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and small commercial communications satellites into
Geostationary Transfer Orbit (GTO). The variants were planned with a 2 + 1 stage architecture based on 3 stage Proton/Briz M, but dispensing with the 2nd stage and featuring minor lengthening of the other two stages. The Proton Light 1st stage was planned with 4 main engines and external tanks to the 6 used by Proton Medium and Proton-M. The cost was expected to be competitive with Ariane and SpaceX. The planned maiden flights were 2018 for Proton Medium and 2019 for Proton Light. They were expected to use
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payload were stripped off 24 seconds after launch due to the forces experienced followed by the first stage breaking apart and erupting in flames. Impact with the ground occurred 30 seconds after liftoff. The preliminary report of the investigation into the July 2013 failure indicated that three of the first stage angular velocity sensors, responsible for
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control, were installed in an incorrect orientation. As the error affected the redundant sensors as well as the primary ones, the rocket was left with no yaw control, which resulted in the failure. Telemetry data also indicated that a pad umbilical had detached prematurely, suggesting that the Proton
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The Proton-M features modifications to the lower stages to reduce structural mass, increase thrust, and utilise more propellant. A closed-loop guidance system is used on the first stage, which allows more complete consumption of propellant. This increases the rocket's performance slightly compared to
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telecommunications satellite. Unlike the 2013 crash, this occurred more than nine minutes into the flight when one of the third stage verniers shut off, causing loss of attitude control. An automatic shutdown and destruct command was issued and the remains of the upper stages and payload impacted in
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The full-sized Proton-M can currently lift 6300 kg into a standard
Geostationary Transfer Orbit (GTO); Proton Medium was planned to lift 5000 kg into a similar GTO while Proton Light was rated for 3600 kg. The 3000β5000 kg payload range includes all-electric and hybrid satellites
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Proton Light and Proton Medium were two proposed variants with a lower payload capacity at a reduced price. Originally proposed end of 2016, Proton Light was cancelled in 2017 and Proton Medium was put on "indefinite hold" in 2018. The variants were designed to reduce the cost for launching medium
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satellites failed shortly after liftoff. The booster began pitching left and right along the vertical axis within a few seconds of launch. Attempts by the onboard guidance computer to correct the flight trajectory failed and ended up putting it into an unrecoverable pitchover. The upper stages and
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engine. The RD-0211 is a version of the RD-0210 modified with a heat exchanger used to pressurize the propellant tanks. The second stage is joined to the first stage through a net instead of a closed inter-stage, to allow the exhaust to escape because the second stage begins firing seconds before
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The first stage is unique in that it consists of a central cylindrical oxidizer tank with the same diameter as the other two stages with six fuel tanks attached to its circumference, each carrying an engine. The engines in this stage can swivel tangentially up to 7.0Β° from the neutral position,
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said "the failure-prone space sector is so troubled that it needs state supervision to overcome its problems". Three days following the failure, the
Russian government had announced that "extremely harsh measures" would be taken "and spell the end of the space industry as we know it".
1014:. The rationale for this design is logistics: the diameter of the oxidizer tanks and the two following stages is the maximum that can be delivered by railroad to Baikonur. However, within Baikonur the fully assembled stack is transported again by rail, as it has enough clearance.
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satellite into orbit. This was the 326th launch of a Proton, the 16th Proton-M/Briz-M launch, and the 41st Proton launch to be conducted by ILS. It features more efficient first stage engines, updated avionics, lighter fuel tanks and more powerful
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As of 22 June 2024, 115 Proton-M launches had occurred, of which 11 failed or partially failed, yielding a success rate of 90%. Four of these failures were the results of problems with the Proton-M itself, six were caused by the
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reduction throughout the rocket, including thinner fuel tank walls on the first stage, and use of composite materials on all other stages. The second launch of this variant occurred on 18 August 2008, and was used to place
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satellite to the intended orbit. Pending an investigation, the rocket was grounded for the rest of 2016 and first half of 2017: Proton-M at that time planned to return to the launch pad around June 2017 to deliver the
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northern China. An investigation committee concluded that the failure was most likely due to one of the turbopumps breaking off its mount, rupturing a propellant line and causing the vernier to lose thrust.
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This
Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future
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crash into designated crash sites; the third stage crashes into the ocean. After the third stage separates, the orbital unit coasts for a brief period, then Briz-M performs its first firing to achieve
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upper stage malfunctioning and leaving cargo in a useless orbit (albeit on two instances the satellites were able to maneuver to correct orbit under their own propulsion), and one was the result of a
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Among the various Proton-M failures, some have been caused by the upper stages used to allow the rocket to deliver payloads to higher orbit, notably the failures in May 2014 and May 2015.
