169:
167:
163:
161:
157:
155:
151:
149:
145:
143:
139:
137:
133:
110:dietary protein
96:), once called
77:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1710:Keshan disease
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1629:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1394:Protein-energy
1390:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1310:
1291:
1272:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:Classification
1240:
1239:External links
1237:
1235:
1234:
1222:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1124:
1110:
1081:(12): 1363–9.
1061:
1032:(4): 250–255.
1008:
957:
908:
869:
840:(4): 1570–80.
820:
767:
716:
675:
647:
604:
561:
544:
533:
491:
490:
488:
485:
442:
439:
422:
416:
410:
404:
398:
392:
386:
380:
374:
368:
367:
359:
356:
351:
350:
343:
340:
333:sperm motility
325:
322:
319:micronutrients
314:
306:
297:
286:
266:
263:
235:
234:
228:
222:
204:
198:
196: 800–1000
192:
186:
180:
174:
168:
162:
156:
150:
144:
138:
132:
131:
85:
84:
71:
65:
64:
52:
51:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1816:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:Short stature
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1568:Bitot's spots
1566:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
961:
958:
953:
949:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
912:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
870:
865:
861:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:Endocrinology
831:
824:
821:
816:
812:
807:
802:
798:
794:
791:(5): 729–38.
790:
786:
782:
778:
771:
768:
763:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
720:
717:
712:
708:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
679:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
651:
648:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
620:(5): 447–51.
619:
615:
608:
605:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
577:(4): 378–83.
576:
572:
565:
562:
559:
553:
551:
549:
545:
542:
537:
534:
529:
525:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
496:
493:
486:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
461:
456:
455:immune system
451:
449:
448:Agozie Ubesie
440:
438:
434:
426: 314-923
420: 183-313
364:
357:
355:
348:
344:
341:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:
320:
315:
312:
307:
303:
302:perirenal fat
298:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:
281:
278:
272:
264:
262:
260:
256:
250:
248:
244:
239:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
215:
190: 700–800
184: 600–700
178: 500–600
172: 400–500
166: 300–400
160: 200–300
154: 100–200
129:
125:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
81:
75:
74:Endocrinology
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
57:United States
55:Child in the
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
1592:Osteomalacia
1396:malnutrition
1393:
1386:Malnutrition
1336:
1312:
1293:
1274:
1259:
1228:
1204:(1): 172–5.
1201:
1197:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1113:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1029:
1025:
1018:Lillycrop KA
1011:
974:
970:
960:
925:
921:
911:
889:(2): 402–6.
886:
882:
872:
837:
833:
823:
788:
784:
779:(May 2006).
770:
733:
729:
719:
692:
688:
678:
664:(5): 630–6.
661:
657:
650:
617:
613:
607:
574:
570:
564:
536:
509:
505:
495:
464:associations
452:
444:
441:Co-morbidity
435:
431:
414: 66-182
358:Epidemiology
352:
329:sertoli cell
276:
274:
259:milk allergy
251:
240:
236:
213:
148: 10–100
106:malnutrition
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:
1783:Underweight
1773:Weight loss
1414:Catabolysis
1404:Kwashiorkor
512:(2): 71–5.
408: 39-65
402: 23-38
396: 14-22
337:sperm count
219:Kwashiorkor
61:kwashiorkor
38:Other names
1750:Idiopathic
1700:Molybdenum
1544:deficiency
1433:B vitamins
487:References
390: 7-13
269:See also:
1680:Manganese
1658:Potassium
1653:Phosphate
1648:Magnesium
1540:Vitamin B
1338:eMedicine
1160:1475-2891
384: 4-6
378: 1-3
372: 0-0
311:adiposity
294:neocortex
255:fad diets
69:Specialty
1798:Category
1778:Cachexia
1768:Anorexia
1717:Fluorine
1705:Selenium
1695:Chromium
1643:Chloride
1488:Pellagra
1447:Beriberi
1409:Marasmus
1343:derm/797
1178:22704641
1105:21340228
1056:22003431
1003:21702915
952:20200128
903:20032480
864:20160133
815:16404403
762:18604298
670:11346341
634:18196284
599:32472183
591:19474712
528:10341499
481:de facto
349:in rats.
331:number,
277:in utero
225:Marasmus
118:calories
1761:General
1638:Calcium
1587:Rickets
1319:D011502
1218:9915286
1169:3487930
1096:3020350
1047:3191520
994:3141647
943:2867525
855:2850243
806:1865484
753:2442167
736:: 1–9.
711:3681475
642:7078558
460:TB drug
112:and/or
1727:Growth
1690:Iodine
1685:Copper
1663:Sodium
1576:Scurvy
1216:
1176:
1166:
1158:
1144:: 43.
1103:
1093:
1054:
1044:
1001:
991:
977:: 94.
950:
940:
901:
862:
852:
813:
803:
760:
750:
709:
668:
640:
632:
597:
589:
526:
424:
418:
412:
406:
400:
394:
388:
382:
376:
370:
335:, and
206:
200:
194:
188:
182:
176:
170:
164:
158:
152:
146:
140:
134:
114:energy
76:
1555:Other
1270:5B71
638:S2CID
595:S2CID
475:with
1675:Zinc
1670:Iron
1314:MeSH
1299:9-CM
1214:PMID
1174:PMID
1156:ISSN
1101:PMID
1052:PMID
999:PMID
948:PMID
899:PMID
860:PMID
811:PMID
758:PMID
734:2008
707:PMID
666:PMID
630:PMID
587:PMID
524:PMID
305:fat.
1609:K:
1603:E:
1580:D:
1574:C:
1561:A:
1308:263
1304:260
1295:ICD
1289:E44
1285:E40
1276:ICD
1261:ICD
1227:at
1206:doi
1164:PMC
1146:doi
1091:PMC
1083:doi
1042:PMC
1034:doi
989:PMC
979:doi
938:PMC
930:doi
926:298
891:doi
887:140
850:PMC
842:doi
838:151
801:PMC
793:doi
748:PMC
738:doi
697:doi
693:117
662:137
622:doi
579:doi
514:doi
245:or
102:PEM
94:PEU
1800::
1542:12
1535:12
1341::
1317::
1302::
1283::
1280:10
1268::
1265:11
1212:.
1202:33
1200:.
1172:.
1162:.
1154:.
1142:11
1140:.
1136:.
1099:.
1089:.
1079:65
1077:.
1073:.
1050:.
1040:.
1028:.
1024:.
997:.
987:.
973:.
969:.
946:.
936:.
924:.
920:.
897:.
885:.
881:.
858:.
848:.
836:.
832:.
809:.
799:.
789:30
787:.
783:.
756:.
746:.
732:.
728:.
705:.
691:.
687:.
660:.
636:.
628:.
618:16
616:.
593:.
585:.
575:12
573:.
547:^
522:.
510:45
508:.
504:.
261:.
1533:B
1522:9
1520:B
1509:7
1507:B
1496:6
1494:B
1483:3
1481:B
1470:2
1468:B
1442:1
1440:B
1378:e
1371:t
1364:v
1306:-
1297:-
1287:-
1278:-
1263:-
1253:D
1220:.
1208::
1180:.
1148::
1107:.
1085::
1058:.
1036::
1030:2
1005:.
981::
975:9
954:.
932::
905:.
893::
866:.
844::
817:.
795::
764:.
740::
713:.
699::
672:.
644:.
624::
601:.
581::
530:.
516::
339:.
116:(
100:(
92:(
20:)
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