3254:
palatalized and non-palatalized alveolars and labials. In the process, the palatal sonorants *ľ *ň *ř merged with alveolar *l *n *r before front vowels, with both becoming *lʲ *nʲ *rʲ. Subsequently, some palatalized consonants lost their palatalization in some environments, merging with their non-palatal counterparts. This happened the least in
Russian and the most in Czech. Palatalized consonants never developed in Southwest Slavic (modern Croatian, Serbian, and Slovenian), and the merger of *ľ *ň *ř with *l *n *r did not happen before front vowels (although Serbian and Croatian later merged *ř with *r).
2196:(c. 600–800): The stage with the earliest identifiable dialectal distinctions. Rapid phonological change continued, alongside the massive expansion of the Slavic-speaking area. Although some dialectal variation did exist, most sound changes were still uniform and consistent in their application. By the end of this stage, the vowel and consonant phonemes of the language were largely the same as those still found in the modern languages. For this reason, reconstructed "Proto-Slavic" forms commonly found in scholarly works and etymological dictionaries normally correspond to this period.
3276:. In Middle Common Slavic, all accented long vowels, nasal vowels and liquid diphthongs had a distinction between two pitch accents, traditionally called "acute" and "circumflex" accent. The acute accent was pronounced with rising intonation, while the circumflex accent had a falling intonation. Short vowels (*e *o *ь *ъ) had no pitch distinction, and were always pronounced with falling intonation. Unaccented (unstressed) vowels never had tonal distinctions, but could still have length distinctions. These rules are similar to the restrictions that apply to the pitch accent in
3378:(palatal or non-palatal according to whether *ь or *ъ preceded respectively). This left no closed syllables at all in these languages. Most of the South Slavic languages, as well as Czech and Slovak, tended to preserve the syllabic sonorants, but in the Lechitic languages (such as Polish) and Bulgarian, they fell apart again into vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations. In East Slavic, the liquid diphthongs in *ь or *ъ may have likewise become syllabic sonorants, but if so, the change was soon reversed, suggesting that it may never have happened in the first place.
7084:, suggesting derivation by some sort of reduplication). A new set of "semi-thematic" endings were formed by analogy (corresponding to modern conjugation class II), combining the thematic first singular ending with otherwise athematic endings. Proto-Slavic also maintained a large number of non-finite formations, including the infinitive, the supine, a verbal noun, and five participles (present active, present passive, past active, past passive, and resultative). In large measure these directly continue PIE formations.
36:
7117:
Macedonian to a fair extent), which has maintained both old and new systems and combined them to express fine shades of aspectual meaning. For example, in addition to imperfective imperfect forms and perfective aorist forms, Bulgarian can form a perfective imperfect (usually expressing a repeated series of completed actions considered subordinate to the "major" past actions) and an imperfective aorist (for "major" past events whose completion is not relevant to the narration).
7712:. However, the stem was followed by a consonant in some forms (e.g. the infinitive) and by a vowel in others (the present tense). The forms with a following vowel were resyllabified into a short vowel + sonorant, which also caused the loss of the acute in these forms, because the short vowel could not be acuted. The short vowel in turn was subject to Dybo's law, while the original long vowel/diphthong remained acuted and thus resisted the change.
176:
7593:
7097:(verbs inherently marked with a particular aspect) using various prefixes and suffixes, which was eventually extended into a systematic means of specifying grammatical aspect using pairs of related lexical verbs, each with the same meaning as the other but inherently marked as either imperfective (denoting an ongoing action) or perfective (denoting a completed action). The two sets of verbs interrelate in three primary ways:
2100:
3289:
period in any dialect when there were three phonemically distinct pitch accents on long vowels. Nevertheless, taken together, these changes significantly altered the distribution of the pitch accents and vowel length, to the point that by the end of the Late Common Slavic period almost any vowel could be short or long, and almost any accented vowel could have falling or rising pitch.
5101:. These arose through advancement of the accent by Dybo's law onto a non-acute stem syllable (as opposed to onto an ending). When the accent was advanced onto a long non-acute syllable, it was retracted again by Ivšić's law to give a neoacute accent, in the same position as the inherited Balto-Slavic short or circumflex accent.
4222:. There were many changes in accentuation during the Common Slavic period, and there are significant differences in the views of different scholars on how these changes proceeded. As a result, these paradigms do not necessarily reflect a consensus. The view expressed below is that of the Leiden school, following
2961:*ę̇ represents the phoneme that must be reconstructed as the outcome of pre-Slavic *uN, *ūN after a palatal consonant. This vowel has a different outcome from "regular" *ę in many languages: it denasalises to *ě in West and East Slavic, but merges with *ę in South Slavic. It is explained in more detail at
2127:. Proto-Slavic gradually evolved into the various Slavic languages during the latter half of the first millennium AD, concurrent with the explosive growth of the Slavic-speaking area. There is no scholarly consensus concerning either the number of stages involved in the development of the language (its
3386:
Proto-Slavic retained several of the grammatical categories inherited from Proto-Indo-European, especially in nominals (nouns and adjectives). Seven of the eight Indo-European cases had been retained (nominative, accusative, locative, genitive, dative, instrumental, vocative). The ablative had merged
3288:
that retracted the accent (moved it to the preceding syllable). This occurred at a time when the Slavic-speaking area was already dialectally differentiated, and usually syllables with the acute and/or circumflex accent were shortened around the same time. Hence it is unclear whether there was ever a
3268:
As in its ancestors, Proto-Balto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-European, one syllable of each Common Slavic word was accented (carried more prominence). The placement of the accent was free and thus phonemic; it could occur on any syllable and its placement was inherently a part of the word. The accent could
3228:
The pronunciation of *ř is not precisely known, but it was approximately a palatalized trill . In all daughter languages except
Slovenian it either merged with *r (Southwest Slavic) or with the palatalized *rʲ resulting from *r before front vowels (elsewhere). The resulting *rʲ merged back into *r in
2926:
The columns marked "central" and "back" may alternatively be interpreted as "back unrounded" and "back rounded" respectively, but rounding of back vowels was distinctive only between the vowels *y and *u. The other back vowels had optional non-distinctive rounding. The vowels described as "short" and
7897:
Its immediate successors were Proto-East Slavic, Proto-South Slavic, and Proto-West Slavic. The Proto-Slavic era itself is often divided arbitrarily into three periods: (1) early Proto-Slavic, until about 1000 B.C.; (2) middle Proto-Slavic, during the next millennium; (3) late Proto-Slavic, from the
7156:
The forms of each verb were based on two basic stems, one for the present and one for the infinitive/past. The present stem was used before endings beginning in a vowel, the infinitive/past stem before endings beginning in a consonant. In Old Church
Slavonic grammars, verbs are traditionally divided
7092:
Proto-Indo-European had an extensive system of aspectual distinctions ("present" vs. "aorist" vs. "perfect" in traditional terminology), found throughout the system. Proto-Slavic maintained part of this, distinguishing between aorist and imperfect in the past tense. In addition, Proto-Slavic evolved
6957:
Proto-Slavic had developed a distinction between "indefinite" and "definite" adjective inflection, much like
Germanic strong and weak inflection. The definite inflection was used to refer to specific or known entities, similar to the use of the definite article "the" in English, while the indefinite
3989:
Although qualitative alternations (e-grade versus o-grade versus zero grade) were no longer productive, the Balto-Slavic languages had innovated a new kind of ablaut, in which length was the primary distinction. This created two new alternation patterns, which did not exist in PIE: short *e, *o, *ь,
3833:
Most word stems therefore became classed as either "soft" or "hard", depending on whether their endings used soft (fronted) vowels or the original hard vowels. Hard stems displayed consonant alternations before endings with front vowels as a result of the two regressive palatalizations and iotation.
2189:
or simply Early Slavic (c. 300–600): The early, uniform stage of Common Slavic, but also the beginning of a longer period of rapid phonological change. As there are no dialectal distinctions reconstructible from this period or earlier, this is the period for which a single common ancestor (that
7104:
A prefix is added to a more basic imperfective verb (possibly the output of the previous step) to form a perfective verb. Often, multiple perfective verbs can be formed this way using different prefixes, one of which echoes the basic meaning of the source verb while the others add various shades of
3283:
In the Late Common Slavic period, several sound changes occurred. Long vowels bearing the acute (long rising) accent were usually shortened, resulting in a short rising intonation. Some short vowels were lengthened, creating new long falling vowels. A third type of pitch accent developed, known as
2944:
During the Late Common Slavic period, various lengthenings and shortenings occurred, creating new long counterparts of originally short vowels, and short counterparts of originally long vowels (e.g. long *o, short *a). The short close vowels *ь/ĭ and *ъ/ŭ were either lost or lowered to mid vowels,
2509:
accent. This indicates the Late Common Slavic "neoacute" accent, which was usually long, but short when occurring on some syllables types in certain languages. It resulted from retraction of the accent (movement towards an earlier syllable) under certain circumstances, often when the Middle Common
7128:
action (motion to and then back, and motion without a specified goal). These pairs are generally related using either the suffixing or suppletive strategies of forming aspectual verbs. Each of the pair is also in fact a pair of perfective vs. imperfective verbs, where the perfective variant often
4075:-stem nouns), which is considered part of the ending. Verbs also had three accent paradigms, with similar characteristics to the corresponding noun classes. However, the situation is somewhat more complicated due to the large number of verb stem classes and the numerous forms in verbal paradigms.
2250:
Two different and conflicting systems for denoting vowels are commonly in use in Indo-European and Balto-Slavic linguistics on the one hand, and Slavic linguistics on the other. In the first, vowel length is consistently distinguished with a macron above the letter, while in the latter it is not
6953:
Adjective inflection had become more simplified compared to Proto-Indo-European. Only a single paradigm (in both hard and soft form) existed, descending from the PIE o- and a-stem inflection. I-stem and u-stem adjectives no longer existed. The present participle (from PIE *-nt-) still retained
5069:
The first form is the result in languages without contraction over /j/ (e.g. Russian), while the second form is the result in languages with such contraction. This contraction can occur only when both vowels flanking /j/ are unstressed, but when it occurs, it occurs fairly early in Late Common
2525:
vowel with no distinctive tone. In Middle Common Slavic, vowel length was an implicit part of the vowel (*e, *o, *ь, *ъ are inherently short, all others are inherently long), so this is usually redundant for Middle Common Slavic words. However, it became distinctive in Late Common Slavic after
7116:
In Proto-Slavic and Old Church
Slavonic, the old and new aspect systems coexisted, but the new aspect has gradually displaced the old one, and as a result most modern Slavic languages have lost the old imperfect, aorist, and most participles. A major exception, however, is Bulgarian (and also
7623:
The same three classes occurred in verbs as well. However, different parts of a verb's conjugation could have different accent classes, due to differences in syllable structure and sometimes also due to historical anomalies. Generally, when verbs as a whole are classified according to accent
3253:
In most dialects, non-distinctive palatalization was probably present on all consonants that occurred before front vowels. When the high front yer *ь/ĭ was lost in many words, it left this palatalization as a "residue", which then became distinctive, producing a phonemic distinction between
7161:'s verb classes. However, this division ignores the formation of the infinitive stem. The following table shows the main classes of verbs in Proto-Slavic, along with their traditional OCS conjugation classes. The "present" column shows the ending of the third person singular present.
2478:
accent, originating from the Balto-Slavic "circumflex" accent. In Late Common Slavic, originally short (falling) vowels were lengthened in monosyllables under some circumstances, and are also written with this mark. This secondary circumflex occurs only on the original short vowels
7022:
arose from the sigmatic aorist by various analogical changes; for example, replacing some of the original endings with thematic endings. (A similar development is observed in Greek and
Sanskrit. In all three cases, the likely trigger was the phonological reduction of clusters like
6958:
inflection was unspecific or referred to unknown or arbitrary entities, like the
English indefinite article "a". The indefinite inflection was identical to the inflection of o- and a-stem nouns, while the definite inflection was formed by suffixing the relative/anaphoric pronoun
2945:
leaving the originally long high vowels *i, *y and *u with non-distinctive length. As a result, vowel quality became the primary distinction among the vowels, while length became conditioned by accent and other properties and was not a lexical property inherent in each vowel.
7676:
in the imperative, but a historical long circumflex in the present tense, and therefore retract it into a neoacute on the stem in all forms with a multisyllabic ending. The infinitive is normally accented on the first syllable of the ending, which may be a suffixal vowel
7728:
have the accent on the final syllable in the present tense, except in the first-person singular, which has a short or long falling accent on the stem. Where the final syllable contains a yer, the accent is retracted onto the thematic vowel and becomes neoacute (short on
4201:
paradigm became mobile as a result of a complex series of changes that moved the accent leftward in certain circumstances, producing a neoacute accent on the newly stressed syllable. The paradigms below reflect these changes. All languages subsequently simplified the AP
5862:
The first form is the result in languages without contraction over /j/ (e.g. Russian), while the second form is the result in languages with such contraction. This contraction can occur only when both vowels flanking /j/ are unstressed, but when it occurs, it occurs
3821:
The distinction between *ę and *ę̇ is based on their presumed origin and *ę̇ has a different outcome from "regular" *ę in many languages: it denasalises to *ě in West and East Slavic, but merges with *ę in South Slavic. (It is explained in more detail at
2206:, in the far northeast): The last stage in which the whole Slavic-speaking area still functioned as a single language, with sound changes normally propagating throughout the entire area, although often with significant dialectal variation in the details.
3655:
Vowels were fronted when following a palatal or "soft" consonant (*j, any iotated consonant, or a consonant that had been affected by the progressive palatalization). Because of this, most vowels occurred in pairs, depending on the preceding consonant.
5870:. At that point in this paradigm, stress was initial, allowing contraction to occur, resulting in a long *ī. As a result, after Dybo's law moved stress onto the vowel, it was retracted again by Stang's law. Without contraction, only Dybo's law applied.
6866:
These forms originally had final accent, which was retracted. Retraction from a yer skipped over intervening yers, even if strong. The result still should show neoacute accent, but according to
Verweij, this is rarely found, and falling accent is the
2210:
This article considers primarily Middle Common Slavic, noting when there is slight dialectal variation. It also covers Late Common Slavic when there are significant developments that are shared (more or less) identically among all Slavic languages.
4206:
paradigms to varying degrees; the older situation can often only be seen in certain nouns in certain languages, or indirectly by way of features such as the
Slovene neo-circumflex tone that carry echoes of the time when this tone developed.
