1885:", Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie der Wissenschaften, LX, Viena, 1869; R. Roesler in "Romänische Studien" ("Romanian Studies"), Leipzig, 1871; Al. Rosetti in "Istoria limbii române" ("History of the Romanian Language", Bucharest, 1986; D. Russo in "Elenismul în România" ("Hellenism in Romania"), Bucharest, 1912.; B. P. Hasdeu in "Strat și substrat. Genealogia popoarelor balcanice" ("Stratum and Substratum: Genealogy of the Balkan Peoples"), Analele Academiei Române, Memoriile secțiunii literare, XIV, Bucharest, 1892; A. D. Xenopol in "Une énigme historique. Les Roumains au Moyen Âge" ("An historic enigma: the Romanians of the Middle Ages"), Paris, 1885 and "Istoria românilor" ("History of the Romanians"), I, Iași, 1888; H. Zilliacus in "Zum Kampf der Weltsprachen im oströmischen Reich" ("To the struggle of world languages in the Eastern Roman Empire"), Helsinki, 1935; R. Vulpe in "Histoire ancienne de la Dobroudja" ("Ancient history of Dobrugea"), Bucharest, 1938; C. Popa-Lisseanu in "Limba română în izvoarele istorice medievale" ("The Romanian language in the sources of medieval history"), Analele Academiei Române. Memoriile secțiunii literare, 3rd series, IX, 1940. Lot 1946; G. I. Brătianu in "Une énigme et un miracle historique: le peuple roumain" ("An enigma and an historic miracle: the Romanian people"), Bucharest, 1942; etc.
1895:
lateinischen
Sprache über Italien und Provinzen des Römischen Reiches" ("The propagation of the Latin language in Italy and the provinces of the Roman Empire"), Berlin, 1881; D. Onciul: "Teoria lui Roesler" ("Rosler's Theory") in "Convorbiri literare", XIX, Bucharest, 1885; C. Jireček in "Geschichte der Bulgaren" ("History of the Bulgarians"), Prague, 1876; Ovide Densusianu: "Histoire de la langue roumaine" ("History of the Romanian language"), I, Paris, 1901; P. Mutafčief: "Bulgares et Roumains dans l'histoire des pays danubiens" ("Bulgarians and Romanians in the history of the Danubian lands"), Sofia, 1932; F. Lot: "La langue de commandement dans les armées romaines et le cri de guerre français au Moyen Âge" ("The language of command in the Romanian armies and the French war cry in the Middle Ages") in volume "Mémoires dédiés à la mémoire de
2026:„Preciziunea povestirii lui Teofilact nu a fost până acum luată în seamă așa cum trebuie. Totuși reiese clar din aceste rânduri: 1) că cuvântul întrebuințat de însoțitorii stăpânului catârului nu era chiar același cu cuvântul pe care oștenii și-au închipuit că-l aud și 2) că, pe când în gura tovarășilor lui cuvântul însemna doar «întoarce-te», ε ς τo πίσω τραπέσθαι, așa cum susțin cu bună dreptate mai toți cercetătorii români, în schimb cuvântul așa cum l-au înțeles ostașii însemna «înapoi, la stânga împrejur», precum și-au dat seama tot cu bună dreptate Jireček și alți învățați, fiind, prin urmare, după chiar mărturia Strategikon-ului așa-zis al împăratului Mauriciu, un cuvânt din graiul oștirilor bizantine"
2028:("The precision of Theophylactus' story has still not been given the account it deserves. Everything follows clearly from these lines: 1) that the word employed the guides of the master of the mules was not even the same as the word the soldiers thought they heard and 2) that, although in the mouth of their comrade the word meant merely "turn around, ε ς τo πίσω τραπέσθαι, just as all the Romanian researchers still sustain, instead the word as understood by the soldiers meant "turn back, left about!", according to what Jireček and other scholars have correctly understood, being, through its consequences, after even the witness of the Strategikon so in this manner by the emperor
1120:
953:
great agitation in the army, and started a flight to the rear, because the shout was known to the crowd: the same words were also a signal, and it seemed to mean "run", as if the enemies had appeared nearby more rapidly than could be imagined. There was a great turmoil in the host, and a lot of noise; all were shouting loudly and goading each other to turn back, calling with great unrest in the language of the country "torna, torna", as a battle had suddenly started in the middle of the night.
132:
1936:"Într-o regiune foarte aproape de Haemus, unde se găsesc nume romanice precum Kalvumuntis (calvos montes), unul dintre soldații retrași din cel mai apropiat ținut primejduit strigă «în limba locului» (ἐπιχωρίᾳ τε γλώττῃ) unui camarad care-și pierduse bagajul «retorna» sau «torna, fratre»; datorită asemănării cu unul din termenii latinești obișnuiți de comandă, strigătul e înțeles greșit și oastea, de teama unui dușman ivit pe neașteptate, se risipește prin văi".
2049:("Thus, the terms from above belong to the language of the romanized population, that is, the Romanian language in the process of development, as has long been sustained by some scholars and, among them, A. Philippide, who gave the Romanian translation to the respective passages, guided by a convincing commentary. The terms coincide with homonymic terms or very close from the Latin language, and from that caused panic in those nearby who heard it.")
2088:"Reieșe din aceasta în chip limpede și cu totul neîndoielnic că cel puțin pentru catârgiu și pentru tovarășii lui vorba torna era un cuvânt din graiul lor – la fel cu siguranță și φράτρε – pe când la urechile și în gura oștenilor apărea, cum dovedește Strategikon-ul, ca un cuvânt ostășesc de poruncă. . Cu alte cuvinte, chiar dacă oastea nu a fost alcătuită din băștinași, se aflau împreună cu ea oameni care vorbeau o limbă romanică"
3575:
2047:„Așadar, termenii de mai sus aparțineau limbii populației romanizate, adică limbii române în devenire, după cum au susținut mai demult unii cercetători și, printre ei, A. Philippide, care a dat traducerea românească a pasajelor respective, însoțită de un comentariu convingător. Termenii coincid cu termenii omonimi sau foarte apropiați din limba latină, și de aceea ei au provocat panică în împrejurarea amintită."
