Proxy voting - Knowledge (XXG)

3179:. It elects all the members of a legislative body. Each citizen grades the fitness for office of as many of the candidates as they wish as either Excellent (ideal), Very Good, Good, Acceptable, Poor, or Reject. Multiple candidates may be given the same grade by a voter. Each citizen elects their representative at-large for a city council. For a large and diverse state legislature, each citizen chooses to vote through any of the districts or official electoral associations in the country. Each grades any number of candidates in the whole country. Each elected representative has a different voting power (a different number of weighted votes) in the legislative body. This number is equal to the total number of highest available grades counted for them from all the voters – no citizen's vote is " 3811:, the court held that members of a corporation had no right to vote by proxy at a corporate election unless such right was expressly conferred by the charter or by a bylaw. The attorneys for the plaintiff argued that the common law rules had no application to trading or moneyed corporations where the relation was not personal. The court found, "The fact that it is a business corporation in no wise dispenses with the obligation of all members to assemble together, unless otherwise provided, for the exercise of a right to participate in the election of their officers." At least as early as the 18th century, however, clauses permitting voting by proxy were being inserted in corporate charters in England. 3741:

personal, and nontransferable. In a stock corporation, on the other hand, where the ownership is transferable, the voice and vote of the member also is transferable, by use of a proxy." While Riddick opines that "proxy voting properly belongs in incorporate organizations that deal with stocks or real estate, and in certain political organizations," it also states, "If a state empowers an incorporated organization to use proxy voting, that right cannot be denied in the bylaws." Riddick further opines, "Proxy voting is not recommended for ordinary use. It can discourage attendance, and transfers an inalienable right to another without positive assurance that the vote has not been manipulated."

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thousands of holders of the remaining stock. The laws for stock corporations are nearly always made on the theory that the object of the organization is to make money by carrying on a certain business, using capital supplied by a large number of persons whose control of the business should be in proportion to the capital they have put into the concern. The people who have furnished the majority of the capital should control the organization, and yet they may live in different parts of the country, or be traveling at the time of the annual meeting. By the system of proxy voting they can control the election of directors without attending the meetings.

3877:(SEC) has ruled that an investment adviser who exercises voting authority over his clients' proxies has a fiduciary responsibility to adopt policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that the adviser votes proxies in the best interests of clients, to disclose to clients information about those policies and procedures, to disclose to clients how they may obtain information on how the adviser has voted their proxies, and to keep certain records related to proxy voting. This ruling has been criticized on many grounds, including the contention that it places unnecessary burdens on investment advisers and would not have prevented the major 3172:), members be elected at large, but when seated each member cast the number of votes he or she received in the last election. Thus, if, for example, a state were allocated 32 members in the U.S. House of Representatives, the 32 candidates who received the most votes in the at-large election would be seated, but each would cast a different number of votes on the floor and in committee. This proposal would allow for representation of minority views in legislative deliberations, as it does in deliberations at shareholder meetings of corporations. Such a concept was proposed in a submission to the 2007 Ontario Citizens' Assembly process. 3605:

According to Charles Seymour and Donald Paige Frary, had not proxy voting been implemented, the inhabitants of the frontier towns would have lost their franchises, and the government would have represented only the freemen in the vicinity of Boston. The roads were poor; the drawing of all a village's men at once would have exposed it to Indian attacks; and at election time, the emigrants' labor was needed to get the spring planting into the ground. As late as 1680, and probably even after the charter was revoked in 1684, the Freeman might give his vote for Magistrates in person or proxy at the Court of Elections.

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scope of the proxy, the person authorizing the proxy is bound by his appointee's acts, including his errors or mistakes. When the appointer sends his appointee to a meeting, the proxy may do anything at that meeting necessary to a full and complete exercise of the appointer's right to vote at such meeting. This includes the right to vote to take the vote by ballot, or to adjourn (and, hence, he may also vote on other ordinary parliamentary motions, such as to refer, postpone, reconsider, etc., when necessary or when deemed appropriate and advantageous to the overall object or purpose of the proxy).