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On 5 December 2010, the upper stage and payloads failed to reach orbital velocity due to overloading of the upper stage with 1500 kg of liquid oxygen, resulting in the loss of three
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upper stage. The Proton-M launches the orbital unit (that is: the payload, the payload adapter and the Briz-M) into a slightly suborbital trajectory. The first and second stages and the
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failed due to excessive vibration loads, which had been caused by an increasing imbalance of the rotor in the turbopump and concluded it was the same cause of a prior accident in 1988.
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to place the payload into either its final orbit or a transfer orbit. If a transfer orbit is used the final maneuver(s) are performed by the payload on its own propulsion system.
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used for thrust vector control. The nozzles of the RD-0214 can turn up to 45.0Β°; they are placed around (with some separation), and moderately above the nozzle of the RD-0213.
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Frank McKenna, CEO of ILS, has indicated that in 2010 the Phase III Proton design would become the standard ILS configuration, with the ability to lift 6150 kg to GTO.
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In a June 2016 launch, one of the four second stage engines shut down prematurely. The Briz-M was able to make up for the resulting stage under-performance and deliver the
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previous variants, and reduces the amount of toxic chemicals remaining in the stage when it impacts downrange. It can place up to 21,000 kilograms (46,000 lb) into
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in
December 2012. All of the payloads were unusable except for Yamal-402, which was able to correct its orbit at the expense of several years' operational life, and
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Symbol indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)
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As a result of the July 2013, Proton-M launch failure, a major reorganization of the
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Site 81/24 and would have required a new transporter-erector system and other ground infrastructure changes.
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On 28 January 2017, the
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into orbit. The baseline Proton-M was retired in
November 2007, in favour of the Enhanced variant.
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Proton returned to flight 8 June 2017, a full year after the previous flight on 6 June 2016.
1093:. As of 2023, only a single Proton-M launch has taken place without an upper stage to launch
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1959:"Proton Medium, International Launch Services' answer to Falcon 9, put on "indefinite hold""
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may have launched several tenths of a second early, before the engines reached full thrust.
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upper stage to propel the spacecraft into a higher orbit. Launches have also been made with
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897:(ILS), and generally use Site 200/39. The first Proton-M launch occurred on 7 April 2001.
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1499:(UDMH)) and debris created by Russia's space programme is poisoning areas of Russia and
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At least five earlier launches also succumbed to problems with the Briz-M upper stage;
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thrusters on the second stage. Thrust vector control is provided by engine gimballing.
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upper stage being incorrectly fueled, leaving the Proton too heavy to achieve orbit.
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Proton flew its most recent mission on 12 March 2023. As of August 2020, a number of
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2101:"Third stage engine blamed for Russian Proton-M rocket crash - SpaceFlight Insider"
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In May 2014, another Proton-M launch ended in failure, resulting in the loss of an
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1598:(Report). United States Government Accountability Office. August 2017. GAO-17-609
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that use ion thrusters to slowly make their way into geostationary orbit (GEO).
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The second stage uses a conventional cylindrical design. It is powered by three
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1883:"Proton Launch System Mission Planner's Guide Section 4 Spacecraft Interfaces"
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The Proton-M launch vehicle consists of three stages; all of them powered by
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and the influence of rocket fuel components or space activity of any kind".
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weighing 6740 kg was lifted into GTO by the Proton-M/Briz-M Phase III.
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2211:"Rogozin: Russia to Consolidate Space Sector into Open Joint Stock Company"
2079:"ΠΠ°Π·Π²Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ "ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π°" Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ"
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2000:"ILS to expand Proton Rocket Family in Response to Changing Launch Market"
1658:"Proton Launch System Mission Planner's Guide β Section 2. LV Performance"
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and other
Russian government missions remain on Proton launch manifest.
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after SES determined that it couldn't complete its original mission.