599:
732:
887:
2000:("But it seems that Jireček hadn't read the whole page of description by Theophylactos and Theophanes." There one sees clearly that they it wasn't made as a term of command, because a soldier addressed a comrade of his with the words "turn back" or "turn, turn, brother" to draw his attention to the fact that the burden was disturbed on the back of an animal")
1984:, which also could have been the word that turned back someone who ran away, understood it as a word of the language of the country, of the language of the place, because only Theophylactos says clearly that 'everyone shouted it from mouth to mouth the gave one another the impetus to turn around, yelling with great concern in the language of the country:
1877:("History of the Transalpine Dacians"), II, Vienna, 1781; G. Șincai in "Hronica românilor și a mai multor neamuri" ("Chronicle of the Romanians and of many more peoples", I, Iași, 1853; C.Tagliavini in "Le origini delle lingue neolatine" ("The origins of the Neo-Latin languages"), Bologna, 1952; W. Tomaschek in "Über Brumalia und Rosalia" ("Of
1978:„Armata, dacă a înțeles rău cuvântul torna, ca și cum ar fi fost vorba că trebuie să se întoarcă cineva să fugă, l-a înțeles ca un cuvânt din limba țării, din limba locului, căci doar Theophylactos spune lămurit că «toți strigau cât îi ținea gura și se îndemnau unul pe altul să se întoarcă, răcnind cu mare tulburare în limba țării: retorna»"
1998:„Dar se pare că Jireček n-a cetit pagina întreagă a descripției din Theophylactos și Theophanes. Acolo se vede lămurit că n-avem a face cu un termin de comandă, căci un soldat s-a adresat unui camarad al său cu vorbele retorna ori torna, torna, fratre, pentru a-l face atent asupra faptului că s-a deranjat sarcina de pe spatele unui animal"
2082:("was a live word in the Eastern Romanic population and could have been reckoned as the oldest utterance of the Old Romanian language; the same also for φράτρε . But still, the Byzantine army retained this word with the sense of "turn back", "left about", as had deluded the soldiers of Comentiolus, putting them to flight")
2080:"era un cuvânt viu din graiul populației romanice răsăritene și poate fi socotit ca cea mai veche urmă de limbă străromână; la fel ca și φράτρε . Dar tot atunci se păstra în armata bizantină același cuvânt cu înțelesul de «înapoi», «stânga împrejur», ceea ce a amăgit pe oștenii lui Comentiolus, punându-i pe fugă"
1912:
in "Die „Familie" der Könige im
Mittelalter" ("The 'family' of the king in the Middle Ages"), „Historisches Jahrbuch" ("Historical Yearbook"), 1940, p. 397–420; and M. Gyóni in "Az állitólagos legrégibb román nyelvemlék (= "Das angeblich älteste rumänische Sprachdenkmal", "The allegedly oldest spoken
2094:
was a word in their own dialect – as certainly was φράτρε – which when it appeared in the ears and mouths of the soldiers, as the
Strategikon proves, was a soldiers word of command. . In other words, even if the army had not been made up of natives, it would turn out that those men spoke a Romanic
1866:
Johann
Thunmann: "Untersuchungen über die Geschichte der östlichen europäischen Völker" ("Investigations into the histories of eastern European peoples"), 1. Theil, Leipzig, 1774, p. 169–366.: "Gegen das Ende des sechsten Jahrhunderts sprach man schon in Thracien Wlachisch" ("Towards the end of the
975:
A beast of burden had thrown off his load, and somebody yelled to his master to reset it, saying in the language of their parents/of the land: "torna, torna, fratre". The master of the animal didn't hear the shout, but the people heard him, and believing that they are attacked by the enemy, started
952:
a beast of burden had shucked off his load. It happened as his master was marching in front of him. But the ones who were coming from behind and saw the animal dragging his burden after him, had shouted to the master to turn around and straighten the burden. Well, this event was the reason for a
1894:
This view had proponents such as J. L. Pić in "Über die
Abstammung den Rumänen" ("On the descent of the Romanians"), Leipzig, 1880; J. Jung in "Die romanischen Landschaften des römischen Reiches" ("Romanian landscapes of the Roman Empire"), Innsbruck, 1881; A. Budinszky in "Die Ausbreitung der
1032:
in
Theophylactus text: the shouting to get the attention of the master of the animal (in the language of the country), and the misunderstanding of this by the bulk of the army as a military command (due to the resemblance with the Latin military command). Iorga considers the army to have been
1876:
This view, which suggested that the expression should be taken as such: the language of the country and the language of their fathers/of the natives, thus being a sample of
Romanian was supported by historians and philologists such as F. J. Sulzer in "Geschichte des transalpinischen Daciens"
980:
The first to identify the excerpts as examples of early
Romanian was Johann Thunmann in 1774. Since then, a debate among scholars had been going on to identify whether the language in question is a sample of early Romanian, or just a Byzantine command (of Latin origin, as it appears as
1344:
Comparatively, the dialects show a large number of loanwords from Slavic languages, including loanwords from Slavic languages spoken before the 9th century, at the stage before
Aromanian, Daco-Romanian, and Megleno-Romanian separated. Of these words a few examples are:
1058:
should not be understood as a solely military command term, because it was, as supported by chronicles, a word "of the country", as by the year 600, the bulk of the
Byzantine army was raised from barbarian mercenaries and the Romanic population of the Balkan Peninsula.
360:
781:
considers the 5th century as the latest time that the differences between Balkan Latin and western Latin could have appeared, and that between the 5th and 8th centuries, the new language, Romanian, switched from Latin speech, to a vernacular Romance idiom, called
776:
period of the language is usually delimited between the 2nd century (or earlier via cultural influence and economic ties) and the 6th or the 7th century. It is divided, in turn, into two periods, with the division falling roughly in the 3rd to 4th century. The
1938:("In a region very close to Haemus, where one finds Romanic names such as Kalvumuntis (calvos montes), one of the soldiers retreated from the nearest endangered land shouts 'in the local language' (ἐπιχωρίᾳ τε γλώττῃ) to a comrade who had lost his baggage
2122:
was a word in the live dialect of the local population") "e cert că cei din jur l-au interpretat ca «întoarce-te», dacă nu erau soldați (și termenul folosit de Theophanes ne face să credem că nu erau), sau ca «stânga-mprejur», dacă erau
1946:("turn back" or "turn, brother"); given the similarity to one of the customary Latin terms of command, the shout is misunderstood and the host, fearing that an enemy had unexpectedly appeared, disperses through the haze." Nicolae Iorga,
1127:
The comparative analysis of Romance languages shows that certain changes that occurred from Latin to Common Romanian are particular to it or shared only with a limited number of other Romance languages. Some of these changes are:
836:
period. A different view holds that Common Romanian, despite the early split of Aromanian, continued to exist until the thirteenth or fourteenth century when all the southern dialects became distinct from the northern one.