2027:
Rapid development of Slavic speech occurred during the Proto-Slavic period, coinciding with the massive expansion of the Slavic-speaking area. Dialectal differentiation occurred early on during this period, but overall linguistic unity and
3305:
were permitted, but only at the beginning of a syllable. Such a cluster was syllabified with the cluster entirely in the following syllable, contrary to the syllabification rules that are known to apply to most languages. For example,
2957:
The distinction between *ě₁ and *ě₂ is based on etymology and they have different effects on a preceding consonant: *ě₁ triggers the first palatalization and then becomes *a, while *ě₂ triggers the second palatalization and does not
6964:
to the end of the normal inflectional endings. Both the adjective and the suffixed pronoun were presumably declined as separate words originally, but already within Proto-Slavic they had become contracted and fused to some extent.
3814:
The distinction between *ě₁ and *ě₂ is based on etymology and have different effects on a preceding consonant: *ě₁ triggers the first palatalization and then becomes *a, while *ě₂ triggers the second palatalization and does not
4016:(with accent alternating between stem and ending). There was no class with fixed accent on the ending. Both classes originally had both acute and circumflex stems in them. Two sound changes acted to modify this basic system:
2032:
continued for several centuries, into the 10th century or later. During this period, many sound changes diffused across the entire area, often uniformly. This makes it inconvenient to maintain the traditional definition of a
2927:"long" were simultaneously distinguished by length and quality in Middle Common Slavic, although some authors prefer the terms "lax" and "tense" instead. Many modern Slavic languages have since lost all length distinctions.
2041:
of a language group, with no dialectal differentiation. (This would necessitate treating all pan-Slavic changes after the 6th century or so as part of the separate histories of the various daughter languages.) Instead,
3333:. Syllables with liquid diphthongs beginning with *o or *e had been converted into open syllables, for example *TorT became *TroT, *TraT or *ToroT in the various daughter languages. The main exception are the Northern
8452:
3215:
The exact value of *ś is also unknown but usually presumed to be or . It was rare, only occurring before front vowels from the second palatalization of *x, and it merged with *š in West Slavic and *s in the other
6828:
Verweij reconstructs i-stem genitive plural *zvěrь̃jь and *kostь̃jь, even though his reconstructed dative plural forms are *zvě̑rьmъ, *kȍstьmъ (see note below). This is because the strong yer preceding /j/ is a
7248:. Not productive. Contains almost all infinitives in -Cti (e.g. *-sti or *-ťi), and a limited number of verbs in -ati. In verbs with an infinitive in -ti, various changes may occur with the last consonant.
3212:
The pronunciation of *ť and *ď is not precisely known, though it is likely that they were held longer (geminate). They may have been palatalized dentals , or perhaps true palatal as in modern
Macedonian.
2417:
indicates a special, more frontal "hissing" sound. The acute is used in several other Slavic languages (such as Polish, Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian) to denote a similar "frontal" quality to a consonant.
2498:
accent. It corresponds to the Balto-Slavic "short" accent. All short vowels that were not followed by a sonorant consonant originally carried this accent, until some were lengthened (see preceding item).
4215:
Most of the Proto-Indo-European declensional classes were retained. Some, such as u-stems and masculine i-stems, were gradually falling out of use and being replaced by other, more productive classes.
6973:
The Proto-Slavic system of verbal inflection was somewhat simplified from the verbal system of Proto-Indo-European (PIE), although it was still rich in tenses, conjugations and verb-forming suffixes.
4089:, the accented syllable always had the acute tone, and therefore was always long, because short syllables did not have tonal distinctions. Thus, single-syllable words with an originally short vowel (*
5897:-stem nouns are not listed here. The combination of Van Wijk's law and Stang's law would have originally produced a complex mobile paradigm in these nouns, different from the mobile paradigm of
3391:
and plural numbers, and still maintained a distinction between masculine, feminine and neuter gender. However, verbs had become much more simplified, but displayed their own unique innovations.
5089:
stems are long. This is because all such stems had Balto-Slavic acute register in the root, which can only occur on long syllables. Single-syllable short and non-acute long syllables became AP
7353:
is inserted into the hiatus between root and ending. Verbs with the plain -ti infinitive may have changes in the preceding vowel. Several irregular verbs, some showing ablaut. Not productive.
3399:
As a result of the three palatalizations and the fronting of vowels before palatal consonants, both consonant and vowel alternations were frequent in paradigms, as well as in word derivation.
2067:
Authorities differ as to which periods should be included in Proto-Slavic and in Common Slavic. The language described in this article generally reflects the middle period, usually termed
7108:
The two verbs are suppletive — either based on two entirely different roots, or derived from different PIE verb classes of the same root, often with root-vowel changes going back to PIE
6812:
The first form is the result in languages without contraction over /j/ (e.g. Russian), while the second form is the result in languages with such contraction. See the corresponding AP
3249:, although some dialects have kept a distinction to this day, specially among the elderly), in Russian (except when preceding a consonant), and in Bulgarian (when preceding a vowel).
7946:
3829:*ā and *an apparently did not take part in the fronting of back vowels, or in any case the effect was not visible. Both have the same reflex regardless of the preceding consonant.
2075:) and often dated to around the 7th to 8th centuries. This language remains largely unattested, but a late-period variant, representing the late 9th-century dialect spoken around
7002:
In terms of PIE tense/aspect forms, the PIE imperfect was lost or merged with the PIE thematic aorist, and the PIE perfect was lost other than in the stem of the irregular verb
3269:
also be either mobile or fixed, meaning that inflected forms of a word could have the accent on different syllables depending on the ending, or always on the same syllable.
8449:
6945:
The long-rising versus short-rising accent on ending-accented forms with Middle Common Slavic long vowels reflects original circumflex versus acute register, respectively.
2934:
In the Early Slavic period, length was the primary distinction (as indicated, for example, by Greek transcriptions of Slavic words, or early loanwords from Slavic into the
7809:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
6941:- and i-stems are end-stressed except the dative. (However, the masculine i-stem instrumental singular is stem-stressed because it is borrowed directly from the jo-stem.)
3818:
Word-final *-un and *-in lost nasal and became *-u and *-i rather than forming a nasal vowel, so that nasal vowels formed medially only. This explains the double reflex.
3374:). In West Slavic and South Slavic, liquid diphthongs beginning with *ь or *ъ had likewise been converted into open syllables by converting the following liquid into a
9560:
2370:
8634:
3990:*ъ versus long *ě, *a, *i, *y. This type of alternation may have still been productive in Proto-Slavic, as a way to form imperfective verbs from perfective ones.
1961:
6782:
This word is reconstructed as *kȍręnь in Verweij, with a nasal vowel in the second syllable (and similarly for the rest of the paradigm). This is based on Czech
3301:. The only closed syllables were those that ended in a liquid (*l or *r), forming liquid diphthongs, and in such syllables, the preceding vowel had to be short.
7795:
Vьśi ľudьje rodętь sę svobodьni i orvьni vъ dostojьnьstvě i pravěxъ. Oni sǫtь odařeni orzumomь i sъvěstьjǫ i dъlžьni vesti sę drugъ kъ drugu vъ duśě bratrьstva.
7509:
was a result of iotation, which triggered the change *jě > *ja. In the present tense, the first-person singular shows consonant alternation (caused by *j):
3219:*v was a labial approximant originating from an earlier . It may have had bilabial as an allophone in certain positions (as in modern Slovene and Ukrainian).
1925:
5912:-stem nouns were also simplified, but less dramatically, with consistent ending stress in the singular but consistent root stress in the plural, as shown. AP
4137:, in forms where the accent fell on the stem and not the ending, that syllable was either circumflex or short accented, never acute accented. This is due to
3402:
The following table lists various consonant alternations that occurred in Proto-Slavic, as a result of various suffixes or endings being attached to stems:
1123:
7046:
The three numbers (singular, dual, and plural) were all maintained, as were the different athematic and thematic endings. Only five athematic verbs exist:
5093:
nouns in Common Slavic through the operation of Dybo's law. In stems of multiple syllables, there are also cases of short or neoacute accents in accent AP
3841:
alternations, although these had been reduced to unproductive relics. The following table lists the combinations (vowel softening may alter the outcomes).
7120:
Proto-Slavic also had paired motion verbs (e.g. "run", "walk", "swim", "fly", but also "ride", "carry", "lead", "chase", etc.). One of the pair expresses
3308:
8714:
6104:
8614:
7570:
7563:
7491:
7072:
7048:
7004:
4111:
8477:
8440:
7527:"to sleep" : *sъpľǫ (with epenthetic *l). The stem of the infinitives in *-ati (except for *sъpati) ends in *j or the so-called "hushing sound".
7438:
2440:
For Middle and Late Common Slavic, the following marks are used to indicate tone and length distinctions on vowels, based on the standard notation in
6132:
5337:
5302:
4402:
4388:
8677:
7498:
2377:) use the common Balto-Slavic notation of vowels. Discussions of Middle and Late Common Slavic, as well as later dialects, use the Slavic notation.
6174:
6160:
5901:-stem and other nouns, but this was apparently simplified in Common Slavic times with a consistent neoacute accent on the stem, as if they were AP
5295:
5274:
4465:
4423:
2171: – 300 AD): A long, stable period of gradual development. The most significant phonological developments during this period involved the
8044:
7523:
7517:
7392:
7365:
7289:
7237:
7230:
5104:
The distribution of short and long vowels in the stems without /j/ reflects the original vowel lengths, prior to the operation of Van Wijk's law,
7415:
6188:
6139:
6097:
5330:
3351:
9555:
7830:
7460:
3330:
7556:
7260:
7223:
7216:
7203:
7066:
6146:
6125:
6111:
6090:
5316:
5309:
5288:
5281:
5260:
4479:
4472:
4437:
4430:
4416:
4395:
3209:*č and *dž were postalveolar affricates, and , although the latter only occurred in the combination *ždž and had developed into *ž elsewhere.
8565:
8539:
8373:
8316:
8273:
8221:
8192:
8159:
7782:
7511:
7338:
7141:
Many different PIE verb classes were retained in Proto-Slavic, including (among others) simple thematic presents, presents in *-n- and *-y-,
1932:
1904:
2541:
There are multiple competing systems used to indicate prosody in different Balto-Slavic languages. The most important for this article are:
7267:
7210:
7196:
4178:
6991:
6960:
7549:
7542:
7331:
7324:
7317:
7060:
7054:
6181:
6167:
6118:
5267:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4409:
7952:
7035:- affix.) A new synthetic imperfect was created by attaching a combination of the root and productive aorist endings to a stem suffix *-
1889:
9415:
8645:
7043:-, of disputed origin. Various compound tenses were created; for example, to express the future, conditional, perfect, and pluperfect.
6153:
5323:
8660:
1954:
1911:
842:
4059:("mobile"), with alternation of the accent between the first syllable of the stem and the ending, depending on the paradigmatic form.
2016:. As with most other proto-languages, no attested writings have been found; scholars have reconstructed the language by applying the
9433:
8394:
175:
79:
57:
7274:
PIE nasal-infix presents. The infinitive stem may end in either a vowel or a consonant. Not productive, only a few examples exist.
4115:"tongue"). These restrictions were caused by Dybo's law, which moved the accent one syllable to the right, but only in originally
7898:
1st to the 6th century A.D., although it was not until the 12th century that Slavic linguistic unity actually ceased to function.
1918:
682:
2467:
accent. It occurred from Late Common Slavic onwards, and developed from the shortening of the original acute (long rising) tone.
8788:
8731:
8282:
Caldarelli, Raffaele (2015), "On Latin-Protoslavic Language Contacts. Some Remarks on a Recent Paper by Salvatore Del Gaudio",
7820:
2643:
2215:
193:
953:
9645:
8707:
5842:
This word is reconstructed as *olỳ in Verweij. The initial e-, however, is what is found in Derksen (2008) and other sources.
1774:
1549:
7885:
8423:
8512:
1947:
1519:
788:
725:
526:
412:
6833:
that is strong enough to block the supposed rule that skips intervening yers when retracting from a yer (see note below).
3199:
The phonetic value (IPA symbol) of most consonants is the same as their traditional spelling. Some notes and exceptions:
9550:
2374:
1207:
783:
710:
521:
516:
511:
406:
139:
4176:
paradigm but have neoacute accent on the stem, which can have either a short or a long syllable. A standard example is
2456:
accent, originating from the Balto-Slavic "acute" accent. This occurred in the Middle Common Slavic period and earlier.
9545:
9173:
8740:
7014:). The aorist was retained, preserving the PIE thematic and sigmatic aorist types (the former is generally termed the
6902:
The accent pattern for the strong singular cases (nominative and accusative) and all plural cases is straightforward:
2536:
2403:
2239:
1524:
1019:
720:
599:
585:
566:
144:
9580:
9018:
6895:
These forms originally had final accent, which was retracted, skipping over the intervening yer (see footnote above).
862:
6999:. The imperative and subjunctive moods disappeared, and the old optative came to be used as the imperative instead.
8486:
6909:
The *-à ending that marks the nominative singular of the (j)ā-stems and nominative–accusative plural of the neuter
2941:
In the Middle Common Slavic period, all long/short vowel pairs also assumed distinct qualities, as indicated above.
820:
420:
6989:, a perfect mediopassive formation). However, a new analytic mediopassive was formed using the reflexive particle
9337:
8700:
7577:
PIE athematic verbs. Only five verbs, all irregular in one way or another, including their prefixed derivations.
3388:
1998:
1564:
1529:
1202:
506:
4145:
nominals. Thus, Dybo's law did not affect nouns with a mobile accent paradigm. This is unlike Lithuanian, where
2369:
For consistency, all discussions of words in Early Slavic and before (the boundary corresponding roughly to the
848:
9650:
9377:
1714:
1534:
1065:
897:
744:
546:
501:
496:
416:
50:
44:
7748:
In verbs with a vowel suffix between stem and ending, the accent in the infinitive falls on the vowel suffix (
7708:. Such verbs historically had acute stems ending in a long vowel or diphthong, and should have belonged to AP
6842:
Verweij has *synóvъ here, with unexpected long rising accent on an originally short vowel. This may be a typo.
3329:
By the beginning of the Late Common Slavic period, all or nearly all syllables had become open as a result of
7296:
From various PIE n-suffix verbs, the nasal vowel was a Slavic innovation. Two subclasses existed: those with
9438:
9355:
9283:
9074:
9031:
8747:
8608:
7855:
4003:
3823:
2962:
2620:
2021:
1719:
1446:
556:
551:
541:
185:
8474:
8437:
4149:(a law similar to Dybo's law) split both fixed and mobile paradigms in the same way, creating four classes.
4048:, with largely fixed accent on the first syllable of the ending, sometimes retracted back onto the stem by
2214:
For more detail on the development from Proto-Balto-Slavic to Proto-Slavic to modern Slavic languages, see
9275:
9208:
9203:
9168:
9127:
8930:
8898:
7840:
2399:
2029:
1709:
1681:
1465:
1367:
1133:
979:
603:
441:
333:
272:
227:
167:
159:
61:
8674:
6790:. The form with medial -e-, however, comports with the majority of daughters and with other n-stem nouns.