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In May 2015, a Proton-M with a
Mexican telecommunications satellite,
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communications satellite failed to achieve orbit, and fell in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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falls after some launches. Anatoly Kuzin, deputy director of the
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which is a fixed (non-gimballed) version of the RD-0210, and one
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Commercial launches conducted by ILS use two kinds of fairings:
1057:. With an upper stage, it can place a 3000 kg payload into
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2167:"Russia grounds Proton-M rockets over crash | DW | 28.01.2017"
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2057:"Russia's Proton crashes with a trio of navigation satellites"
1986:"ILS unveils two Proton variants sized for smaller satellites"
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In September 2007, a Proton-M/Briz-M rocket carrying Japan's
1695:"Upgraded Proton booster adds satellite to Intelsat's fleet"
2152:"Russia to check space flight engines over faulty parts"
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spacecraft, while seven further launches have used the
27:
Russian heavy lift launcher which uses hypergolic fuel
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Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center
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In a typical mission, a Proton-M is accompanied by a
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2040:"Russia clears Proton to resume flying in December"
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2242:"Rocket failure to lead to space industry reform"
1743:"1st and 2nd Stage | ILS Proton | Launch Vehicle"
1628:"Commercial Launch Vehicle | ILS Proton Breeze M"
1858:"Payload Fairing | ILS Proton | Launch Vehicle"
1360:In July 2013, a Proton-M/DM-03 carrying three
1315:Proton-M in assembly building awaiting rollout
1142:Both fairings have a diameter of 4.35 meters.
1081:upper stages: six launches were made with the
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1564:180 km (110 mi) circular LEO 51.5Β°
8:
2192:"Russian rocket fails to reach target orbit"
1818:"Commercial Launch Heritage | Proton Rocket"
1249:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
958:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1478:in August 2013 to consolidate the Russian
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1929:"ILS Reaps Reward of Khrunichev Takeover"
1768:"3rd Stage | ILS Proton | Launch Vehicle"
1269:Learn how and when to remove this message
978:Learn how and when to remove this message
2127:"Proton mission with MexSat-1 satellite"
2002:. SpaceFlight101.com. 13 September 2016.
1793:"Breeze M | ILS Proton | Launch Vehicle"
1716:. Jonathan's Space Page. Archived from
1584:
1557:
1541:Comparison of heavy lift launch systems
1495:Critics claim that Proton rocket fuel (
1714:Orbital and Suborbital Launch Database
1061:(GEO), or a 5500 kg payload into
893:. Commercial launches are marketed by
2051:
2049:
7:
2630:Comparison of orbital launch systems
2042:. Spaceflight Now. 10 December 2010.
1247:adding citations to reliable sources
956:adding citations to reliable sources
41:Proton-M rocket on the launchpad at
2271:Vassilieva, Maria (7 August 2012).
1931:. Satellite Finance. December 2009.
1468:United Rocket and Space Corporation
1073:Most Proton-M launches have used a
110:705,000 kg (1,554,000 lb)
25:
2013:Zak, Anatoly (6 September 2007).
1462:Effect on government and industry
658:2.61 m (8 ft 7 in)
487:157,300 kg (346,800 lb)
407:10,532 kN (2,368,000 lb
388:428,300 kg (944,200 lb)
4930:Universal Rocket (rocket family)
2209:Messier, Doug (30 August 2013).
2015:"Proton/JCSAT-11 launch failure"
1988:. Space News. 13 September 2016.
1608:
1525:
1293:into a parking orbit with 51.5Β°
1219:
1030:," this eliminates the need for
928:
585:46,562 kg (102,652 lb)
4935:Space launch vehicles of Russia
4458:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
1957:Henry, Caleb (30 August 2018).
1497:unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine
1171:on the Briz-M upper stage, and
1119:Proton-M/Briz-M payload fairing
1004:unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine
682:19,800 kg (43,700 lb)
479:11,000 kg (24,000 lb)
380:30,600 kg (67,500 lb)
139:23,000 kg (51,000 lb)
4885:Cancelled (no launch attempts)
2625:List of orbital launch systems
2240:Nilolaev, Ivan (3 July 2013).
2165:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
2059:. RussianSpaceWeb. 9 July 2013
1693:Clark, Stephen (9 June 2016).
1482:sector. Deputy Prime Minister
604:613.8 kN (138,000 lb
510:2,399 kN (539,000 lb
173:6,300 kg (13,900 lb)
156:6,920 kg (15,260 lb)
1:
1890:International Launch Services
1862:International Launch Services
1822:International Launch Services
1797:International Launch Services
1772:International Launch Services
1747:International Launch Services
1665:International Launch Services
1632:International Launch Services
1152:International Launch Services
895:International Launch Services
674:2,370 kg (5,220 lb)
577:3,500 kg (7,700 lb)
189:3,250 kg (7,170 lb)
1357:satellites it was carrying.
