Proto-Finnic language - Knowledge (XXG)

154: 8558: 36: 77: 6097:), and a short vowel preceding these endings, unless directly following a short stressed syllable, is elongated. Moreover, the Ala-Laukaa dialect of Ingrian — under influence of Votic — developed a more complex system of vowel reduction in any unstressed syllable unless immediately following a short stressed syllable. 4116:

The third person forms only had an ending in the present indicative. In all other tenses and moods, there was no ending and the singular and plural were identical. The 3rd person singular was entirely unmarked in South Estonian: the Late Proto-Finnic ending had evolved from the participle *-pa during

4108:

The first and second person plural endings show evidence (reflected in Savo and Southern Ostrobothnian Finnish and in Karelian) for an earlier present tense marker, assimilated with the following consonant. This is normally reconstructed as *-k- (*-km- > *-mm-, *-kt- > *-tt-), on the assumption

2623:

that is very similar to the one found in modern Finnish. Vowels in non-initial syllables had either a front or a back vowel, depending on the quality of the vowel of the first syllable. If the first syllable contained a front vowel, non-initial syllables would contain front vowels as well, while back

4313:

Proto-Finnic, like its descendants, expressed negation using a special negative verb, functionally highly reminiscent of Indo-European modal auxiliaries. This verb was defective and inflected only in the indicative ("does not", "did not") and the imperative ("do not") moods. The main verb was placed

4530:

Originally, the negative verb may have had participles and other moods as well. However, no clear traces of moods other than the indicative are found in any Finnic language. A remnant of what may be either a present active participle or an archaic third-person singular present form survives in the

4017:

There were six forms for each mood, for three persons and two numbers. In addition, there were two more forms. One was a form that is often called "passive" or "fourth person", and indicated an unspecified person. The second was the "connegative" form, which was used together with the negative verb

3832:, and even there only in the nominative in the first and second person singular. The original 3PS / 3PP contrast is lost everywhere except Ingrian. In most cases, both ending variants however still remain in use, with different endings generalized in different varieties. Standard Finnish adopts 1PP 4112:

The variation between forms with *-ek and forms with *-a in the 1st and 2nd person plural reflects a former distinction between the dual and the plural (respectively), although this has not been attested from any Finnic variety. Estonian and Western Finnish continue *-ek, Votic and Eastern Finnic

6441:

effect, assimilating to the initial consonant of the following word and lengthening it. This effect does not occur in all dialects and is not represented orthographically, but is often noted with a superscript "ˣ" in reference works. In Western dialects there was also metathesis of

4510:

Past tense inflection was based on the stem *es-. This is retained as a separate category only in South Estonian and Livonian, but lost in all other Finnic languages. replaced by a construction of present tense of the negative verb, plus past active participle. The distinctive

1243:

Application of radical gradation in closed syllables, causing voicing of short obstruents and shortening of geminate stops. This occurred after apocope, or was still productive at the time, as the newly consonant-final syllables resulting from apocope triggered gradation as

5763:

before rounded vowels, which affected Finnish and the rest of Northern Finnic (which kept a rounded vowel) but not Estonian and the rest of Southern Finnic (which unrounded the vowel). It therefore must have occurred very early, in dialectal Proto-Finnic times.

3054:

Endings which closed the final syllable of a word triggered radical gradation on that syllable. An ending could also open a previously closed syllable, which would undo the gradation. Suffixal gradation affected the endings themselves. For example, partitive

516:, but theories on its earlier location have varied; traditionally it has been considered that Proto-Finnic arrived first on the eastern coast of the Gulf of Finland, but it has also been suggested that Middle Proto-Finnic was spoken in an area in modern-day 3685:

for nominals, which acted partly as genitives. These have been lost from productive use in all southern languages (traces remain in e.g. folk poetry). The system given below may therefore represent Proto-Northern Finnic rather than Proto-Finnic proper.

4005:

The indicative mood distinguished between present (which also functioned as future) and past tense, while the other moods had no tense distinctions. New "perfect" and "pluperfect" tenses had also been formed. These were created using a form of the

2134:

It is unclear whether consonant gradation was a Finnic innovation, or a retention of an old Uralic feature that was lost in most other Uralic branches. It is likely that it was inherited from an earlier stage that was also the ancestor of the

2848:(detailed above) could cause a cluster to come into contact with a third consonant. When such innovative large clusters appeared, the result was the deletion of one or more elements in the cluster, usually the first. Likewise, the apocope of 5899:

Short final vowels are lost after long syllables (two consonants or a syllable with a long vowel or diphthong) in Veps, partly Ludian, both North and South Estonian, and most Southwestern dialects of Finnish. For example, Proto-Finnic

6548:

that occurred as the weak grades of single plosives were often lost or modified in various ways. The simplest outcomes are in the marginal languages Livonian, Ludic and Veps, where all three are reflected as plain voiced stops

4881:

have the same reflex. It is therefore impossible to distinguish them in reconstruction, unless there is additional internal evidence (in the form of grammatical alternations) or external evidence (from non-Finnic languages).

2741:

The occurrence of two-vowel sequences was much more restricted in non-initial syllables than in initial syllables. Long vowels were absent, and some diphthongs only occurred as a result of the late contraction of disyllabic

3096:

Proto-Finnic nouns declined in at least 13 cases. Adjectives did not originally decline, but adjective-noun agreement was innovated in Proto-Finnic. The plural of the nominative and accusative was marked with the ending

1942:, short and long (geminate). The contrast itself had been inherited from Proto-Uralic, but was considerably expanded: all consonants except *r, *h, *j and *w could be short or long. The three plosives and the affricate 6346:

occurs almost solely in loanwords, most commonly of Russian or German origin. Estonian has positional and phonemic palatalization of medial and final alveolars (except /r/), realized usually as pre-palatalized.

2123:

affected consonants that appeared at the beginning of a closed syllable (a syllable that ended in a consonant). It affected consonants preceded by a vowel or sonorant, but not those preceded by another

1117:). Contraction also occurred in the essive singular of nominals, but these forms were often restored analogically. Finnish still possesses a few obsolete or fossilised cases of contracted essives, e.g. 5121:

become a front and back vowel harmony pair. This may have also occurred in the earlier history of north (Standard) Estonian, but vowel harmony was later abandoned, undoing the change if it did occur.

1953:) distribution with fully long consonants, and therefore are not thought to have been phonemic. They appeared in predictable positions as a result of consonant gradation, like the voiced fricatives. 3661:, which was modified to resemble the comparative more closely in Finnish. Its consonantal nature is apparent in an older, now-obsolete essive case form of the superlative in Finnish, which ended in 2624:

vowels in the first syllable would be matched with back vowels in the other syllables. Thus, all inflectional and derivational suffixes came in two forms, a front-harmonic and a back-harmonic form.

4566:

These changes happened very late in the Proto-Finnic period, but as South Estonian developed somewhat differently, it shows that dialectal diversification was beginning to occur around this time.

1053:

was also regular, but there were fewer environments in which it could occur. It occurred most notably in the potential mood and the past active participle of verbs. Many of the clusters ending in

6193:

Many languages in the Southern Finnic group, as well as again Veps and Southwestern Finnish, show loss of unstressed vowels in medial syllables. In these languages, vowel length is lost before

2750:

but were otherwise absent. Some modern Finnic languages have redeveloped long vowels and additional diphthongs in non-initial syllables as a result of the loss of certain consonants (generally

2139:, which have gradation that is very similar to that found in the Finnic languages. However, it was still productive after certain sound changes specific to Finnic, such as the apocope of final 1637:

and are not independent phonemes. When a consonant is notated in this article with a symbol distinct from the corresponding IPA symbol, the former is given first, followed by the latter.

5167:

is the most general in Votic (if recent loanwords from Ingrian, Finnish and Russian are discounted) and in the Kodavere dialect of Estonian. Three main groups can thus be distinguished:

363:

Views on when and where Proto-Finnic was spoken have varied over the years. Many of the older sources do not recognize Middle Proto-Finnic, recognizing only Early and Late Proto-Finnic:

6205:

Palatalized consonants are reintroduced into most varieties other than Western Finnish. The most widespread source is regressive palatalization due to a lost word-final or word-medial

2155:

The Proto-Finnic vowel inventory is reconstructed to a great similarity to that of modern Finnish, although the distribution of the sounds was different. The following table lists the

1010:

are widespread, owing to the many endings beginning with this consonant, including the partitive singular, genitive plural, infinitive and various passive forms. Finnish examples are

2147:) over a long period of time. It is no longer fully productive in any Finnic language, but most languages still retain large amounts of words preserving the earlier alternations. 8689: 123: 2852:

after two or more syllables could create word-final clusters, which were also simplified. This led to alternations that are still seen, though unproductive, in e.g. Finnish:

2130:

affected consonants that appeared at the beginning of a non-initial odd-numbered syllable. It only affected consonants preceded by a vowel and did not affect the geminates.

2801:"sword"). A syllable could begin and end with at most one consonant. Any consonant phoneme could begin or end a syllable, but word-finally only the alveolar consonants ( 7665: 6888:

In all Finnic languages except Finnish, Northern Karelian, the Ala-Laukaa dialect of Ingrian and Votic (partially), the voiceless (strong grade) obstruent consonants

8915: 328:, an earlier stage in the development on Finnic, used in Kallio (2007) for the point at which the language had developed its most characteristic differences from 6971:

in Finnish, Karelian, and several marginal dialects of Northern Estonian. In Western Finnish dialects their second component widely becomes more open, producing

3824:

The number-of-possessed contrast is by the 20th century lost everywhere except in the Southeastern Tavastian dialect of Finnish, around the municipalities of

8901: 5960:. This change occurred before the loss of final consonants (if any), as vowels that were originally followed by a consonant were not lost. The loss of final 5759:

A particularly interesting example is "to take", which suggests that at least some instances of this change preceded the general Finnic loss of word-initial

2385:

was also generally added to the system by researchers for reasons of symmetry, to complete the system of vowel harmony (see below). This happened in Finnish

8347: 3456:("outside", "upon", and other grammaticalized functions to denote "possessor", "instrument", etc.), to give the following system of six locative cases. 7371:

A variety of languages shows a change of a syllable-final consonant into a vowel. This is not one single change, but several independent developments.

3876:'in her/his hand'). New plurality-of-possessed marking has emerged in the Soikkola dialect of Ingrian, suffixing the usual nominative plural marker 5159:. The detailed history of this change is unclear and shows much variation even between individual dialects of (North) Estonian. The development of 1140:

was regular but there were few environments in which it could occur. It is seen primarily in imperative forms of verbs, which are formed with a

6999:

depending on vowel harmony. Diphthongization also occurs in Livonian, but only under certain conditions, and the mid back unrounded long vowel

49: 8242: 7648: 7160:

in Northern Finnic and South Estonian. In northern dialects of Veps, new long close vowels are created by the raising of several diphthongs:

2769:, and generally followed the structure CVCV, CVCCV, CVVCV. Rarer root types included monosyllabic roots, CVV, with either a long vowel (e.g. 6920:

when occurring between voiced sounds. In Veps and Livonian, these new voiced plosives merge with their weak grade counterparts. In Estonian

3945:

A series of dual possessors has been proposed to account for the two different variants of 3PS, 1PP and 2PP endings; the variants ending in

1920:

was an allophone of *n before *k. The original Proto-Uralic phoneme *ŋ had been lost and changed into other sounds, except in this position.

