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that protonates another substance. Upon protonating a substrate, the mass and the charge of the species each increase by one unit, making it an essential step in certain analytical procedures such as electrospray
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Protonation is usually reversible, and the structure and bonding of the conjugate base are normally unchanged on protonation. In some cases, however, protonation induces
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227:. Protonating or deprotonating a molecule or ion can change many other chemical properties, not just the charge and mass, for example
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206:. Some ions and molecules can undergo more than one protonation and are labeled polybasic, which is true of many biological
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Kramarz, K. W.; Norton, J. R. (1994). "Slow Proton
Transfer Reactions in Organometallic and Bioinorganic Chemistry".
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Protonations are often rapid, partly because of the high mobility of protons in many solvents. The
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Addition of a proton to an atom, molecule, or ion, forming the conjugate acid
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Protonation is a fundamental chemical reaction and is a step in many
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51:. (The complementary process, when a proton is removed from a
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214:; they are the core of most acid–base reaction theories. A
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263:of the protonating species: protonation by
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259:of protonation is related to the
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279:Reversibility and catalysis
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313:Acid dissociation constant
382:10.1002/9780470166437.ch1
59:.) Some examples include
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324:Molecular autoionization
343:Zumdahl, S. S. (1986).
110:in the formation of a
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295:can be converted to
161:in the formation of
407:Reaction mechanisms
241:oxidation potential
237:reduction potential
216:Brønsted–Lowry acid
212:acid–base reactions
204:catalytic processes
157:The protonation of
106:The protonation of
63:The protonation of
53:Brønsted–Lowry acid
402:Chemical reactions
320:(or dehydronation)
245:optical properties
220:chemical substance
301:serine hydrolases
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167:hydrogen chloride
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112:carbocation
25:hydronation
21:protonation
396:Categories
330:References
265:weak acids
229:solubility
345:Chemistry
108:isobutene
376:: 1–65.
307:See also
180:) + HCl(
41:molecule
293:alkenes
261:acidity
159:ammonia
351:
243:, and
184:) → NH
33:hydron
29:proton
297:trans
251:Rates
133:⇌ (CH
129:+ HBF
86:O ⇌ H
65:water
55:, is
43:, or
349:ISBN
257:rate
202:and
141:C +
125:C=CH
90:O +
37:atom
31:(or
23:(or
378:doi
289:cis
239:or
188:Cl(
117:(CH
92:HSO
82:+ H
67:by
45:ion
398::
374:42
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235:,
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172:NH
169::
143:BF
114::
78:SO
71::
39:,
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291:-
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190:s
186:4
182:g
178:g
176:(
174:3
148:4
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137:)
135:3
131:4
127:2
123:2
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119:3
97:4
88:3
84:2
80:4
76:2
74:H
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