1062:
Starting from the second half of the 20th century, many Romanian scholars consider it a sample of early Romanian language, a view with supporters such as Al. Rosetti (1960), Petre Ș. Năsturel (1956) and I. Glodariu (1964).
2086:("made up part of the so-called το⋅λδον , which includes pack-saddles, servants and draft cattle. Even those were natives, in the broad sense of the word ; they formed part of the Eastern Latinity of the 6th century")
1045:(the "language of the country"/"language of their parents/of the natives") —and of Byzantines (a mélange of ethnicities using Byzantine words of Latin origin as official command terms, as attested in the Strategikon).
2084:"făceau parte din așa-zisul το⋅λδον, care cuprindea samarele, slugile și vitele de povară. Măcar ei erau băștinași, în sensul larg al cuvântului ; ei făceau parte din latinitatea răsăriteană din veacul al VI-lea"
2114:"În legatura cu «torna, torna, fratre»" in „Acta Musei Napocensis", I, Cluj, 1964: „din oameni care transportau bagajele armatei, rechiziționați cu acest scop și, în sens larg al cuvântului, erau localnici"
2660:
735:
The Roman Empire in 337 AD after the conquests of emperor Constantine the Great. Roman territory is dark purple, Constantine's conquests in Dacia are shaded dark purple, and Roman dependencies are light
2125:("It is certain those nearby interpreted it as "turn around", if they weren't soldiers (and the term used by Theophanes does not make us believe they were), or as "left about!", if they were soldiers")
788:. The nature of the contact between Latin and the substrate language(s) is considered to be similar to the contact with local languages in other parts incorporated in the Roman Empire and the number of
803:
In the ninth century, Proto-Romanian already had a structure very distinct from the other Romance languages, with major differences in grammar, morphology and phonology and already was a member of the
2010:„Ca să ne rezumăm părerea, cuvântul spus catârgiului era un termen viu, din graiul însoțitorilor lui, sunând aproape la fel cu cuvântul torna din terminologia de comandă a armatei bizantine"
719:
share with each other their main language innovations comparative to Vulgar Latin on one hand, and distinctive from the other Romance languages on the other, according to Romanian linguist
417:
2653:
3486:
2074:, II, Sofia, 1966: Petre Ș. Năsturel "Torna, torna, fratre. O problemă de istorie și de lingvistică" ("Torna, torna, fratre: a problem in the history of linguistics") in
1524:
3611:
2510:
2436:
2646:
2018:„nimic nu este mai natural decât a conchide, cum au făcut toți înainte de Jireček, că vorbele torna, retorna, fratre sunt cuvinte românești din veacul al șaselea"
1088:– "to pour"). However, in older or early Romanian, the verb also had the sense of "to return or come back", and this sense is also still preserved in the modern
3496:
3438:
290:
1181:), dated around the fifth century in general, did not occur around this time in Common Romanian (and Dalmatian), and took place after the delabialization of
627:
3106:
1144:
following the Western Romance scheme. This produces a six-vowel system (contrast the Sardinian five-vowel system and Western Romance seven-vowel system).
1578:
1490:
Substrate words are preserved at different levels in the four dialects. Daco-Romanian has 89, Aromanian 66. Megleno-Romanian 48, and Istro-Romanian 25.
3616:
3560:
764:. From the 2nd century AD, the Latin spoken in the Danubian provinces starts to display its own distinctive features, separate from the rest of the
1148:
2012:("To sum up the opinion, the word spoken to the mule driver was a live term, from the dialect of their guide, being almost the same as the word
2238:
1774:
1679:
A. B. Černjak "Vizantijskie svidetel'stva o romanskom (romanizirovannom) naselenii Balkan V–VII vv; "Vizantijskij vremennik", LIII, Moskva, 1992
796:
elements retained from the substrate is relatively small despite some ongoing contact with languages closely related to the original substrate,
824:
In the tenth century or some earlier time, Common Romanian split into two geographically separated groups. One was in the northern part of the
2008:("The army about which they are speaking in these passages was raised in part in the Haemus mountains in the Romanized Thracian territory.")
2578:
2494:
2420:
2379:
2339:
2298:
2258:
2116:("among the men who transported the army's baggage, requisitioned with such a scope and, in the broad sense of the word, they were locals")
1833:
1794:
1698:
1621:
3454:
2550:
Barbu, Violeta (2007). "Torna, torna, fratre: la più antica attestazione della lingua romena?". In: Luca, Cristian; Masi, Gianluca (eds).
3170:
2745:
2330:(2013). "Geography and distribution of the Romance languages in Europe". In Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (eds.).
832:
branch of Common Romanian presumably was spoken. This is sometimes considered the upper end of the language, leading into the separate
3601:
507:
402:
1757:
1727:
2552:
L'Europa Centro-Orientale e la Penisola italiana. Quattro secoli di rapporti e influssi intercorsi tra Stati e civiltà (1300-1700)
3346:
620:
412:
392:
219:
3099:
2006:„armata despre care se vorbește în aceste pasaje opera în părțile de răsărit ale muntelui Haemus pe teritoriu thrac romanizat"
3445:
149:
3460:
3391:
2004:("The bulk of the Byzantine army was formed of mercenary barbarians and of the Romanic population of the Balkan Peninsula")
1786:
517:
397:
703:) between the 6th or 7th century AD and the 10th or 11th centuries AD. The evidence for this can be found in the fact that
2601:
2280:
1959:
A. Keramopoullos (A. Κεραμóπουλλου): "Τ ε ναι ο Kουτσóβλαχ" ("Who are the Aromanians"), Athens, 1939: "moreover, the term
941:
531:
468:
436:
345:
3491:
808:
497:
444:
365:
340:
131:
83:
756:
tribes which were on the edge of the sphere of Latin influence, eventually resulting in the possible extinction of the
3555:
3368:
3153:
2727:
613:
512:
502:
487:
111:
1815:
995:
used as a colloquial form of address between the Byzantine soldiers. The main debate revolved around the expressions
248:
1119:
3579:
3401:
3396:
3092:
215:
164:
2090:("The result of this clearly and without the least doubt, is that for the muleteer and for his comrades, the word
1913:
evidence of the Romanian language")", „Egyetemes Philologiai Közlöny (Archivum Philologicum)", LXVI, 1942, p. 1–11
3234:
2951:
2670:
2565:(in French). Vol. 5: Geschichte und Architektur der Sprachen. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 373–374.