175: 2587:

No length contrast occurred in diphthongs. A long vowel followed by a close vowel as a suffix was shortened: e.g. the imperfect forms of

8220: 8125: 215: 197: 63: 6641:

is lost early on in the other languages of the Eastern Finnic group (Eastern Finnish, Karelian and Ingrian) as well as in Estonian.

3898:'my bones'), and the 2nd person singular ending may attach also to the consonant stem of a nominal, with a non-assibilated ending 8294: 8282: 8234: 7569: 6844:

The loss of consonants often created new long vowels and diphthongs, particularly in non-initial syllables. Compare for example:

1327:

again in non-initial syllables. This latter change occurred late in Proto-Finnic and did not trigger assibilation as the earlier

2349:

found in modern Finnic languages have only developed after Proto-Finnic, due to various sound changes. For example, Finnish has

771:

etc. Consequently, these consonants can no longer close a syllable (relevant for consonant gradation). Any diphthongs ending in

5031:, which in most dialects later changed into a variety of other dialect-specific sounds. Examples found are gradation patterns 8340: 7577: 7518: 6944:

In many Finnic languages, long vowels develop into opening diphthongs by raising the onset, or show general raising instead.

2738:

pattern, with primary stress on the first syllable of a word, and secondary stress on every following odd-numbered syllable.

1003:. If more than one consonant preceded, consonant clusters were often simplified by dropping the first member of the cluster. 6788:), although there is wide variation and there are exceptions for each vowel. There are also many words in which the cluster 1626:

The Proto-Finnic consonant inventory had relatively few phonemic fricatives, much like that of the modern Finnic languages.

8400: 6154:

Vowel harmony is lost in Estonian, Livonian and partly Veps, but not South Estonian or Votic. For example, Proto-Finnic

4334:

in the imperative. This has been partially levelled in Votic and most of Eastern Finnic, which show an imperative stem

6528:

Loss of final consonants followed the loss of final vowels. Thus, vowels followed by a lost consonant were preserved.

6517:

is lost in most of the South Finnic area (as well as widely in modern-day colloquial Finnish). In Votic this triggers

4205:. This mood suffix gave rise to alternative imperative forms in some languages, such as Finnish third-person singular 2635:

were originally a single reduced schwa-like vowel in Proto-Uralic, but had become differentiated in height over time.

3000:). Through loanwords, analogy and further syncope, these have only later become permissible in the Finnic languages. 310:, the last common ancestor of the Finnic languages and its closest external relatives — usually understood to be the 168: 162: 8726: 2996:

that Proto-Finnic did not initially tolerate clusters of a sonorant plus a geminate consonant (i.e. clusters like *

333: 55: 1630:

was not phonemically contrastive, but the language did possess voiced allophones of certain voiceless consonants.

585:

are lost as phonemes. Between vowels they are usually lost entirely, triggering lengthening of a preceding vowel.

9071: 8910: 8333: 2404:

is clear, as this sound had regularly evolved from other combinations of sounds, in words of Uralic origin (e.g.

932:

when at least two syllables preceded. This occurred after assibilation, which created alternations between final

288: 6217:

as a second member. In several varieties, there is also progressive palatalization, where a diphthong ending in

4117:

the Middle Proto-Finnic stage, and this innovation had not reached South Estonian, which was already separated.

179: 9076: 9022: 8805: 8800: 8494: 8365: 6518: 3406:

Both types are still found in Finnish, although unevenly distributed. In the western type, the regular loss of

1538: 102: 4550:

Negation of non-finite constructions was expressed using the abessive case of the infinitives or participles.

2338:

in most Finnic languages, but not in South Estonian or Votic. See below under vowel harmony for more details.

540:. This change is shared by several other western Uralic languages, including the Sami and Mordvinic languages. 3630:

cases have corresponding forms in some other Uralic languages (Sami and Volgaic; and Permian, respectively).

2844:

Word-internal consonant clusters were limited to two elements originally. However, the widespread syncope of

1968:

that affected the obstruents. Short plosives became voiced fricatives, while long plosives became half-long:

1633:

The table below lists the consonantal phonemes of Late Proto-Finnic. Phones written in parentheses represent

1541:. The following UPA and related conventions are adopted in this article for transcribing Proto-Finnic forms: 8842: 8810: 8511: 4974: 9017: 8935: 8930: 8828: 8588: 8394: 8279:

Yhteissuomalainen äännehistoria. 1. ja 2. vihko. Klusiilit. Spirantit. Nasaalit. Likvidat ja puolivokaalit

7130: 7074: 7067: 7060: 7038: 7034: 7023: 7019: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6829: 6727: 6673: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6374: 5079: 5076: 3813:

Possessive suffixes were ordered after case endings, and typically attach to the oblique vowel stem: e.g.

3642:. This suffix survives in all Finnic languages, although in several the nominative has been replaced with 3016: 2723: 2716: 2712: 2692: 2685: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2654: 2647: 2579: 2572: 2563: 2556: 2544: 2537: 2530: 2523: 2516: 2512: 2498: 2491: 2484: 2477: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2308: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2280: 2263: 2259: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2222: 2218: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2196: 2025: 2008: 1991: 1946: 1904: 1890: 1874: 1867: 1848: 1833: 1824: 1817: 1802: 1794: 1769: 1753: 1744: 1737: 1722: 1715: 1710: 1686: 1681: 1599: 1572: 1561: 1546: 119: 3121:

through regular sound change. Some pronouns had a different accusative ending, which distinguished them.

2677:

then became neutral to vowel harmony, and now occurred in both front-vowel and back-vowel words, even if

9048: 9007: 9002: 8754: 4558:

The following is an overview of the more important changes that happened after the Proto-Finnic period.

4109:

of this ending being originally identical with *-k found in the connegative and in the imperative mood.

1923:, and were allophones of *p, *t and *k respectively, and developed as a result of consonant gradation. 1911: 1859: 1654: 1191:. This occurred perhaps in all cases, but it was reverted later in many cases. An example in Finnish is 329: 319: 292: 8557: 6676:

through spelling pronunciation. Individual words may follow particular dialects instead, e.g. zero in

6648:

is lost after an unstressed syllable, but remains after a stressed syllable. It remained initially as

2841:

were often lost in the later Finnic languages, but occasionally left traces of their former presence.

2323:) did not occur in non-initial syllables, but because of sound changes, they emerged in Proto-Finnic. 8721: 8680: 4007: 1550: 4996:. In Karelian, Votic and some Finnish dialects, the two grades remain distinguished (in Karelian as 4515:

dialect of Estonian, however, adopts this and not the present stem as the basic negative verb stem:

3019:

in Western Finnish. This has recently been suggested to be reinterpreted as a two-consonant cluster

8859: 8749: 8667: 1961: 1786: 1780: 1704: 315: 8310:

Viitso, Tiit-Rein (2000), "Finnic affinity", in Nurk, Anu; Palo, Triinu; Seilenthal, Tõnu (eds.),

6521:

of the preceding vowel. The 1st person verbal ending resists the change, and generally remains as

3890:

shows two archaic features in the possessive paradigm: the number-of-possessed contrast (singular

8978: 8787: 8777: 8716: 8382: 8257: 5967: 5964:

leaves phonemic palatalization of the preceding consonant in many languages, on which see below.

2766: 1949:

also possessed a half-long duration (, , and ), but these appear to have been in complementary (

1927: 1915: 1659: 1526: 6561:

respectively regardless of environment. The remaining languages show more complex developments.

7080:

In South Estonian, raising only occurs in overlong syllables, and results in long close vowels

2643:

appeared medially. These vowels were front vowels at the time, and had back-vowel counterparts

8985: 8942: 8566: 8539: 8523: 8506: 8501: 8388: 8238: 8216: 8163: 8121: 8104: 7644: 7573: 7514: 7112: 3782:

The original vowels in the plural possessor endings are not settled: evidence exists for both

3682: 3584: 2696: 1883: 1664: 1627: 351: 284: 7469:. Standard Finnish mostly follows the Western Finnish model. Some notable exceptions include 5128:

in front of a nasal is raised to a central unrounded vowel (represented orthographically as

2116:

Gradation occurred in two different environments, and can therefore be split into two types:

786:

In some cases, there remained alternations between the consonantal and vocalic form, e.g. in

8925: 8795: 8736: 8648: 8638: 8489: 8482: 8467: 8462: 8415: 8373: 8356: 7615:

Kallio, Petri (2014). "The Diversification of Proto-Finnic". In Ahola, Joonas; Frog (eds.).

6271:

Veps undergoes both regressive and progressive palatalization, but with different outcomes:

3992: 3967: 3576: 2700: 1939: 1810: 1730: 1649: 280: 276: 244: 8134:

Itkonen, Erkki (1949), "Beiträge zur Geschichte der einsilbigen Wortstämme in Finnischen",

8095:

Aikio, Ante (2012), "On Finnic long vowels, Samoyed vowel sequences, and Proto-Uralic *x",

7330:. Following this, the mid diphthongs are smoothed to long vowels under certain conditions: 8953: 8947: 8817: 8769: 8759: 8698: 8545: 8445: 6490:). Standard Finnish inconsistently adopts some words in their Western Finnish shape (e.g. 3980: 3974: 3596: 2952:(as assibilation shows that this had a stem-final vowel originally, this reflects earlier 1841: 1669: 513: 343: 332:(mainly: the loss of several consonant phonemes from the segment inventory, including all 5779:. Livonian and South Estonian might align with either side, depending on the word. E.g. 4314:

in its special connegative form, and expressed the main mood. The negative verb was also

4973:

often makes it impossible to distinguish the two sounds using Finnic evidence alone, if

3810:, giving an Early Proto-Finnic paradigm, does not include vowel-final variants for 3PS. 3649:

Only the northernmost Finnic languages have a distinct superlative suffix, like Finnish

9042: 8971: 8896: 8889: 8880: 8873: 8867: 8822: 8675: 8607: 8594: 8582: 8533: 8516: 8432: 8420: 8405: 6210: 3998: 3600: 2144: 2136: 1355:

remained unchanged. Thus, different Finnic varieties show different outcomes, such as:

347: 311: 8148: 2105:

gradated, and if so, into what. No Finnic language has consonant gradation for former

9065: 8835: 8744: 8708: 8612: 8528: 8472: 8452: 8438: 7492:-final diphthongs in the northern and central dialects, long vowels in the southern. 5082:(treated as a consonant cluster and hence no longer subject to consonant gradation). 4186: 3986: 3568: 3546: 3536: 3522: 3497: 3483: 3427: 2620: 128: 92: 8182: 7868: 5075:(for both grades) in the earliest records, which in Standard Finnish has led to the 4543:), while a remnant of a 2nd infinitive instructive may survive in dialectal Finnish 8410: 3507: 3047:, which matched the vowels in the word stem following the rules of vowel harmony. * 2304: 1494:. This change must have happened after Proto-Finnic broke up, as Estonian and Võro 862: 259: 112: 8643: 8633: 8601: 8477: 8252:

Raun, Alo (1971), "Problems of the Number and Grouping of Proto-Finnic dialects",

7936: 7535: 7390:), with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel. For example Proto-Finnic 5012:). In all other Finnic languages the two grades fall together (written in Veps as 2330:

was not an independent vowel, but appeared as the counterpart of the front vowel

1203:). Older Finnish had more examples of this, which were later restored by analogy. 8653: 8617: 5093:

In the southern Finnic languages, a new back unrounded mid vowel develops from

3950: 3887: 3616: 3588: 2345:

is unclear. It was not present in ancestral Proto-Uralic, and many instances of

2189: 2177: 2170: 2156: 1061:

to the preceding consonant, or in some cases the reverse. Finnish examples are

6832:

in several of the Finnish dialects. However, given the lack of a pre-existing

4315: 3829: 2271: 2182: 1950: 1676: 8425: 8167: 8108: 7618:

Fibula, Fabula, Fact: The Viking Age in Finland (Studia Fennica Historica 18)

6077:. In the Soikkola, Hevaha and Ylä-Laukaa dialects of Ingrian, the word-final 3398:

The "eastern" type was formed by adding the above suffix to the plural stem:

8256:, Indiana University Publications. Uralic and Altaic series, vol. 107, 7867:

Kallio, Petri (2012). "The Prehistoric Germanic Loanword Strata in Finnic".