9468:
9422:
9347:
9325:
9240:
9229:
9037:
9009:
8988:
8799:
3181:
3164:
2564:
Four-way Serbo-Croatian system, also used in Slovenian and often in Slavic reconstructions: long rising
2172:
1856:
1685:
593:
574:
570:
8036:
7445:
An innovated Slavic denominative type. Very productive and usually remains so in all Slavic languages.
4146:
1080:
8237:, Skrifter utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, II, vol. 3, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget
9484:
8978:
8948:
8907:
8827:
2180:
1802:
1767:
948:
763:
715:
652:
622:
580:
560:
424:
278:
9585:
8463:
7124:
action (motion to a specified place, e.g. "I walked to my friend's house") and the other expressing
5109:
4049:
9494:
9293:
9260:
9161:
9151:
9120:
8920:
8807:
8770:
8759:
7825:
3999:
3342:
3263:
3107:
3068:
2120:
2112:
2088:
2053:
One can divide the Proto-Slavic/Common Slavic time of linguistic unity roughly into three periods:
1075:
1070:
966:
890:
855:
778:
768:
627:
328:
323:
292:
9156:
9093:
9068:
8915:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8836:
8357:
8246:, Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics, vol. 22, Editions Rodopi B.V., pp. 493–564
8201:
8136:
8104:
8081:
4223:
3334:
2176:
2108:
2084:
2017:
1781:
1732:
1666:
1650:
1275:
928:
667:
353:
258:
253:
9570:
8527:
9605:
9595:
9456:
9372:
9310:
9213:
9195:
9178:
9135:
9109:
9055:
9050:
8973:
8938:
8857:
8780:
8628:
8583:
8561:
8557:
8535:
8390:
8369:
8312:
8269:
8217:
8188:
8155:
6996:
4109:. If the stem was multisyllabic, the accent could potentially fall on any stem syllable (e.g.
4067:
suffix), but not generally on the inflectional suffix that indicates the word class (e.g. the
3375:
3346:
3338:
3302:
3025:
2995:
2990:
2009:
1994:
1795:
1761:
1753:
1697:
1691:
1673:
1644:
1623:
1609:
1601:
1371:
1232:
1172:
1154:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1052:
1047:
876:
739:
388:
381:
374:
360:
346:
306:
285:
222:
214:
8468:
3631:
Originally formed a diphthong with the preceding vowel, which then became a long monophthong.
9590:
9526:
9330:
9044:
8995:
8983:
8968:
8847:
8842:
8723:
8670:
8642:
8337:
8291:
8128:
8119:(1987), "On the relationship of old Church Slavonic to the written language of early Rus'",
7835:
6906:
All weak cases (genitive, dative, instrumental, locative) in the plural are ending-stressed.
4138:
4020:
3277:
2985:
2935:
2124:
2116:
2005:
1789:
1739:
1556:
1362:
1250:
1190:
1167:
1110:
1105:
1042:
1029:
1024:
1014:
687:
300:
248:
240:
233:
108:
8328:(2004), "The Slavic Lingua Franca. Linguistic Notes of an Archaeologist Turned Historian",
9408:
9367:
9360:
9114:
9104:
9079:
9062:
8852:
8820:
8775:
8765:
8681:
8664:
8649:
8481:
8456:
8444:
8230:
7845:
3230:
3147:
3000:
1870:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1810:
1746:
1725:
1703:
1288:
1177:
1100:
1009:
942:
883:
749:
481:
466:
456:
451:
367:
339:
9610:
3222:*l was . Before back vowels, it was probably fairly strongly velarized in many dialects.
9625:
9600:
9393:
9315:
9305:
9248:
9026:
8963:
8866:
8361:
8302:
8209:
8180:
7787:
7772:, the accent is acute on the stem instead. Meillet's law did not apply in these cases.
7158:
7094:
6786:. Verweij notes that *kȍrěnь is an alternative reconstruction, based on Serbo-Croatian
2441:
2407:
2203:
2034:
2001:
1615:
1482:
1357:
915:
869:
837:
773:
264:
8438:
Warstwy chronologiczne leksyki prasłowiańskiej na przykładzie słownictwa anatomicznego
7592:
4152:
Consequently, circumflex or short accent on the first syllable could only occur in AP
4141:, which converted an acute accent to a circumflex accent if it fell on the stem in AP
9639:
9575:
9565:
9265:
9141:
8886:
8812:
8382:
8140:
7769:
7640:
are the most straightforward, with acute accent on the stem throughout the paradigm.
7244:
PIE primary verbs, root ending in a consonant. Several irregular verbs, some showing
5867:
5105:
5071:
4182:"will", with neoacute accent on a short syllable. These nouns earlier belonged to AP
4026:
3298:
2870:
2803:
2733:
2666:
2588:, indicating its normal origin in the Late Common Slavic neoacute accent (see above).
2484:
2128:
2046:
typically handle the entire period of dialectally differentiated linguistic unity as
1875:
1339:
1255:
972:
830:
446:
17:
8498:(in German), Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., pp. 69–71, 89–90, 99, 138–140
4041:, with a fixed accent on the stem (either on the root or on a morphological suffix).
2545:
Three-way system of Proto-Slavic, Proto-Balto-Slavic, modern Lithuanian: Acute tone
9183:
8957:
8657:
8412:"Најмлађа (трећа) промена задњенепчаних сугласника k, g и h у прасловенском језику"
8325:
8085:
8069:
7142:
3273:
2584:
dialect and other archaic dialects, the long rising accent is notated with a tilde
2428:
2080:
2076:
1824:
1494:
1332:
806:
677:
476:
471:
461:
8244:
Dutch Contributions to the Eleventh International Congress of Slavists, Bratislava
4078:
Due to the way in which the accent classes arose, there are certain restrictions:
2410:, and is shared by most Slavic languages and linguistic explanations about Slavic.
8599:, Janua linguarum, series minor (in French) (2nd ed.), 's-Gravenhage: Mouton
8306:
8205:
8176:
8076:, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, vol. 4, Leiden: Brill
7879:
7157:
into four (or five) conjugation classes, depending on the present stem, known as
7031:- that arose when the original athematic endings were attached to the sigmatic *-
4218:
The following tables are examples of Proto-Slavic noun-class paradigms, based on
2974:
Middle Common Slavic had the following consonants (IPA symbols where different):
9512:
9499:
8411:
8295:
8147:
8116:
7850:
2882:
2865:
2815:
2798:
2745:
2728:
2678:
2661:
2013:
1470:
1456:
1420:
1128:
8242:
Verweij, Arno (1994), "Quantity Patterns of Substantives in Czech and Slovak",
7737:). In the imperative, the accent is on the syllable after the stem, with acute
7101:
A suffix is added to a more basic perfective verb to form an imperfective verb.
2099:
9449:
9428:
9320:
8604:
7105:
meaning (cf. English "write" vs. "write down" vs. "write up" vs. "write out").
4064:
3238:
3007:
2910:
2875:
2841:
2808:
2775:
2738:
2706:
2671:
1433:
1347:
1225:
990:
6981:
The PIE mediopassive voice disappeared entirely except for the isolated form
9474:
9300:
9288:
8341:
3349:) only with lengthening of the syllable and no metathesis (*TarT, e.g. PSl.
3285:
3203:*c denotes a voiceless alveolar affricate . *dz was its voiced counterpart .
2895:
2828:
2761:
2691:
2581:
2043:
1636:
1413:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1377:
1245:
692:
662:
4226:, whose views are somewhat controversial and not accepted by all scholars.
9519:
9443:
9401:
8515:(1957), "Z dziejów języka prasłowiańskiego (Urywek z większej całości)",
4116:
4063:
For this purpose, the "stem" includes any morphological suffixes (e.g. a
3225:
The sonorants *ľ *ň could have been either palatalized or true palatal .
1579:
1570:
1461:
1262:
1237:
1141:
632:
208:
4119:(stem-accented) nominals that did not have acute accent in the stem. AP
9506:
9462:
8132:
7764:, the accentuation is unpredictable. Most verbs have the accent on the
2631:
1629:
1593:
1586:
1384:
1004:
657:
637:
2020:
to all the attested Slavic languages and by taking into account other
9253:
8553:
7245:
7109:
5919:-stem noun are not listed here, because there may not have been any.
4123:
thus consists of the "leftover" words that Dybo's law did not affect.
3838:
2953:
below, additional distinctions are made in the reconstructed vowels:
2421:
1352:
1306:
825:
642:
8692:
2251:
clearly indicated. The following table explains these differences:
8520:
3837:
As part of its Indo-European heritage, Proto-Slavic also retained
2394:
is used in this article to denote the consonants that result from
2387:
2098:
1451:
1325:
1319:
1301:
672:
647:
4186:; as a result, grammars may treat them as belonging either to AP
4008:
Originally in Balto-Slavic, there were only two accent classes,
1843:
8696:
6918:
All other strong cases (singular and plural) are stem-stressed.
6891:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6799:
Verweij has *kȍręnьmъ here, with unexpected -mъ ending when AP
8107:(2011), "Rise and development of Slavic accentual paradigms",
7587:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6848:
5879:
Verweij has *olènьmъ here, with unexpected -mъ ending when AP
3387:
with the genitive. It also retained full use of the singular,
2602:
Stress only, as in Ukrainian, Russian and Bulgarian: stressed
2511:
2343:
2284:
2269:
29:
8574:
Moszyński, Leszek (1984), "Wstęp do filologii słowiańskiej",
7505:
A relatively small class of stative verbs. The infinitive in
8368:(1 ed.), London, New York: Routledge, pp. 60–121,
8169:
Proto-Slavic Inflectional Morphology: A Comparative Handbook
4029:, which advanced the accent in non-acute fixed-accent words.
2202:(c. 800–1000, although perhaps through c. 1150 in
7624:
paradigm, the present tense paradigm is taken as the base.
3229:
some languages, but remained distinct in Czech (becoming a
8675:
Sulla ricostruzione dello stadio più antico del protoslavo
8517:Езиковедски Изследвания В Чест На Академик Стефан Младенов
7884:. Dept. of Slavic Languages and Literatures. p. 57.
7009:
2060:
a middle period of slight-to-moderate dialectal variation
8550:
Slavenska poredbena gramatika, 1. dio, Uvod i fonologija
8266:
Slavic Prosody: Language Change and Phonological Theory
8074:
Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon
7700:
verbs, the infinitive has a stem acute accent instead,
7604:
6824:
6822:
4023:, which removed any stem acutes in mobile-accent words.
8588:
Grammaire comparée des langues slaves, t.I: Phonétique
8496:
Slavische Sprachwissenschaft, I: Einleitung, Lautlehre
7300:
also in the aorist and participle, and those without.
7768:, but if the infinitive was historically affected by
7149:
conjugation), factitive verbs in *-ā- (cf. the Latin
4130:, the stem syllable(s) could be either short or long.
4004:
History of Proto-Slavic § Accentual developments
2642:
Middle Common Slavic had the following vowel system (
2057:
an early period with little or no dialectal variation
2008:. It represents Slavic speech approximately from the
8643:
Two-Part Personal Names in the Proto-Slavic Language
8590:(in French), Lyon—Paris: IAC, pp. 113–117
8475:
Prasłowiańska leksyka topograficzna i hydrograficzna
9536:
9483:
9392:
9346:
9274:
9239:
9228:
9194:
9092:
9017:
9008:
8947:
8929:
8906:
8897:
8798:
8730:
8490:
LXX (2021): 13-54. DOI: 10.24425/rslaw.2021.138337.
8460:
LXIX (2020): 3-28. DOI: 10.24425/rslaw.2020.134706.
7786:in reconstructed Proto-Slavic language, written in
4033:As a result, three basic accent paradigms emerged:
2634:that are reconstructible for Middle Common Slavic.
2487:(i.e. when not forming part of a liquid diphthong).
130:
122:
114:
104:
94:
4164:, the accent always shifted forward by Dybo's law.
3320:
3313:
2526:several shortenings and lengthenings had occurred.
6922:For the weak singular cases, it can be observed:
6803:*kàmy has expected *kàmenьmь. This may be a typo.
5883:*kàmy has expected *kàmenьmь. This may be a typo.
8658:https://doi.org/10.15826/vopr_onom.2021.18.2.016
7668:in the imperative. Verbs with a present stem in
7153:conjugation), and o-grade causatives in *-éye-.
6985:'I know' in Old Church Slavonic (< Late PIE *
2402:that previously followed the consonant) and the
2190:is, "Proto-Slavic proper") can be reconstructed.
8111:, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, pp. 89–98
3356:
8532:Poredbenopovijesna gramatika hrvatskoga jezika
7873:
7871:
5116:nouns and the differing lengths in /j/ stems.
4160:, it did not occur by definition, while in AP
3369:
3362:
2115:language family, which is the ancestor of the
8708:
8597:Les langues slaves: de l'unité à la pluralité
6936:
6927:
6910:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5051:
4197:During the Late Common Slavic period, the AP
2157:Another division is made up of four periods:
1955:
8:
4105:) in the stem could not belong to accent AP
3297:Most syllables in Middle Common Slavic were
2963:History of Proto-Slavic § Nasalization
2537:Proto-Balto-Slavic language § Notation
2240:Proto-Balto-Slavic language § Notation
2103:Balto-Slavic material culture in Bronze Age
9236:
9014:
8903:
8715:
8701:
8693:
8633:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2591:Length only, as in Czech and Slovak: long
2134:One division is made up of three periods:
1962:
1948:
1926:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
154:
27:Proto-language of all the Slavic languages
8011:
7999:
2510:Slavic accent fell on a word-final final
2226:For more detail on notations for prosody
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
8534:(in Croatian), Zagreb: Matica hrvatska,
7971:
7951:, Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl, archived from
7933:
7163:
7145:in *-ē- (cf. similar verbs in the Latin
5930:
5127:
4237:
3843:
3658:
3404:
2976:
2856:
2789:
2719:
2652:
2253:
2232:and various other phonetic distinctions
43:This article includes a list of general
8187:, London: Routledge, pp. 188–248,
8037:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"
8023:
7983:
7867:
6775:
5932:Example Late Common Slavic nouns in AP
5835:
5129:Example Late Common Slavic nouns in AP
5047:
4239:Example Late Common Slavic nouns in AP
4219:
4083:
3312:"wealth" was divided into syllables as
166:
9556:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony
8626:
8216:, London: Routledge, pp. 60–124,
7831:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony
7403:. Remained very productive in Slavic.
2131:) or the terms used to describe them.
2063:a late period of significant variation
2039:latest reconstructable common ancestor
91:
8656:Vol. 18, no. 2 (JUL 2021). pp. 9–32.