1479:
1444:
1409:
1374:
1263:
1247:
864:
852:
833:
712:
46:
3606:
3318:
233:
2002:"Grosul armatelor bizantine era format din barbari mercenari și din populația romanică a Peninsulei Balcanice"
3517:
3239:
2994:
2060:"Quelques mots de plus à propos de «torna, torna» de Théophylacte et de «torna, torna, fratre» de Théophane"
1825:
1471:
1436:
1401:
1366:
1331:
1275:
1267:
1251:
1220:
870:
716:
579:
559:
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310:
243:
228:
201:
191:
3165:
2774:
1519:
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1207:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1163:
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986:
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387:
238:
93:
3550:
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761:
355:
253:
159:
141:
88:
1570:
3143:
957:
Nearly two centuries after Theophylactus, the same episode is retold by another Byzantine chronicler,
948:, against the Avars. The success of the campaign was compromised by an incident during a night march:
3422:
3180:
2779:
2756:
1049:
958:
905:
335:
330:
277:
258:
178:
2841:
1857:
Theophanis Chronographia, I, Anno 6079 (587), 14–19, ed. De Boor, Leipzig, 1883; cf. FHDR 1970: 604.
1661:"Istoria limbii române" ("History of the Romanian Language"), II, Academia Română, Bucharest, 1969;
1514:
895:
745:
492:
449:
3335:
3328:
3229:
3131:
2890:
2886:
2538:
2504:
2430:
1882:
1455:
1420:
1385:
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1259:
1089:
858:
829:
769:
708:
379:
295:
120:
3175:
2750:
1556:
Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'16)
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3323:
3158:
3148:
3123:
3115:
2808:
2722:
2700:
2696:
2574:
2490:
2416:
2375:
2335:
2294:
2254:
2029:
1829:
1790:
1753:
1723:
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1617:
1463:
1428:
1393:
1358:
1304:
1255:
1230:
1133:
844:
804:
797:
765:
704:
688:
644:
2250:
3532:
3432:
3406:
3270:
3255:
3136:
2824:
2638:
2588:
Saramandu, Nicolae (2002). ""Torna, torna, fratre" et la romanité orientale au VIe siècle".
2566:
2286:
2246:
1782:
1649:
1587:
840:
According to the theory, it evolved into the following modern languages and their dialects:
778:
672:
154:
1048:
This view was later supported by the Greek historian A. Keramopoulos (1939), as well as by
3372:
2020:("Nothing is more natural than to conclude, as did everyone since Jireček, that the words
1963:, betraying the familiarity of the comrades, dismissed the possibility of a military term"
1636:
Al. Rosetti: "Istoria limbii române" ("History of the Romanian Language"), Bucharest, 1986
692:
407:
285:
2370:
Schulte, Kim (2009). "Loanwords in Romanian". In Haspelmath, Martin; Tadmor, Uri (eds.).
1909:
1848:
Theophylacti Simocattae Historiae, II, 15, 6–9, ed. De Boor, Leipzig, 1887; cf. FHDR 1970
1689:
Schulte, Kim (2009). "Loanwords in Romanian". In Haspelmath, Martin; Tadmor, Uri (eds.).
1233:- it retained the intervocalic stops intact. It also showed greater conservatism toward
821:, but no Hungarian and Turkish words, as these peoples had yet to arrive in the region.
3313:
3265:
3260:
1271:
603:
350:
263:
17:
3595:
3223:
3198:
2867:
2327:
1896:
1023:
848:
793:
757:
1170:
in word-initial position or after a consonant, without giving rise to a new phoneme.
3364:
3356:
2683:
2622:
2605:
1652:, responsible editors: Iorgu Iordan, Alexandru Graur, Ion Coteanu, Bucharest, 1983;
1509:
1499:
1226:
resistance to syncope - Common Romanian kept all the syllables from the Latin word.
818:
773:
676:
300:
2482:
Aromanian, Megleno-Romanians, and Istro-Romanians: Aspects of Identity and Culture
2408:
Aromanian, Megleno-Romanians, and Istro-Romanians: Aspects of Identity and Culture
744:, and similar to the case of other conquered civilisations (see, for example, how
2558:
2355:
1819:
2561:(1981). "À propos de: Torna, Torna Fratre". In Schlieben-Lange, Brigitte (ed.).
2175:
1548:
945:
731:
720:
305:
196:
2570:
1504:
749:
741:
684:
544:
2290:
920:
Referring to this time period, of great debate and interest is the so-called
3527:
3512:
753:
680:
584:
1591:
3203:
2872:
1878:
569:
564:
549:
2542:
2529:
Baldwin, Barry (1997). "'Torna, Torna, Phrater' : What Language?".
3427:
3295:
2360:, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-19-964492-6, page 4
825:
789:
574:
554:
56:
2472:
Aromâni, Meglenoromâni și Istroromâni: Aspecte identitare și culturale
2398:
Aromâni, Meglenoromâni și Istroromâni: Aspecte identitare și culturale
1132:
reorganization of the Latin vowel system - Common Romanian followed a
1073:
1014:
1002:
700:
696:
3084:
1899:" ("Memoirs dedicated to the memory of Félix Grat"), I, Paris, 1946;
1787:
10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-471
1670:
I. Fischer, "Latina dunăreană" ("Danubian Latin"), Bucharest, 1985.
1281:
Of the features that are found in all four dialects, inherited from
2332:
The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages, Volume II: Contexts
2213:
1158:, which appeared as early as the 2nd–3rd centuries AD, resulted in
3352:
3301:
2679:
2189:
2161:
1314:
1282:
730:
539:
186:
2606:""Torna, torna, fratre" et la romanité balkanique au VI-e siècle"
3306:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
1340:
nominal declension with two case forms in the singular feminine.
