513:/*ʀ/ was probably either or . In the Eastern Admiralty languages, the reflex is usually , or sometimes before /o/, while in the Western Admiralty languages, it disappears entirely.
639:
Verb reduplication, which is used to form the continuative aspect, is lost. Daughter languages usually form the continuative aspect by adding the auxiliary verb meaning "to stay".
762:
738:
673:
782:
467:
477:
65:
417:
428:
191:
187:
183:
132:
95:
88:
60:
35:
224:
574:
Loss of all Proto-Oceanic word-final consonants, an innovation commonly found throughout
Oceanic. For example, POc
491:
330:
322:
590:
Numeral classifiers are used in the sequence numeral + classifier (shared with Mussau), which forms a single word.
436:
128:
787:
726:
348:
722:
657:
340:
286:
280:
272:
159:
442:
163:
148:
70:
718:
596:
Proto-Oceanic non-singular possessive pronominal suffixes are lost and replaced by disjunctive pronouns.
593:"One" is used as a common article, both as an indefinite and definite article (also shared with Mussau).
483:
460:
384:
376:
363:
291:
211:
The consonants of Proto-Admiralty
Islands, according to Ross, are (parenthesis indicates an allophone):
392:
301:
158:
in 1978 who showed that the languages form a subgroup within
Oceanic. It was mentioned in detail by
452:
410:
756:
400:
234:
229:
744:
734:
679:
669:
239:
144:
136:
45:
525:
Ross (1988) describes the innovations separating Proto-Admiralty
Islands from Proto-Oceanic.
262:
249:
140:
244:
195:
167:
101:
662:
256:
171:
776:
368:
312:
356:
155:
194:) make up the Admiralty Islands subgroup of Oceanic. It has been theorized that
748:
683:
664:
Proto-Oceanic and the
Austronesian languages of Western Melanesia
646:
with common nouns, resulting in changes to the initial consonant.
198:
is a descendant or a sister language to Proto-Admiralty
Islands.
628:"first person inclusive plural disjunctive" irregularly becomes
602:"third person singular possessive suffix" irregularly becomes
507:/*c/, like Proto-Oceanic, only occurs in word-medial position.
16:
Reconstructed ancestor of the
Admiralty Islands languages
182:
Proto-Admiralty
Islands separated into two languages:
81:
51:
41:
31:
21:
661:
510:is an allophone of /*p/ in word-medial position.
536:was lost before high vowels. For example, POc
8:
761:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
668:. Canberra: Australian National University.
516:The voiced stops were probably prenasalized.
704:Blust, Robert. The Proto-Oceanic Palatals.
162:in 1998, who theorized a link with the two
215:
27:Proto-Admiralty, Proto-Admiralties, PAdm
697:
606:(Proto-Admiralty Islands did not merge
754:
190:. Today, around thirty languages (see
18:
80:
7:
14:
490:
482:
476:
466:
451:
441:
435:
427:
416:
399:
391:
383:
375:
367:
362:
347:
339:
329:
321:
300:
290:
285:
279:
271:
563:word-medially. For example, POc
708:(p. 34). Auckland, New Zealand.
586:Morphosyntactically, they are:
636:with loss of the first vowel).
1:
733:. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.
783:Admiralty Islands languages
642:Coalescence of the article
192:Admiralty Islands languages
133:Admiralty Islands languages
82:Lower-order reconstructions
36:Admiralty Islands languages
804:
528:Phonologically, they are:
459:
409:
355:
255:
221:
26:
154:It was reconstructed by
188:Proto-Western Admiralty
184:Proto-Eastern Admiralty
113:Proto-Admiralty Islands
96:Proto-Western Admiralty
89:Proto-Eastern Admiralty
66:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
22:Proto-Admiralty Islands
164:St. Matthias languages
149:Austronesian languages
32:Reconstruction of
731:The Oceanic languages
567:"to fly" became PAdm
706:JPS Monograph No. 43
548:"evening" > PAdm
540:"house" became PAdm
143:. It belongs to the
618:"turtle" > PAdm
218:
123:and abbreviated as
578:"pig" became PAdm
216:
61:Proto-Austronesian
740:978-0-7007-1128-4
675:978-0-85883-367-8
502:
501:
315:
265:
137:Admiralty Islands
121:Proto-Admiralties
110:
109:
46:Admiralty Islands
795:
767:
766:
760:
752:
715:
709:
702:
687:
667:
658:Ross, Malcolm D.