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for directors to deliberate to ensure properly considered decisions, proxy voting by directors is usually prohibited by statute. In contrast, a number of state nonprofit corporate statutes allow for member proxy voting and may further allow members to use electronic media to grant a proxy right to another party for member voting purposes." Sturgis agrees, "Directors or board members cannot vote by proxy in their meetings, since this would mean the delegation of a discretionary legislative duty which they cannot delegate."

976: 3732:(TSC) as their parliamentary authority, unless it is provided for in its bylaws or charter or required by the laws of its state of incorporation. Robert's Rules says, "If the law under which an organization is incorporated allows proxy voting to be prohibited by a provision of the bylaws, the adoption of this book as parliamentary authority by prescription in the bylaws should be treated as sufficient provision to accomplish that result". 111: 3269: 25: 3624:, New York as well, at that time. Phraseology was sometimes designed to hide the fact that a proxy system was in use and that the majority of voters did not actually attend the elections. In Rhode Island, the system described as a "proxy" system, from 1664 onward, was actually simply the sending of written ballots from voters who did not attend the election, rather than a true proxy system, as in the assembly of 1647. 3037: 2433: 1613: 951: 3780:, following intense debate, enacted rules allowing proxy voting. A motion to limit proxies to 5 per person was defeated. Some people favored requiring members attending the convention to bring a certain number of proxies, in order to encourage them to politick. In 2006, the party repealed those bylaw provisions due to concerns that a small group of individuals could use it to take control of the organization. 963: 3922: 3896:

summarized in the circular sent to shareholders prior to the annual meeting. The stock-transfer book is closed at least ten days before the annual meeting to enable the secretary to prepare a list of stockholders and the number of shares held by each. Stock is voted as shown by the stock book when posted. All proxies are checked against this list.

3649:, the Republican Party's ally, maintained control over the Party by means of these conventions. "At the 1906 state convention, for instance, party delegates were quite willing to trade, sell, or exchange their voting power in return for various forms of remuneration from the party machine. Public outcry led to the end of such 'proxy' voting". 3716:

avoid having to participate directly in the act of voting". It is essentially a compromise between the party-state, which wants to have high turnouts as proof of public support, and voters who do not want to go to the polling stations. In the Soviet Union, proxy voting was also illegal but done in order to increase turnout figures.

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Archer opine that proxy voting can result in leadership selection processes to become leader-dominated. Proxy voting had only been available to military personnel since World War II, but was extended in 1970 and 1977 to include voters in special circumstances such as northern camp operators, fishermen, and prospectors. The

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corporation or company automatically revokes any proxies made or given to vote in respect of such shares. And a proxy is also revoked where the party giving it attends the election in person, or gives subsequent proxy. Hence, a proxy cannot vote when the owner of the stock arrives late or is present and votes.

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for the processing of the transitive proxy votes, with the additional constraints of mandating at least two initial proxies per voter, and all voters are proxy candidates. More complex variants can be built on top of SD2, such as adding specialist proxies and direct votes for specific issues, but SD2

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explained that the reason was that early corporations were of a municipal, religious or charitable nature, in which the shareholder had no pecuniary interest. The normal mode of conferring corporate rights was by an issue of a charter from the crown, essentially establishing the corporation as a part

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prohibit voting by proxy, the body can pass a law permitting proxy voting for any purpose desired." RONR opines, "Ordinarily it should neither be allowed nor required, because proxy voting is incompatible with the essential characteristics of a deliberative assembly in which membership is individual,

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to another registered voter (online or by paper form) for purpose of voting in an election, provided that the voter making the request visits the national police station or gendarmerie with proof of identity. Applying voters then receive an e-mail receipt to indicate the validation or invalidation of