3088:
2642:
2118:„torna era un cuvânt din graiul viu al populației băștinașe" ("
940:. The context of this mention is a Byzantine expedition during
880:
828:
and the other one was in the south of the peninsula where the
27:
Comparatively reconstructed ancestor of the Romanian languages
2469:
Berciu-Drăghicescu, Adina (coord.), Frățilă, Vasile (2012).
2395:
Berciu-Drăghicescu, Adina (coord.), Frățilă, Vasile (2012).
1076:), in modern Romanian, the corresponding or descendant term
1098:
and in some derived words in modern Romanian (for example:
2372:
Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook
2147:
1926:("History of the Romanians"), II, Bucharest, 1936, p. 249.
1867:
sixth century, someone already spoke in Tracian Vlachish")
1691:
Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook
2489:]. Editura Universității din București. p. 678.
2415:]. Editura Universității din București. p. 679.
2016:
from the terminology of command of the Byzantine army.")
1285:
or subsequently developed, of particular importance are:
1053:
1027:
990:
966:
935:
921:
2127:„exista o verigă sigură între lat. frater și rom. frate"
817:(body, flesh), as well as some Greek language loans via
1722:]. Editura Fundaţiei România de Mâine. p. 62.
2285:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 260.
1549:"A computational perspective on the Romanian dialects"
760:
language, but traces of it are still preserved in the
1648:("Dictionary of the Romanian Language, new series"),
1040:
1034:
1026:'s first noticing in 1905 of the duality of the term
1008:
996:
418:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
2214:"Dex răsturna, rasturna, definiţie răsturna, dex.ro"
1140:
following the Sardinian scheme but the front vowels
1067:
3543:
3505:
3469:
3415:
3379:
3344:
3248:
3216:
3191:
3122:
3050:
3043:
3025:
3011:
3004:
2993:
2975:
2961:
2950:
2924:
2898:
2885:
2855:
2833:
2817:
2801:
2794:
2767:
2738:
2715:
2708:
2695:
2062:("Those words more appropriate than Theophylactus'
2041:Al. Rosetti, "Despre torna, torna, fratre" ("About
74:
63:
52:
42:
32:
1950:("History of the Romanians"), II, Bucharest, 1936.
2623:"Glose si comentarii la torna, retorna si fratre"
2190:"Dex înturna, inturna, definiţie înturna, dex.ro"
1750:An English-Aromanian (Macedo-Romanian) Dictionary
2334:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 283–334.
2032:, a word in the dialect of the Byzantine army.")
1720:Introduction to the History of Romanian Language
1082:now means "pour" (a conjugated form of the verb
1313:analytic future with an auxiliary derived from
1093:
973:
950:
2239:"The Early History of Romance Palatalizations"
1616:]. Editura Pro Universitaria. p. 33.
1083:
1077:
812:
807:. It already contained around a hundred loans
783:
666:
656:
3100:
2654:
1547:Ciobanu, Alina Maria; Dinu, Liviu P. (2016).
1525:Albanian–Eastern Romance linguistic parallels
1019:– Theophanes), and what they actually meant.
740:The Roman occupation led to a Roman-Thracian
621:
8:
2509:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2435:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2282:Romance Languages: A Historical Introduction
2024:are Romanian words from the 6th century.")
1980:("The army, if it understood badly the word
1976:("Origin of the Romanians"), I, Iași, 1925:
1206:, and the diphthongization of Proto-Romance
1123:Vowel changes from Latin to Common Romanian.
1022:An important contribution to the debate was
2313:
2243:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
2148:"Dex turna, turna, definiţie turna, dex.ro"
1779:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
1646:Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă
1246:Collectively described as languages of the
1219:diphthong was retained and later underwent
944:in 587, led by general Comentiolus, in the
894:It has been suggested that this section be
3188:
3107:
3093:
3085:
3047:
3008:
3001:
2958:
2895:
2798:
2712:
2705:
2661:
2647:
2639:
2176:"Societatea Culturală Aromână – Dicționar"
1743:
1741:
1739:
768:, including those of the western Balkans (
628:
614:
105:
3561:Romanian-language schools in Transnistria
1296:growth of the plural inflectional ending
1173:the palatalization before a front vowel (
976:running, shouting loudly: "torna, torna".
1603:
1601:
1118:
3612:Languages attested from the 6th century
3439:Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române
1579:Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire
1536:
867:(also sometimes called Macedo-Romanian)
851:to distinguish it from the rest of the
679:and spoken by the ancestors of today's
119:
108:
2502:
2456:Meglenoromanians, vol.III – Dictionary
2428:
2251:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.750
1330:enclisis of the definite article (ex.
29:
2476:Dialectul istroromân.Privire generală
2402:Dialectul istroromân.Privire generală
2129:("there is a sure link between Latin
1716:Introducere în istoria limbii române]
1052:(1925), who considered that the word
898:out into another article titled
7:
3077:= Not strictly dialects; † = extinct
3032:Southern (variants between villages)
2590:Revue des études sud-est européennes
2452:Meglenoromânii, vol. III – Dicționar
2097:„torna era un cuvânt din graiul lor"
2076:Studii de cercetări și istorie veche
1542:
1540:
1242:Common features to the four dialects
934:630), the author mentions the words
877:First sample of Common Romanian text
671:), is a comparatively reconstructed
2486:Istro-Romanian dialect.General View
2412:Istro-Romanian dialect.General View
967:
936:
70:6th or 7th – 10th or 11th centuries
3487:Linguistic parallels with Albanian
2753:, divided into several subdialects
2374:. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 235.
2045:"), Bucharest, 1960, p. 467–468.:
1752:. Romance Monographs. p. 21.
1693:. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 234.
1303:analytic present conditional (ex:
861:(sometimes called Macedo-Romanian)
752:) led to the Latinization of many
25:
3492:Slavic superstratum and adstratum
2279:Alkire, Ti; Rosen, Carol (2010).