8305:; Corbett, Greville G., eds. (2002),
7987:
7802:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7783:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7380:caused iotation of the present stem.
5939:
5136:
4246:
3331:developments in the liquid diphthongs
1933:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1905:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
7:
8610:Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
8086:"From Proto-Indo-European to Slavic"
7921:
7909:
7692:In a subset of verbs with the basic
6669:
6352:
5747:
5474:
4947:
4634:
3824:History of Proto-Slavic#Nasalization
2630:The following is an overview of the
2381:Other vowel and consonant diacritics
7685:) or the infinitive ending itself (
5074:(the accentual shift leading to AP
2978:Consonants of Middle Common Slavic
2107:Proto-Slavic is descended from the
1890:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
7760:). In verbs with the basic ending
7376:, root ending in a consonant. The
7345:PIE primary verbs and presents in
6513:
6459:
6196:
6084:
5614:
5569:
5345:
5254:
4796:
4745:
4487:
4382:
3626:
3326:at the beginning of the syllable.
3206:*š and *ž were postalveolar and .
2413:The acute accent on the consonant
1912:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
8264:Bethin, Christina Yurkiw (1998),
8233:(1957), "Slavonic accentuation",
7948:Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř)
6008:
5990:
5978:
5954:
5942:
5193:
5181:
5169:
5151:
5139:
4309:
4291:
4279:
4261:
4249:
3112:
3073:
3030:
2930:Vowel length evolved as follows:
8212:; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.),
8183:; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.),
8109:Baltische und slavische Prosodie
8093:Journal of Indo-European Studies
7591:
6721:
6565:
6404:
6248:
6002:
5996:
5984:
5972:
5966:
5790:
5657:
5523:
5388:
5187:
5175:
5163:
4996:
4845:
4693:
4536:
4303:
4297:
4285:
4273:
4267:
3272:Common Slavic vowels also had a
3241:(it subsequently merged with *ž
2371:monophthongization of diphthongs
2229:⟨á à ȃ ã ȁ a̋ ā ă⟩
1919:Journal of Indo-European Studies
683:Bible translations into Armenian
174:
34:
8617:from the original on 2016-03-05
8505:Russische Historische Grammatik
8426:from the original on 2024-08-20
8364:; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.),
8047:from the original on 2021-03-16
7888:from the original on 2024-08-14
7881:The sharpness feature in Slavic
7821:History of the Slavic languages
7660:in the present tense and acute
7010:
3646:
3406:Regular consonant alternations
3284:the "neoacute", as a result of
2392:⟨č ď ľ ň ř š ť ž⟩
2268:Short close front vowel (front
2238:in Balto-Slavic languages, see
2216:History of the Slavic languages
2147:(1000 BC – 1 AD)
194:List of Indo-European languages
9416:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin
8389:, Cambridge University Press,
8268:, Cambridge University Press,
7569:
7562:
7555:
7548:
7541:
7522:
7497:
7490:
7459:
7437:
7414:
7391:
7364:
7337:
7330:
7323:
7316:
7288:
7266:
7236:
7229:
7222:
7215:
7209:
7202:
7195:
7071:
7018:in Slavic studies), and a new
6959:
6617:
6300:
6173:
6159:
6145:
6138:
6131:
6103:
6089:
6026:
6020:
6014:
5960:
5948:
5704:
5431:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5273:
5259:
5205:
5199:
5157:
5145:
4898:
4585:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4401:
4387:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4255:
3636:
3350:
3307:
3130:
3090:
3049:
100:Common Slavic, Common Slavonic
1:
8360:(1993), "Proto-Slavonic", in
7652:Verbs with a present stem in
4172:-stem nouns) fit into the AP
4012:(with fixed stem accent) and
2283:Short close back vowel (back
2165:
1520:Proto-Indo-European mythology
789:Paleolithic continuity theory
9551:Slavic second palatalization
8688:Nr. 04, 1998. pp. 9–38.
8503:Kiparsky, Valentin (1963) ,
7475:. Remained very productive.
7467:PIE causative-iteratives in
3245:but continues to be spelled
3179:
3162:
3145:
3105:
3066:
3023:
3005:
2950:
2375:Slavic second palatalization
1208:Northern Black Polished Ware
407:Proto-Indo-European language
9546:Slavic first palatalization
8595:Van Wijk, Nikolaas (1956),
8296:10.13128/Studi_Slavis-15348
8235:Historisk-Filosofisk Klasse
8152:Old Church Slavonic grammar
7516:
7510:
7259:
7065:
7059:
7053:
7047:
7003:
6990:
6187:
6180:
6166:
6152:
6124:
6117:
6110:
6096:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5287:
5280:
5266:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4415:
4408:
4394:
4177:
4110:
2406:. This use is based on the
2404:Slavic first palatalization
1525:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
9667:
8548:Mihaljević, Milan (2002),
8507:(in German), vol. 1–3
8410:Belić, Aleksandar (1921),
8385:; Cubberley, Paul (2006),
8350:The phoneme jat' in Slavic
7349:, root ending in a vowel.
6937:
6928:
6915:-stems is ending-stressed.
6911:
3997:
3315:
3261:
2618:
2534:
2225:
2213:
2183:distinctions on syllables.
821:Domestication of the horse
9619:
9338:Slavic dialects of Greece
8613:(in German), Heidelberg,
8348:Samilov, Michael (1964),
7724:Verbs in accent paradigm
7636:Verbs in accent paradigm
7449:
7304:
7183:
6932:-stems are stem-stressed.
6455:
6080:
5565:
5250:
4741:
4378:
3982:
3959:
3936:
3913:
3890:
3806:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3707:
3690:
3676:
3651:Forms a liquid diphthong.
3613:
3601:
3592:
3520:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3319:, with the whole cluster
3180:
3163:
3146:
3106:
3067:
3024:
3006:
2982:
2904:
2889:
2835:
2765:
2700:
2685:
2531:Other prosodic diacritics
2235:⟨ą ẹ ė š ś⟩
1530:Historical Vedic religion
807:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
99:
8513:Lehr-Spławiński, Tadeusz
8494:Bräuer, Herbert (1961),
8175:Scatton, Ernest (2002),
7515:"to walk" : *xoďǫ,
6954:consonant stem endings.
1535:Ancient Iranian religion
898:Novotitarovskaya culture
745:Indo-European migrations
8641:Tolstaya, Svetlana M. "
8342:10.1163/187633004x00134
7878:Savel Kliachko (1968).
7856:Proto-Slavic borrowings
7521:"to fly" : *leťǫ,
7426:. Somewhat productive.
5085:All single-syllable AP
4168:Some nouns (especially
3370:
3364:
3357:
3322:
2621:History of Proto-Slavic
2342:Long open front vowel (
2320:Long close front vowel
2298:Short open front vowel
2022:Indo-European languages
1036:Northern/Eastern Steppe
64:more precise citations.
8416:Јужнословенски филолог
8366:The Slavonic languages
8358:Schenker, Alexander M.
8308:The Slavonic Languages
8214:The Slavonic Languages
8202:Schenker, Alexander M.
8185:The Slavonic Languages
8171:. Leiden: Brill, 2015.
7841:Balto-Slavic languages
7464:"ask, make a request"
6977:Grammatical categories
6935:All such cases in the
6926:All such cases in the
3774:After soft consonants
3721:After hard consonants
3526:Second palatalization
2331:Long close back vowel
2309:Short open back vowel
2104:
2030:mutual intelligibility
1507:Religion and mythology
1466:Medieval Scandinavians
757:Alternative and fringe
126:2nd m. BCE – 6th c. CE
105:Reconstruction of
9646:Proto-Slavic language
9469:Taimyr Pidgin Russian
8311:, London: Routledge,
8154:, Mouton de Gruyter,
7986:, p. 8, echoing
7422:PIE stative verbs in
7399:PIE denominatives in
3998:Further information:
3476:First palatalization
2535:Further information:
2357:Long open back vowel
2102:
1857:Indo-European studies
1220:Peoples and societies
18:Proto-Slavic Language
8487:Rocznik Slawistyczny
8450:Rocznik Slawistyczny
8387:The Slavic Languages
7696:ending, known as AP
7439:*cělovàti, *cělùjetь
7008:'to know' (from PIE
3641:Forms a nasal vowel.
2791:Nasal vowels (long)
2490:Double grave accent
2398:(coalescence with a
2194:Middle Common Slavic
2141:(until 1000 BC)
2073:Middle Common Slavic
764:Anatolian hypothesis
716:Proto-Indo-Europeans
623:Hittite inscriptions
168:Indo-European topics
9495:Pan-Slavic language
9294:Burgenland Croatian
9174:Marcho-Magdeburgian
8771:Old Church Slavonic
8352:, The Hague: Mouton
8330:East Central Europe
8121:Russian Linguistics
8105:Kortlandt, Frederik
8082:Kortlandt, Frederik
7826:Old Church Slavonic
7471:, denominatives in
7093:a means of forming
7080:has a finite stem *
5936:
5133:
4243:
4000:Proto-Slavic accent
3590:+t (in infinitive)
3407:
3264:Proto-Slavic accent
3182:Central approximant
3165:Lateral approximant
2979:
2859:
2792:
2722:
2655:
2425:⟨ę ǫ⟩
2187:Early Common Slavic
2169: 1500 BC
2145:Middle Proto-Slavic
2113:Proto-Indo-European
2089:Old Church Slavonic
1020:Multi-cordoned ware
891:Mikhaylovka culture
779:Indigenous Aryanism
769:Armenian hypothesis
628:Hieroglyphic Luwian
140:Proto-Indo-European
9581:Illič-Svityč's law
9561:Monophthongization
9069:Camaldolese Slovak
8882:Canadian Ukrainian
8748:Up to Proto-Slavic
8741:Proto-Balto-Slavic
8680:2021-04-21 at the
8663:2024-08-20 at the
8654:ВОПРОСЫ ОНОМАСТИКИ
8648:2023-03-26 at the
8480:2024-08-20 at the
8455:2023-03-26 at the
8443:2022-11-30 at the
8404:In other languages
8133:10.1007/BF00242073
7603:. You can help by
7499:*slỳšati, *slỳšitь
7461:*prosìti, *prõsitь
7393:*dělati, *dělajetь
5931:
5128:
5112:, which led to AP
5078:nouns). See below.
4238:
4224:Frederik Kortlandt
3405:
3335:Lechitic languages
3303:Consonant clusters
3247:⟨rz⟩
2977:
2858:Liquid diphthongs
2857:
2790:
2720:
2653:
2646:where different):
2549:, circumflex tone
2427:, indicates vowel
2200:Late Common Slavic
2139:Early Proto-Slavic
2109:Proto-Balto-Slavic
2105:
2018:comparative method
600:Proto-Indo-Iranian
586:Proto-Balto-Slavic
567:Proto-Italo-Celtic
145:Proto-Balto-Slavic
9633:
9632:
9626:extinct languages
9457:Solombala English
9388:
9387:
9311:Prekmurje Slovene
9224:
9223:
9004:
9003:
8858:Doukhobor Russian
8781:Glagolitic script
8567:978-953-0-30225-9
8541:978-953-150-840-7
8436:Boryś, Wiesław. "
8375:978-0-415-04755-5
8318:978-0-415-28078-5
8275:978-0-521-59148-5
8223:978-0-415-28078-5
8194:978-0-415-28078-5
8167:Olander, Thomas.
8161:978-3-11-016284-4
7800:Article 1 of the
7780:Article 1 of the
7621:
7620:
7581:
7580:
7366:*sъlàti, *sъljȅtь
7020:productive aorist
6997:Romance languages
6995:, much as in the
6772:
6771:
5832:
5831:
5044:
5043:
3987:
3986:
3811:
3810:
3621:
3620:
3376:syllabic sonorant
3243:⟨ż⟩
3237:in spelling), in
3235:⟨ř⟩
3197:
3196:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2890:*ъl/*ŭl, *ъr/*ŭr
2887:*ьl/*ĭl, *ьr/*ĭr
2853:
2852:
2786:
2785:
2716:
2715:
2608:⟨a⟩
2604:⟨á⟩
2597:⟨a⟩
2593:⟨á⟩
2586:⟨ã⟩
2578:⟨ȁ⟩
2574:⟨ȃ⟩
2570:⟨à⟩
2566:⟨á⟩
2559:⟨à⟩
2555:⟨ã⟩
2551:⟨ȃ⟩
2547:⟨á⟩
2519:⟨ā⟩
2503:⟨ã⟩
2492:⟨ȁ⟩
2472:⟨ȃ⟩
2461:⟨à⟩
2450:⟨á⟩
2436:Prosodic notation
2415:⟨ś⟩
2367:
2366:
2151:Late Proto-Slavic
2087:, is attested in
2069:Late Proto-Slavic
2010:2nd millennium BC
1972:
1971:
1233:Anatolian peoples
1203:Painted Grey Ware
1091:Nordic Bronze Age
740:Kurgan hypothesis
693:Old Irish glosses
658:Gaulish epigraphy
153:
152:
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
9658:
9527:Slavonic-Serbian
9378:Cieszyn Silesian
9249:Carpathian Rusyn
9237:
9015:
8904:
8789:Modern languages
8724:Slavic languages
8717:
8710:
8703:
8694:
8638:
8632:
8624:
8623:
8622:
8600:
8591:
8579:
8570:
8544:
8528:Matasović, Ranko
8523:
8508:
8499:
8472:
8433:
8432:
8431:
8399:
8378:
8353:
8344:
8321:
8298:
8284:Studi Slavistici
8278:
8247:
8238:
8226:
8206:"Proto-Slavonic"
8197:
8164:
8143:
8127:(2–3): 133–162,
8112:
8100:
8090:
8077:
8056:
8055:
8053:
8052:
8033:
8027:
8021:
8015:
8009:
8003:
7997:
7991:
7981:
7975:
7969:
7963:
7962:
7961:
7960:
7943:
7937:
7931:
7925:
7919:
7913:
7907:
7901:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7875:
7836:Slavic languages
7616:
7613:
7595:
7588:
7573:
7566:
7564:*jьměti, *jьmatь
7559:
7552:
7545:
7526:
7501:
7494:
7492:*mьněti, *mьnitь
7463:
7441:
7419:"know, be able"
7418:
7416:*uměti, *umějetь
7395:
7372:PIE presents in
7368:
7341:
7339:*dajati, *dajetь
7334:
7327:
7320:
7292:
7290:*rìnǫti, *rìnetь
7270:
7268:*stati, *stanetь
7240:
7238:*zъvati, *zovetь
7233:
7231:*bьrati, *beretь
7226:
7219:
7213:
7211:*gretì, *grebetь
7206:
7199:
7164:
7075:
7013:
7012:
6963:
6940:
6939:
6931:
6930:
6914:
6913:
6896:
6893:
6868:
6864:
6843:
6840:
6834:
6826:
6817:
6810:
6804:
6797:
6791:
6780:
6723:
6671:
6619:
6567:
6515:
6461:
6406:
6354:
6302:
6250:
6198:
6177:
6163:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6107:
6093:
6086:
6028:
6022:
6016:
6010:
6004:
5998:
5992:
5986:
5980:
5974:
5968:
5962:
5956:
5950:
5944:
5937:
5884:
5877:
5871:
5860:
5843:
5840:
5792:
5749:
5706:
5659:
5616:
5571:
5525:
5476:
5433:
5390:
5347:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5277:
5263:
5256:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5153:
5147:
5141:
5134:
5079:
5067:
4998:
4949:
4900:
4847:
4798:
4747:
4695:
4636:
4587:
4538:
4489:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4405:
4391:
4384:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4244:
4085:
4055:Accent paradigm
4044:Accent paradigm
4037:Accent paradigm
3844:
3659:
3650:
3640:
3630:
3408:
3373:
3367:
3361:; > Polabian
3360:
3354:
3325:
3318:
3317:
3311:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3132:
3114:
3092:
3075:
3051:
3032:
2980:
2936:Finnic languages
2860:
2793:
2723:
2656:
2649:
2648:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2576:, short falling
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2520:
2504:
2493:
2473:
2462:
2451:
2426:
2416:
2401:
2393:
2254:
2236:
2230:
2170:
2167:
2117:Baltic languages
2006:Slavic languages
1964:
1957:
1950:
1805:
1798:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1653:
1639:
1632:
1618:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1573:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1363:Germanic peoples
1353:Hellenic peoples
1342:
1335:
1328:
1251:Mycenaean Greeks
1240:
1168:Thraco-Cimmerian
1066:Globular Amphora
1043:Abashevo culture
982:
975:
945:
900:
893:
886:
879:
872:
865:
858:
851:
688:Tocharian script
391:
384:
377:
370:
363:
356:
349:
342:
309:
295:
288:
281:
267:
243:
236:
217:
178:
155:
109:Slavic languages
92:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
9666:
9665:
9661:
9660:
9659:
9657:
9656:
9655:
9651:Proto-languages
9636:
9635:
9634:
9629:
9615:
9538:
9532:
9486:
9479:
9409:Bohemian Romani
9394:Mixed languages
9384:
9361:Pannonian Rusyn
9342:
9284:Banat Bulgarian
9270:
9232:
9220:
9190:
9088:
9080:Pannonian Rusyn
9000:
8943:
8925:
8893:
8853:Alaskan Russian
8828:Old Novgorodian
8821:Old East Slavic
8794:
8776:Cyrillic script
8766:Church Slavonic
8726:
8721:
8691:
8682:Wayback Machine
8665:Wayback Machine
8650:Wayback Machine
8625:
8620:
8618:
8603:
8594:
8584:Vaillant, André
8582:
8573:
8568:
8552:(in Croatian),
8547:
8542:
8526:
8511:
8502:
8493:
8482:Wayback Machine
8466:
8457:Wayback Machine
8445:Wayback Machine
8429:
8427:
8409:
8397:
8381:
8376:
8362:Comrie, Bernard
8356:
8347:
8324:
8319:
8303:Comrie, Bernard
8301:
8281:
8276:
8263:
8254:
8252:Further reading
8241:
8229:
8224:
8210:Comrie, Bernard
8200:
8195:
8181:Comrie, Bernard
8174:
8162:
8148:Lunt, Horace G.