494:
486:
480:
470:
455:
445:
439:
431:
420:
403:
395:
387:
379:
371:
366:
351:
343:
333:
325:
311:
304:
294:
289:
283:
275:
261:
219:
141:Papua New Guinea
131:ancestor of the
98:
91:
19:
803:
802:
798:
797:
796:
794:
793:
792:
788:Proto-languages
773:
772:
771:
770:
753:
741:
717:
716:
712:
703:
699:
694:
676:
656:
653:
651:Further reading
523:
209:
204:
180:
117:Proto-Admiralty
115:(also known as
94:
87:
77:
56:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
801:
799:
791:
790:
785:
775:
774:
769:
768:
739:
710:
696:
695:
693:
690:
689:
688:
674:
652:
649:
648:
647:
640:
637:
632:(for expected
623:
614:, such as POc
597:
594:
591:
584:
583:
572:
555:Proto-Oceanic
553:
532:Proto-Oceanic
522:
519:
518:
517:
514:
511:
508:
504:
503:
500:
499:
497:
495:
487:
473:
471:
463:
457:
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448:
446:
432:
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422:
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407:
406:
404:
396:
388:
380:
372:
359:
353:
352:
344:
336:
334:
326:
318:
316:
308:
307:
305:
297:
295:
276:
268:
266:
259:
253:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
208:
205:
203:
200:
179:
176:
147:branch of the
108:
107:
106:
105:
99:
92:
83:
79:
78:
76:
75:
74:
73:
59:
57:
52:
49:
48:
43:
39:
38:
33:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
800:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
778:
764:
758:
750:
746:
742:
736:
732:
728:
727:Terry Crowley
724:
720:
714:
711:
707:
701:
698:
691:
685:
681:
677:
671:
666:
665:
659:
655:
654:
650:
645:
641:
638:
635:
631:
627:
624:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
588:
587:
581:
577:
573:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:
529:
526:
520:
515:
512:
509:
506:
505:
498:
496:
493:
488:
485:
479:
474:
472:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
444:
438:
433:
430:
425:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
405:
402:
397:
394:
389:
386:
381:
378:
373:
370:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
345:
342:
337:
335:
332:
327:
324:
319:
317:
314:
310:
309:
306:
303:
298:
296:
293:
288:
282:
277:
274:
269:
267:
264:
260:
258:
254:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
220:
214:
213:
212:
206:
201:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
177:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
139:, located in
138:
134:
130:
129:reconstructed
126:
122:
118:
114:
103:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
85:
84:
72:
71:Proto-Oceanic
69:
68:
67:
64:
63:
62:
58:
53:Reconstructed
50:
47:
44:
40:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
730:
723:Malcolm Ross
713:
705:
700:
663:
643:
633:
629:
625:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
585:
579:
575:
568:
564:
560:
556:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
527:
524:
210:
181:
160:Malcolm Ross
156:Robert Blust
153:
124:
120:
116:
112:
111:
719:Lynch, John
521:Innovations
461:Approximant
217:Consonants
178:Descendants
777:Categories
692:References
544:, but POc
225:Labiovelar
207:Consonants
104:(possibly)
757:cite book
550:*(pa)Rafi
411:Fricative
313:voiceless
202:Phonology
127:) is the
55:ancestors
749:48929366
729:(2002).
684:20100109
660:(1988).
235:Alveolar
230:Bilabial
620:*poñ(u)
569:*Rof(o)
559:became
240:Palatal
145:Oceanic
135:of the
747:
737:
682:
672:
576:*boRok
565:*Ropok
542:*um(a)
538:*Rumaq
263:voiced
250:Uvular
196:Yapese
168:Mussau
102:Yapese
42:Region
626:*kita
616:*poñu
546:*Rapi
357:Nasal
245:Velar
172:Tenis
763:link
745:OCLC
735:ISBN
680:OCLC
670:ISBN
634:*ita
610:and
604:*-na
600:*-ña
580:*bou
257:Stop
186:and
170:and
125:PAdm
644:*na
630:*ta
481:, *
440:, *
284:, *
174:).
119:or
779::
759:}}
755:{{
743:.
725:;
721:;
678:.
622:).
612:*ñ
608:*n
561:*f
557:*p
534:*R
421:)
415:(*
151:.
765:)
751:.
686:.
582:.
571:.
552:.
492:j
489:*
484:r
478:l
475:*
468:w
465:*
453:ʀ
450:*
443:ɟ
437:c
434:*
429:s
426:*
418:f
401:ŋ
398:*
393:ɲ
390:*
385:n
382:*
377:m
374:*
369:ʷ
364:m
361:*
349:q
346:*
341:k
338:*
331:t
328:*
323:p
320:*
302:g
299:*
292:r
287:d
281:d
278:*
273:b
270:*
166:(
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