1775:"History of the Romanian Lexicon"
3617:History of the Romanian language
3574:
3573:
2237:Barbato, Marcello (2022-06-20),
1166:in intervocalic position and as
1072:(an imperative form of the verb
965:810–814). He mentions the words
885:
597:
130:
1818:; Maiden, Martin, eds. (2013).
1039:) Romanised Thracians—speaking
3461:Academy of Sciences of Moldova
3455:Dicționar moldovenesc-românesc
3392:Romanian transitional alphabet
2610:Revue roumaine de linguistique
2103:was a word of their dialect".)
1:
3497:Influence on Slavic languages
1773:Iliescu, Maria (2021-05-26),
1066:In regards to the Latin term
962:
931:
437:Socialist Republic of Romania
67:
1033:composed of both auxiliary (
1015:
1003:
291:Principality of Transylvania
3556:Romanian language in Serbia
2844:(original Dobrujan dialect)
2690:→ Eastern Romance languages
2354:Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela,
1254:, contemporary perspective
922:
3633:
3416:Institutions and movements
3402:Romanian Cyrillic alphabet
3397:Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet
3217:Dialects/related languages
2554:. Braila, 2007. pp. 25-40.
1041:
1035:
1009:
997:
942:Maurice's Balkan campaigns
811:, including words such as
762:Eastern Romance substratum
346:1848 Wallachian Revolution
165:Prehistory of Transylvania
150:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
59:and part of Eastern Europe
3602:Eastern Romance languages
3569:
3446:Dicționarul Limbii Române
3072:
2917:Gorna Belica–Dolna Belica
2677:
2671:Eastern Romance languages
2571:10.1515/9783110863048.373
2458:]. Cultura națională.
2450:Capidan, Theodor (1925).
1816:Dindelegan, Gabriela Pană
1714:Brâncuș, Grigore (2005).
1270:are dialects of the same
1106:"turn over, knock down")
853:Eastern Romance languages
834:Eastern Romance languages
341:1848 Moldavian Revolution
47:Eastern Romance languages
37:
2602:Tanașoca, Nicolae Șerban
2291:10.1017/cbo9780511845192
2078:, VII, Bucharest, 1956:
961:, in his Chronographia (
249:Voivodeship of Maramureș
234:Banat in the Middle Ages
3324:traditional month names
3192:Argots and speech forms
2357:The Grammar of Romanian
2314:Alkire & Rosen 2010
1826:Oxford University Press
1821:The Grammar of Romanian
1610:De la Latină la Română]
1194:), the degemination of
1136:, with the back vowels
1094:
1054:
1028:
991:
985:–in Emperors Mauricius
928:Theophylactus Simocatta
403:Union with Transylvania
311:Danubian Principalities
244:Second Bulgarian Empire
229:History of Transylvania
202:Origin of the Romanians
18:Proto-Romanian language
2547:Accessed 25 Mar. 2023.
2022:torna, retorna, fratre
1614:From Latin to Romanian
1592:10.3406/rbph.2010.7806
1520:Proto-Romance language
1300:for the neuter gender;
1154:the palatalization of
1124:
1084:
1078:
1068:
978:
955:
813:
784:
737:
667:
657:
648:
239:First Bulgarian Empire
43:Reconstruction of
3551:Romanian Language Day
3319:longest Romanian word
2908:Grabovean/Moscopolean
2621:Zugun, Petru (2011).
1748:Vrabie, Emil (2000).
1608:Sala, Marius (2012).
1569:Sala, Marius (2010).
1122:
809:from Slavic languages
734:
393:Union with Bessarabia
356:United Principalities
254:Founding of Wallachia
160:Bronze Age in Romania
3423:Transylvanian School
3314:Lexis and vocabulary
2068:torna, torna, fratre
2043:torna, torna, fratre
1050:Alexandru Philippide
1007:– Theopylactus) and
968:τόρνα, τόρνα, φράτρε
959:Theophanes Confessor
901:Torna, torna, fratre
805:Balkan language area
532:By historical region
331:Transylvanian School
259:Founding of Moldavia
3159:Republic of Moldova
2858:argots/speech forms
2058:Petre Ș. Năsturel,
1515:History of Romanian
1274:from a historical,
923:Torna, Torna Fratre
746:Gallo-Roman culture
498:Historical timeline
398:Union with Bukovina
366:War of Independence
84:Proto-Indo-European
3506:Speech communities
3347:historic evolution
2326:Andreose, Alvise;
2072:Byzantinobulgarica
1974:Originea românilor
1908:Idea supported by
1289:appearance of the
1125:
1042:ἐπιχωρίᾳ τε γλώττῃ
847:(sometimes called
738:
604:Romania portal
469:Romania since 1989
380:Kingdom of Romania
324:National Awakening
296:Eyalet of Temesvar
278:Early Modern Times
3589:
3588:
3482:Balkan sprachbund
3226:(Romanian itself)
3212:
3211:
3116:Romanian language
3082:
3081:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3039:
3038:
2989:
2988:
2946:
2945:
2881:
2880:
2851:
2850:
2795:Southern variants
2790:
2789:
2709:Northern variants
2580:978-3-11-008776-5
2496:978-606-16-0148-6
2422:978-606-16-0148-6
2381:978-3-11-021843-5
2341:978-0-521-80073-0
2300:978-0-521-88915-5
2260:978-0-19-938465-5
1948:Istoria românilor
1924:Istoria românilor
1835:978-0-19-964492-6
1796:978-0-19-938465-5
1700:978-3-11-021843-5
1623:978-606-647-435-1
1004:epichorios glossa
918:
917:
913:
845:Romanian language
766:Romance languages
689:Megleno-Romanians
651:), also known as
638:
637:
493:Romanian language
445:Soviet occupation
104:
103:
16:(Redirected from
3624:
3577:
3576:
3470:Language contact
3433:Romanian Academy
3407:Romanian Braille
3235:Megleno-Romanian
3189:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3086:
3048:
3009:
3002:
2959:
2952:Megleno-Romanian
2896:
2799:
2713:
2706:
2669:Dialects of the
2663:
2656:
2649:
2640:
2634:
2617:
2597:
2584:
2563:Logos Semantikos
2546:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2500:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2426:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2367:
2361:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2110:
2104:
2066:and Theophanus'
2056:
2050:
2039:
2033:
1995:
1989:
1972:Al. Philippide,
1970:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1933:
1927:
1920:
1914:
1906:
1900:
1892:
1886:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1745:
1734:
1733:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1544:
1480:Megleno-Romanian
1445:Megleno-Romanian
1410:Megleno-Romanian
1375:Megleno-Romanian
1264:Megleno-Romanian
1250:subgroup from a
1236:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1143:
1139:
1102:"return, turn",
1097:
1087:
1081:
1071:
1057:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1000:
999:
998:ἐπιχώριoς γλῶσσα
994:
970:
969:
964:
939:
938:
933:
925:
909:
889:
888:
881:
865:Megleno-Romanian
826:Balkan peninsula
816:
794:morpho-syntactic
787:
779:Romanian Academy
713:Megleno-Romanian
673:Romance language
670:
660:
653:Ancient Romanian
630:
623:
616:
602:
601:
600:
503:Military history
488:Economic history
155:Hamangia culture
134:
124:
106:
69:
30:
21:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3607:Proto-languages
3592:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3565:
3539:
3501:
3465:
3411:
3387:Modern alphabet
3375:
3373:Modern Romanian
3369:Re-latinization
3361:Common Romanian
3353:Classical Latin
3340:
3244:
3208:
3187:
3118:
3113:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3060:
3035:
3021:
2997:
2985:
2971:
2954:
2942:
2920:
2914:Gopeš–Malovište
2889:
2877:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2829:
2813:
2786:
2763:
2734:
2699:
2691:
2688:Common Romanian
2680:Classical Latin
2673:
2667:
2637:
2620:
2616:(1–3): 265–267.