8146:
8117:Lunt, Horace G.
8115:
8103:
8088:
8080:
8068:
8065:
8060:
8059:
8050:
8048:
8035:
8034:
8030:
8022:
8018:
8010:
8006:
7998:
7994:
7982:
7978:
7970:
7966:
7958:
7956:
7945:
7944:
7940:
7932:
7928:
7920:
7916:
7908:
7904:
7891:
7889:
7877:
7876:
7869:
7864:
7846:Language family
7817:
7778:
7722:
7650:
7634:
7617:
7611:
7608:
7601:needs expansion
7586:
7571:*věděti, *věstь
7568:
7561:
7554:
7547:
7496:
7486:
7481:
7336:
7329:
7322:
7318:*bìti, *bь̏jetь
7312:
7265:
7235:
7228:
7221:
7214:
7208:
7204:*mę̀ti, *mьnetь
7201:
7197:*nestì, *nesȅtь
7191:
7139:
7090:
6979:
6971:
6951:
6900:
6899:
6894:
6871:
6865:
6846:
6841:
6837:
6827:
6820:
6811:
6807:
6798:
6794:
6781:
6777:
6483:
5999:nonsyllabic -ū
5929:
5888:
5887:
5878:
5874:
5861:
5846:
5841:
5837:
5683:
5678:
5590:
5508:
5500:
5492:
5126:
5083:
5082:
5070:Slavic, before
5068:
5049:
4871:
4866:
4766:
4675:
4670:
4662:
4654:
4649:
4236:
4213:
4006:
3996:
3644:
3634:
3624:
3397:
3384:
3355:> Kashubian
3295:
3266:
3260:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3231:fricative trill
2972:
2640:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2572:, long falling
2569:
2568:, short rising
2565:
2558:
2557:, short accent
2554:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2533:
2518:
2514:(*ь/ĭ or *ъ/ŭ).
2502:
2491:
2471:
2470:Inverted breve
2460:
2449:
2438:
2424:
2414:
2391:
2383:
2248:
2243:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2173:prosodic system
2168:
2153:(1–600 AD)
2097:
1991:Common Slavonic
1968:
1939:
1938:
1871:Marija Gimbutas
1859:
1849:
1848:
1840:Winter solstice
1830:Horse sacrifice
1801:
1794:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1677:
1662:
1649:
1635:
1628:
1614:
1605:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1539:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1442:
1429:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1315:
1297:
1284:
1271:
1242:
1236:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1186:
1163:
1150:
1138:
1119:
1061:
1038:
1000:
993:
987:
978:
971:
962:
960:Northern Europe
941:
937:
924:
911:
896:
889:
882:
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
843:Steppe cultures
816:
809:
802:
794:
793:
784:Baltic homeland
758:
754:
750:Eurasian nomads
734:
730:
706:
698:
697:
668:Runic epigraphy
663:Latin epigraphy
618:
610:
609:
547:Proto-Anatolian
531:
486:
482:Thraco-Illyrian
467:Graeco-Phrygian
457:Graeco-Armenian
452:Graeco-Albanian
431:
409:
396:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
352:
345:
338:
305:
291:
284:
277:
263:
239:
232:
213:
198:
190:
188:
149:
135:
133:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9664:
9662:
9654:
9653:
9648:
9638:
9637:
9631:
9630:
9620:
9617:
9616:
9614:
9613:
9608:
9606:Van Wijk's law
9603:
9601:Ruki sound law
9598:
9596:Pedersen's law
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9542:
9540:
9534:
9533:
9531:
9530:
9523:
9516:
9509:
9504:
9503:
9502:
9491:
9489:
9481:
9480:
9478:
9477:
9472:
9465:
9460:
9453:
9446:
9441:
9439:Romano-Serbian
9436:
9431:
9426:
9419:
9412:
9404:
9398:
9396:
9390:
9389:
9386:
9385:
9383:
9382:
9381:
9380:
9370:
9365:
9364:
9363:
9356:Eastern Slovak
9352:
9350:
9344:
9343:
9341:
9340:
9335:
9334:
9333:
9328:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9297:
9296:
9286:
9280:
9278:
9272:
9271:
9269:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9257:
9256:
9245:
9243:
9234:
9230:Microlanguages
9226:
9225:
9222:
9221:
9219:
9218:
9217:
9216:
9206:
9200:
9198:
9192:
9191:
9189:
9188:
9187:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9166:
9165:
9164:
9159:
9149:
9148:
9147:
9146:
9145:
9133:
9132:
9131:
9124:
9117:
9112:
9101:East Lechitic
9098:
9096:
9090:
9089:
9087:
9086:
9085:
9084:
9083:
9082:
9075:Eastern Slovak
9072:
9060:
9059:
9058:
9056:White Croatian
9053:
9048:
9041:
9034:
9032:Biblical Czech
9023:
9021:
9012:
9006:
9005:
9002:
9001:
8999:
8998:
8993:
8992:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8964:Serbo-Croatian
8961:
8953:
8951:
8945:
8944:
8942:
8941:
8935:
8933:
8927:
8926:
8924:
8923:
8918:
8912:
8910:
8901:
8895:
8894:
8892:
8891:
8890:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8869:
8864:
8863:
8862:
8861:
8860:
8855:
8840:
8833:
8832:
8831:
8817:
8816:
8815:
8804:
8802:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8792:
8785:
8784:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8763:
8751:
8744:
8736:
8734:
8728:
8727:
8722:
8720:
8719:
8712:
8705:
8697:
8690:
8689:
8671:Toporov, V. N.
8668:
8639:
8601:
8592:
8580:
8571:
8566:
8558:Školska knjiga
8545:
8540:
8524:
8509:
8500:
8491:
8464:Boryś, Wiesław
8461:
8434:
8418:(in Serbian),
8406:
8405:
8401:
8400:
8395:
8383:Sussex, Roland
8379:
8374:
8354:
8345:
8336:(1): 125–148,
8322:
8317:
8299:
8279:
8274:
8260:
8259:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8249:
8248:
8239:
8227:
8222:
8198:
8193:
8172:
8165:
8160:
8144:
8113:
8101:
8078:
8064:
8061:
8058:
8057:
8041:United Nations
8028:
8026:, p. 213.
8016:
8012:Kortlandt 2011
8004:
8000:Kortlandt 1994
7992:
7976:
7964:
7938:
7926:
7924:, p. 192.
7914:
7902:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7859:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7816:
7813:
7812:
7811:
7798:
7797:
7788:Latin alphabet
7777:
7774:
7721:
7714:
7649:
7642:
7633:
7626:
7619:
7618:
7598:
7596:
7585:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7575:
7557:*ě̀sti, *ě̃stь
7539:
7536:
7533:
7529:
7528:
7503:
7488:
7483:
7477:
7476:
7465:
7457:
7454:
7451:
7447:
7446:
7443:
7435:
7432:
7428:
7427:
7420:
7412:
7409:
7405:
7404:
7397:
7389:
7386:
7382:
7381:
7370:
7362:
7359:
7355:
7354:
7343:
7332:*duti, *dujetь
7325:*myti, *myjetь
7314:
7309:
7306:
7302:
7301:
7294:
7293:"push, shove"
7286:
7283:
7280:
7276:
7275:
7272:
7261:*leťi, *lęžeti
7257:
7254:
7250:
7249:
7242:
7224:*žìti, *živetь
7217:*peťì, *pečetь
7193:
7188:
7185:
7181:
7180:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7168:
7138:
7135:
7129:uses a prefix
7114:
7113:
7106:
7102:
7095:lexical aspect
7089:
7086:
7070:'to eat', and
6978:
6975:
6970:
6967:
6950:
6947:
6943:
6942:
6933:
6920:
6919:
6916:
6907:
6898:
6897:
6869:
6844:
6835:
6818:
6805:
6792:
6774:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6766:
6763:
6760:
6757:
6754:
6751:
6748:
6745:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6699:
6696:
6693:
6690:
6687:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6666:
6665:
6662:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6641:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6629:
6626:
6623:
6620:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6589:
6586:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6552:
6549:
6546:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6519:
6516:
6510:
6509:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6497:
6494:
6491:
6488:
6485:
6480:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6457:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6446:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6410:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6370:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6327:
6324:
6321:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6278:
6275:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6245:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6211:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6193:
6192:
6185:
6178:
6171:
6164:
6157:
6150:
6143:
6136:
6129:
6122:
6115:
6108:
6101:
6094:
6087:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6068:
6065:
6062:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6031:
6030:
6024:
6018:
6012:
6006:
6000:
5994:
5988:
5982:
5976:
5970:
5964:
5958:
5952:
5946:
5940:
5928:
5921:
5905:nouns. The AP
5886:
5885:
5872:
5844:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5587:
5584:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5505:
5502:
5497:
5494:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5351:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5252:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5191:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5137:
5125:
5118:
5081:
5080:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4664:
4659:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4235:
4228:
4220:Verweij (1994)
4212:
4209:
4166:
4165:
4150:
4131:
4124:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4042:
4031:
4030:
4024:
3995:
3994:Accent classes
3992:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3819:
3816:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3653:
3652:
3642:
3632:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3540:+j (iotation)
3537:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3396:
3393:
3383:
3380:
3294:
3291:
3262:Main article:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2959:
2951:§ Grammar
2947:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2639:
2636:
2627:
2624:
2619:Main article:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2600:
2589:
2562:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2515:
2499:
2488:
2468:
2457:
2442:Serbo-Croatian
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2418:
2411:
2408:Czech alphabet
2390:on consonants
2382:
2379:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2247:
2246:Vowel notation
2244:
2223:
2220:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2191:
2184:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2111:branch of the
2096:
2093:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2035:proto-language
2014:6th century AD
2002:proto-language
1985:; also called
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1825:Fire sacrifice
1821:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1670:
1669:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:Zoroastrianism
1598:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1486:
1485:
1483:Medieval India
1474:
1473:
1468:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1437:
1436:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1365:
1360:
1358:Italic peoples
1355:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1292:
1291:
1279:
1278:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1194:
1193:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1158:
1157:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1136:
1134:Gandhara grave
1131:
1126:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
995:
994:
986:
985:
984:
983:
980:Middle Dnieper
976:
957:
956:
951:
946:
935:Eastern Europe
932:
931:
919:
918:
906:
905:
904:
903:
902:
901:
894:
880:
873:
866:
863:Dnieper–Donets
859:
852:
840:
838:Kurgan culture
835:
834:
833:
823:
811:
810:
803:
800:
799:
796:
795:
792:
791:
786:
781:
776:
774:Beech argument
771:
766:
760:
759:
753:
752:
747:
742:
736:
735:
729:
728:
723:
718:
713:
707:
704:
703:
700:
699:
696:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
619:
616:
615:
612:
611:
608:
607:
597:
583:
578:
564:
557:Proto-Germanic
554:
552:Proto-Armenian
549:
544:
542:Proto-Albanian
538:
537:
530:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
493:
492:
485:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
438:
437:
430:
429:
428:
427:
403:
402:
395:
394:
393:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
343:
331:
326:
320:
319:
313:
312:
311:
310:
298:
297:
296:
289:
282:
270:
269:
268:
256:
251:
246:
245:
244:
237:
225:
220:
219:
218:
205:
204:
197:
196:
189:
184:
183:
180:
179:
171:
170:
164:
163:
151:
150:
148:
147:
138:
136:
131:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
118:Eastern Europe
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
97:
96:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9663:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9643:
9641:
9627:
9623:
9618:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9591:Meillet's law
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9543:
9541:
9535:
9529:
9528:
9524:
9522:
9521:
9517:
9515:
9514:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9501:
9498:
9497:
9496:
9493:
9492:
9490:
9488:
9482:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9470:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9458:
9454:
9452:
9451:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9424:
9420:
9418:
9417:
9413:
9411:
9410:
9407:20th century
9405:
9403:
9400:
9399:
9397:
9395:
9391:
9379:
9376:
9375:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9362:
9359:
9358:
9357:
9354:
9353:
9351:
9349:
9345:
9339:
9336:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9326:Slavomolisano
9324:
9323:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9295:
9292:
9291:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9281:
9279:
9277:
9273:
9267:
9266:West Polesian
9264:
9262:
9259:
9255:
9252:
9251:
9250:
9247:
9246:
9244:
9242:
9238:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9215:
9212:
9211:
9210:
9209:Lower Sorbian
9207:
9205:
9204:Upper Sorbian
9202:
9201:
9199:
9197:
9193:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9171:
9170:
9169:West Lechitic
9167:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9154:
9153:
9150:
9144:
9143:
9139:
9138:
9137:
9134:
9130:
9129:
9128:Middle Polish
9125:
9123:
9122:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9107:
9106:
9103:
9102:
9100:
9099:
9097:
9095:
9091:
9081:
9078:
9077:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9070:
9066:
9065:
9064:
9061:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9046:
9042:
9040:
9039:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9029:
9028:
9025:
9024:
9022:
9020:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9007:
8997:
8994:
8990:
8989:Slavomolisano
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8966:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8959:
8958:Alpine Slavic
8955:
8954:
8952:
8950:
8946:
8940:
8937:
8936:
8934:
8932:
8928:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8913:
8911:
8909:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8896:
8888:
8887:Simple speech
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8874:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8850:
8849:
8846:
8845:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8829:
8825:
8824:
8823:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8813:Simple speech
8811:
8810:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8803:
8801:
8797:
8791:
8790:
8786:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8768:
8767:
8764:
8761:
8757:
8756:
8752:
8750:
8749:
8745:
8743:
8742:
8738:
8737:
8735:
8733:
8729:
8725:
8718:
8713:
8711:
8706:
8704:
8699:
8698:
8695:
8687:
8683:
8679:
8676:
8672:
8669:
8667:(In Russian).