1063:geostationary transfer orbit
701:19.62 kN (4,410 lb
4940:Vehicles introduced in 2001
2246:Russia Behind The Headlines
1667:. July 2009. Archived from
1103:International Space Station
463:17.05 m (55.9 ft)
364:21.18 m (69.5 ft)
4956:
4448:Medium-lift launch vehicle
2105:www.spaceflightinsider.com
877:, and launched from sites
799:Fourth stage (optional) β
766:85 kN (19,000 lb
744:Fourth stage (optional) β
647:Fourth stage (optional) β
561:4.11 m (13.5 ft)
4466:
4453:Heavy-lift launch vehicle
4443:Small-lift launch vehicle
2620:
2566:
1410:Voronezh Mechanical Plant
1194:Light and Medium variants
863:heavy-lift launch vehicle
829:
825:
666:4.0 m (13.1 ft)
351:
193:
94:58.2 m (191 ft)
54:Heavy-lift launch vehicle
34:
1419:Upper stage malfunctions
334:Type of passengers/cargo
2521:List of Proton launches
2131:www.russianspaceweb.com
1546:List of Proton launches
1503:. Residents claim that
1334:Notable launch failures
1045:which is a four nozzle
569:4.1 m (13 ft)
471:4.1 m (13 ft)
372:7.4 m (24 ft)
102:7.4 m (24 ft)
2614:Orbital launch systems
2081:. slon.ru. 16 May 2015
1946:. Gunter's Space Page.
1846:. Gunter's Space Page.
1593:Surplus Missile Motors
1454:which was sold to the
1316:
1146:Proton-M Enhanced (M+)
1120:
1026:separation. Known as "
919:
1697:. Spaceflightnow.com.
1314:
1162:), which carried the
1118:
1085:upper stage carrying
1012:thrust vector control
1002:as the oxidizer, and
996:hypergolic propellant
992:liquid rocket engines
917:
455:Second stage β 8S811K
1708:McDowell, Jonathan.
1491:Environmental impact
1401:satellite to orbit.
1243:improve this section
1186:On 19 October 2011,
1158:rocket (also called
1099:European Robotic Arm
1000:dinitrogen tetroxide
952:improve this section
356:First stage β 8S810K
2221:on 14 February 2017
1720:on 5 September 2004
1474:corporation by the
1446:in August 2012 and
1201:Baikonur Cosmodrome
1154:launched the first
1059:geostationary orbit
908:Vehicle description
887:Baikonur Cosmodrome
553:Third stage β 8S812
43:Baikonur Cosmodrome
3620:v1.2 "Full Thrust"
1533:Spaceflight portal
1430:in February 2006,
1317:
1121:
920:
310:Partial failure(s)
198:Associated rockets
4917:
4916:
4480:
4479:
2580:
2579:
2509:
2508:
2452:
2451:
2252:on 25 August 2013
1299:orbital maneuvers
1291:orbital injection
1279:
1278:
1271:
1156:Proton-M Enhanced
988:
987:
980:
873:. It is built by
865:derived from the
840:
839:
70:Country of origin
16:(Redirected from
4947:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4484:
4329:Universal Rocket
2700:Falcon 9 Block 5
2607:
2600:
2593:
2584:
2461:
2338:
2326:Universal Rocket
2319:
2312:
2305:
2296:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2248:. Archived from
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2217:. Archived from
2206:
2200:
2199:
2198:. 7 August 2012.
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1887:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1674:on 5 August 2013
1673:
1662:
1654:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1589:
1572:
1562:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1470:was formed as a
1438:in August 2011,
1274:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1223:
1215:
1150:On 7 July 2007,
1021:engines and one
983:
976:
972:
969:
963:
932:
924:
918:Proton-M rollout
833:edit on Wikidata
776:Specific impulse
711:Specific impulse
614:Specific impulse
520:Specific impulse
417:Specific impulse
207:Universal Rocket
39:
32:
21:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4880:
4611:
4585:
4523:
4521:launch vehicles
4511:
4481:
4476:
4462:
4438:Sounding rocket
4426:
3276:
3050:
2634:
2616:
2611:
2581:
2576:
2562:
2505:
2487:
2448:
2403:
2372:
2329:
2323:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2019:RussianSpaceWeb
2012:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1942:Krebs, Gunter.
1941:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1842:Krebs, Gunter.
