1308:
1307:
227:
but not in the other languages. Svan also includes a number of archaisms from the Proto-Kartvelian era, and therefore it is thought that Svan broke off from Proto-Kartvelian at a relatively early stage: the later Proto-Kartvelian stage (called
212:. The ablaut patterns of Proto-Kartvelian were better preserved in Georgian and (particularly) Svan than in either Mingrelian or Laz, in which new forms have been set up so that there is a single, stable vowel in each word element.
166:, and so it is thought that Proto-Kartvelian interacted with Indo-European at a relatively early date. This is reinforced by cognates with Indo-European, such as the Proto-Kartvelian *
1491:
1267:
174:
168:
112:. The existence of such a language is widely accepted by specialists in linguistics, who have reconstructed a broad outline of the language by
180:
845:
972:
223:(so, for instance, there were two forms of the pronoun "we": one that includes the listener and one that does not). This has survived in
982:
765:
1484:
755:
1578:
835:
672:
1516:
1416:
1260:
1193:
356:
346:
1588:
1477:
908:
825:
662:
597:
815:
745:
652:
153:
1198:
Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and
Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and a Proto-Culture
865:
735:
380:
370:
309:
129:
1253:
1148:
996:
898:
642:
632:
587:
888:
855:
577:
411:
401:
101:
1583:
1366:
1347:
1017:
694:
326:
125:
92:
72:
684:
567:
557:
163:
920:
725:
715:
453:
947:
519:
509:
1458:
1500:
1411:
1332:
1297:
1028:
1026:
1015:
994:
980:
970:
945:
918:
906:
896:
886:
863:
853:
843:
833:
823:
813:
785:
783:
773:
763:
753:
743:
733:
723:
713:
692:
682:
670:
660:
650:
640:
630:
609:
607:
595:
585:
575:
565:
555:
517:
507:
409:
399:
378:
368:
354:
344:
324:
307:
105:
30:
116:
the existing
Kartvelian languages against each other. Several linguists, namely Gerhard Deeters and
1548:
1521:
1404:
1371:
775:
448:
229:
205:
133:
1176:
706:
443:
113:
109:
42:
1526:
1430:
1376:
1342:
1337:
1276:
1229:
1209:
1201:
1189:
1171:
875:
548:
493:
468:
233:
197:
137:
81:
61:
1399:
1327:
1322:
1284:
1065:
Britannica, 15th edition (1986): Macropedia, "Languages of the World", "Caucasian languages"
463:
438:
1440:
1435:
1383:
931:
501:
458:
1239:
Studien zur
Rekonstruktion des Lautstandes der südkaukasischen Grundsprache XXXIV No. 3
1154:
1064:
338:
121:
1572:
1557:
1538:
1221:
1034:
802:
623:
237:
224:
201:
141:
117:
1543:
1531:
1421:
1038:
220:
209:
964:
301:
261:
389:
266:
796:
1023:
481:
219:
of Proto-Kartvelian is distinct on account of its category of inclusive–
1469:
1292:
542:
216:
159:
1245:
172:('breast'), and its possible relation to the Proto-Indo-European *
162:
patterns of Proto-Kartvelian are highly similar to those of the
1473:
1249:
1174:(January–March 1966). "A Typology of Common Kartvelian".
1214:
The system of sonants and ablaut in
Kartvelian languages
1241:(in German). Abhandlung für die Kunde des Morgenlandes.
1451:
1392:
1356:
1315:
1283:
1226:
Etymological
Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages
184:(warm) may also be related to Proto-Indo-European *
36:
26:
21:
108:, which was spoken by the ancestors of the modern
16:Reconstructed ancestor of the Kartvelian languages
1084:Gamkrelidze & Ivanov (1995), pp. 768, 774–776
196:The modern descendants of Proto-Kartvelian are
85:
65:
1485:
1261:
8:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1492:
1478:
1470:
1268:
1254:
1246:
429:
252:
1166:. Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität.
1128:
1126:
1050:
120:have also reconstructed a lower-level
18:
1093:Gamkrelidze & Machavariani (1965)
435:
260:
35:
7:
1037:. This distinction also existed in
14:
1111:Gamkrelidze (1966), p. 70, 73, 80
1306:
279:
1164:Kartwelische Wortschatzstudien
104:of the common ancestor of the
97:
77:
1:
1155:"Caucasian languages" section
1237:Schmidt, Karl Horst (1962).
431:Proto-Kartvelian consonants
178:('heart'). Proto-Kartvelian
154:Proto-Indo-European language
1212:; Machavariani, G. (1965).
132:, which is the ancestor of
37:Lower-order reconstructions
1605:
1216:(in Russian and Georgian).
1146:"Languages of the World".