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Fiduciaries for ERISA and other pension plans are generally expected to vote proxies on behalf of these plans in a manner than maximizes the economic value for plan participants. In these regards, for ERISA plans, fiduciaries and advisers are very limited in the extent to which they can take social

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Proxy voting is commonly used in corporations for voting by members or shareholders, because it allows members who have confidence in the judgment of other members to vote for them and allows the assembly to have a quorum of votes when it is difficult for all members to attend, or there are too many

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The Journal of Mental Science noted the arguments raised against adopting proxy voting for the Association. These included that possibility that it would diminish attendance at meetings. The rejoinder was that people did not go there to vote; they attending the meetings for the sake of the meeting,

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In 1635–36, Massachusetts granted to the frontier towns "liberty to stay soe many of their freemen at home for the safety of their towne as they judge needful, and that the said freemen that are appoyncted by the towne to stay at home shall have liberty for this court to send their voices by proxy."

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In the United Kingdom, electors may appoint a proxy. An elector can only act as a proxy for two people to whom they are not directly related. However, they can be a proxy for any number of electors if they are directly related to those electors. The voter can change his mind and vote in the election

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voiced concern about proxy votes being liable to fraud. The proxy voting rules were relaxed further, and in 1969, official figures recorded 19,287 votes cast by proxy, about 7% of the total votes cast (an increase from 2.5% in 1964 to 1968). Amidst allegations of fraud, more restrictions were placed

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Thomas E. Arend notes that U.S. laws allow proxy votes to be conducted electronically in certain situations: "The use of electronic media may be permissible for proxy voting, but such voting is generally limited to members. Given the fiduciary duties that are personal to each director, and the need

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A proxy can vote only in the principal's absence, not when the principal is present and voting. Where the authority conferred upon a proxy is limited to a designated or special purpose, a vote for another and different purpose is ineffective. A proxy in the usual, ordinary form confers authority to

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It is possible to designate two or more persons to act as proxy by using language appointing, for instance, "A, B, C, D, and E, F, or any of them, attorneys and agents for me, irrevocable, with full power by the affirmative vote of a majority of said attorneys and agents to appoint a substitute or

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a certain thing." A person can confer on his proxy any power which he himself possesses. He may also give him secret instructions as to voting upon particular questions. But a proxy is ineffectual when it is contrary to law or public policy. Where the proxy is duly appointed and he acts within the

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In Canada, the province of Nova Scotia allows citizens to vote by proxy if they expect to be absent. The territories of Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut also allow for proxy voting. Canadian prisoners of war in enemy camps were allowed to vote through proxy voting. David Stewart and Keith

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Proxy voting is said to have some anti-deliberative consequences, in that proxy holders often lack discretion about how to cast votes due to the instructions given by their principal. Thus, they cannot alter their decision based on the deliberative process of testing the strength of arguments and

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In Vietnam, proxy voting was used to increase turnout. Presently, proxy voting is illegal, but it has nonetheless been occurring since before 1989. It is estimated to contribute about 20% to voter turnout, and has been described as "a convenient way to fulfil one's duty, avoid possible risks, and

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notes that the alternate has all the privileges of voting, debate and participation in the proceedings to which the delegate is entitled. Moreover, "if voting has for years ... been conducted ... by proxy ... such voting by long and continuous custom has the force of law, and the proceedings are

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Proxy voting is sometimes described as "the frequency with which spouses, union workers, and friends of friends are in effect sent off to the polls with an assignment to complete." The potential for proxy voting exists in roughly one voter out of five, and it is about twice as high at the middle

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Rule 14a-3, the incumbent board of directors' first step in soliciting proxies must be the distribution to shareholders of the firm's annual report. An insurgent may independently prepare proxy cards and proxy statements, which are sent to the shareholders. In 2009, the SEC proposed a new rule

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Even in corporate settings, proxy voting's use is generally limited to voting at the annual meeting for directors, for the ratification of acts of the directors, for enlargement or diminution of capital, and for other vital changes in the policy of the organization. These proposed changes are

