133:. Not only eukaryotic viruses integrate into the genomes of their hosts; many bacterial and archaeal viruses also employ this strategy of propagation. All families of bacterial viruses with circular (single-stranded or double-stranded) DNA genomes or replicating their genomes through a circular intermediate (e.g., tailed dsDNA viruses) have
94:
A provirus does not directly make new DNA copies of itself while integrated into a host genome in this way. Instead, it is passively replicated along with the host genome and passed on to the original cell's offspring; all descendants of the infected cell will also bear proviruses in their genomes.
110:
A latent infection may become productive in response to changes in the host's environmental conditions or health; the provirus may be activated and begin transcription of its viral genome. This can result in the destruction of its host cell because the cell's
99:. Integration can result in a latent infection or a productive infection. In a productive infection, the provirus is transcribed into messenger RNA which directly produces new virus, which in turn will infect other cells via the
58:. However, proviruses are distinctly different from prophages and these terms should not be used interchangeably. Unlike prophages, proviruses do not excise themselves from the host genome when the host cell is stressed.
424:
417:
69:. In inactive viral infections the virus will not replicate itself except through replication of its host cell. This state can last over many host cell generations.
410:
237:
215:
1078:
673:
1214:
862:
125:
A provirus not only refers to a retrovirus but is also used to describe other viruses that can integrate into the host
782:
538:
1083:
930:
831:
748:
176:
166:
134:
66:
957:
733:
1185:
501:
259:
181:
130:
945:
918:
171:
119:
80:
72:
889:
884:
760:
268:
1125:
967:
923:
879:
617:
1175:
65:, or a state that persists over longer periods of time as either inactive viral infections or an
1242:
1170:
874:
388:
339:
331:
296:
233:
211:
112:
75:
are always in the state of a provirus. When a (nonendogenous) retrovirus invades a cell, the
906:
800:
433:
378:
370:
323:
286:
276:
253:
Robert
Belshaw, Pereira V, Katzourakis A, Talbot G, Paces J, Burt A, Tristem M. (Apr 2004).
104:
327:
1163:
857:
836:
765:
568:
156:
96:
62:
118:
Proviruses may account for approximately 8% of the human genome in the form of inherited
359:"Genomics of bacterial and archaeal viruses: dynamics within the prokaryotic virosphere"
272:
210:
Microbiology: Basic and
Clinical Principles by Lourdes Norman-McKay (Pearson Publishing
1153:
1040:
911:
770:
753:
558:
488:
383:
358:
228:
Campbell NA, Reece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Jackson RB (2008).
43:
402:
314:
Jern P, Coffin JM (December 2008). "Effects of
Retroviruses on Host Genome Function".
291:
254:
1236:
1193:
1158:
1001:
991:
962:
595:
588:
51:
1180:
1023:
983:
950:
722:
708:
606:
1204:
1070:
1018:
1013:
526:
100:
1112:
1107:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1033:
1028:
869:
804:
553:
495:
191:
186:
126:
335:
1117:
1102:
1089:
841:
629:
548:
543:
533:
521:
460:
281:
88:
392:
343:
300:
374:
107:
results when the provirus is transcriptionally silent rather than active.
17:
1148:
1094:
996:
940:
826:
787:
743:
645:
450:
161:
146:
55:
47:
1130:
1008:
792:
777:
480:
455:
255:"Long-term reinfection of the human genome by endogenous retroviruses"
1221:
1199:
896:
819:
814:
579:
470:
465:
84:
35:
703:
695:
513:
475:
151:
32:
1209:
901:
442:
406:
76:
39:
357:
Krupovic M, Prangishvili D, Hendrix RW, Bamford DH (2011).
232:(8th ed.). Pearson Benjamin Cummings. p. 386.
79:
of the retrovirus is reverse-transcribed into DNA by
1141:
1069:
982:
850:
732:
721:
694:
666:
616:
605:
578:
567:
512:
441:
115:machinery is hijacked to produce more viruses.