7596:

Kallio, Petri (2012). "The Prehistoric Germanic Loanword Strata in Finnic".

7477: 7471: 2421: 2229: 1761: 1634: 322:). This reconstruction state appears to be almost identical to Proto-Uralic. 17: 8685: 7876:. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia. Vol. 266. pp. 225–238. 7855:

The non-initial-syllable vowel reductions from Proto-Uralic to Proto-Finnic

5113:. South Estonian and Votic show this development in all syllables, so that 6936:

are not fully voiced, instead remaining as lax voiceless consonants , , .

3105:. The genitive and accusative singular were originally distinct (genitive 2797:"kettle"); and roots with a long vowel in a closed syllable: CVVCCV (e.g. 1498:"to take" preserved the consonant until after the dialectal unrounding of 4512: 3172: 2735: 1965: 1935: 1609:

Diphthongs are written with two vowel letters when a consonant follows:

708:

followed by a non-semivowel sonorant consonant (*m, *n, *l, *r, *δ), and

7417:

In Western Finnish, stop consonants before a sonorant are vocalized to

3410:

after an unstressed (even-numbered) syllable has created forms such as

1907:

sibilant *š (). It may have been realised as before another consonant.

1698: 611:

Before dental/alveolar consonants, both consonants usually vocalize to

517: 7250:

In Savonian Finnish, the second element of all diphthongs is lowered:

6182:. In Finnish and Karelian, vowel harmony was retained and extended to 5998:"would come" (3rd person singular conditional)) as well as word-final 5071:. In early written Finnish, the interdental fricatives are written as 4021:

All moods except the imperative shared more or less the same endings:

8312:

Congressus nonus internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum, Tartu 7.-13.8.2000

6438: 3430:

of Proto-Finnic can be classified according to a three-way contrast (

2695:

appear to have remained distinct in Proto-Finnic, and remained so in

2424:, which were formed by combinations of a short vowel with the vowels 2143:, so it was probably present as a phonetic "post-processing" rule (a 521: 342:, the last common ancestor of Finnish and Estonian, and hence of the 7616: 6342:

Estonian, Votic and Finnish do not have general palatalization, and

8325: 872:

The change was blocked if another coronal obstruent preceded, i.e.

5132:), parallel to the development of the other mid vowels. E.g. Võro 3825: 1537:

Reconstructed Proto-Finnic is traditionally transcribed using the

1514:, where it did apply as there was no unrounding in those dialects. 1057:

were later simplified by assimilation, either by assimilating the

588:

In certain cases, this may have proceeded through vocalization to

6025:-reduction, sometimes obligatory, but more often optional. Thus, 6422:

In the now extinct Hevaha and Ylä-Laukaa dialects of Ingrian as

2925:(nominative), with final simplification (but note assibilation * 1506:(which prevented the change from affecting it). Compare Finnish 999:. Syncope was prevented if more than one consonant followed the 807:

Monophthongisation of some diphthongs in non-initial syllables:

711:

followed by an original non-open vowel *i (also denoted *ə, *e).

8329: 8301:

Viitso, Tiit-Rein (1998), "Fennic", in Abondolo, Daniel (ed.),

7643:. Muinasaja teadus 28 (in Estonian). Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus. 291:

by linguists. Proto-Finnic is itself descended ultimately from

7837: 7835: 6338:

occurs, except blocked in progressive palatalization contexts.

1591:

Half-long consonants are written with a following apostrophe:

303:

Three stages of Proto-Finnic are distinguished in literature.

147: 70: 29: 8264:

Posti, Lauri (1953), "From Pre-Finnic to Late Proto-Finnic",

6197:

early on, while diphthongs are simplified into short vowels.

3836:(derived from the singular possessed series, with analogical 2373:, while Estonian has unrounded the diphthong instead, giving 1287:

In non-initial syllables, low-vowel i-diphthongs are raised:

6081:

in inflectional endings often reduce as well (e.g. inessive

5771:

can be additionally found in correspondence to North Finnic

3379:

The "western" type was formed by adding the singular ending

1525:

The sounds of Proto-Finnic can be reconstructed through the

1335:

change did. It also followed the southern Finnic backing of

5097:

in words with back vowel harmony. For example Proto-Finnic

3063:

when added to a two-syllable word ending in a vowel (e.g. *

2098:), voiced fricatives in all other weak grade environments. 5151:

In Estonian and Votic, more rarely Livonian, instances of

5023:

In early Finnish, both grades were fronted to interdental

3622:

This system is probably a Finnic innovation, although the

3007:

has been reconstructed for a small group of words showing

287:. Proto-Finnic is not attested in any texts, but has been 7986: 7984: 7219:

North Estonian instead unrounds all diphthongs ending in

6664:

in Tavastian. In Standard Finnish, the sound was written

3977:– suffix: present none (but -k- in the passive), past -i- 1306:

when the preceding syllable contains a non-rounded vowel.

8073: 8071: 7747: 7745: 3860:

in the nominative, illative and instructive (nominative

3848:(derived from the plural possessed series, with regular 3657:. The suffix was possibly originally a consonantal stem 1903:*h had evolved fairly late from the Middle Proto-Finnic 4237:

In addition, there were also several non-finite forms.

512:

Proto-Finnic is thought to have been spoken around the

8203:

The Circum-Baltic languages volume 1: Past and Present

7621:. Helsinki, Finland: Finno-Ugric Society. p. 163f 7511:

Einführung in die finnisch-ugrische Sprachwissenschaft

7011:

may also diphthongize, leading to a contrast of short

6359:

was generally lost. It is preserved in some dialects:

3442:

a state) in each of the two series of locative cases:

3375:

The genitive plural was formed in two different ways:

3031:

All inflectional and derivational endings containing *

7810: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7796: 2785:"to walk"); roots with three syllables: CVCVCV (e.g. 2734:

Stress was not contrastive. Words were stressed in a

2603:. This process is the only reconstructible source of 7126:

of any origin is at a late date generally raised to

6904:, are lenited to voiced or lax voiceless obstruents 1418:. This change followed the preceding one, as former 8995: 8963: 8858: 8786: 8768: 8735: 8707: 8666: 8626: 8574: 8565: 8372: 8291:

Yhteissuomalainen äännehistoria. 3. vihko. Vokaalit

5974:under more limited conditions, in particular after 3953:. This hypothesis has not been generally accepted. 250: 240: 230: 6502:"lie"), some in their Eastern Finnish shape (e.g. 4577:assimilate to a following dental obstruent, while 3802:recognizes variation only for 1PP and 2PP (giving 1284:develops differently in South Estonian, see below. 747:Sequences of a vowel and syllable-final semivowel 7666:"Kantasuomen balttilaiskontaktien aika ja paikka" 6618:, creating the characteristic gradation patterns 6450:along with sandhi lengthening, e.g. Proto-Finnic 6437:remain in Finnish, where the consonants became a 6002:from several inflectional endings (e.g. inessive 4193:(second-person singular). It is reconstructed as 2109:, both grades result in the same outcome (mostly 1264:lose their first component to also become simple 118:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate 8201:Laakso, Johanna (2001), "The Finnic languages", 7095:In Eastern Finnish and Karelian, the low vowels 6796:analogically, which then likewise develops into 6380:In the now extinct Hevaha dialect of Ingrian as 6274:Progressive palatalization of post-Proto-Finnic 6225:causes palatalization of a following consonant. 4342:Imperative forms of the negative verb in Finnic 3638:Adjectives formed comparatives using the suffix 1582:Long consonants and vowels are written doubled: 7870:A Linguistic Map of Prehistoric Northern Europe 7003:is not affected. In Livonian, the short vowels 6301:Regressive palatalization of post-Proto-Finnic 5994:"your house" (2nd person singular possessive), 5767:In a small number of words, Estonian and Votic 3949:would match with the dual possessor endings in 3003:Traditionally a single three-consonant cluster 2619:Proto-Finnic is reconstructed with a system of 775:become subject to vowel harmony and split into 7488:is vocalized in Veps at a late date, creating 3966:Proto-Finnic inherited at least the following 1403:(with õ > e through loss of vowel harmony). 8341: 6825:is assimilated to the corresponding geminate 3902:(the expected regular development before old 8: 8254:Essays in Finno-Ugric and Finnic linguistics 8149:"The primary laryngeal in Uralic and beyond" 7591: 7589: 5155:also develop by unrounding of earlier short 4094:*-tta- + (tense/mood suffix) + *-sen (-hen) 3587:locative marker (the ancestor of the Finnic 3101:, while the plural of the other cases used * 2711:) and Votic. In the other Finnic languages, 8213:Einführung in die ostseefinnischen Sprachen 6836:, the cluster widely "un-gradates" back to 6776:when followed by an unrounded front vowel ( 6672:early on, and pronunciation has now become 6100:In Livonian, all short final vowels except 4120:The imperative had its own set of endings: 3011:in Southern Finnic and in Eastern Finnish, 626:in this case is now simply an allophone of 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 8783: 8571: 8348: 8334: 8326: 6940:Raising or diphthongization of long vowels 6814:In all remaining languages and positions, 6800:, although again with numerous exceptions. 4185:There is also some evidence of a distinct 3395:in most cases through consonant gradation. 3051:did not follow this rule, as noted above. 1930:, due its loss in many daughter languages. 1914:when a vowel followed, rather than a true 365: 8002: 6718:, but with several conditional outcomes: 6400:is widely lost as well. It is preserved: 5449:South Estonian, North Estonian and Votic 3840:based on the verbal inflection), but 1PS 3807: 3023:with an affricate as the initial member. 2334:in the system of harmony. It merged with 2159:vowels reconstructable for Proto-Finnic. 216:Learn how and when to remove this message 198:Learn how and when to remove this message 7975: 7963: 7886: 7841: 7826: 7736: 5169: 4595: 4340: 4239: 4122: 4023: 3688: 3458: 3418:), which are now archaic, or dialectal. 3126: 3075:after a third syllable or a consonant (* 2944:(partitive), with medial simplification 2902:(partitive), with medial simplification 2888:(nominative), with final simplification 2867:(partitive), with medial simplification 2446: 2161: 1970: 1639: 1549:are denoted with a diaeresis, as in the 161:This article includes a list of general 8156:Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 8097:Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 7990: 7951: 7937:Onko itämerensuomessa jälkiä duaalista? 7910: 7898: 7724: 7501: 5868:"to understand" — Finnish and Karelian 4605:Other Finnic (North Estonian, Finnish) 2977:"to cover", with medial simplification 2094:Voiced plosives occurred after nasals ( 470:split by the end of first millennium AD 279:, which include the national languages 8190:Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 8077: 8050: 8026: 8014: 7814: 7751: 7712: 7688: 7598:Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 7536:"Suomalaisten esihistorian kysymyksiä" 6330:In Northern Karelian, a general shift 4201:and the second-person singular ending 3799: 3113:), but had fallen together when final 2436:, or equivalently with the semivowels 2303:All vowels could occur both short and 227: 7787: 7775: 7763: 7700: 7103:also diphthongize, becoming Karelian 6590:, except in Olonets Karelian (Livvi). 2627:In non-initial syllables, the vowels 1347:etc.) in back-harmony words, as only 940:in some nouns (e.g. Finnish nouns in 7: 8062: 8038: 6856:with the unmodified strong grade in 6610:are widely assimilated to geminated 5990:"for/to the morning" (translative), 5634:Only in Votic and Kodavere Estonian 3872:) in all other cases (e.g. inessive 1584:⟨aa ee ii pp tt kk cc⟩ 6190:in words with front vowel harmony. 5831:— Finnish, Karelian, Veps and Võro 4189:, which is preserved in Finnish as 3039:also had front-vowel variants with 2777:"tree, wood") or a diphthong (e.g. 2326:The short unrounded mid back vowel 630:rather than an independent phoneme. 354:had already diverged at this point. 9047:Languages between parentheses are 8183:"Kantasuomen konsonanttihistoriaa" 7513:(in German). Harrassowitz Verlag. 5986:"5"; inflectional endings such as 3205:Partial object, indefinite amount 3124:The following cases were present: 2307:. In Proto-Uralic, rounded vowels 1121:"on the second-last (time)" (< 167:it lacks sufficient corresponding 108:for transliterated languages, and 88:of its non-English content, using 25: 6730:when not palatalized (see above). 4992:generally remains, often spelled 4985:alternations from assibilation). 4873:In all Finnic dialects, original 4562:Development of consonant clusters 4246:*-tak (-dak) : *-ta- (-da-) 3387:, with an additional fill vowel: 2765:Root words included at least two 1586: 923:, which also caused assibilation. 755:are reinterpreted as diphthongs: 45:This article has multiple issues. 8556: 8295:Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura 8283:Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura 8235:Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura 8215:, Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag, 8118:Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys 7570:Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura 7566:Johdatus lapin kielen historiaan 6241:generally shift to postalveolar 4977:is not viable (e. g., from 4945:remains in South Estonian: Võro 4921:(adjective suffix) > Finnish 4322:in the indicative and variously 4197:, consisting of the mood suffix 318:may derive from this stage (see 152: 75: 34: 27:Ancestor of the Finnic languages 6567:develops relatively uniformly: 6446:, which preserved the original 6411:In Southern Estonian as either 6213:), and consonant clusters with 4886:Developments to the affricates 1206:Two words show the contraction 1129:), a fossilised essive form of 528:Changes up to Late Proto-Finnic 53:or discuss these issues on the 9051:of the language on their left. 7374:In the Southern Finnic group, 6454:"sorrow" > Western Finnish 6186:as well, creating a new vowel 5246:All Southern Finnic varieties 4267:Action noun ("Infinitive IV") 3157:Subject, object of imperative 1571:The voiceless velar fricative 1408:Loss of glides before vowels: 1179:Syncope also occurred between 955:Syncope/contraction of medial 275:is the common ancestor of the 124:multilingual support templates 1: 8266:Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen 8233:, Tietolipas, vol. 215, 8136:Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen 7122:. In standard Livonian, long 6714:develops somewhat similar to 6707:, except in Olonets Karelian. 6229:In Livonian, the palatalized 6124:, while no vowel was lost in 5854:— Finnish, Karelian and Veps 4357:Standard / Northern Estonian 3681:Proto-Finnic had a series of 2681:is a front vowel. The vowels 1319:Some time after this change, 1144:suffix. Finnish examples are 495: 489: 483: 464: 458: 442: 436: 420: 414: 395: 6852:"to help" < Proto-Finnic 6474:"boat" > Western Finnish 6313:. For example, Proto-Finnic 6286:. For example, Proto-Finnic 6021:Ingrian also has word-final 5948:, but > standard Finnish 5827:"or": Estonian and Livonian 3934:'your prod' (modern Finnish 2420:Proto-Finnic also possessed 680:Lengthening of open vowels: 553:Word-initial deaffrication: 7924:Suomen kirjakielen historia 7534:Sammallahti, Pekka (1977). 6803:Between two labial vowels, 5842:"word": Estonian and Votic 4372:Standard / Western Finnish 4283:Present passive participle 4018:to form negated sentences. 2933:, so this reflects earlier 2793:"hammer") or CVCCVCV (e.g. 1934:Proto-Finnic possessed two 1910:*v was perhaps realised as 1593:⟨p' t' k' c'⟩ 1006:Examples of syncope before 9093: 7664:Junttila, Santeri (2017). 7044:In many Ingrian dialects, 6959:become opening diphthongs 6821:The nasal-plosive cluster 6733:In Karelian, the clusters 6699:The nasal-plosive cluster 6582:The nasal-plosive cluster 5817:, Veps and South Estonian 4275:Present active participle 4259:Gerund ("Infinitive III") 4014:"to be" and a participle. 3599:("from") (ancestor of the 3583:is reconstructible as the 3015:in Karelian and Veps, and 2639:arose word-finally, while 2389:'sight' < Proto-Finnic 2163:Proto-Finnic monophthongs 520:and northeastern parts of 9033: 8554: 8363: 8229:Lehtinen, Tapani (2007), 8116:Hakulinen, Lauri (1979), 7475:"All Saints' Eve feast", 6863:North and South Estonian 6532:Loss of voiced obstruents 6116:as in Estonian, but also 5633: 5448: 5245: 4178: 4170: 4101: 4093: 4031: 4028: 4026: 3989:(possibly) – suffix: -ko- 3383:to the nominative plural 3298: 3209: 2988:Note in the examples of * 2859:("child", nominative) + * 2365:'rope' < Proto-Finnic 1882: 1858: 1840: 1779: 1760: 1697: 1675: 1645: 1187:in several cases, giving 702:, when the vowels appear 494: 488: 482: 469: 463: 457: 441: 435: 419: 413: 400: 394: 380: 377: 374: 235: 8495:Siberian Ingrian Finnish 8366:List of Uralic languages 7641:Läänemeresoome tulemised 7564:Korhonen, Mikko (1981). 6660:in Ostrobothnian and to 6519:compensatory lengthening 6404:In Karelian and Veps as 6351:Loss of final consonants 6268:before all front vowels. 6237:that arose from loss of 6158:"village" > Estonian 5895:Vowel reduction and loss 5839:, possibly from Ingrian) 4937:. However, occasionally 4905:generally: Proto-Finnic 4299:Past passive participle 4221:by analogy) and passive 3995:– suffix: -ksi- or -isi- 3894:'my son', versus plural 2448:Proto-Finnic diphthongs 2408:'to eat' ← Proto-Uralic 2101:It is unclear if single 1641:Proto-Finnic consonants 1539:Uralic Phonetic Alphabet 705:in an open syllable, and 8147:Janhunen, Juha (2007), 7156:is fully labialized to 6305:yields alveolo-palatal 5813:— Finnish and Karelian 5795:— Finnish and Karelian 4988:The geminate affricate 4975:internal reconstruction 4291:Past active participle 4270:*-minen : *-mice- 3714:Second person singular 3327:Becoming, turning into 1926:Final *-k was probably 1426:but does not end up as 1199:(< Pre-Proto-Finnic 182:more precise citations. 