2600:
2587:
2581:
2557:
2528:
2524:
2522:Further reading
2519:
2518:
2501:
2497:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2427:
2423:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2222:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2196:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2111:
2107:
2057:
2053:
2040:
2036:
1996:
1992:
1971:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1934:
1930:
1922:Nicolae Iorga,
1921:
1917:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1889:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1747:
1746:
1737:
1730:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1650:Academia Română
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1533:
1496:
1278:point of view.
1248:Eastern Romance
1244:
1216:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1141:
1137:
1117:
1112:
914:
911:(December 2022)
890:
886:
879:
729:
699:Latin peoples (
693:Istro-Romanians
641:Common Romanian
634:
598:
596:
591:
590:
589:
534:
524:
523:
522:
482:
474:
473:
464:
463:Post-Revolution
456:
455:
454:
439:
429:
428:
427:
413:Fascist Kingdom
408:Greater Romania
382:
372:
371:
370:
336:Organic Statute
325:
317:
316:
315:
286:Silistra Eyalet
280:
270:
269:
268:
223:
208:
207:
206:
181:
171:
170:
169:
144:
122:
115:
100:
79:
77:
33:Common Romanian
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3630:
3628:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3594:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3351:
3349:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3240:Istro-Romanian
3237:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3089:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3057:†Krko-Romanian
3054:
3052:
3051:†Krko-Romanian
3045:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2995:Istro-Romanian
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2956:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2893:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2856:Romanian-based
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2719:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2693:
2692:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2643:
2636:
2635:
2618:
2598:
2585:
2579:
2555:
2548:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2495:
2461:
2442:
2421:
2387:
2380:
2362:
2347:
2340:
2328:Renzi, Lorenzo
2318:
2316:, p. 260.
2306:
2299:
2271:
2259:
2229:
2205:
2181:
2167:
2153:
2139:
2105:
2051:
2034:
1990:
1965:
1952:
1928:
1915:
1901:
1887:
1869:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1834:
1807:
1795:
1765:
1758:
1735:
1728:
1706:
1699:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1638:
1629:
1622:
1597:
1586:(3): 841–872.
1561:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1472:Istro-Romanian
1452:
1437:Istro-Romanian
1417:
1402:Istro-Romanian
1382:
1367:Istro-Romanian
1342:
1341:
1338:
1332:Istro-Romanian
1328:
1311:
1301:
1294:
1272:proto-language
1268:Istro-Romanian
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1227:
1224:
1215:the surviving
1213:
1212:
1211:
1171:
1149:palatalization
1147:resistance to
1145:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
916:
915:
893:
891:
884:
878:
875:
874:
873:
871:Istro-Romanian
868:
862:
856:
728:
725:
717:Istro-Romanian
663:Proto-Romanian
636:
635:
633:
632:
625:
618:
610:
607:
606:
593:
592:
588:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
536:
535:
530:
529:
526:
525:
521:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
484:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
453:
452:
447:
441:
440:
435:
434:
431:
430:
426:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
384:
383:
378:
377:
374:
373:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
351:Danube Vilayet
348:
343:
338:
333:
327:
326:
323:
322:
319:
318:
314:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
282:
281:
276:
275:
272:
271:
267:
266:
264:Rumelia Eyalet
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
225:
224:
214:
213:
210:
209:
205:
204:
199:
194:
189:
183:
182:
177:
176:
173:
172:
168:
167:
162:
157:
152:
146:
145:
140:
139:
136:
135:
127:
126:
117:
116:
109:
102:
101:
99:
98:
97:
96:
82:
80:
75:
72:
71:
65:
61:
60:
54:
50:
49:
44:
40:
39:
38:Proto-Romanian
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3629:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3582:
3581:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3224:Daco-Romanian
3222:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3071:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2854:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2746:Transylvanian
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:Transylvanian
2737:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2633:(2): 151–161.
2632:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2592:(in French).
2591:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2559:Rusu, Valeriu
2556:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2537:(1): 264–67.
2536:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2512:
2506:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2275:
2272:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:and Romanian
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2112:I. Glodariu:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:torna, fratre
1941:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1759:1-889441-06-6
1755:
1751:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1729:973-725-219-5
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:Daco-Romanian
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:Daco-Romanian
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:Daco-Romanian
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:Daco-Romanian
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1335:câre – cârele
1333:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1305:Daco-Romanian
1302:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1214:
1172:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1030:
1025:
1024:Nicolae Iorga
1020:
1017:
1005:
993:
988:
984:
977:
972:
960:
954:
949:
947:
943:
929:
924:
912:
907:
903:
902:
897:
892:
883:
882:
876:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
850:
849:Daco-Romanian
846:
843:
842:
841:
838:
835:
831:
827:
822:
820:
815:
810:
806:
801:
800:for example.