8666:
8662:
8659:
8655:
8651:
8647:
8644:
8640:
8636:
8630:
8616:
8612:
8611:
8607:(1950–1958),
8606:
8602:
8598:
8593:
8589:
8585:
8581:
8577:
8572:
8569:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8551:
8546:
8543:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8525:
8522:
8519:(in Polish),
8518:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8501:
8497:
8492:
8489:
8488:
8483:
8479:
8476:
8470:
8465:
8462:
8459:
8458:
8454:
8451:
8446:
8442:
8439:
8435:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8413:
8408:
8407:
8403:
8402:
8398:
8396:9780521223157
8392:
8388:
8384:
8380:
8377:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8346:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8326:Curta, Florin
8323:
8320:
8314:
8310:
8309:
8304:
8300:
8297:
8293:
8290:(1): 171–81,
8289:
8285:
8280:
8277:
8271:
8267:
8262:
8261:
8257:
8256:
8251:
8245:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8225:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8199:
8196:
8190:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8173:
8170:
8166:
8163:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8070:Derksen, Rick
8067:
8066:
8062:
8046:
8042:
8038:
8032:
8029:
8025:
8020:
8017:
8013:
8008:
8005:
8001:
7996:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7980:
7977:
7974:, p. 75.
7973:
7972:Schenker 2002
7968:
7965:
7955:on 2013-11-13
7954:
7950:
7949:
7942:
7939:
7936:, p. 82.
7935:
7934:Schenker 2002
7930:
7927:
7923:
7918:
7915:
7911:
7906:
7903:
7899:
7887:
7883:
7882:
7874:
7872:
7868:
7861:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7807:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7796:
7793:
7792:
7791:
7789:
7785:
7784:
7775:
7773:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7751:
7746:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7727:
7719:
7715:
7713:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7690:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7647:
7643:
7641:
7639:
7631:
7627:
7625:
7615:
7612:February 2013
7606:
7602:
7599:This section
7597:
7594:
7590:
7589:
7583:
7576:
7572:
7565:
7558:
7551:
7550:*dàti, *dãstь
7544:
7540:
7537:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7519:
7514:
7513:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7493:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7455:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7360:
7357:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7333:
7326:
7319:
7315:
7310:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7284:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7273:
7271:"stand (up)"
7269:
7263:
7262:
7258:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7232:
7225:
7218:
7212:
7205:
7198:
7194:
7189:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7175:
7172:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7154:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7143:stative verbs
7136:
7134:
7132:
7127:
7126:indeterminate
7123:
7118:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7068:
7063:
7062:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7050:
7044:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7021:
7017:
7007:
7006:
7000:
6998:
6994:
6993:
6988:
6984:
6976:
6974:
6968:
6966:
6962:
6955:
6948:
6946:
6934:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6917:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6892:
6890:
6888:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6870:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6845:
6839:
6836:
6832:
6825:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6809:
6806:
6802:
6796:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6776:
6767:
6764:
6761:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6746:
6743:
6740:
6737:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6725:
6720:
6719:
6715:
6712:
6709:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6676:
6673:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6645:
6642:
6639:
6636:
6633:
6630:
6627:
6624:
6621:
6616:
6615:
6611:
6608:
6605:
6602:
6599:
6596:
6593:
6590:
6587:
6584:
6581:
6578:
6575:
6572:
6569:
6564:
6563:
6559:
6556:
6553:
6550:
6547:
6544:
6541:
6538:
6535:
6532:
6529:
6526:
6523:
6520:
6517:
6512:
6511:
6507:
6504:
6501:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6489:
6486:
6481:
6478:
6475:
6472:
6469:
6466:
6463:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6441:
6438:
6435:
6432:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6411:
6408:
6403:
6402:
6398:
6395:
6392:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6365:
6362:
6359:
6356:
6351:
6350:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6291:
6288:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6200:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6176:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6165:
6162:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6144:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6109:
6106:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6088:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6025:
6019:
6013:
6007:
6001:
5995:
5989:
5983:
5977:
5971:
5965:
5959:
5953:
5947:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5926:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5893:
5882:
5876:
5873:
5869:
5866:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5836:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5703:
5702:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5557:
5554:
5551:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5506:
5503:
5498:
5495:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5364:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5204:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5150:
5144:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5123:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4665:
4660:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4272:
4266:
4260:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4233:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4147:Leskien's law
4144:
4140:
4139:Meillet's law
4136:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4021:Meillet's law
4019:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4001:
3993:
3991:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3965:Long ō-grade
3964:
3963:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3873:Long ē-grade
3872:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3835:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3410:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3359:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3316:bo-ga-tь-stvo
3310:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3257:
3255:
3240:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2788:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2654:Short vowels
2651:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2625:
2622:
2614:
2606:, unstressed
2601:
2590:
2583:
2563:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2524:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2500:
2497:
2496:short falling
2489:
2486:
2485:open syllable
2482:
2477:
2469:
2466:
2459:Grave accent
2458:
2455:
2448:Acute accent
2447:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2435:
2430:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:periodization
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2091:manuscripts.
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2048:Common Slavic
2045:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1999:reconstructed
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:Common Slavic
1984:
1980:
1977:(abbreviated
1976:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:J. P. Mallory
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:Reconstructed
1511:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1340:Insular Celts
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:Indo-Iranians
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:Pontic Steppe
992:
989:
988:
981:
977:
974:
970:
969:
968:
965:
964:
963:
961:
955:
952:
950:
947:
944:
940:
939:
938:
936:
930:
927:
926:
925:
923:
917:
914:
913:
912:
910:
899:
895:
892:
888:
887:
885:
881:
878:
874:
871:
867:
864:
860:
857:
853:
850:
846:
845:
844:
841:
839:
836:
832:
831:Kurgan stelae
829:
828:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
817:
815:
814:Pontic Steppe
808:
805:
804:
798:
797:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
756:
755:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
732:
731:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
702:
701:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
614:
613:
605:
604:Proto-Iranian
601:
598:
595:
591:
587:
584:
582:
579:
576:
572:
568:
565:
562:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
536:
533:
532:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
491:
488:
487:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
447:Daco-Thracian
445:
443:
440:
439:
436:
433:
432:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:
410:
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:Reconstructed
398:
397:
390:
386:
383:
379:
376:
372:
369:
365:
362:
358:
355:
351:
348:
344:
341:
337:
336:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
318:
315:
314:
308:
304:
303:
302:
299:
294:
290:
287:
283:
280:
276:
275:
274:
271:
266:
262:
261:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
242:
238:
235:
231:
230:
229:
226:
224:
221:
216:
212:
211:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
199:
195:
192:
191:
187:
182:
181:
177:
173:
172:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:
146:
143:
142:
141:
137:
132:Reconstructed
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
98:
93:
84:
81:
73:
70:February 2021
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
9621:
9611:Winter's law
9571:Havlík's law
9525:
9518:
9511:
9467:
9455:
9448:
9423:Mednyj Aleut
9421:
9414:
9406:
9276:South Slavic
9233:and dialects
9140:
9126:
9119:
9067:
9043:
9038:Czechoslovak
9036:
9019:Czech-Slovak
8956:
8931:Transitional
8899:South Slavic
8835:
8826:
8819:
8787:
8755:Proto-Slavic
8754:
8753:
8746:
8739:
8686:Res Balticae
8685:
8653:
8619:, retrieved
8609:
8596:
8587:
8575:
8549:
8531:
8516:
8504:
8495:
8485:
8448:
8428:, retrieved
8419:
8415:
8386:
8365:
8349:
8333:
8329:
8307:
8287:
8283:
8265:
8243:
8234:
8213:
8184:
8168:
8151:
8124:
8120:
8108:
8096:
8092:
8073:
8049:. Retrieved
8040:
8031:
8024:Scatton 2002
8019:
8007:
7995:
7984:Derksen 2008
7979:
7967:
7957:, retrieved
7953:the original
7947:
7941:
7929:
7917:
7905:
7896:
7890:. Retrieved
7880:
7808:
7804:in English:
7801:
7799:
7794:
7781:
7779:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7747:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7725:
7723:
7717:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7691:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7651:
7645:
7637:
7635:
7629:
7622:
7609:
7605:adding to it
7600:
7543:*bỳti, *ȅstь
7506:
7472:
7468:
7423:
7400:
7377:
7373:
7350:
7346:
7297:
7155:
7150:
7146:
7140:
7130:
7125:
7121:
7119:
7115:
7091:
7081:
7077:
7076:'to have' (*
7045:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7019:
7015:
7001:
6986:
6982:
6980:
6972:
6956:
6952:
6944:
6921:
6901:
6838:
6830:
6813:
6808:
6800:
6795:
6787:
6783:
6778:
6052:wild animal
5933:
5924:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5880:
5875:
5864:
5838:
5828:zvě̄rę̀tьxъ
5742:zvě̄rę̀tьmъ
5518:zvě̄rę̀tьmь
5246:baby animal
5130:
5121:
5113:
5103:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5084:
5075:
4240:
4231:
4217:
4214:
4203:
4198:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4142:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4077:
4072:
4071:of feminine
4068:
4062:
4056:
4045:
4038:
4032:
4013:
4009:
4007:
3988:
3836:
3832:
3654:
3645:
3635:
3625:
3401:
3398:
3395:Alternations
3385:
3328:
3296:
3293:Phonotactics
3282:
3274:pitch accent
3271:
3267:
3258:Pitch accent
3252:
3198:
3174:*ľ (ʎ ~ lʲ)
3122:*š {*ś} (ʃ)
3100:{*dž} (d͡ʒ)
3018:*ň (ɲ ~ nʲ)
2973:
2948:
2929:
2925:
2721:Long vowels
2641:
2629:
2540:
2522:
2506:
2505:: Usually a
2495:
2480:
2476:long falling
2475:
2465:short rising
2464:
2453:
2439:
2429:nasalization
2395:
2368:
2249:
2233:
2227:
2209:
2199:
2193:
2186:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2133:
2106:
2095:Introduction
2077:Thessaloniki
2072:
2068:
2066:
2052:
2047:
2038:
2026:
2012:through the
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1975:Proto-Slavic
1974:
1973:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1897:Publications
1896:
1882:
1863:
1817:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:Paleo-Balkan
1672:
1671:
1659:
1658:
1600:
1599:
1555:
1554:
1542:
1512:
1495:Greater Iran
1488:
1487:
1476:
1475:
1439:
1438:
1426:
1425:
1368:Paleo-Balkan
1333:Celtiberians
1312:
1311:
1294:
1293:
1281:
1280:
1268:
1267:
1196:
1195:
1183:
1182:
1160:
1159:
1147:
1146:
1116:
1115:
1058:
1057:
1035:
1034:
997:
996:
959:
958:
934:
933:
921:
920:
908:
907:
849:Bug–Dniester
813:
812:
678:Gothic Bible
594:Proto-Baltic
590:Proto-Slavic
589:
575:Proto-Italic
571:Proto-Celtic
534:
489:
477:Italo-Celtic
472:Indo-Hittite
462:Graeco-Aryan
435:Hypothetical
434:
399:
334:Paleo-Balkan
316:
273:Indo-Iranian
228:Balto-Slavic
201:
95:Proto-Slavic
76:
67:
48:
9586:Ivšić's law
9513:Army Slavic
9500:Interslavic
9485:Constructed
9348:West Slavic
9241:East Slavic
9010:West Slavic
8979:Montenegrin
8800:East Slavic
8605:Vasmer, Max
8578:(in Polish)
8467: [
8231:Stang, C.S.
8177:"Bulgarian"
7851:Interslavic
7776:Sample text
7672:have acute
7656:have short
7173:Infinitive
7137:Conjugation
7122:determinate
7112:formations.