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people doing business outside. Most election disputes revolved around proxy votes, including the issues of who could represent them to vote and what kinds of evidence were acceptable for proxy voting. Intense competition made the proxy voting process more and more formal and transparent. Some

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The rules of some assemblies presently forbid proxy voting. There is a plan to forbid proxy voting in the House. A recent vote showed 53 Democrats and 26 Republicans voted by proxy. Forbidding proxy voting can result, however, in the absence of a quorum and the need to compel attendance by a

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It is used only in stock corporations where the control is in the majority of the stock, not in the majority of the stockholders. If one person gets control of fifty-one per cent of the stock he can control the corporation, electing such directors as he pleases in defiance of the hundreds or

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Under British electoral law, ballot papers could not be sent overseas. British emigrants had no right to vote until the mid-1980s. They can now vote by proxy in general elections if they have been on a British electoral register at some point in the past 15 years. They can also vote by post.

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would result in de facto approval of proxy voting, since passwords could be shared with others: "Obviously, cost-benefit calculations around the act of voting could also change substantially as organizations attempt to identify and provide inducements to control proxy votes without violating

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committees. Often members would delegate their vote to the ranking member of their party in the committee. Republicans opposed proxy voting on the grounds that it allowed an indolent Democratic majority to move legislation through committee with antimajoritarian procedures. According to this

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Voters must provide a reason for using a proxy, such as being away on vacation. A narrower subset of reasons is permissible if the proxy is to be for more than one election. Except in cases of blindness, the validity of all proxies must be certified by someone such as an employer or doctor.

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by his appointer, and such ratification is equivalent to previous authority. According to the weight of authority, a proxy only to vote stock may be revoked at any time, notwithstanding any agreement that it shall be irrevocable. The sale in the meantime by a stockholder of his shares in a

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The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 transferred this responsibility from the FTC to the SEC. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 also gave the SEC the power to regulate the solicitation of proxies, though some of the rules the SEC has since proposed (like the universal proxy) have been

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whereby a member of a decision-making body may delegate their voting power to a representative, to enable a vote in absence. The representative may be another member of the same body, or external. A person so designated is called a "proxy" and the person designating them is called a

6513:, an NGO providing a set of tools to help investors use their voting power to produce positive changes in the companies they own. Offers a large database of votes, and voting profiles of institutions/funds. Also, aggregates pre-disclosed votes for upcoming meetings. 3869:

In the absence of his principal from the annual meeting of a business corporation, the proxy has the right to vote in all instances, but he has not the right to debate or otherwise participate in the proceedings unless he is a stockholder in that same corporation.

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sometimes attempt to effect social change. For instance, several hundred faith-based institutional investors, such as denominations, pensions, etc. belong to the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility. These organizations commonly exercise influence through

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held a large number of proxy votes for other Conservative MPs, and at one stage in 2021 personally controlled a majority of votes in the whole house. He did not always cast these proxy votes the same way, instead following the instructions of individual MPs.

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One of the criticisms of proxy voting is that it carries a risk of fraud or intimidation. Another criticism is that it violates the concept of a secret ballot, in that paperwork may be filed, for instance, designating a party worker as one's proxy.

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movement charged that Humphrey and party bosses had circumvented the will of Democratic Party members by manipulating the rules to Humphrey's advantage. In response, the Commission on Party Structure and Delegate Selection, also known as the

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ran into some difficulties, in that an unknown number of proxy ballots that were counted may have been invalid. Those who, through proxy voting or assistance of invalids, become knowledgeable of the principal's choice are bound to secrecy.

3358:'s budget director, suggested scrapping representative democracy and instead implementing a "program for direct and proxy voting in the legislative process." It has been suggested by Joseph Francis Zimmerman that proxy voting be allowed in 3768:

Proxy voting, even if allowed, may be limited to infrequent use if the rules governing a body specify minimum attendance requirements. For instance, bylaws may prescribe that a member can be dropped for missing three consecutive meetings.