1841:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1609:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1493:
1464:
1434:in March 2008,
1421:
1344:Ulytau District
1336:
1319:
1318:
1307:
1287:payload fairing
1275:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1240:
1224:
1213:
1196:
1169:vernier engines
1148:
1123:
1122:
1111:
1109:Payload fairing
1071:
1055:low Earth orbit
1010:providing full
998:combination of
984:
973:
967:
964:
949:
933:
922:
921:
910:
836:
769:
738:
734:
704:
679:Propellant mass
641:
637:
607:
582:Propellant mass
547:
543:
513:
484:Propellant mass
445:
441:
410:
385:Propellant mass
281:
239:
78:Cost per launch
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4953:
4951:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4922:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4894:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4797:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4694:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4672:
4662:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4590:In development
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4487:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4375:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4358:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4157:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3861:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3839:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3055:In development
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3036:
3034:Vulcan Centaur
3031:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2290:
2263:
2232:
2201:
2183:
2157:
2143:
2118:
2092:
2070:
2045:
2031:
2005:
1991:
1977:
1949:
1934:
1920:
1902:
1874:
1849:
1834:
1809:
1784:
1759:
1731:
1700:
1685:
1644:
1619:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1520:
1517:
1492:
1489:
1484:Dmitry Rogozin
1463:
1460:
1420:
1417:
1406:Progress MS-04
1335:
1332:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1277:
1276:
1227:
1225:
1218:
1212:
1211:Launch profile
1209:
1195:
1192:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1132:short fairing.
1113:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:in July 2021.
1070:
1067:
1047:vernier engine
986:
985:
936:
934:
927:
912:
911:
909:
906:
838:
837:
830:
827:
826:
823:
822:
819:
815:
814:
812:RD-58M/RD-58MF
808:
804:
803:
796:
795:
786:
782:
781:
778:
772:
771:
767:
764:
763:Maximum thrust
760:
759:
753:
749:
748:
741:
740:
736:
732:
729:
725:
724:
721:
717:
716:
713:
707:
706:
702:
699:
698:Maximum thrust
695:
694:
688:
684:
683:
680:
676:
675:
672:
668:
667:
664:
660:
659:
656:
652:
651:
644:
643:
639:
635:
632:
628:
627:
624:
620:
619:
616:
610:
609:
605:
602:
601:Maximum thrust
598:
597:
591:
587:
586:
583:
579:
578:
575:
571:
570:
567:
563:
562:
559:
555:
554:
550:
549:
545:
541:
538:
534:
533:
530:
526:
525:
522:
516:
515:
511:
508:
507:Maximum thrust
504:
503:
493:
489:
488:
485:
481:
480:
477:
473:
472:
469:
465:
464:
461:
457:
456:
452:
451:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:
427:
423:
422:
419:
413:
412:
408:
405:
404:Maximum thrust
401:
400:
394:
390:
389:
386:
382:
381:
378:
374:
373:
370:
366:
365:
362:
358:
357:
353:
352:
349:
348:
335:
331:
330:
327:
323:
322:
319:
315:
314:
311:
307:
306:
303:
299:
298:
295:
291:
290:
287:
286:Total launches
283:
282:
280:
279:
270:
260:
258:
254:
253:
250:
246:
245:
244:Launch history
241:
240:
238:
237:
232:
227:
225:Delta IV Heavy
222:
216:
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
183:
182:
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
125:
124:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
83:
82:
81:US$ 65 million