8289:Setälä, E. N. (1937), 8277:Setälä, E. N. (1891), 8211:Laanest, Arvo (1982), 8181:Kallio, Petri (2007), 7935:Itkonen, Erkki. 1955. 7922:Rapola, Martti. 1933. 7137:Diphthong assimilation 6924:remains voiceless and 6536:The voiced obstruents 6151:in Northern Estonian. 6108:are lost, thus giving 5077:spelling pronunciation 4602:South Estonian (Võro) 4589:remains distinct from 3725:Third person singular 3703:First person singular 915:The change was fed by 896:< Pre-Proto-Finnic 241:Reconstruction of 7639:Lang, Valter (2018). 7509:Décsy, Gyula (1965). 7398:"bush" > Estonian 6415:or as a glottal stop 5912:"five" > Estonian 5101:"debt" > Estonian 3864:'her/his hand'), but 3755:Second person plural 3646:for unclear reasons. 3191:Possession, relation 2969:("lid") + causative * 1615:⟨av aj⟩ 1611:⟨au ai⟩ 1598:The labial semivowel 1555:⟨ä ö ü⟩ 320:Finno-Samic languages 8401:Northeastern coastal 8303:The Uralic Languages 8231:Kielen vuosituhannet 7445:, but > Estonian 7433:"oats" > Finnish 6947:The long mid vowels 6760:In Western Finnish, 6749:, like the clusters 6644:In Western Finnish, 6637:In other positions, 6363:In Eastern Votic as 6278:yields postalveolar 4535:"un-, not" (Finnish 4523:"you (sg.) didn't", 4352:3rd person singular 4349:2nd person singular 3770:Third person plural 3740:First person plural 3634:Adjective comparison 3355:With, in company of 3294:Motion onto/towards 3087:Nouns and adjectives 2341:The status of short 1551:Estonian orthography 1375:but southern Finnic 1351:was affected, while 1026:"salmon", partitive 122:. Knowledge (XXG)'s 86:specify the language 84:This article should 8120:, Helsinki: Otava, 8017:, pp. 450–451. 7978:, pp. 134–135. 7966:, pp. 125–126. 7954:, pp. 228–233. 7889:, pp. 124–125. 7844:, pp. 138–139. 7739:, pp. 221–222. 7715:, pp. 231–233. 7406:, but > Finnish 7382:(< Proto-Finnic 6860:"help, assistance". 6811:in Western Finnish. 6594:The development of 6470:) and Proto-Finnic 6260:are palatalized to 6221:and the long vowel 6166:, but > Finnish 5805:"thread": Estonian 5124:In South Estonian, 5109:, but > Finnish 5006:⟨tts⟩ 4569:In South Estonian, 4527:"s/he didn't" etc. 4343: 3683:possessive suffixes 3677:Possessive suffixes 3391:. This then became 2657:. In Proto-Finnic, 2449: 2393:, but not in Votic 2164: 1962:Consonant gradation 1957:Consonant gradation 1642: 1434:"dog", plural stem 1359:"egg", plural stem 1014:"water", partitive 378:Middle Proto-Finnic 326:Middle Proto-Finnic 316:Mordvinic languages 273:Proto-Baltic-Finnic 8383:Bjarmian languages 8314:, pp. 153–177 8258:Indiana University 8053:, p. 164–165. 7326:is palatalized to 6871:< Proto-Finnic 6670:⟨dh⟩ 5968:Colloquial Finnish 5879:"heath": Estonian 5860:Estonian and Võro 5073:⟨tz⟩ 5018:⟨ts⟩ 5010:⟨ts⟩ 4998:⟨čč⟩ 4994:⟨ts⟩ 4965:). The merging of 4897:The non-geminated 4554:Later developments 4341: 4318:, having the stem 4072:*-j-dek / *-j-dak 4058:*-j-mek / *-j-mak 3856:); and adopts 3PS 3559:stands for either 3426:The reconstructed 3369:With, by means of 2447: 2162: 2128:Suffixal gradation 1940:consonant duration 1640: 1527:comparative method 1195:"snow", partitive 794:"walked" (Finnish 690:(including former 635:Depalatalisation: 592:. Compare e.g. PU 375:Early Proto-Finnic 314:, though also the 308:Early Proto-Finnic 236:Proto-Balto-Finnic 9059: 9058: 9043:extinct languages 8854: 8853: 8727:Northwestern Mari 8662: 8661: 8244:978-951-746-896-1 8065:, pp. 64–65. 8041:, pp. 61–63. 7790:, pp. 83–85. 7766:, pp. 26–29. 7703:, pp. 10–21. 7650:978-9949-77-662-7 7367:Coda vocalization 7318:is labialized to 6867:"wolf", genitive 6741:become geminated 6666:⟨d⟩ 6652:, but shifted to 6598:is more diverse: 5970:loses word-final 5757: 5756: 5130:⟨y⟩ 5063:or non-gradating 5014:⟨c⟩ 5002:⟨č⟩ 4871: 4870: 4547:"without doing". 4508: 4507: 4306: 4305: 4286:*-ttapa (-ttaba) 4183: 4182: 4106: 4105: 4044: 4039: 3968:grammatical moods 3780: 3779: 3698:Plural possessed 3585:Proto-Finno-Ugric 3553: 3552: 3373: 3372: 3341:Without, lacking 3313:Being, acting as 3071:"fish"), but as * 3059:would appear as * 2825:) and the velars 2585: 2584: 2400:The existence of 2301: 2300: 2121:Radical gradation 2092: 2091: 1964:was a process of 1900: 1899: 1813: 1789: 1733: 1707: 1604:⟨v⟩ 1577:⟨h⟩ 1566:⟨c⟩ 1168:"lie down"; < 928:Apocope of final 724:"to swallow"; PU 504: 503: 381:Late Proto-Finnic 352:Livonian language 346:Finnic subgroup. 340:Late Proto-Finnic 266: 265: 226: 225: 218: 208: 207: 200: 146: 145: 126:may also be used. 68: 16:(Redirected from 9084: 9072:Finnic languages 8919: 8905: 8784: 8693: 8572: 8560: 8483:Siberian Finnish 8429: 8357:Uralic languages 8350: 8343: 8336: 8327: 8315: 8305: 8297: 8285: 8272: 8260: 8247: 8225: 8206: 8205:, John Benjamins 8196: 8187: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8153: 8142: 8130: 8111: 8081: 8075: 8066: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8030: 8024: 8018: 8012: 8006: 8000: 7994: 7988: 7979: 7973: 7967: 7961: 7955: 7949: 7943: 7933: 7927: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7864: 7858: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7830: 7824: 7818: 7812: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7740: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7670: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7612: 7606: 7605: 7593: 7584: 7583: 7561: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7551: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7506: 7269:or further > 7149: 7148: 7144: 7132: 7076: 7069: 7062: 7040: 7036: 7025: 7021: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6831: 6729: 6726:is fortified to 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6376: 6373:(a glottal stop 5783:"all": Estonian 5170: 5131: 5081: 5074: 5020:in the others). 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4596: 4395:Eastern Finnish 4344: 4240: 4233:Non-finite forms 4123: 4069:*-ttek / *-ttak 4055:*-mmek / *-mmak 4042: 4037: 4024: 3993:Conditional mood 3983:– suffix: -k(a)- 3808:Hakulinen (1979) 3748:*-nnVn (*-mmVn?) 3695:Single possessed 3689: 3577:epenthetic vowel 3459: 3291:*-ilen / *-ilek 3280:Motion off/from 3127: 3018: 2833:occurred. Final 2725: 2718: 2714: 2694: 2687: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2661:had merged with 2656: 2649: 2581: 2574: 2565: 2558: 2546: 2539: 2532: 2525: 2518: 2514: 2500: 2493: 2486: 2479: 2450: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2310: 2297: 2293: 2286: 2282: 2265: 2261: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2209: 2202: 2198: 2165: 2027: 2010: 1993: 1971: 1948: 1892: 1876: 1869: 1850: 1835: 1826: 1819: 1809: 1804: 1796: 1785: 1771: 1755: 1746: 1739: 1729: 1724: 1717: 1712: 1703: 1688: 1683: 1643: 1616: 1612: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1588: 1585: 1578: 1574: 1567: 1563: 1556: 1548: 1101:"to wash", < 1038:"to bite" (< 987:and a following 497: 492:800..500 BC–1 AD 491: 486:1200–800..500 BC 485: 466: 460: 444: 438: 422: 416: 397: 366: 277:Finnic languages 245:Finnic languages 228: 221: 214: 203: 196: 192: 189: 183: 178:this article by 169:inline citations 156: 155: 148: 141: 138: 132: 117: 111: 107: 101: 97: 91: 79: 78: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 9092: 9091: 9087: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9082: 9081: 9077:Proto-languages 9062: 9061: 9060: 9055: 9054: 9029: 9023:Proto-Samoyedic 8991: 8959: 8913: 8899: 8850: 8806:Southern Khanty 8801:Northern Khanty 8782: 8764: 8731: 8703: 8683: 8681:Shoksha dialect 8658: 8622: 8561: 8552: 8507:Karelian proper 8423: 8368: 8359: 8354: 8324: 8319: 8309: 8300: 8288: 8276: 8263: 8251: 8245: 8228: 8223: 8210: 8200: 8185: 8180: 8172: 8170: 8151: 8146: 8133: 8128: 8115: 8094: 8090: 8085: 8084: 8076: 8069: 8061: 8057: 8049: 8045: 8037: 8033: 8025: 8021: 8013: 8009: 8001: 7997: 7989: 7982: 7974: 7970: 7962: 7958: 7950: 7946: 7934: 7930: 7921: 7917: 7909: 7905: 7897: 7893: 7885: 7881: 7873: 7866: 7865: 7861: 7852: 7848: 7840: 7833: 7825: 7821: 7813: 7794: 7786: 7782: 7774: 7770: 7762: 7758: 7750: 7743: 7735: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7711: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7687: 7683: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7663: 7662: 7658: 7651: 7638: 7637: 7633: 7624: 7622: 7614: 7613: 7609: 7595: 7594: 7587: 7580: 7563: 7562: 7558: 7549: 7547: 7533: 7532: 7528: 7521: 7508: 7507: 7503: 7498: 7484:Syllable-final 7378:is lost before 7369: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7140: 7139: 6942: 6886: 6703:assimilates to 6669: 6665: 6586:assimilates to 6534: 6478:(Karelian/Veps 6429:Traces of both 6384:when following 6353: 6203: 5897: 5129: 5091: 5072: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4895: 4738: 4715: 4581:assimilates to 4564: 4556: 4311: 4235: 4141:-ka-da/e-mme/a 3981:Imperative mood 3975:Indicative mood 3964: 3959: 3764: 3759: 3749: 3744: 3734: 3729: 3679: 3673:with syncope). 3636: 3449:("inside") and 3424: 3210:Locative cases 3187: 3139: 3134: 3094: 3089: 3029: 2956:before syncope) 2937:before apocope) 2773:"land, earth"; 2746:to diphthongal 2732: 2617: 2578: 2571: 2562: 2555: 2543: 2536: 2529: 2522: 2511: 2497: 2490: 2483: 2476: 2418: 2290: 2279: 2258: 2246: 2235: 2217: 2206: 2195: 2173: 2153: 1959: 1658: 1624: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1592: 1583: 1576: 1565: 1554: 1535: 1523: 1464:word-initially. 1148:(imperative of 1136:Syncope before 1049:Syncope before 530: 514:Gulf of Finland 361: 344:Gulf of Finland 301: 262: 255: 253: 222: 211: 210: 209: 204: 193: 187: 184: 174:Please help to 173: 157: 153: 142: 136: 133: 127: 115: 109: 105: 103:transliteration 99: 95: 89: 80: 76: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9090: 9088: 9080: 9079: 9074: 9064: 9063: 9057: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9045: 9035: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9027: 9026: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 8999: 8997: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8989: 8982: 8975: 8967: 8965: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8957: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8923: 8922: 8921: 8907: 8886: 8885: 8884: 8870: 8864: 8862: 8856: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8848: 8847: 8846: 8843:Southern Mansi 8839: 8832: 8825: 8823:Northern Mansi 8815: 8814: 8813: 8811:Eastern Khanty 8808: 8803: 8792: 8790: 8781: 8780: 8774: 8772: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8741: 8739: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8713: 8711: 8705: 8704: 8702: 8701: 8696: 8695: 8694: 8672: 8670: 8664: 8663: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8630: 8628: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8598: 8591: 8586: 8578: 8576: 8569: 8563: 8562: 8555: 8553: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8548: 8543: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8499: 8498: 8497: 8487: 8486: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8460: 8459: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8449: 8442: 8435: 8430: 8418: 8413: 8406:South Estonian 8403: 8398: 8386: 8378: 8376: 8370: 8369: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8355: 8353: 8352: 8345: 8338: 8330: 8323: 8322:External links 8320: 8318: 8317: 8307: 8298: 8286: 8274: 8261: 8249: 8243: 8226: 8221: 8208: 8198: 8178: 8144: 8131: 8126: 8113: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8080:, p. 108. 