418:
8:
729:
613:
575:
425:
411:
403:
382:
290:
280:
203:
54:), proviruses are often referred to as
328:10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091501
7:
25:
1079:Last universal common ancestor
674:Defective interfering particle
83:, then inserted into the host
1:
1215:Clonally transmissible cancer
651:Satellite-like nucleic acids
61:This state can be a stage of
97:lysogenic viral reproduction
38:that is integrated into the
1259:
771:Class II or DNA transposon
766:Class I or retrotransposon
1084:Earliest known life forms
958:Repeated sequences in DNA
316:Annual Review of Genetics
931:Endogenous viral element
749:Horizontal gene transfer
177:Endogenous viral element
167:Horizontal gene transfer
129:, another example being
67:endogenous viral element
628:dsDNA satellite virus (
282:10.1073/pnas.0307800101
120:endogenous retroviruses
73:Endogenous retroviruses
1186:Helper dependent virus
502:Biological dark matter
363:Microbiol Mol Biol Rev
260:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
182:Adeno-Associated Virus
131:adeno-associated virus
946:Endogenous retrovirus
919:Origin of replication
635:ssDNA satellite virus
625:ssRNA satellite virus
375:10.1128/MMBR.00011-11
172:Endogenous retrovirus
81:reverse transcriptase
890:Secondary chromosome
885:Extrachromosomal DNA
761:Transposable element
1126:Model lipid bilayer
968:Interspersed repeat
273:2004PNAS..101.4894B
436:organic structures
1230:
1229:
1171:Non-cellular life
978:
977:
717:
716:
690:
689:
644:ssRNA satellite (
239:978-0-8053-6844-4
113:protein synthesis
95:This is known as
63:virus replication
46:. In the case of
16:(Redirected from
1250:
907:Gene duplication
730:
726:self-replication
614:
576:
434:Self-replicating
427:
420:
413:
404:
397:
396:
386:
354:
348:
347:
311:
305:
304:
294:
284:
250:
244:
243:
225:
219:
208:
105:latent infection
21:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1176:Synthetic virus
1164:Artificial cell
1137:
1065:
974:
863:RNA replication
858:DNA replication
846:
837:Group II intron
735:
725:
713:
704:Mammalian prion
686:
662:
641:dsRNA satellite
638:ssDNA satellite
608:
601:
570:
563:
508:
437:
431:
401:
400:
356:
355:
351:
313:
312:
308:
252:
251:
247:
240:
227:
226:
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209:
205:
200:
157:Retrotransposon
143:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1256:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1219:
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1217:
1212:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1043:
1041:Kappa organism
1038:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1006:
1005:
1004:
999:
988:
986:
980:
979:
976:
975:
973:
972:
971:
970:
965:
955:
954:
953:
948:
943:
938:
928:
927:
926:
916:
915:
914:
912:Non-coding DNA
909:
904:
894:
893:
892:
887:
882:
877:
867:
866:
865:
854:
852:
848:
847:
845:
844:
839:
834:
832:Group I intron
829:
824:
823:
822:
812:
811:
810:
807:
798:
795:
790:
785:
775:
774:
773:
768:
758:
757:
756:
754:Genomic island
751:
740:
738:
734:Mobile genetic
727:
719:
718:
715:
714:
712:
711:
706:
700:
698:
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688:
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633:
626:
622:
620:
611:
603:
602:
600:
599:
592:
584:
582:
573:
565:
564:
562:
561:
559:dsDNA-RT virus
556:
554:ssRNA-RT virus
551:
549:(−)ssRNA virus
546:
544:(+)ssRNA virus
541:
536:
531:
530:
529:
518:
516:
510:
509:
507:
506:
505:
504:
499:
489:Incertae sedis
485:
484:
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473:
468:
458:
453:
447:
445:
439:
438:
432:
430:
429:
422:
415:
407:
399:
398:
369:(4): 610–635.
349:
322:(1): 709–732.
306:
267:(14): 4894–4.