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According to Mim Kelber, "in Central Africa, all it takes for a man to cast a proxy vote for his wife is to produce an unwitnessed letter mentioning the name of the person to whom the voting power is delegated." The Gabon respondent to an

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government reported a 99.4% voter turnout in its 1997 election, but a study showed that after removing proxy votes, only 48% of the eligible voters in the sample reported that they actually went to the central polling station to vote.

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politics in the 1960s. Prior to and during the 1961 elections, proxies had been severely restricted. Some restrictions were lifted, and there was a rise in proxy votes cast from 300 in 1961 to 6,635 in 1964. After that election, the

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criticism, on days when Democratic committee members were absent, the Democratic leader in the committee would successfully oppose the sitting Republican majority by wielding the proxies of absent Democrats. Democratic House Speaker

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Domini notes that in the corporate world, "Proxy ballots typically contain proposals from company management on issues of corporate governance, including capital structure, auditing, board composition, and executive compensation."

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Illustration of delegated voting. Voters to the left of the blue line voted by delegation. Voters to the right voted directly. Numbers are the quantity of voters represented by each delegate, with the delegate included in the

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allow village residents to designate someone to vote on their behalf. Lily L. Tsai notes that "In practice, one family member often casts votes for everyone in the family even if they are present for the election." In 1997, a

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allowed proxy voting. After the assembly of 1638, protests were sent to the proprietor in England. It was said that the Governor and his friends were able to exercise too much influence through the proxies they had obtained.

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in a paper by Karin Ottesen in 2003. In Demoex, a voter can also vote directly, even if he has delegated his vote to a proxy; the direct vote overrules the proxy vote. It is also possible to change the proxy at any time.

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and the transfer recursive. Put simply, the vote may be further delegated to the proxy's proxy, and so on. This is also called transitive proxy or delegate cascade. An early proposal of delegate voting was that of

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supporters were in the majority of those present but were outvoted when the presiding party official cast 492 proxy votes – three times the number present – for his own slate of delegates. After the nomination of

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specify the procedures for doing so. A member can designate another member or a party to cast his or her vote. However, a party may not exercise proxies for more than 25% of its members (rounded upwards). The

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Proxy voting was also adopted in colonies adjacent to Massachusetts. Indeed, traces of the practice of proxy voting remained in Connecticut's election laws until the final supersedure of her charter in 1819.

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levels of the sophistication continuum. According to W. Russell Neuman, the net effect of the cues provided by friends and associates is not likely to be as significant as those of the political parties.

3220:, who was frequently absent. Theoretically, this was to be allowed only if a legislator was absent on parliamentary business, public business or pressing private business, such as illness or bereavement. 3907:

In Germany, corporate proxy voting is done through banks. Proxy voting by banks has been a key feature of the connection of banks to corporate ownership in Germany since the industrialization period.

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In Alabama, the Perry County Civic League's members' assisting illiterate voters by marking a ballot on their behalf was deemed "proxy voting" and "voting more than once" and thus held to be illegal.

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Thomas E. Mann and Norman J. Ornstein write, "In a large and fragmented institution in which every member has five or six places to be at any given moment, proxy voting is a necessary evil".

3674:. State parties were required to ban proxy voting in order to have their delegates seated at the national convention. It was said that these rules had been used in "highly selective" ways. 3131:

notes that, under proxy voting, voting for officers should be done by ballot, due to the difficulties involved in authentication if a member simply calls out, "I cast 17 votes for Mr. X."

5186: 3108:, a family of electoral systems where votes are transferable and grouped by voters, candidates or combination of both to create proportional representation, and delegated democracy. 3757: 3101:. Proxy voting is a particularly important practice with respect to corporations; in the United States, investment advisers often vote proxies on behalf of their client accounts. 3481:, when many voters were travelling or scheduled to travel on holiday when the election was called. The election resulted in historically-high turnout for a legislative election. 3547: 2461: 1004: 6586: 3833:

Shareholders send in a card (called a proxy card) on which they mark their vote. The card authorizes a proxy agent to vote the shareholder's stock as directed on the card.