8067: 8055: 8043: 8031: 8029:, p. 449. 8019: 8007: 8005:, p. 254. 8003:Hakulinen 1979 7995: 7993:, p. 243. 7980: 7968: 7956: 7944: 7942:59/2: 161–175. 7928: 7926:, pp. 106–107. 7915: 7913:, p. 184. 7903: 7901:, p. 183. 7891: 7879: 7859: 7853:Petri Kallio, 7846: 7831: 7829:, p. 137. 7819: 7792: 7780: 7768: 7756: 7754:, p. 233. 7741: 7729: 7717: 7705: 7693: 7691:, p. 231. 7681: 7656: 7649: 7631: 7607: 7585: 7578: 7568:(in Finnish). 7556: 7542:(in Finnish). 7526: 7519: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7354: 7341: 7312: 7311: 7294: 7277: 7248: 7247: 7238: 7217: 7216: 7202: 7176: 7152:The diphthong 7138: 7135: 6941: 6938: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6861: 6842: 6841: 6819: 6812: 6801: 6792:develops into 6758: 6731: 6709: 6708: 6697: 6696:"manure fork". 6642: 6635: 6592: 6591: 6580: 6571:The fricative 6533: 6530: 6427: 6426: 6420: 6409: 6394: 6393: 6378: 6367: 6352: 6349: 6340: 6339: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6299: 6269: 6250: 6211:cheshirization 6202: 6201:Palatalization 6199: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5877: 5858: 5840: 5825: 5803: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5655: 5650: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5571: 5562: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5516: 5507: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5465: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5425: 5416: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5397: 5392: 5383: 5374: 5365: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5341: 5332: 5323: 5314: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5290: 5281: 5272: 5263: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5236: 5228: 5219: 5210: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5194:Unrounding in 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5090: 5084: 5004:, in Votic as 4894: 4884: 4869: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4837: 4827: 4816: 4815: 4801: 4791: 4780: 4779: 4765: 4755: 4744: 4743: 4732: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4700: 4690: 4679: 4678: 4664: 4654: 4643: 4642: 4628: 4618: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4563: 4560: 4555: 4552: 4506: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4458: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4255: 4252: 4251:Infinitive II 4248: 4247: 4244: 4234: 4231: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4146:Second person 4143: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4092: 4088: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4080:*-pi (-βi), ∅ 4078: 4074: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4063:Second person 4060: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4003: 4002: 4001:– suffix: -ne- 3999:Potential mood 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3778: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3678: 3675: 3635: 3632: 3601:partitive case 3555:In the above, 3551: 3550: 3540: 3526: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3501: 3487: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3428:locative cases 3423: 3422:Locative cases 3420: 3404: 3403: 3396: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3288:*-len / *-lek 3286: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3238:Motion out of 3236: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3189: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3169: 3166: 3165:*-n (also -t) 3163: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3028: 3025: 2986: 2985: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2938: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2896: 2881:("thousand"): 2875: 2731: 2728: 2616: 2613: 2595:"to eat" were 2591:"to receive", 2583: 2582: 2575: 2568: 2566: 2559: 2552: 2551:Open to close 2548: 2547: 2540: 2533: 2526: 2519: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2494: 2487: 2480: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2417: 2414: 2299: 2298: 2287: 2276: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2255: 2243: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2214: 2203: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2168: 2152: 2149: 2145:surface filter 2137:Sami languages 2132: 2131: 2125: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1958: 1955: 1932: 1931: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1908: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1830: 1828: 1821: 1814: 1806: 1805: 1799: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1766: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1750: 1748: 1741: 1734: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1652: 1647: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1607: 1602:is written as 1596: 1589: 1580: 1575:is written as 1569: 1564:is written as 1560:The affricate 1558: 1534: 1531: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1485: 1475: 1465: 1455: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1317: 1307: 1297: 1285: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1218:"to see" < 1204: 1177: 1134: 1047: 953: 926: 925: 924: 913: 888:(thus Finnish 856: 845: 844: 843: 826: 817: 805: 804: 803: 745: 735: 734: 733: 714: 713: 712: 709: 706: 678: 677: 676: 666: 656: 646: 633: 632: 631: 616: 609: 600:"to sell"; PU 576: 575: 574: 564: 551: 541: 529: 526: 502: 501: 499: 493: 487: 481: 478: 474: 473: 471: 468: 462: 456: 453: 449: 448: 446: 440: 434: 431: 427: 426: 424: 418: 412: 409: 405: 404: 402: 399: 393: 390: 386: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 360: 359:Era and region 357: 356: 355: 348:South Estonian 337: 323: 312:Sami languages 300: 297: 264: 263: 258: 256: 251: 248: 247: 242: 238: 237: 233: 232: 224: 223: 206: 205: 160: 158: 151: 144: 143: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9089: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9050: 9046: 9044: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9032: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8996:Reconstructed 8994: 8988: 8987: 8983: 8981: 8980: 8976: 8974: 8973: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8962: 8956: 8955: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8937: 8936:Tundra Nenets 8934: 8932: 8931:Forest Nenets 8929: 8928: 8927: 8924: 8920: 8917: 8912: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8898: 8894: 8893: 8892: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8882: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8875: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8857: 8845: 8844: 8840: 8838: 8837: 8836:Eastern Mansi 8833: 8831: 8830: 8829:Western Mansi 8826: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8816: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8785: 8779: 8776: 8775: 8773: 8771: 8767: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8734: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8706: 8700: 8697: 8691: 8687: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8665: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8625: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8603: 8599: 8597: 8596: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8584: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8564: 8559: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8541: 8537: 8536: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8503: 8500: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8491: 8488: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8464: 8461: 8455: 8454: 8450: 8448: 8447: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8427: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8408: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8396: 8395:Laiuse Romani 8392: 8391: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8384: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8362: 8358: 8351: 8346: 8344: 8339: 8337: 8332: 8331: 8328: 8321: 8313: 8308: 8304: 8299: 8296: 8292: 8287: 8284: 8280: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8262: 8259: 8255: 8250: 8246: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8227: 8224: 8222:3-87118-487-X 8218: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8184: 8179: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8150: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8132: 8129: 8127:951-45-9221-2 8123: 8119: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8093: 8092: 8087: 8079: 8074: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8059: 8056: 8052: 8047: 8044: 8040: 8035: 8032: 8028: 8023: 8020: 8016: 8011: 8008: 8004: 7999: 7996: 7992: 7987: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7976:Lehtinen 2007 7972: 7969: 7965: 7964:Lehtinen 2007 7960: 7957: 7953: 7948: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7932: 7929: 7925: 7919: 7916: 7912: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7895: 7892: 7888: 7887:Lehtinen 2007 7883: 7880: 7872: 7871: 7863: 7860: 7856: 7850: 7847: 7843: 7842:Lehtinen 2007 7838: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7827:Lehtinen 2007 7823: 7820: 7816: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7784: 7781: 7777: 7772: 7769: 7765: 7760: 7757: 7753: 7748: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7737:Janhunen 2007 7733: 7730: 7726: 7721: 7718: 7714: 7709: 7706: 7702: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7685: 7682: 7667: 7660: 7657: 7652: 7646: 7642: 7635: 7632: 7620: 7619: 7611: 7608: 7603: 7599: 7592: 7590: 7586: 7581: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7560: 7557: 7546:(81): 119–133 7545: 7541: 7537: 7530: 7527: 7522: 7516: 7512: 7505: 7502: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7487: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7474: 7473: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7415: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7372: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7314:In Livonian, 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7222: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7203: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7177: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7155: 7145: 7136: 7134: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7093: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7066: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7042: 7033: 7029: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6945: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6883: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6839: 6835: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6713: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6602:The clusters 6601: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6372: 6368: 6366: 6362: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6162:and Livonian 6161: 6157: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6120:"water" > 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5876:"to remember" 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5524: 5522: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5140:"luck"; Võro 5139: 5135: 5127: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5085: 5083: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5021: 4991: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4601: 4599:(Pre)-Finnic 4598: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4561: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4309:Negative verb 4308: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4254:*-te- (-de-) 4253: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4243:Infinitive I 4242: 4241: 4238: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4187:optative mood 4175: 4174: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4157:Third person 4156: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4138: 4136:First person 4135: 4134: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4098: 4097: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4077:Third person 4076: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4049:First person 4048: 4047: 4041: 4036: 4035: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3987:Optative mood 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3926:'your love', 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3884:'our boats'. 