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
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2408:UR-500 family
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2215:Parabolic Arc
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1615:public domain
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1456:US Government
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1259:November 2023
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1237:
1233:
1228:This section
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1216:
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1181:
1179:
1178:Inmarsat 4 F3
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1143:
1138:long fairing.
1137:
1134:
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1128:
1127:
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1117:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1101:(ERA) to the
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982:
979:
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968:November 2023
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947:
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942:
937:This section
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888:
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868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
849:
846:, (ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½-Π)
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329:12 March 2023
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18:Proton Medium
4734:Soyuz/Vostok
4578:
4228:Thorad-Agena
3901:Soyuz/Vostok
2932:
2705:Falcon Heavy
2457:Launch sites
2443:Proton Light
2441:
2434:
2429:
2281:. Retrieved
2276:
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2250:the original
2245:
2235:
2223:. Retrieved
2219:the original
2214:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2174:. Retrieved
2170:
2160:
2146:
2134:. Retrieved
2130:
2121:
2109:. Retrieved
2104:
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2034:
2022:. Retrieved
2018:
2008:
1994:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1962:
1952:
1937:
1923:
1911:"DIRECTV 10"
1905:
1893:. Retrieved
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1852:
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1722:. Retrieved
1718:the original
1713:
1703:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1669:the original
1635:. Retrieved
1622:
1600:. Retrieved
1587:
1560:
1494:
1465:
1444:Ekspress MD2
1436:Ekspress AM4
1425:
1422:
1414:
1403:
1391:
1380:
1372:
1359:
1352:
1337:
1320:
1280:
1265:
1256:
1241:Please help
1229:
1205:
1197:
1185:
1182:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1141:
1136:PLF-BR-15255
1135:
1130:PLF-BR-13305
1129:
1124:
1072:
1051:
1036:
1016:
1008:
989:
974:
965:
950:Please help
938:
899:
854:
850:
843:
841:
723:3000 seconds
321:7 April 2001
318:First flight
257:Launch sites
235:Long March 5
60:Manufacturer
29:
3718:LauncherOne
3669:Kaituozhe-1
3446:Black Arrow
3198:Orbex Prime
3097:Hyperbola-2
3062:Antares 330
2762:Kaituozhe 2
2735:Hyperbola-1
2341:Main series
2256:1 September
2107:. June 2015
1602:27 November
1566:inclination
1472:joint-stock
1399:EchoStar-21
1394:Intelsat 31
1305:Reliability
1295:inclination
1069:Upper stage
1028:hot staging
869:-developed
780:352 seconds
715:326 seconds
626:238 seconds
618:325 seconds
532:206 seconds
524:327 seconds
429:108 seconds
421:285 seconds
326:Last flight
294:Success(es)
277:Site 200/39
230:Falcon 9 FT
220:Atlas V 551
178:Payload to
161:Payload to
144:Payload to
128:Payload to
4924:Categories
3723:Long March
3627:Feng Bao 1
3240:Tianlong-3
3166:New Line 1
3124:Long March
3072:Cyclone-4M
3012:Tianlong-2
2990:2.1b / STB