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act only at the meeting then in contemplation, and in any adjourned-meetings of the same; hence, it may not be voted at another or different meeting held under a

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of the government. Given the personal trust placed in these voters by the king, it was inappropriate for them to delegate to others. In the Pennsylvania case of

3638:'s near-victory in New Hampshire, Republicans supported a bill to allow soldiers to vote by proxy, but it was ruled unconstitutional by the state supreme court. 1599: 5136: 7036: 4311: 3729: 3538:

In Iraq, the Electoral Laws of 1924 and 1946 ruled out the possibility of proxy voting, except for illiterates, who could appoint someone to write for them.

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letter commented, "It has been observed that this possibility was exploited to a far greater extent by men than by women, for reasons not always noble."

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According to Arch Puddington et al., in Albanian Muslim areas, many women have been effectively disenfranchised through proxy voting by male relatives.

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Proxy voting was also used in South Carolina; the proprietors in September 1683 complained to the governor about this system. Proxy voting was used in

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commonly advise institutional shareholders on how they should vote. Proxy solicitation firms assist in helping corral votes for a certain resolution.

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whereby elected representatives would wield as many votes as they received in the previous election. Oregon held a referendum on adopting such an

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allowing shareholders meeting certain criteria to add nominees to the proxy statement; though this rule has been the subject of intense debate.

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The proxy card may specify how shares are to be voted or may simply give the proxy agent discretion to decide how the shares are to be voted.

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Some instances of proxy voting (usually by family members) in the Russian parliamentary elections of 1995 were noted by observers from the

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temporary reinstated proxy voting in 2020 for members who were unable to be physically present in the chamber due to the ongoing

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Nonetheless, it is common practice in conventions for a delegate to have an alternate, who is basically the same as a proxy.

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The possibility of expanded use of proxy voting has been the subject of much speculation. Terry F. Buss et al. write that

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Several attempts have been made to place proxy voting-related initiatives on the California ballot, but all have failed.

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has proposed the abolition of proxy voting in the UK except in special circumstances such as when the voter is abroad.

3168:). For example, it has been proposed that instead of electing members from single-member districts (that may have been 7046: 6769: 6759: 6620: 4378: 4345: 4241: 3176: 2996: 2159: 1674: 1496: 1261: 366: 348: 189: 5115: 3955: 3527: 919: 51: 5140: 3508: 7211: 7011: 6702: 6385:

The ITP News: Newsletter of the Information Technology and Politics Section, American Political Science Association

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councillors were found guilty of submitting 55 fraudulent proxy votes and sentenced to 18 months imprisonment.

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https://www.jpolrisk.com/legislatures-elected-by-evaluative-proportional-representation-epr-an-algorithm-v3/

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signatures; more often villages publicized those proxy votes so that villagers could directly monitor them.

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was used for leadership selection in a sustainable agriculture group called Contact Youth. SD2 uses

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delegation recommended abolishing the proxy voting that allowed one person to vote for three; the

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had made a similar recommendation. Proxy voting also became an issue in relation to many of the

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Miller, James C. (1969). "A program for direct and proxy voting in the legislative process".

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Delegated voting is also used in the World Parliament Experiment, and in implementations of

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as the underlying umbrella system, mandates that generalist proxies should always be used.

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of the early 2000s. Mutual funds must report their proxy votes periodically on Form N-PX.