245:
238:
220:
202:
201:
199:
196:
195:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
142:
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52:bacteriophages
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1255:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1194:Nanobacterium
1191:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1159:Cell division
1157:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
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1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1055:
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1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1002:Hydrogenosome
1000:
998:
995:
994:
993:
992:Mitochondrion
990:
989:
987:
985:
984:Endosymbiosis
981:
969:
966:
964:
963:Tandem repeat
961:
960:
959:
956:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
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920:
917:
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905:
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900:
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898:
895:
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883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
871:
868:
864:
861:
860:
859:
856:
855:
853:
851:Other aspects
849:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
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821:
818:
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816:
813:
808:
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802:
799:
796:
794:
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789:
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779:
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772:
769:
767:
764:
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750:
747:
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745:
742:
741:
739:
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731:
728:
724:
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710:
707:
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693:
680:
677:
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675:
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671:
669:
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656:
653:
652:
650:
647:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
627:
624:
623:
621:
619:
615:
612:
610:
604:
598:
597:
596:Avsunviroidae
593:
591:
590:
589:Pospiviroidae
586:
585:
583:
581:
577:
574:
572:
566:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
528:
525:
524:
523:
520:
519:
517:
515:
511:
503:
500:
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493:
492:
491:
490:
486:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
446:
444:
443:Cellular life
440:
435:
428:
423:
421:
416:
414:
409:
408:
405:
394:
390:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
353:
350:
345:
341:
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333:
329:
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321:
317:
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217:
216:9780134814018
213:
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98:
92:
90:
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82:
78:
74:
70:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
34:
30:
19:
1181:Viral vector
1024:Gerontoplast
951:Transpoviron
935:
723:Nucleic acid
709:Fungal prion
607:Helper-virus
594:
587:
494:
487:
366:
362:
352:
319:
315:
309:
264:
258:
248:
229:
223:
206:
124:
117:
109:
93:
71:
60:
28:
26:
1205:Cancer cell
1071:Abiogenesis
1019:Chromoplast
1014:Chloroplast
797:Degradative
539:dsRNA virus
534:ssDNA virus
527:Giant virus
522:dsDNA virus
127:chromosomes
101:lytic cycle
1113:Proteinoid
1108:Coacervate
1061:Nitroplast
1054:Trophosome
1049:Bacteriome
1034:Apicoplast
1029:Leucoplast
870:Chromosome
788:Resistance
496:Parakaryon
198:References
192:Paleovirus
187:Bornavirus
42:of a host
18:Proviruses
1122:Research
1103:Protocell
842:Retrozyme
801:Virulence
783:Fertility
630:Virophage
618:Satellite
609:dependent
461:Eukaryota
336:0066-4197
137:members.
135:temperate
89:integrase
56:prophages
50:viruses (
48:bacterial
1243:Virology
1237:Category
1149:Organism
1142:See also
1118:Sulphobe
1095:Ribozyme
1090:RNA life
997:Mitosome
941:Prophage
936:Provirus
924:Replicon
880:Circular
827:Phagemid
744:Mobilome
736:elements
646:Virusoid
569:Subviral
481:Protista
466:Animalia
451:Bacteria
393:22126996
344:18694346
301:15044706
162:Germline
147:Prophage
141:See also
29:provirus
1131:Jeewanu
1045:Organs
1009:Plastid
809:Cryptic
778:Plasmid
476:Plantae
456:Archaea
384:3232739
269:Bibcode
230:Biology
1222:Virome
1200:Nanobe
897:Genome
875:Linear
820:Fosmid
815:Cosmid
580:Viroid
571:agents
391:
381:
342:
334:
299:
292:387345
289:
236:
214:
87:by an
85:genome
36:genome
696:Prion
667:Other
514:Virus
471:Fungi
152:Phage
103:. A
33:virus
31:is a
1210:HeLa
1154:Cell
902:Gene
389:PMID
340:PMID
332:ISSN
297:PMID
234:ISBN
212:ISBN
44:cell
793:Col
681:DNA
678:RNA
657:DNA
654:RNA
379:PMC
371:doi
324:doi
287:PMC
277:doi
265:101
77:RNA
40:DNA
1239::
805:Ti
387:.
377:.
367:75
365:.
361:.
338:.
330:.
320:42
318:.
295:.
285:.
275:.
263:.
257:.
122:.
91:.
27:A
1198:?
1192:?
1101:†
1088:?
803:/
648:)
632:)
426:e
419:t
412:v
395:.
373::
346:.
326::
303:.
279::
271::
242:.
218:)
20:)
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