799:
795:
791:
786:
785:Română comună
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:Daco-Thracian
755:
751:
748:developed in
747:
743:
733:
726:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
675:evolved from
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
650:
649:română comună
646:
642:
631:
626:
624:
619:
617:
612:
611:
609:
608:
605:
595:
594:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
533:
528:
527:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
478:
477:
470:
467:
466:
460:
459:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
438:
433:
432:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
381:
376:
375:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
321:
320:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
279:
274:
273:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
221:
217:
212:
211:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
184:
180:
175:
174:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
143:
138:
137:
133:
129:
128:
125:
118:
113:
107:
95:
94:Proto-Romance
92:
91:
90:
87:
86:
85:
81:
76:Reconstructed
73:
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3578:
3533:Timok Vlachs
3453:
3444:
3437:
3380:Written form
3365:Old Romanian
3360:
3357:Vulgar Latin
3171:Transylvania
2687:
2684:Vulgar Latin
2630:
2627:Limba Română
2626:
2613:
2609:
2593:
2589:
2562:
2551:
2534:
2530:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:, capitolul
2473:
2470:
2464:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:, capitolul
2399:
2396:
2390:
2371:
2365:
2356:
2350:
2331:
2321:
2309:
2281:
2274:
2264:, retrieved
2242:
2232:
2221:. Retrieved
2217:
2208:
2197:. Retrieved
2193:
2184:
2170:
2162:"Dictsiunar"
2156:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:torna, torna
2063:
2059:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1960:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1918:
1910:Franz Dölger
1904:
1890:
1872:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1820:
1810:
1800:, retrieved
1778:
1768:
1749:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1690:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1645:
1641:
1632:
1613:
1609:
1583:
1577:
1564:
1558:: 3281–3285.
1555:
1510:Thraco-Roman
1500:Vulgar Latin
1489:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1459:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1424:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1378:
1370:
1362:
1354:
1343:
1334:
1324:
1317:
1307:
1297:
1290:
1280:
1245:
1134:mixed scheme
1126:
1103:
1099:
1065:
1061:
1047:
1021:
1016:pátrios foní
1010:πάτριoς φωνή
989:), and with
982:
979:
974:
956:
951:
937:τóρνα, τóρνα
930:Histories, (
926:episode. In
919:
910:
899:
839:
823:
819:Vulgar Latin
802:
774:Thraco-Roman
739:
695:and related
677:Vulgar Latin
662:
652:
640:
639:
580:Transylvania
508:Christianity
423:World War II
301:Varat Eyalet
89:Proto-Italic
3345:Periods of
3329:profanities
3249:Linguistics
3124:Subdialects
2095:language")
1229:absence of
1110:Development
987:Strategikon
721:Marius Sala
668:protoromână
388:World War I
306:Phanariotes
216:Middle Ages
197:Roman Dacia
192:Dacian Wars
121:History of
3596:Categories
3199:Gumuțeasca
2939:Gramostean
2868:Gumuțeasca
2728:Bukovinian
2484:, chapter
2410:, chapter
2266:2024-04-03
2223:2023-10-19
2218:www.dex.ro
2199:2023-10-19
2194:www.dex.ro
1986:turn back'
1897:Félix Grat
1802:2024-04-02
1571:"Romanian"
1505:Daco-Roman
1384:*nevěsta (
1325:va s-cãntu
1276:diachronic
1252:synchronic
1115:From Latin
750:Roman Gaul
742:syncretism
685:Aromanians
658:străromână
450:Revolution
142:Prehistory
3528:Moldovans
3513:Romanians
3477:Substrata
3336:Phonology
3230:Aromanian
3181:Maramureș
3132:Wallachia
3005:In Istria
2911:Muzachiar
2905:Farsherot
2887:Aromanian
2809:Muntenian
2802:Muntenian
2757:Maramureș
2723:Moldavian
2716:Moldavian
2531:Byzantion
2505:cite book
2431:cite book
1456:Aromanian
1421:Aromanian
1386:Aromanian
1351:Aromanian
1349:*bōrzdà (
1322:Aromanian
1260:Aromanian
1237:deletion.
1221:diaeresis
1090:Aromanian
859:Aromanian
830:Aromanian
770:Dalmatian
709:Aromanian
681:Romanians
585:Wallachia
560:Maramureș
179:Antiquity
78:ancestors
3580:Category
3523:diaspora
3300:Former:
3204:Totoiana
3154:Bukovina
3149:Moldavia
3026:Southern
3018:Northern
3012:Northern
2998:dialects
2982:Southern
2976:Southern
2968:Northern
2962:Northern
2955:dialects
2934:Olympian
2931:Pindean
2925:Southern
2899:Northern
2891:dialects
2873:Totoiana
2825:Oltenian
2818:Oltenian
2701:dialects
2697:Romanian
2604:(1993).
2596:: 41–61.
2543:44172322
1879:Brumalia
1494:See also
1454:*slàbъ (
1414:niveastă
1390:niveastã
1308:aș cânta
1256:Romanian
1231:lenition
1104:răsturna
798:Albanian
754:Thracian
705:Romanian
645:Romanian
570:Muntenia
565:Moldavia
550:Bukovina
481:By topic
112:a series
110:Part of
3428:Junimea
3271:numbers
3256:Grammar
3176:Crișana
3144:Dobruja
3137:Oltenia
3044:†In Krk
2834:†Dician
2751:Crișana
2123:ostași"
2070:"), in
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1940:retorna
1883:Rosalia
1460:s(c)lab
1419:*sìto (
1406:nevęstę
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1188:( <
1177:before
1100:înturna
906:Discuss
790:lexical
772:). The
736:purple.
727:History
575:Oltenia
555:Dobruja
545:Crișana
518:Judaism
123:Romania
57:Balkans
3544:Others
3518:origin
2842:Dician
2780:Boyash
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1371:bråzda
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1156:/tjkj/
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1036:τολδον
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715:, and
701:Vlachs
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661:), or
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3266:verbs
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3166:Banat
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2539:JSTOR
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1531:Notes
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187:Dacia
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