1014:Distinction between plain
151:
1507:
1304:
1120:Gamkrelidze (1966), p. 70
963:
930:
916:
851:
795:
541:
500:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
275:
272:
265:
258:
102:linguistic reconstruction
86:
66:
54:Proto-Kartvelian language
1459:Georgian Knowledge (XXG)
254:Proto-Kartvelian vowels
1579:Agglutinative languages
1153:(15th ed.). 1986.
1149:Encyclopædia Britannica
192:Relation to descendants
164:Indo-European languages
1075:Klimov (1998), p. VIII
78:ts'inarekartveluri ena
27:Reconstruction of
1228:. Berlin / New York:
1200:. Berlin / New York:
1162:Fähnrich, H. (2002).
1132:Fähnrich (2002), p. 5
98:p'rot'okartveluri ena
1589:Kartvelian languages
1501:Kartvelian languages
1412:Kartvelian languages
136:languages (includes
106:Kartvelian languages
67:წინარექართველური ენა
31:Kartvelian languages
1372:Georgian Supplement
1102:Klimov (1998), p. X
432:
255:
87:პროტოქართველური ენა
1517:Proto-Georgian–Zan
1417:Proto-Georgian–Zan
430:
253:
130:Proto-Georgian-Zan
110:Kartvelian peoples
43:Proto-Georgian-Zan
1566:
1565:
1467:
1466:
1431:Georgian dialects
1377:Georgian Extended
1277:Georgian language
1230:Mouton de Gruyter
1202:Mouton de Gruyter
1012:
1011:
423:
422:
58:Common Kartvelian
50:
49:
1596:
1512:Proto-Kartvelian
1494:
1487:
1480:
1471:
1400:Proto-Kartvelian
1310:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1242:
1233:
1217:
1205:
1185:
1167:
1158:
1133:
1130:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1033:remains only in
1032:
1021:
1000:
986:
976:
951:
924:
912:
902:
892:
878:
869:
859:
849:
839:
829:
819:
805:
789:
779:
769:
759:
749:
739:
729:
719:
709:
698:
688:
676:
666:
656:
646:
636:
626:
613:
601:
591:
581:
571:
561:
551:
523:
513:
496:
489:
484:
477:
433:
415:
405:
384:
374:
360:
350:
330:
313:
256:
240:(Mingrelo-Laz).
99:
96:
89:
88:
79:
76:
69:
68:
22:Proto-Kartvelian
19:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1584:Proto-languages
1569:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1503:
1498:
1468:
1463:
1447:
1441:Judaeo-Georgian
1388:
1384:Mac OS Georgian
1352:
1311:
1302:
1279:
1274:
1236:
1220:
1210:Gamkrelidze, T.
1208:
1190:Gamkrelidze, T.
1188:
1172:Gamkrelidze, T.
1170:
1161:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1052:
1047:
874:
801:
705:
622:
547:
492:
487:
480:
475:
428:
251:
246:
194:
156:
150:
126:Proto-Karto-Zan
91:
71:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1602:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1571:
1570:
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1546:
1536:
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1534:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1504:
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1474:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1453:
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1446:
1445:
1444:
1443:
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1424:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1396:
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1390:
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1380:
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1369:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1234:
1218:
1206:
1186:
1168:
1159:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
991:
989:
987:
977:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
928:
927:
925:
915:
913:
903:
893:
883:
881:
879:
871:
870:
860:
850:
840:
830:
820:
810:
808:
806:
799:
793:
792:
790:
780:
770:
760:
750:
740:
730:
720:
710:
702:
701:
699:
689:
679:
677:
667:
657:
647:
637:
627:
619:
618:
616:
614:
604:
602:
592:
582:
572:
562:
552:
545:
539:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
514:
504:
498:
497:
490:
485:
478:
472:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
427:
424:
421:
420:
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406:
396:
394:
392:
386:
385:
375:
365:
363:
361:
351:
341:
335:
334:
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321:
319:
317:
315:
304:
298:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
278:
277:
274:
270:
269:
264:
259:
250:
247:
245:
242:
215:The system of
193:
190:
149:
146:
122:proto-language
48:
47:
46:
45:
38:
34:
33:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1601:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1299:
1298:Verb paradigm
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1035:Svan language
1030:
1025:
1019:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
992:
990:
988:
984:
978:
974:
968:
966:
962:
959:
957:
955:
953:
949:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
929:
926:
922:
914:
910:
904:
900:
894:
890:
884:
882:
880:
877:
873:
872:
867:
861:
857:
847:
841:
837:
831:
827:
821:
817:
811:
809:
807:
804:
800:
798:
794:
791:
787:
781:
777:
771:
767:
761:
757:
751:
747:
741:
737:
731:
727:
721:
717:
711:
708:
704:
703:
700:
696:
690:
686:
680:
678:
674:
668:
664:
658:
654:
648:
644:
638:
634:
628:
625:
621:
620:
617:
615:
611:
605:
603:
599:
593:
589:
583:
579:
573:
569:
563:
559:
553:
550:
546:
544:
540:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
521:
515:
511:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
483:
479:
474:
473:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
434:
425:
419:
417:
413:
407:
403:
397:
395:
393:
391:
388:
387:
382:
376:
372:
366:
364:
362:
358:
352:
348:
342:
340:
337:
336:
333:
328:
322:
320:
318:
316:
311:
305:
303:
300:
299:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
271:
268:
263:
257:
248:
243:
241:
239:
235:
232:) split into
231:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
191:
189:
187:
183:
182:
177:
176:
171:
170:
165:
161:
155:
147:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:Georgy Klimov
115:
111:
107:
103:
94:
83:
74:
63:
59:
55:
44:
41:
40:
39:
32:
29:
25:
20:
1532:Old Georgian
1511:
1422:Old Georgian
1348:Romanization
1238:
1225:
1213:
1197:
1181:
1175:
1163:
1151:: Macropedia
1147:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1039:Old Georgian
1013:
454:Postalveolar
214:
195:
185:
179:
173:
167:
157:
57:
53:
51:
1333:Calligraphy
1184:(1): 69–83.
965:Approximant
1573:Categories
1549:Mingrelian
1222:Klimov, G.
1194:Ivanov, V.
1140:References
426:Consonants
273:unrounded
206:Mingrelian
152:See also:
148:Influences
100:), is the
1522:Karto-Zan
1405:Karto-Zan
1393:Genealogy
803:voiceless
797:Fricative
624:voiceless
449:Retroflex
244:Phonology
230:Karto-Zan
221:exclusive
134:Karto-Zan
114:comparing
93:romanized
73:romanized
1527:Georgian
1367:Georgian
1363:Unicode
1357:Encoding
1343:Numerals
1338:Keyboard
1224:(1998).
1196:(1995).
1177:Language
1024:ejective
707:ejective
482:sibilant
444:Alveolar
339:Open-mid
276:rounded
234:Georgian
217:pronouns
198:Georgian
188:'warm'.
138:Georgian
82:Georgian
62:Georgian
1436:Adjaran
1328:Braille
1323:Scripts
1316:Writing
1293:Screeve
1285:Grammar
543:Plosive
494:lateral
488:central
469:Glottal
124:called
876:voiced
549:voiced
464:Uvular
439:Labial
249:Vowels
169:mḳerd-
160:ablaut
84::
64::
1452:Other
1045:Notes
1031:]
1027:[
1020:]
1016:[
999:]
995:[
985:]
981:[
975:]
971:[
950:]
946:[
932:Trill
923:]
919:[
911:]
907:[
901:]
897:[
891:]
887:[
868:]
864:[
858:]
854:[
848:]
844:[
838:]
834:[
828:]
824:[
818:]
814:[
788:]
784:[
778:]
774:[
768:]
764:[
758:]
754:[
748:]
744:[
738:]
734:[
728:]
724:[
718:]
714:[
697:]
693:[
687:]
683:[
675:]
671:[
665:]
661:[
655:]
651:[
645:]
641:[
635:]
631:[
612:]
608:[
600:]
596:[
590:]
586:[
580:]
576:[
570:]
566:[
560:]
556:[
522:]
518:[
512:]
508:[
502:Nasal
476:plain
459:Velar
414:]
410:[
404:]
400:[
383:]
379:[
373:]
369:[
359:]
355:[
349:]
345:[
329:]
325:[
312:]
308:[
302:Close
296:long
293:short
290:long
287:short
284:long
281:short
262:Front
181:*ṭep-
175:ḱerd-
56:, or
1558:Svan
1022:and
766:t͡ɬʼ
756:t͡ʃʼ
746:t͡ʂʼ
742:c̣₁
736:t͡sʼ
390:Open
306:(i
267:Back
236:and
225:Svan
208:and
202:Svan
186:tep-
158:The
140:and
52:The
1544:Laz
1539:Zan
895:z₁
842:lʿ
822:s₁
782:q̇
762:ɬʼ
752:č̣
732:c̣
673:t͡ʃ
663:t͡ʂ
659:c₁
653:t͡s
598:d͡ʒ
588:d͡ʐ
584:ʒ₁
578:d͡z
408:ā
398:a
377:ō
367:o
353:ē
343:e
323:(u
238:Zan
210:Laz
144:).
142:Zan
128:or
1575::
1192:;
1182:42
1180:.
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