7064:'to give',
7052:'to know',
7016:root aorist
6768:porsę̃tьxъ
6664:porsę̃tьmъ
5110:Stang's law
4350:son-in-law
4050:Ivšić's law
3919:zero grade
3309:*bogatьstvo
2507:long rising
2454:long rising
2204:Kievan Rus'
2071:(sometimes
1775:Continental
1768:Anglo-Saxon
1471:Middle Ages
1421:Middle Ages
1276:Indo-Aryans
1269:Indo-Aryans
1076:Bell Beaker
1071:Corded ware
967:Corded ware
856:Sredny Stog
801:Archaeology
581:Proto-Greek
561:Proto-Norse
62:introducing
9640:Categories
9576:Hirt's law
9566:Dybo's law
9537:Historical
9450:Russenorsk
9429:Ponaschemu
9321:Shtokavian
9261:Podlachian
9162:Slovincian
9152:Pomeranian
9121:Old Polish
8921:Macedonian
8808:Belarusian
8621:2013-02-16
8430:2023-05-24
8258:In English
8063:References
8051:2022-01-08
7988:Stang 1957
7959:2013-11-06
7892:2016-11-03
7770:Hirt's law
7733:, long on
7704:, present
7264:"lie down"
6949:Adjectives
6399:pȏrsętьmь
6393:jь̏menьmь
6387:dъťerьjǫ́
5963:short -jo
5868:Dybo's law
5825:plemènьxъ
5819:želъ̀vьxъ
5785:zvě̄rę̀tȳ
5776:želъ̀vьmī
5739:plemènьmъ
5733:želъ̀vьmъ
5699:zvě̄rę̀tъ
5652:zvě̄rę̀tā
5609:zvě̄rę̀tā
5561:zvě̄rę̀te
5515:plemènьmь
5509:želъ̀vljǭ
5469:zvě̄rę̀ti
5426:zvě̄rę̀te
5160:short -jo
5154:short -jo
5106:Dybo's law
5097:, such as
5072:Dybo's law
5034:sě̀menьxъ
5001:xlě̀bě̄xъ
4936:sě̀menьmъ
4682:sě̀menьmь
4065:diminutive
4027:Dybo's law
3343:Slovincian
3341:, extinct
3286:sound laws
3239:Old Polish
3233:, denoted
2970:Consonants
2644:IPA symbol
2481:e, o, ь, ъ
2373:, and the
2179:and other
2162:Pre-Slavic
2121:Lithuanian
2044:Slavicists
1995:unattested
1883:Institutes
1803:Lithuanian
1557:Indo-Aryan
1543:Historical
1477:Indo-Aryan
1434:Tocharians
1348:Cimmerians
1226:Bronze Age
1117:South Asia
991:Bronze Age
929:Afanasievo
733:Mainstream
497:Vocabulary
417:Sound laws
279:Indo-Aryan
45:references
9624:indicate
9539:phonology
9487:languages
9475:Trasianka
9301:Kajkavian
9289:Chakavian
9214:Schleifer
9157:Kashubian
8939:Torlakian
8916:Bulgarian
8872:Ukrainian
8837:Ruthenian
8422:: 18–39,
8141:166319427
7922:Lunt 2001
7910:Lunt 1987
7253:(ę)-e-tь
7207:"crumple"
7176:Examples
7058:'to be',
6831:tense yer
6816:footnote.
6765:kolẽsьxъ
6762:jьmẽnьxъ
6759:korẽnьxъ
6756:dъťẽrьxъ
6753:brъ̏vьxъ
6744:zvě̑rьxъ
6729:břuśě̃xъ
6707:korenьmì
6704:dъťerьmì
6661:kolẽsьmъ
6658:jьmẽnьmъ
6655:korẽnьmъ
6652:dъťẽrьmъ
6649:brъ̏vьmъ
6640:zvě̑rьmъ
6612:porsę̃tъ
6591:kostь̃jь
6588:zvěrь̃jь
6396:kȍlesьmь
6390:kȍrenьmь
6384:brъvьjǫ́
6378:kostьjǫ́
6375:zvě̑rьmь
6081:Singular
6064:daughter
6029:long -nt
6023:short -s
6017:short -n
6011:short -n
6005:short -r
5987:short -i
5975:long -jā
5969:short -ā
5957:long -jo
5945:short -o
5813:dvьrь̀xъ
5770:dvь̃rьmī
5727:dvьrь̀mъ
5682:dvьrь̀jь
5507:želъ̀vьjǫ
5251:Singular
5208:long -nt
5202:short -n
5196:short -n
5190:short -ū
5184:short -u
5178:short -i
5166:short -ā
5040:àgnętьxъ
5037:čùdesьxъ
5031:kàmenьxъ
5028:màterьxъ
5025:tỳkъvьxъ
5004:lě̀tě̄xъ
4982:kàmenьmī
4979:màterьmī
4976:tỳkъvьmī
4942:àgnętьmъ
4939:čùdesьmъ
4933:kàmenьmъ
4930:màterьmъ
4927:tỳkъvьmъ
4903:xlě̀bomъ
4688:àgnętьmь
4685:čùdesьmь
4679:kàmenьmь
4671:tỳkъvljǭ
4639:xlě̀bъmь
4379:Singular
4330:long -nt
4276:long -jā
4264:long -jo
4117:barytonic
4112:*ję̄zū́k-
3416:Coronals
3339:Kashubian
3216:branches.
3108:Fricative
3083:*č (t͡ʃ)
3080:*c (t͡s)
3069:Affricate
3041:*ť (tʲ )
2905:*ol, *or
2900:*el, *er
2626:Phonology
2582:Chakavian
2580:. In the
2085:Macedonia
1993:) is the
1818:Practices
1637:Yarsanism
1447:Albanians
1427:East Asia
1414:Scythians
1406:Phrygians
1399:Paeonians
1392:Illyrians
1378:Thracians
1295:East Asia
1246:Armenians
1173:Hallstatt
1155:Chernoles
1096:Terramare
1086:Trzciniec
1053:Sintashta
1048:Andronovo
949:Cernavodă
922:East Asia
877:Khvalynsk
617:Philology
527:Particles
413:Phonology
354:Liburnian
329:Tocharian
324:Anatolian
293:Nuristani
186:Languages
134:ancestors
9520:Iazychie
9444:Runglish
9402:Balachka
9373:Silesian
9331:Bunjevac
9179:Polabian
9136:Silesian
9115:dialects
9110:Masurian
9094:Lechitic
9051:Moravian
8974:Croatian
8877:dialects
8848:dialects
8678:Archived
8661:Archived
8646:Archived
8629:citation
8615:archived
8586:(1950),
8530:(2008),
8484:" . In:
8478:Archived
8453:Archived
8447:" . In:
8441:Archived
8424:archived
8204:(2002),
8150:(2001),
8099:: 91–112
8084:(1994),
8072:(2008),
8045:Archived
7886:Archived
7815:See also
7535:-(s)-tь
7434:-ova-ti
7431:-uje-tь
7424:-eh₁-ye-
7408:-ěje-tь
7401:-eh₂-ye-
7385:-aje-tь
7170:Present
7027:- and *-
6750:sy̑nъxъ
6747:kȍstьxъ
6726:vozě̃xъ
6716:porsętý
6701:brъvьmì
6695:kostьmì
6692:zvěrьmì
6646:sy̑nъmъ
6643:kȍstьmъ
6625:břuxõmъ
6560:porsętà
6548:dъ̏ťeri
6508:porsętà
6496:dъ̏ťeri
6490:sy̑nove
6482:zvě̑rьjē
6451:pȏrsęte
6445:jь̏mene
6439:dъ̏ťere
6381:sy̑nъmь
6372:dušejǫ́
6369:nogojǫ́
6363:mǫ̑žьmь
6360:břȗxъmь
6347:pȏrsęti
6341:jь̏meni
6335:dъ̏ťeri
6329:sy̑novi
6295:pȏrsęte
6289:jь̏mene
6283:dъ̏ťere
6231:dъ̏ťerь
6061:eyebrow
5993:long -u
5981:long -i
5951:long -o
5822:elènьxъ
5816:volъ̀xъ
5810:pǭtь̀xъ
5782:plemènȳ
5779:elènьmī
5767:pǫ̃tьmī
5736:elènьmъ
5730:volъ̀mъ
5724:pǭtь̀mъ
5696:plemènъ
5690:želъ̀vъ
5677:pǭtь̀jь
5649:plemènā
5643:želъ̀vi
5606:plemènā
5600:želъ̀vi
5558:plemène
5552:želъ̀ve
5512:elènьmь
5504:volъ̀mь
5499:dvь̃rьjǫ
5496:pǭtь̀mь
5488:ložь̀mь
5485:nožь̀mь
5482:vīnъ̀mь
5479:bȳkъ̀mь
5466:plemèni
5460:želъ̀vi
5423:plemène
5417:želъ̀ve
5383:zvě̄rę̀
5374:želъ̀vь
5172:long -i
5148:long -o
5142:long -o
5016:zę̀tьxъ
5007:plàčīxъ
4985:sě̀menȳ
4967:zę̀tьmī
4918:zę̀tьmъ
4909:plàčēmъ
4906:lě̀tomъ
4887:sě̀menъ
4865:zę̀tьjь
4834:sě̀menā
4785:sě̀menā
4731:sě̀mene
4674:màterьjǫ
4669:tỳkъvьjǫ
4658:zę̀tьmь
4645:plàčьmь
4642:lě̀tъmь
4623:sě̀meni
4574:sě̀mene
4371:miracle
4359:pumpkin
4324:long -s
4318:long -n
4312:long -n
4306:long -r
4300:long -ū
4294:long -u
4288:long -i
4282:long -i
4270:long -ā
4258:long -o
4252:long -o
4156:. In AP
3942:o-grade
3896:e-grade
3413:Labials
3347:Polabian
3157:*ř (rʲ)
3060:*ď (dʲ)
2632:phonemes
2595:, short
2396:iotation
2222:Notation
2181:register
1864:Scholars
1762:Germanic
1733:Scottish
1698:Thracian
1692:Illyrian
1686:Albanian
1674:European
1667:Armenian
1651:Ossetian
1645:Scythian
1630:Yazidism
1580:Buddhism
1571:Hinduism
1462:Norsemen
1372:Anatolia
1289:Iranians
1282:Iranians
1263:Iron Age
1238:Hittites
1191:Colchian
1184:Caucasus
1142:Iron Age
1111:Lusatian
1106:Urnfield
1030:Srubnaya
1025:Poltavka
1015:Catacomb
954:Cucuteni
909:Caucasus
726:Religion
711:Homeland
653:Behistun
633:Linear B
522:Numerals
517:Pronouns
442:Balkanic
389:Thracian
382:Phrygian
375:Paeonian
361:Messapic
347:Illyrian
259:Hellenic
254:Germanic
223:Armenian
215:Albanian
209:Albanoid
160:a series
158:Part of
9622:Italics
9507:Lydnevi
9463:Surzhyk
9196:Sorbian
9045:Knaanic
8996:Slovene
8984:Serbian
8969:Bosnian
8949:Western
8908:Eastern
8843:Russian
8732:History
8684:". In:
8652:". In:
7706:*meľètь
7574:"know"
7524:*sъpati
7518:*letěti
7512:*xoditi
7502:"hear"
7495:"think"
7442:"kiss"
7369:"send"
7358:-je-tь
7342:"give"
7313:-ja-ti
7308:-je-tь
7285:-nǫ-ti
7282:-ne-tь
7241:"call"
7200:"carry"
7159:Leskien
7073:*jьměti
7049:*věděti
7039:- or *-
7005:*věděti
6987:woid-ai
6788:kȍrijen
6784:dokořán
6741:dušàxъ
6738:nogàxъ
6735:poľĩxъ
6732:mǫžĩxъ
6713:kolesý
6710:jьmený
6698:synъmì
6689:dušàmi
6686:nogàmi
6637:dušàmъ
6634:nogàmъ
6631:poľẽmъ
6628:mǫžẽmъ
6622:vozõmъ
6609:kolẽsъ
6606:jьmẽnъ
6603:korẽnъ
6600:dъťẽrъ
6597:brъ̃vъ
6594:synõvъ
6557:kolesà
6554:jьmenà
6551:kȍreni
6545:brъ̏vi
6536:zvě̑ri
6524:mǫ̑žę̇
6505:kolesà
6502:jьmenà
6499:kȍrene
6493:brъ̏vi
6484:zvě̑řē
6456:Plural
6448:kȍlese
6442:kȍrene
6436:brъ̏ve
6421:nodźě̀
6366:pȍľьmь
6357:vȍzъmь
6344:kȍlesi
6338:kȍreni
6332:brъ̏vi
6323:zvě̑ri
6292:kȍlese
6286:kȍrene
6280:brъ̏ve
6268:dušę̇́
6234:kȍrenь
6228:brъ̑vь
6219:zvě̑rь
6076:piglet
5807:ženàxъ
5804:lõžixъ
5801:nõžixъ
5798:vĩněxъ
5795:bỹcěxъ
5773:võlъmī
5764:ženàmī
5721:ženàmъ
5718:lõžemъ
5715:nõžemъ
5712:vīnòmъ
5709:bȳkòmъ
5687:volòvъ
5684:dvь̃ri
5625:nožę̇̀
5597:volòve
5589:pǫ̃tьjē
5566:Plural
5546:dvь̃ri
5501:dvь̃řǫ
5457:volòvi
5411:dvь̃ri
5380:plemę̀
5368:dvь̃rь
5338:zvě̄rę̀
5237:turtle
5099:*osnòvā
5022:jìlъxъ
5019:nìtьxъ
5013:bùřāxъ
5010:rànaxъ
4991:àgnętȳ
4988:čùdesȳ
4973:jìlъmī
4970:nìtьmī
4964:bùřāmī
4961:rànamī
4952:xlě̀bȳ
4924:jìlъmъ
4921:nìtьmъ
4915:bùřāmъ
4912:rànamъ
4893:àgnętъ
4890:čùdesъ
4884:kàmenъ
4881:màterъ
4878:tỳkъvъ
4875:jìlovъ
4870:nìtьjь
4850:xlě̀bъ
4840:àgnętā
4837:čùdesā
4831:kàmeni
4828:màteri
4825:tỳkъvi
4807:plàčę̇
4801:xlě̀by
4791:àgnętā
4788:čùdesā
4782:kàmene
4779:màteri
4776:tỳkъvi
4773:jìlove
4765:zę̀tьjē
4750:xlě̀bi
4742:Plural
4737:àgnęte
4734:čùdese
4728:kàmene
4725:màtere
4722:tỳkъve
4698:xlě̀bě
4676:màteřǭ
4666:jìlъmъ
4629:àgnęti
4626:čùdesi
4620:kàmeni
4617:màteri
4614:tỳkъvi
4611:jìlovi
4590:xlě̀bu
4580:àgnęte
4577:čùdese
4571:kàmene
4568:màtere
4565:tỳkъve
4541:xlě̀ba
4522:kàmenь
4519:màterь
4516:tỳkъvь
4492:xlě̀bъ
4362:mother
4353:thread
4338:summer
3815:change.
3662:Origin
3426:Normal
3419:Velars
3382:Grammar
3278:Slovene
3140:*ž (ʒ)
3026:Plosive
2996:Palatal
2991:Coronal
2958:change.
2871:Central
2804:Central
2734:Central
2667:Central
2615:History
2517:Macron
2293:ŭ or ъ
2278:ĭ or ь
2263:Slavic
2260:IE/B-S
2175:, e.g.