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3821:'my finger'. 3820: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3800:Laakso (2001) 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3773:*-hVk ~ *-sVk 3772: 3769: 3768: 3762: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3747: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3732: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3579:. Note that 3578: 3574: 3570: 3569:vowel harmony 3567:depending on 3566: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3506:"from (in)" ( 3505: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3246:*-sen (-hen) 3245: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3224:Being inside 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3202:*-ita (-ida) 3201: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3109:, accusative 3108: 3104: 3100: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2737: 2729: 2727: 2722: 2710: 2706: 2703:Estonian (as 2702: 2698: 2691: 2684: 2676: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2621:vowel harmony 2615:Vowel harmony 2614: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2576: 2569: 2567: 2560: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2541: 2534: 2527: 2520: 2509: 2507:Mid to close 2506: 2505: 2502: 2495: 2488: 2481: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2451: 2445: 2423: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2306: 2288: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2256: 2244: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2215: 2204: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2166: 2160: 2158: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1974:Strong grade 1973: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1829: 1822: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1800: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1751: 1749: 1742: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1721: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1621: 1608: 1597: 1590: 1581: 1570: 1559: 1552: 1545:Front vowels 1544: 1543: 1542: 1540: 1533:Transcription 1532: 1530: 1528: 1520: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1438:> Finnish 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1367:> Finnish 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1256:The clusters 1255: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1230:"to do" < 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1073:"bite"; < 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 922: 918: 914: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 870: 868: 864: 860: 857: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 827: 825: 821: 818: 816: 812: 809: 808: 806: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 784: 783:accordingly. 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 743: 739: 736: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 710: 707: 704: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 682: 681: 679: 674: 670: 667: 664: 660: 657: 654: 650: 647: 644: 640: 637: 636: 634: 629: 625: 622:remains, but 621: 617: 614: 610: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 586: 584: 580: 577: 572: 568: 565: 562: 558: 555: 554: 552: 549: 545: 542: 539: 535: 532: 531: 527: 525: 523: 519: 515: 510: 508: 506: 500: 479: 476: 475: 472: 467:500 BC–200 AD 454: 451: 450: 447: 432: 429: 428: 425: 410: 407: 406: 403: 391: 388: 387: 383: 371: 368: 367: 364: 358: 353: 349: 345: 341: 338: 335: 331: 327: 324: 321: 317: 313: 309: 306: 305: 304: 298: 296: 294: 290: 289:reconstructed 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 261: 257: 252:Reconstructed 249: 246: 243: 239: 234: 229: 220: 217: 202: 199: 191: 181: 177: 171: 170: 164: 159: 150: 149: 140: 130: 125: 121: 114: 104: 94: 87: 82: 73: 72: 67: 65: 58: 57: 52: 51: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 9038: 9013:Proto-Finnic 9012: 9003:Proto-Uralic 8984: 8977: 8970: 8952: 8909: 8895: 8888: 8879: 8872: 8841: 8834: 8827: 8755:Komi-Permyak 8627:Western Sámi 8600: 8593: 8581: 8575:Eastern Sámi 8538: 8451: 8444: 8437: 8393: 8381: 8311: 8302: 8290: 8278: 8269: 8265: 8253: 8230: 8212: 8202: 8193: 8189: 8171:, retrieved 8159: 8155: 8139: 8135: 8117: 8100: 8096: 8058: 8046: 8034: 8022: 8010: 7998: 7991:Laanest 1982 7971: 7959: 7952:Laanest 1982 7947: 7939: 7931: 7923: 7918: 7911:Laanest 1982 7906: 7899:Laanest 1982 7894: 7882: 7869: 7862: 7854: 7849: 7822: 7783: 7771: 7759: 7732: 7725:Itkonen 1949 7720: 7708: 7696: 7684: 7673:. Retrieved 7671:(in Finnish) 7659: 7640: 7634: 7623:. Retrieved 7617: 7610: 7601: 7597: 7565: 7559: 7548:. Retrieved 7543: 7539: 7529: 7510: 7504: 7489: 7485: 7483: 7476: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7416: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7360: 7356: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7338: 7334: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7313: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7240: 7235: 7231: 7224: 7220: 7218: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7157: 7153: 7151: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7094: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7079: 7071: 7064: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7043: 7031: 7027: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6887: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6833: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6804: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6784:, and often 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6723: 6715: 6711: 6710: 6704: 6700: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6595: 6593: 6587: 6583: 6576: 6575:merges with 6572: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6535: 6527: 6522: 6514: 6512: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6434: 6430: 6428: 6423: 6416: 6412: 6405: 6397: 6395: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6370: 6364: 6356: 6354: 6343: 6341: 6335: 6331: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6291: 6290:"five" > 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6206: 6204: 6194: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6153: 6148: 6147:merges into 6144: 6142: 6137: 6136:"fish" > 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6099: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6020: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5766: 5760: 5758: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5726: 5724: 5719: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5604: 5602: 5597: 5587: 5582: 5575: 5573: 5566: 5564: 5557: 5555: 5550: 5540: 5535: 5528: 5526: 5520: 5518: 5511: 5509: 5502: 5500: 5495: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5468: 5467: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5441: 5436: 5429: 5427: 5420: 5418: 5411: 5409: 5404: 5394: 5387: 5385: 5378: 5376: 5369: 5367: 5360: 5358: 5353: 5343: 5336: 5334: 5327: 5325: 5318: 5316: 5309: 5307: 5302: 5292: 5285: 5283: 5276: 5274: 5267: 5265: 5258: 5256: 5251: 5238: 5231: 5230: 5223: 5221: 5214: 5212: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5173:Proto-Finnic 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5125: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5092: 5087: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5022: 4989: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4878: 4874: 4872: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4557: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4519:"I didn't", 4516: 4509: 4502: 4497: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4403: 4398: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4360: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4236: 4227:*-tta-ko-hen 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4213:(the plural 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4176:Connegative 4171:-tta-ka-hen 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4099:Connegative 4020: 4016: 4011: 4004: 3965: 3962:Finite forms 3946: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882:venehe-mme-t 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3812: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3781: 3730:*-hVn, *-sVn 3680: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3637: 3627: 3623: 3621: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3554: 3542: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3503: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3405: 3399: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3360:Instructive 3318:Translative 3299:Other cases 3266:Being on/at 3252:Motion into 3186:*-ten (-den) 3143:Meaning/use 3123: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3030: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2845: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2821:and perhaps 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2740: 2733: 2730:Phonotactics 2720: 2719:merged into 2708: 2704: 2689: 2682: 2674: 2662: 2658: 2651: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2626: 2618: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2586: 2419: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2154: 2140: 2133: 2127: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2086: 2081: 2074: 2069: 2062: 2057: 2050: 2045: 2038: 2033: 2021: 2016: 2004: 1999: 1987: 1982: 1960: 1943: 1933: 1905:postalveolar 1864: 1632: 1625: 1536: 1524: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1481: 1477: 1471: 1467: 1461: 1457: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1313: 1309: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1251: 1247: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 920: 916: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 866: 858: 852: 848: 840: 836: 832: 828: 823: 819: 814: 810: 799: 795: 791: 790:"to walk" ~ 787: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 741: 737: 729: 725: 721: 717: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 672: 668: 662: 658: 652: 648: 642: 638: 627: 623: 619: 618:The cluster 612: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 582: 578: 570: 566: 560: 556: 547: 543: 537: 533: 511: 509: 507: 505: 445:1000 BC–1 AD 439:1500–1000 BC 411:Sammallahti 362: 339: 336:consonants). 