2985:2.1a / STA
2928:Pegasus XL
2794:Long March
2767:Kinetica 1
2690:Chollima-1
2570:See also:
2176:13 January
1944:"ViaSat 1"
1579:References
1513:Altai town
1501:Kazakhstan
1476:government
1428:Arabsat-4A
1348:Kazakhstan
1328:Blok DM-03
1164:DirecTV-10
1091:Blok DM-03
1083:Blok DM-02
1006:for fuel.
994:using the
891:Kazakhstan
875:Khrunichev
859:expendable
848:GRAU index
821:RP-1 / LOX
818:Propellant
807:Powered by
801:Blok DM-03
785:Propellant
752:Powered by
728:Propellant
687:Powered by
671:Empty mass
631:Propellant
590:Powered by
574:Empty mass
537:Propellant
492:Powered by
476:Empty mass
434:Propellant
393:Powered by
377:Empty mass
302:Failure(s)
268:Site 81/24
213:Comparable
165:(1500 m/s)
148:(1800 m/s)
64:Khrunichev
4892:Tsyklon-4
3822:Paektusan
3451:Conestoga
3208:Red Dwarf
3161:New Glenn
3092:Gravity-2
3082:Epsilon S
2715:Gravity-1
2572:MR-UR-100
2556:2020β2029
2551:2010β2019
2546:2000β2009
2541:1990β1999
2536:1980β1989
2531:1970β1979
2526:1965β1969
2225:31 August
2196:The Hindu
1970:31 August
1964:SpaceNews
1505:acid rain
1448:Yamal-402
1230:does not
939:does not
902:Roscosmos
746:Blok DM-2
720:Burn time
623:Burn time
529:Burn time
426:Burn time
123:Capacity
4832:Proton-K
4805:original
4702:original
4579:Proton-M
4366:original
4356:Vanguard
4339:Proton-K
4312:original
4160:Ablestar
4145:Terran 1
4103:original
3962:Rocket 3
3869:original
3679:original
3605:Falcon 9
3600:Falcon 1
3556:IV Heavy
3272:Zuljanah
3235:Terran R
3218:Block 1B
3203:Pallas-1
3107:Kuaizhou
3067:Bloostar
3007:Starship
2958:Shavit 2
2943:Qaem 100
2933:Proton-M
2891:Minotaur
2772:Kuaizhou
2695:Electron
2663:Ariane 6
2514:Launches
2501:Site 133
2493:Plesetsk
2483:Site 200
2478:Site 175
2465:Baikonur
2430:Proton-M
2425:Proton-K
2334:Variants
2283:7 August
2277:BBC News
1844:"Proton"
1827:10 April
1710:"Proton"
1570:Baikonur
1519:See also
1440:Telkom-3
1383:MexSat-1
1375:Ekspress
1340:JCSAT-11
1188:ViaSat-1
1097:and the
861:Russian
857:, is an
844:Proton-M
663:Diameter
566:Diameter
468:Diameter
369:Diameter
273:Baikonur
264:Baikonur
99:Diameter
50:Function
4800:Tsyklon
4795:Start-1
4744:Voskhod
4739:Sputnik
4675:Molniya
4628:Energia
4616:Retired
4607:Yenisei
4552:Soyuz-2
4518:Russian
4431:Classes
4302:Tsyklon
4140:Start-1
3911:Voskhod
3906:Sputnik
3842:Molniya
3827:Pilot-2
3664:Juno II
3578:Epsilon
3573:Energia
3563:Diamant
3439:Centaur
3288:Antares
3281:Retired
3230:Soyuz-7
3223:Block 2
3156:Neutron
3146:Miura 5
2980:Soyuz-2
2973:Block 1
2963:Simorgh
2740:Jielong
2668:Atlas V
2639:Current
2473:Site 81
2389:UR-100N
2063:10 July
2024:29 July
1895:7 April
1867:7 April
1802:7 April
1777:7 April
1752:7 April
1724:5 March
1678:11 June
1637:7 April
1387:RD-0214
1362:GLONASS
1355:GLONASS
1251:removed
1236:sources
1087:GLONASS
1079:Blok-DM
1043:RD-0214
1039:RD-0213
1023:RD-0211
1019:RD-0210
960:removed
945:sources
885:at the
595:RD-0212
501:RD-0211
497:RD-0210
398:RD-275M
342:ExoMars
338:GLONASS
4907:Medium
4897:Proton
4842:Strela
4827:UR-500
4783:Shtil'
4749:Vostok
4692:Polyot
4633:Kosmos
4602:Irtysh
4535:Angara
4528:Active
4514:Soviet
4415:Zhuque
4349:Strela
4307:R-36-O
4250:II GLV
4238:SLV-2H
4233:SLV-2G
4221:DSV-2U
4199:Burner
4135:SS-520
4130:Sparta
4098:Shavit
3989:Saturn
3950:Shtil'
3916:Vostok
3859:Polyot
3817:Naro-1
3706:Lambda
3674:Kosmos
3659:Juno I
3583:Europa
3357:Athena
3320:Ariane
3260:Zhuque
3250:Vega E
3102:Irtysh
3039:Zhuque
2757:KAIROS
2646:Angara
2420:Proton
2415:UR-500
2399:Strela
2384:UR-100
2368:UR-900
2363:UR-700
2358:UR-500
2353:UR-200
2348:UR-100
2328:family
2171:DW.COM
2136:1 June
2111:1 June
2085:16 May
1452:AMC-14
1432:AMC-14
1324:Briz-M
1283:Briz-M
1075:Briz-M
1032:ullage
871:Proton
867:Soviet
855:8K82KM
757:RD-58M
739:/ UDMH
692:S5.98M
655:Height
649:Briz-M