2125:Latvian
2119:, e.g.
2037:as the
2004:of all
1796:Latvian
1754:Cornish
1624:Kurdish
1610:Persian
1602:Iranian
1594:Sikhism
1587:Jainism
1550:Hittite
1489:Iranian
1385:Dacians
1178:Jastorf
1101:Tumulus
1081:Únětice
1010:Yamnaya
1005:Chariot
943:Usatovo
884:Yamnaya
721:Society
705:Origins
638:Rigveda
490:Grammar
317:Extinct
307:Romance
286:Iranian
58:improve
9434:Quelia
9316:Resian
9105:Polish
9063:Slovak
8760:Accent
8564:
8554:Zagreb
8538:
8393:
8372:
8315:
8272:
8220:
8191:
8158:
8139:
7754:*-ě̀ti
7702:*mèlti
7584:Accent
7567:"have"
7553:"give"
7487:-a-ti
7482:-i-tь
7456:-i-ti
7453:-i-tь
7411:-ě-ti
7388:-a-ti
7361:-a-ti
7335:"blow"
7328:"wash"
7321:"beat"
7246:ablaut
7234:"take"
7227:"live"
7220:"bake"
7187:-e-tь
7179:Notes
7167:Class
7110:ablaut
7088:Aspect
7011:*woyd-
6677:břuxý
6576:mǫ̃žь
6573:břũxъ
6542:sy̑ny
6539:kȍsti
6533:dȗšę̇
6521:břuxà
6487:kȍsti
6479:dȗšę̇
6470:mǫ̑ži
6467:břuxà
6430:kostí
6427:zvěrí
6415:mǫ̑ži
6412:břȗśě
6326:kȍsti
6317:nȍdźě
6311:mǫ̑žu
6308:břȗxu
6277:sy̑nu
6274:kostí
6271:zvěrí
6259:mǫ̑ža
6256:břȗxa
6243:pȏrsę
6237:jь̏mę
6225:sy̑nъ
6222:kȏstь
6207:mǫ̑žь
6204:břȗxo
6133:zvě̑rь
6073:wheel
6043:field
6037:belly
5865:before
5693:elènъ
5679:pǫ̃ti
5646:elèni
5637:dvьrì
5603:elène
5594:dvьrì
5591:pǫ̃ťē
5555:elène
5543:pǫ̃ti
5540:ženě̀
5531:vīně̀
5528:bȳcě̀
5491:ženòjǫ
5463:elèni
5454:dvьrì
5448:ženě̀
5420:elène
5408:pǫ̃ti
5377:elènь
5365:pǫ̃tь
5362:ženǫ̀
5331:plemę̀
5303:dvь̃rь
5243:tribe
5225:woman
5219:knife
4958:plàčī
4955:lě̀tȳ
4867:zę̀tī
4856:plàčь
4853:lě̀tъ
4816:zę̀ti
4813:bùřę̇
4804:lě̀ta
4767:zę̀ťē
4762:bùřę̇
4756:plàči
4753:lě̀ta
4713:zę̀tī
4704:plàči
4701:lě̀tě
4661:nìtьjǫ
4653:bùřējǫ
4648:rànojǫ
4605:zę̀ti
4596:plàču
4593:lě̀tu
4556:zę̀tī
4553:bùřę̇
4547:plàča
4544:lě̀ta
4525:sě̀mę
4507:zę̀tь
4498:plàčь
4495:lě̀to
4389:xlě̀bъ
4365:stone
4347:storm
4344:wound
4335:bread
4133:In AP
4126:In AP
4014:mobile
3934:ьr, ъr
3931:ьl, ъl
3839:ablaut
2986:Labial
2686:*ъ/ŭ
2683:*ь/ĭ
2638:Vowels
2501:Tilde
2483:in an
2422:ogonek
2257:Vowel
1811:Slavic
1790:Baltic
1740:Breton
1720:Celtic
1704:Dacian
1660:Others
1440:Europe
1313:Europe
1307:Yuezhi
1161:Europe
1148:Steppe
1059:Europe
916:Maykop
870:Samara
826:Kurgan
643:Avesta
425:Ablaut
421:Accent
368:Mysian
340:Dacian
301:Italic
249:Celtic
241:Slavic
234:Baltic
202:Extant
115:Region
47:, but
9368:Goral
9306:Pomak
9254:Lemko
9027:Czech
8867:Rusyn
8521:Sofia
8471:]
8208:, in
8179:, in
8137:S2CID
8089:(PDF)
7862:Notes
7758:*-ìti
7750:*-àti
7739:*-ě̀-
7720:verbs
7683:*-ìti
7679:*-àti
7662:*-ě̀-
7648:verbs
7632:verbs
7560:"eat"
7485:-ě-ti
7480:-i-tь
7473:-eyé-
7469:-éye-
7396:"do"
7192:-ati
7067:*ěsti
7061:*dati
7055:*byti
6969:Verbs
6867:norm.
6683:poľí
6680:mǫží
6674:vozý
6585:dũšь
6582:nõgъ
6579:põľь
6570:võzъ
6530:nȍgy
6527:poľà
6518:vȍzy
6476:nȍgy
6473:poľà
6464:vȍzi
6433:synú
6424:dušì
6418:pȍľi
6409:vȍzě
6320:dȗšī
6314:pȍľu
6305:vȍzu
6265:nogý
6262:pȍľa
6253:vȍza
6240:kȍlo
6216:dȗšǫ
6213:nȍgǫ
6210:pȍľe
6201:vȏzъ
6189:pȏrsę
6175:jь̏mę
6161:dъ̏ťi
6147:sy̑nъ
6140:kȏstь
6105:mǫ̑žь
6098:břȗxo
6070:name
6067:root
6055:bone
6049:soul
6034:cart
6009:Masc.
5991:Masc.
5979:Masc.
5955:Masc.
5943:Masc.
5927:nouns
5761:lõži
5758:nõži
5755:vĩny
5752:bỹky
5674:žẽnъ
5671:lõžь
5668:nõžь
5665:vĩnъ
5662:bỹkъ
5640:volỳ
5634:pǭtì
5631:ženỳ
5628:lõža
5622:vīnà
5619:bȳkỳ
5586:ženỳ
5583:lõža
5580:nožì
5577:vīnà
5574:bȳcì
5549:võlu
5537:ložì
5534:nožì
5493:žẽnǫ
5451:pǭtì
5445:ložù
5442:nožù
5439:vīnù
5436:bȳkù
5414:volù
5405:ženỳ
5402:ložà
5399:nožà
5396:vīnà
5393:bȳkà
5371:võlъ
5359:ložè
5356:nõžь
5353:vīnò
5350:bỹkъ
5296:pǫ̃tь
5240:deer
5231:door
5216:wine
5213:bull
5194:Masc.
5182:Masc.
5170:Masc.
5152:Masc.
5140:Masc.
5124:nouns
4872:nìtī
4862:bùřь
4859:rànъ
4822:jìly
4819:nìti
4810:ràny
4770:nìti
4759:ràny
4719:jìlū
4716:nìtī
4710:bùřī
4707:ràně
4663:nìťǭ
4655:bùřǭ
4650:rànǭ
4608:nìti
4602:bùřī
4599:ràně
4562:jìlu
4559:nìtī
4550:ràny
4531:àgnę
4528:čùdo
4513:jìlъ
4510:nìtь
4504:bùřǫ
4501:rànǫ
4466:sě̀mę
4424:zę̀tь
4403:plàčь
4396:lě̀to
4374:lamb
4368:seed
4356:clay
4310:Masc.
4292:Masc.
4280:Masc.
4262:Masc.
4250:Masc.
4234:nouns
4211:Nouns
4179:*võľa
4010:fixed
3937:ę, ǫ
3798:ę̇, ь
3552:mj/mľ
3549:vj/vľ
3546:pj/pľ
3543:bj/bľ
3368:>
3363:*
3352:gordъ
3323:-stv-
3321:*
3314:*
3148:Trill
3008:Nasal
3001:Velar
2883:Close
2866:Front
2816:Close
2799:Front
2746:Close
2729:Front
2679:Close
2662:Front
2388:caron
2177:tonal
2083:) in
2081:Solun
1782:Norse
1747:Welsh
1726:Irish
1715:Roman
1710:Greek
1565:Vedic
1457:Slavs
1452:Balts
1326:Gauls
1320:Celts
1302:Wusun
1197:India
973:Baden
673:Ogham
648:Homer
535:Other
512:Nouns
507:Verbs
265:Greek
9184:Rani
9142:Lach
8635:link
8562:ISBN
8536:ISBN
8391:ISBN
8370:ISBN
8313:ISBN
8270:ISBN
8218:ISBN
8189:ISBN
8156:ISBN
7766:*-tì
7762:*-ti
7743:*-ì-
7694:*-ti
7687:*-tì
7674:*-ì-
7670:*-i-
7666:*-ì-
7658:*-è-
7654:*-e-
7546:"be"
7538:-ti
7532:5th
7507:-ati
7450:4th
7374:-ye-
7347:-ye-
7305:3rd
7298:-nǫ-
7279:2nd
7256:-ti
7184:1st
7151:-āre
7147:-ēre
7131:*po-
7082:dad-
7078:dati
6983:vědě
6938:j(ā)
6929:(j)o
6912:(j)o
6670:Inst
6353:Inst
6182:kȍlo
6168:kȍry
6126:dušà
6119:nogà
6112:pȍľe
6091:vȏzъ
6058:son
6046:leg
6040:man
6003:Fem.
5997:Fem.
5985:Fem.
5973:Fem.
5967:Fem.
5748:Inst
5475:Inst
5317:želỳ
5310:võlъ
5289:ženà
5282:ložè
5275:nõžь
5268:vīnò
5261:bỹkъ
5228:way
5222:bed
5188:Fem.
5176:Fem.
5164:Fem.
5108:and
4948:Inst
4635:Inst
4480:àgnę
4473:čùdo
4459:kàmy
4452:màti
4445:tỳky
4438:jìlъ
4431:nìtь
4417:bùřā
4410:ràna
4341:cry
4304:Fem.
4298:Fem.
4286:Fem.
4274:Fem.
4268:Fem.
4002:and
3847:PIE
3795:ę, ь
3757:ǫ, ъ
3754:ę, ь
3389:dual
3371:gord
3365:gard
3358:gard
3345:and
3299:open
3097:*dz
2911:Open
2876:Back
2842:Open
2836:*ǫ
2833:*ę
2809:Back
2782:*a
2776:Open
2766:*ě
2756:*u
2753:*y
2750:*i
2739:Back
2707:Open
2701:*o
2696:*e
2672:Back
2523:long
2521:: A
2494:: A
2474:: A
2463:: A
2452:: A
2420:The
2386:The
2123:and
1979:PSl.
1844:Yule
1835:Sati
1124:BMAC
502:Root
8576:PWN
8473:. "
8338:doi
8292:doi
8129:doi
7741:or
7716:AP
7698:a/b
7689:).
7664:or
7644:AP
7628:AP
7607:.
7351:-j-
7311:-ti
7190:-ti
6992:*sę
6961:*jь
6722:Loc
6618:Dat
6566:Gen
6514:Acc
6460:Nom
6405:Loc
6301:Dat
6249:Gen
6197:Acc
6154:brỳ
6085:Nom
6027:Nt.
6021:Nt.
6015:Nt.
5961:Nt.
5949:Nt.
5923:AP
5890:AP
5791:Loc
5705:Dat
5658:Gen
5615:Acc
5570:Nom
5524:Loc
5432:Dat
5389:Gen
5346:Acc
5324:elỳ
5255:Nom
5234:ox
5206:Nt.
5200:Nt.
5158:Nt.
5146:Nt.
5120:AP
4997:Loc
4899:Dat
4846:Gen
4797:Acc
4746:Nom
4694:Loc
4586:Dat
4537:Gen
4488:Acc
4383:Nom
4328:Nt.
4322:Nt.
4316:Nt.
4256:Nt.
4230:AP
4190:or
4101:, *
4097:, *
4093:, *
4082:In
4069:-ā-
3868:en
3801:ę̇
3716:ei
3705:ūn
3191:*j
3186:*v
3171:*l
3154:*r
3137:*z
3125:*x
3119:*s
3063:*g
3057:*d
3054:*b
3044:*k
3038:*t
3035:*p
3015:*n
3012:*m
2949:In
2896:Mid
2829:Mid
2762:Mid
2692:Mid
2553:or
2512:yer
2400:/j/
2344:yat
2285:yer
2270:yer
1989:or
1983:PS.
1129:Yaz
123:Era
9642::
8631:}}
8627:{{
8560:,
8556::
8469:pl
8420:II
8414:,
8334:31
8332:,
8288:11
8286:,
8135:,
8125:11
8123:,
8097:22
8095:,
8091:,
8043:.
8039:.
7895:.
7870:^
7790::
7756:,
7752:,
7745:.
7735:*i
7731:*e
7681:,
7133:.
7041:aa
7037:ěa
7029:st
7025:ss
7023:*-
6872:^
6847:^
6821:^
5910:jo
5895:jā
5847:^
5050:^
4194:.
4170:jā
4084:AP
3983:ǫ
3960:ǫ
3957:or
3954:ol
3948:ě₂
3914:ę
3911:er
3908:el
3905:ju
3891:ę
3876:ě₁
3865:em
3862:er
3859:el
3856:ew
3853:ey
3826:.)
3807:i
3786:i
3780:ь
3769:i
3766:ě₂
3760:y
3745:y
3739:ě₁
3733:ъ
3713:ai
3710:au
3702:un
3699:in
3696:en
3693:an
3688:ū
3674:u
3647:^3
3637:^2
3627:^1
3617:t
3611:rt
3608:lt
3602:st
3585:—
3535:ś
3529:dz
3521:j
3471:j
3280:.
3131:v+
3113:v−
3091:v+
3074:v−
3050:v+
3031:v−
2938:).
2444::
2363:a
2360:ā
2352:ě
2349:ē
2346:)
2337:y
2334:ū
2326:i
2323:ī
2315:o
2312:a
2304:e
2301:e
2290:u
2287:)
2275:i
2272:)
2166:c.
2050:.
2024:.
1997:,
1981:,
1241:)
592:·
573:·
423:,
419:,
415::
162:on
9628:.
8762:)
8758:(
8716:e
8709:t
8702:v
8673:"
8637:)
8340::
8294::
8131::
8054:.
8014:.
8002:.
7990:.
7912:.
7726:c
7718:c
7710:a
7677:(
7646:b
7638:a
7630:a
7614:)
7610:(
7378:j
7033:s
6814:a
6801:a
5934:c
5925:c
5917:s
5914:b
5907:b
5903:a
5899:ā
5892:b
5881:a
5131:b
5122:b
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