330:Proto-Uralic 325: 307: 302: 293:Proto-Uralic 272: 269:Proto-Finnic 268: 267: 260:Proto-Uralic 231:Proto-Finnic 212: 194: 185: 166: 134: 120:ISO 639 code 116:}} 110:{{ 106:}} 100:{{ 96:}} 90:{{ 85: 61: 54: 48: 47:Please help 44: 18:Proto-Finnic 8979:Meshcherian 8914: [ 8900: [ 8722:Meadow Mari 8684: [ 8424: [ 8078:Viitso 1998 8051:Viitso 2000 8027:Setälä 1937 8015:Setälä 1937 7815:Laakso 2001 7752:Kallio 2007 7713:Kallio 2007 7689:Kallio 2007 7457:, Karelian 7056:merge with 6991:and either 6684:"cowshed", 6369:In Võro as 6317:"six" > 6209:(a form of 6143:Unstressed 6093:, ablative 6089:, adessive 6014:, ablative 6010:, adessive 5846:, Livonian 5821:, Livonian 5144:, Estonian 5136:, Estonian 4739:unstressed 4716:unstressed 4539:, Estonian 4278:*-pa (-ba) 3951:Proto-Samic 3940:tutkaime-si 3936:rakkaute-si 3892:poikaise-mi 3888:Old Finnish 3728:*-hA ~ *-sA 3717:*-ci ~ *-ti 3589:essive case 3545:"from on" ( 3519:*len, *lek? 3346:Comitative 3199:*-ta (-da) 3162:Accusative 3148:Nominative 2673:), so that 2361:'to find', 2157:monophthong 1977:Weak grade 1912:labiodental 1860:Approximant 1395:, Estonian 1379:> Votic 1174:*makatekate 1152:"be"; < 944:, genitive 936:and medial 863:assibilated 847:Word-final 498:1 AD–800 AD 461:1800–500 BC 423:1000–200 BC 417:...–1000 BC 398:400 BC–1 AD 334:palatalized 180:introducing 9066:Categories 9018:Proto-Sámi 8750:Komi-Yazva 8173:2010-05-05 8088:References 7788:Posti 1953 7776:Aikio 2012 7764:Posti 1953 7701:Posti 1953 7675:2022-06-04 7625:2022-06-04 7579:9517172486 7550:2022-06-03 7520:3447002484 7481:"bubble". 7429:"plough", 7026:with long 6854:*abuttadak 6722:In Votic, 6498:"family", 6458:(Karelian 6321:> Veps 6294:> Veps 6252:In Votic, 6085:, elative 6006:, elative 5887:— Finnish 5753:"to dare" 5399:"to take" 5086:The vowel 4617:"plague") 4316:suppletive 3932:tutkain-ti 3924:rakkaut-ti 3874:kädessä-än 3830:Orimattila 3806:for 3PP). 3786:(that is, 3597:separative 3338:*-itta(k) 3196:Partitive 3171:Complete ( 3083:"water"). 2918:("third") 2467:Back + *u 2461:Front + *u 2458:Front + *ü 2455:Front + *i 2422:diphthongs 2416:Diphthongs 2257:o, oo, (ë) 2124:obstruent. 1951:allophonic 1938:levels of 1928:unreleased 1781:Fricatives 1635:allophones 1622:Consonants 1343:(Estonian 1316:elsewhere. 1170:*magatkate 1164:(forms of 1097:(forms of 1069:(forms of 299:Background 163:references 50:improve it 9049:varieties 9041:indicate 8860:Samoyedic 8778:Hungarian 8717:Hill Mari 8668:Mordvinic 8540:Krevinian 8478:Meänkieli 8468:Fingelska 8168:0355-0230 8109:0355-0230 8063:Raun 1971 8039:Raun 1971 7940:Virittäjä 7540:Virittäjä 6690:*tadikkoi 6678:*naudetta 6510:"room"). 5714:"branch" 5592:"finger" 5545:"bottom" 5348:"to row" 5243:"silver" 4909:"water", 4826:"liver") 4790:"child") 4734:stressed 4702:stressed 4494:Livonian 4410:Karelian 4152:-ka-da/e 4128:Singular 4043:Imperfect 4029:Singular 3819:*sorme-mi 3692:Possessor 3468:Residing 3465:Entering 3335:*-tta(k) 3332:Abessive 3285:Allative 3271:Ablative 3257:Adessive 3243:Illative 3215:Inessive 3180:Genitive 3175:) object 2781:"louse", 2528:*eu (*ëu) 2464:Back + *i 1787:Voiceless 1762:Affricate 1705:Voiceless 1521:Phonology 1234:(Finnish 1222:(Finnish 1158:*volekate 1133:"second". 948:, essive 904:"leaf" ~ 716:E.g.: PU 608:"to eat". 452:2012–2014 433:Korhonen 401:1–1000 AD 372:Author(s) 188:June 2013 56:talk page 9008:homeland 8986:Muromian 8943:Nganasan 8788:Ob-Ugric 8649:Southern 8639:Northern 8524:Livonian 8502:Karelian 8389:Estonian 7425:"goat", 7113:Savonian 6983:or even 6884:Lenition 6848:Finnish 6818:is lost. 6807:becomes 6174:, Votic 5908:"four", 5883:, Votic 5864:, Votic 5809:, Votic 5787:, Votic 5676:"ditch" 5631:"house" 5185:Livonian 5179:Estonian 5148:"ring". 5059: : 5051: : 5043: : 5035: : 5027: : 5000: : 4953: : 4933: : 4917: : 4901:becomes 4689:"womb") 4513:Kodavere 4429:Ingrian 4223:-ttakoon 4211:*-ko-hen 4168:Passive 4163:-ka-hen 4160:-ka-hen 4113:*-a(k). 4091:Passive 3930: : 3922: : 3918:): e.g. 3862:käte-nsä 3817: : 3671:*-ime-na 3659:*-im(e)- 3619:("to"). 3547:ablative 3537:adessive 3535:) "on" ( 3523:allative 3521:"onto" ( 3498:inessive 3496:) "in" ( 3484:illative 3482:"into" ( 3471:Exiting 3229:Elative 3133:Singular 2994:kolmatta 2942:kolmatta 2916:kolmant- 2795:*kattila 2789:"pine"; 2783:*käü-däk 2736:trochaic 2510:*ei, *öi 2381:. Short 2174:neutral 2096:mb nd ŋg 1966:lenition 1936:phonemic 1916:bilabial 1699:Plosives 1660:Alveolar 1452:pin(n)e- 1436:*peneji- 1422:becomes 1232:*teketäk 1220:*näketäk 1127:*toicena 1115:*pesenüt 1111:*pesenen 1087:*purenut 1083:*purenen 1044:*puretak 959:between 892:"two" ~ 851:becomes 728:> PF 720:> PF 604:> PF 596:> PF 350:and the 285:Estonian 254:ancestor 137:May 2019 9039:Italics 8911:Karagas 8546:Kukkuzi 8490:Ingrian 8463:Finnish 8446:Kraasna 7423:*kapris 7421:. E.g. 7396:*pensas 7394:"lid", 6768:become 6694:talikko 6682:navetta 6482:, Võro 6462:, Võro 6178:, Võro 6170:, Veps 5982:"two", 5936:, Võro 5924:, Veps 5904:"two", 5872:, Veps 5870:muistaa 5866:mõissaa 5862:mõistma 5850:, Võro 5835:(Votic 5799:, Veps 5791:, Võro 5789:kõittši 5739:toht'ma 5734:tohtima 5720:*tohti- 5354:*votta- 5303:*souta- 5297:"hard" 5200:*hopëda 5191:Meaning 5188:Finnish 5105:, Võro 4935:-(i)se- 4931:-(i)nen 4913:"pig", 4754:"one") 4653:"cry") 4531:prefix 4442:elkkään 4389:älköhön 4131:Plural 4038:Present 4032:Plural 3928:tutkain 3920:rakkaus 3880:, e.g. 3776:*-nsVk 3765:*-ndVk 3750:*-nnVk 3735:*-nsVn 3667:*-im-na 3603:), and 3575:for an 3508:elative 3462:System 3416:*-a-den 3400:*-i-den 3352:*-inek 3324:*-iksi 3304:Essive 3277:*-ilta 3263:*-illa 3249:*-ihen 3235:*-ista 3221:*-issa 3188:*-iden 3140:ending 3135:ending 3117:became 3027:Grammar 2990:tuhatta 2971:-(t)ta- 2954:*-ntet- 2900:tuhatta 2879:tuhant- 2857:*laps-i 2799:*mëëkka 2791:*vasara 2787:*petägä 2531:/eu~ɤu/ 2367:*leütä- 2245:(ö), öö 1884:Lateral 1665:Palatal 1646: 1628:Voicing 1510:, Veps 1446:, Võro 1387:, Võro 1365:*munei- 1361:*munai- 1228:*tektäk 1216:*näktäk 1201:*lumeta 1162:maatkaa 1154:*olkade 1123:*toicna 1107:*pesnüt 1103:*pesnen 1079:*purnut 1075:*purnen 1040:*purdak 1032:*lošeta 1020:*vetetä 788:*käüdäk 732:"arrow" 722:*ńeele- 518:Estonia 455:Kallio 281:Finnish 176:improve 129:See why 8964:Others 8954:Yurats 8948:Selkup 8926:Nenets 8881:Koibal 8796:Khanty 8760:Udmurt 8737:Permic 8699:Moksha 8608:Kildin 8595:Kainuu 8583:Akkala 8374:Finnic 8241: 8219: 8166: 8124: 8107: 7857:, 2012 7647: 7576: 7517: 7459:kapris 7435:kauris 7431:*kakra 7412:pensas 7404:põõsas 7392:*kanci 7322:, and 7141:": --> 7039:/iːe̯/ 7035:/uːo̯/ 6877:*suδen 6850:auttaa 6513:Final 6476:venheˣ 6472:*veneh 6456:murheˣ 6452:*mureh 6439:sandhi 6396:Final 6355:Final 6319:*kuusi 6315:*kuuci 6292:*viisi 6288:*viici 6126:*neljä 6110:*kakci 6067:*keeli 6055:*peeni 6043:*suuri 6041:, but 6035:*viici 6027:*kakci 5988:aamuks 5978:(e.g. 5930:nel'l' 5910:*viici 5906:*neljä 5902:*kakci 5874:muštta 5797:kaikki 5749:tohtia 5744:tū'odõ 5551:*sormi 5496:*pohja 5490:"hay" 5446:"ear" 5405:*korva 5344:soutaa 5146:rõngas 5142:ryngas 5099:*velka 4919:*-ice- 4915:*-inen 4788:*lapci 4687:*koktu 4615:*kačku 4585:, and 4488:ougaha 4484:augaha 4480:algaha 4448:Votic 4404:elköön 4385:älköön 4302:*-ttu 4294:*-nut 4195:*-go-s 4179:-ga-k 4086:*-j-∅ 4083:*-βat 4008:copula 3896:luu-ni 3868:(< 3844:, 2PP 3815:*sormi 3794:) and 3763:*-ndVn 3720:*-nci 3709:*-nni 3665:(< 3655:-impa- 3617:lative 3571:, and 3515:Outer 3476:Inner 3414:(< 3389:*-t-en 3349:*-nek 3321:*-ksi 3310:*-ina 3274:*-lta 3260:*-lla 3232:*-sta 3218:*-ssa 3138:Plural 3069:kalada 3017:/-hr-/ 3005:*-str- 2981:> * 2979:*-ntt- 2975:kattaa 2973:> * 2967:kante- 2948:> * 2946:*-ntt- 2940:> * 2929:> * 2923:kolmas 2921:> * 2914:stem * 2906:> * 2904:*-ntt- 2898:> * 2892:> * 2884:> * 2877:stem * 2871:> * 2869:*-pst- 2865:las-ta 2863:> * 2472:Close 2410:*sewi- 2375:leida- 2371:*keüci 2359:löytä- 2151:Vowels 1811:Voiced 1731:Voiced 1677:Nasals 1655:Dental 1650:Labial 1444:penei- 1393:munnõ- 1385:munõi- 1377:munëi- 1280:, but 1226:) and 1208:*-ket- 1131:toinen 1119:toissa 1095:pessyt 1091:pessen 1067:purrut 1063:purren 1030:(< 1018:(< 950:-utena 910:*lešti 906:lehden 900:, but 898:*kakti 894:kahden 730:*nooli 718:*ńäli- 694:) and 602:*sewi- 594:*mexi- 548:*a...e 544:*ä...ä 522:Latvia 392:Décsy 384:Notes 165:, but 8972:Merya 8918:] 8904:] 8897:Taygi 8890:Mator 8874:Kamas 8868:Enets 8818:Mansi 8770:Ugric 8692:] 8676:Erzya 8613:Skolt 8589:Inari 8534:Votic 8517:Ludic 8512:Livvi 8453:Leivu 8439:Ludza 8433:Tartu 8428:] 8421:Mulgi 8186:(PDF) 8152:(PDF) 7874:(PDF) 7669:(PDF) 7496:Notes 7478:kupla 7472:kekri 7467:kakra 7447:kaber 7443:kaura 7427:*atra 7408:kansi 7359:> 7350:> 7337:> 7303:> 7286:> 7261:> 7243:> 7234:> 7211:> 7193:> 7171:> 6997:/iɑ̯/ 6993:/iæ̯/ 6989:/yæ̯/ 6985:/uɑ̯/ 6981:/iɛ̯/ 6977:/yœ̯/ 6973:/uɔ̯/ 6969:/ie̯/ 6965:/yø̯/ 6961:/uo̯/ 6873:*suci 6692:> 6680:> 6508:huone 6500:valhe 6496:perhe 6492:murhe 6488:vineq 6484:vineh 6480:veneh 6468:murõq 6464:murõh 6460:mureh 6390:-tsV- 6334:> 6176:tšülä 6156:*külä 6134:*kala 6128:> 6118:*veci 6112:> 6071:keeli 6069:> 6059:peeni 6057:> 6051:suuri 6045:> 6037:> 6029:> 6012:-l(l) 6004:-s(s) 5996:tulis 5992:talos 5958:viisi 5954:neljä 5950:kaksi 5942:nelli 5926:kaks' 5889:nummi 5885:nõmmi 5823:lānga 5815:lanka 5811:lõnka 5682:*oksa 5622:kuodā 5598:*kota 5588:sormi 5583:suoŗm 5541:pohja 5536:pū'oj 5455:*olki 5442:korva 5437:kūora 5395:ottaa 5252:*kova 5239:hopea 5176:Votic 5111:velka 5016:, as 4961:(but 4955:-dse- 4947:tsiga 4911:*cika 4907:*veci 4848:maksa 4824:maksa 4812:lapsi 4798:lats' 4752:*ükci 4712:kohtu 4651:*itku 4639:katku 4625:katsk 4545:eten- 4533:*epä- 4471:Veps 4465:älkoo 4461:elkoo 4423:elgäh 4419:elkäh 4262:*-ma 4225:< 4215:-koot 4209:< 4207:-koon 4199:*-ko- 4012:oldak 3957:Verbs 3914:< 3870:*-hen 3852:> 3826:Iitti 3760:*-tVk 3758:*-tVn 3745:*-mVk 3743:*-mVn 3733:*-nsA 3669:< 3663:-inna 3640:*-mpa 3533:*l+nA 3531:(< 3494:*s+nA 3492:(< 3451:outer 3444:inner 3393:*-den 3366:*-in 3307:*-na 3173:telic 3130:Case 3092:Cases 3081:vettä 3021:*-cr- 3013:*-sr- 3009:*-tr- 2998:-ntt- 2992:and * 2963:kansi 2961:root 2935:*-nci 2886:tuhat 2767:moras 2701:South 2697:North 2669:> 2593:*söö- 2589:*saa- 2406:*söö- 2391:*näko 2363:köysi 2353:from 2309:/uyo/ 2289:a, aa 2278:ä, ää 2266:, () 2234:e, ee 2216:u, uu 2205:ü, üü 2194:i, ii 2190:Close 2178:Front 2171:Front 1842:Trill 1770:/t͡s/ 1670:Velar 1613:(not 1600:/ʋ~w/ 1562:/t͡s/ 1547:/æøy/ 1508:ottaa 1496:võtma 1490:> 1480:> 1470:> 1460:> 1432:*peni 1414:> 1401:mune- 1373:muni- 1363:> 1357:*muna 1331:> 1323:> 1312:> 1302:> 1293:> 1276:> 1250:> 1244:well. 1236:tehdä 1224:nähdä 1212:*-kt- 1210:> 1197:lunta 1189:*-nt- 1172:< 1166:maata 1156:< 1146:olkaa 1125:< 1109:< 1099:pestä 1081:< 1071:purra 1042:< 1036:purra 1028:lohta 1016:vettä 946:-uden 919:> 908:< 902:lehti 890:kaksi 839:> 831:> 822:> 813:> 796:käydä 792:*kävi 767:> 759:> 740:> 726:*ńëli 698:> 686:> 671:> 661:> 651:> 641:> 606:*söö- 598:*möö- 569:> 559:> 546:> 536:> 480:Lang 8745:Komi 8709:Mari 8644:Pite 8634:Lule 8602:Kemi 8567:Sámi 8529:Veps 8473:Kven 8416:Võro 8411:Seto 8239:ISBN 8217:ISBN 8164:ISSN 8122:ISBN 8105:ISSN 7645:ISBN 7574:ISBN 7515:ISBN 7463:atra 7455:kaer 7451:ader 7439:aura 7400:kaas 7143:edit 7131:/ɔː/ 7099:and 7088:and 7075:/yː/ 7070:and 7068:/uː/ 7061:/iː/ 7052:and 7024:/je/ 7020:/wo/ 7007:and 6955:and 6900:and 6865:susi 6830:/ŋː/ 6772:and 6764:and 6753:and 6745:and 6737:and 6716:*d/δ 6712:*g/γ 6626:and 6614:and 6606:and 6596:*d/δ 6565:*b/β 6557:and 6546:*g/γ 6544:and 6542:*d/δ 6538:*b/β 6504:vene 6433:and 6386:-tV- 6264:and 6256:and 6245:and 6233:and 6180:külä 6172:külä 6168:kylä 6164:kilā 6160:küla 6138:kalā 6130:nēļa 6122:ve'ž 6114:kakš 6104:and 6075:keel 6063:peen 6047:suur 6039:viis 6031:kaks 5984:viis 5980:kaks 5946:viiś 5938:katś 5922:viis 5918:neli 5914:kaks 5881:nõmm 5856:sana 5852:syna 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