642:/ UDMH
558:Height
548:/ UDMH
460:Height
361:Height
252:Active
249:Status
203:Family
118:3 or 4
115:Stages
91:Height
73:Russia
4902:Light
4849:Zenit
4837:Rokot
4788:Volna
4697:Soyuz
4623:Dnepr
4378:Zenit
4373:VLS-1
4344:Rokot
4245:Titan
4216:Delta
4177:Agena
4125:SPARK
4011:Scout
3967:Safir
3955:Volna
3864:Soyuz
3654:H-IIB
3568:Dnepr
3456:Delta
3434:Agena
3424:SLV-3
3419:LV-3B
3374:Atlas
2948:Qased
2923:OS-M1
2725:H-IIA
2673:Ceres
2394:Rokot
2279:. BBC
1886:(PDF)
1672:(PDF)
1661:(PDF)
1596:(PDF)
1568:from
1552:Notes
1480:space
1095:Nauka
851:8K82M
831:[
346:Nauka
4869:3SLB
4778:R-29
4670:Luna
4597:Amur
4567:2-1v
4562:2.1b
4557:2.1a
4516:and
4403:3SLB
4361:Vega
4290:CT-3
4275:IIIE
4270:IIID
4265:IIIC
4260:IIIB
4255:IIIA
4155:Able
4150:Thor
4051:X-2B
4041:X-3M
4031:X-2M
3945:R-29
3837:Luna
3812:N-II
3790:3SII
3689:2/2I
3649:H-II
3637:Mk I
3632:GSLV
3615:v1.1
3610:v1.0
3536:5000
3531:4000
3526:3000
3521:2000
3516:1000
3511:0100
3429:Able
3352:ASLV
3313:230+
3255:Zero
3181:OS-M
3176:Nova
3171:NGLV
3087:Eris
3077:Deca
3022:Vega
3017:Unha
3002:SSLV
2995:2-1v
2938:PSLV
2918:Nuri
2886:LVM3
2819:3B/E
2720:GSLV
2285:2012
2258:2013
2227:2013
2178:2022
2138:2017
2113:2017
2087:2015
2065:2013
2026:2013
1972:2018
1897:2016
1869:2016
1829:2016
1804:2016
1779:2016
1754:2016
1726:2009
1680:2017
1639:2016
1604:2018
1442:and
1234:any
1232:cite
1173:mass
943:any
941:cite
881:and
842:The
789:RP-1
449:UDMH
186:Mass
170:Mass
153:Mass
136:Mass
107:Mass
86:Size
4864:3SL
4665:R-7
4540:1.2
4398:3SL
4393:2FG
4285:23G
4280:34D
4115:SLV
4091:G-1
4086:F-1
4081:E-1
4076:A-1
4071:D-1
4066:B-1
4046:X-4
4036:X-3
4026:X-2
4016:X-1
3832:R-7
3807:N-I
3644:H-I
3546:III
3414:III
3389:E/F
3308:230
3303:130
3298:120
3293:110
3245:VLM
3213:SLS
3151:MLV
2968:SLS
2953:RS1
2879:11H
2651:1.2
1915:ILS
1367:yaw
1346:of
1245:by
954:by
889:in
883:200
853:or
793:LOX
297:104
289:115
180:GSO
163:GTO
146:GTO
130:LEO
4926::
4874:3F
4859:2M
4822:UR
4769:2M
4727:FG
4722:U2
4660:N1
4653:3M
4643:2I
4574:UR
4545:A5
4408:3F
4388:2M
4295:IV
3999:IB
3982:1B
3977:1A
3936:2M
3894:U2
3874:FG
3802:N1
3785:3S
3780:3H
3775:3C
3770:4S
3765:Mu
3758:4A
3753:3B
3743:2E
3738:2A
3733:1D
3711:4S
3699:3M
3593:II
3551:IV
3541:II
3409:II
3367:II
3139:12
3134:10
3117:31
3112:21
2901:IV
2874:11
2864:7A
2854:6A
2844:5B
2834:4C
2829:4B
2824:3C
2814:3A
2809:2F
2804:2D
2799:2C
2787:11
2782:1A
2730:H3
2683:1S
2656:A5
2275:.
2244:.
2213:.
2194:.
2169:.
2129:.
2103:.
2048:^
2017:.
1961:.
1913:.
1888:.
1860:.
1820:.
1795:.
1770:.
1745:.
1734:^
1712:.
1663:.
1647:^
1630:.
1160:M+
879:81
810:1
791:/
755:1
690:1
593:1
499:1
495:3
447:/
396:6
344:,
340:,
275:,
266:,
4854:2
4815:3
4810:2
4764:2
4759:K
4754:L
4717:U
4712:M
4707:L
4685:L
4680:M
4648:3
4638:1
4506:e
4499:t
4492:v
4420:1
4383:2
4322:3
4317:2
4209:2
4204:1
4192:D
4187:B
4182:A
4170:2
4165:1
4108:1
4061:A
4056:B
4004:V
3994:I
3972:1
3931:2
3926:K
3921:L
3889:U
3884:M
3879:L
3852:L
3847:M
3795:V
3748:3
3728:1
3694:3
3684:1
3588:I
3506:N
3501:M
3496:L
3491:J
3486:G
3481:E
3476:D
3471:C
3466:B
3461:A
3404:I
3399:H
3394:G
3384:D
3379:B
3362:I
3345:5
3340:4
3335:3
3330:2
3325:1
3265:3
3191:4
3186:2
3129:9
3044:2
3027:C
2911:C
2906:V
2896:I
2869:8
2859:7
2849:6
2839:5
2777:1
2750:3
2745:1
2678:1
2606:e
2599:t
2592:v
2318:e
2311:t
2304:v
2287:.
2260:.
2229:.
2180:.
2154:.
2140:.
2115:.
2089:.
2067:.
2028:.
1974:.
1917:.
1899:.
1871:.
1831:.
1806:.
1781:.
1756:.
1728:.
1682:.
1641:.
1617:.
1606:.
1272:)
1266:(
1261:)
1257:(
1253:.
1239:.
981:)
975:(
970:)
966:(
962:.
948:.
835:]
770:)
768:f
737:4
735:O
733:2
731:N
705:)
703:f
640:4
638:O
636:2
634:N
608:)
606:f
546:4
544:O
542:2
540:N
514:)
512:f
444:4
442:O
440:2
438:N
411:)
409:f
313:2
305:9
20:)
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