3652:

Proxy voting was used in some American U.S. presidential nominating caucuses. In one case,

7196: 7170: 7086: 6927: 6905: 6717: 6638: 6628: 6606: 6099: 4156: 3789: 3658: 3653: 3642: 3327: 3165: 3139: 3041: 3023: 2848: 2833: 2437: 2410: 2266: 2256: 2053: 1950: 1617: 1441: 1401: 1186: 955: 788: 643: 608: 529: 440: 343: 266: 208: 86: 6182: 6148: 4015: 6265:"Disclosure of the Irrelevant?: Impact of the SEC's Final Proxy Voting Disclosure Rules" 6041: 4609:

Freedom in the World – 2007: The Annual Survey of Political Rights & Civil Liberties

4505: 3530:

was amended to allow armed forces personnel to appoint a proxy to vote on their behalf.

110: 6985: 6690: 6650: 3733: 3243:

During the COVID-19 pandemic emergency, proxy voting was temporarily introduced in the

2919: 2838: 2792: 2734: 2415: 2346: 2251: 2084: 1998: 1546: 1436: 1206: 825: 765: 750: 561: 430: 405: 256: 5137:"British citizens living abroad - About my vote, produced by The Electoral Commission" 3036: 2432: 1612: 950: 7190: 6729: 6557: 6403: 6340: 4559: 4275:"Proxy voting turns one: The past, present, and future of remote voting in the House" 3940: 3471: 3428: 3366: 3355: 3248: 2843: 2821: 2796: 2626: 2302: 2197: 2099: 2089: 1930: 1446: 1313: 1266: 1142: 834: 534: 322: 160: 123: 98: 6440:"Flexible representation by use of delegated voting - a case study of practical use" 5325:

Jameson, John Franklin; Bourne, Henry Eldridge; Schuyler, Robert Livingston (1897).

4114:"Legislatures Elected by Evaluative Proportional Representation (EPR): an Algorithm" 3645:, proxy voting was used in Republican Party state conventions in New Hampshire. The 6744: 6685: 3575: 3467: 3233: 3094: 2606: 2351: 2278: 2272: 2246: 2241: 2217: 2207: 2144: 2033: 1853: 1777: 574: 338: 331: 261: 5375:

Lift Every Voice: Turning a Civil Right Setback Into a New Vision of Social Justic

5028: 3574:

personally as long as his proxy has not already voted on his behalf or applied to

7127: 6890: 6829: 6749: 6645: 3635: 3621: 3180: 3169: 3160:

It is possible for automatic proxy voting to be used in legislatures, by way of

3098: 3090: 2910: 2875: 2778: 2766: 2631: 2356: 2341: 2283: 2154: 2018: 1817: 1812: 1792: 1782: 1772: 1426: 1117: 452: 410: 353: 298: 6900: 6836: 6549: 6439: 6242: 3816: 3795: 3512:

on proxy voting in 1973; in that year, about 10,000 votes were cast by proxy.

3000: 2990: 2985: 2724: 2586: 2361: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2293: 2134: 1925: 1807: 1802: 1666: 1501: 1431: 1298: 6291:

Briefing Paper: Roundtable on Proxy Voting Mechanics. Retrieved March 9, 2008

4440:

Democracy at the polls: A Comparative Study of Competitive National Elections

7137: 7132: 4831:

Accountability Without Democracy: Solidary Groups and Public Goods Provision

3889: 3724:

Proxy voting is automatically prohibited in organizations that have adopted

2885: 2783: 2666: 2621: 2601: 2164: 2058: 2048: 2043: 2028: 2023: 2013: 1887: 1848: 1837: 1832: 1822: 1787: 1755: 1699: 1694: 1526: 1481: 1341: 1043: 1028: 420: 415: 6207:. Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility. 2008-01-15. Archived from 5269:

Hartwell, Edward M.; McGlenen, Edward W.; Skelton, Edward O. (1909-01-31).

3954:, in 2002. The first years of activity in the party have been evaluated by 5756: 4171:"Article on Weighted Voting describing US Electoral College as an example" 962: 6957: 3967: 3885: 3703: 3008: 2968: 2651: 2636: 2616: 2485: 2236: 1797: 1767: 1710: 1521: 1491: 1456: 1278: 671: 6337:"Shareholder Protection in the USA and Germany - On the Fallacy of LLSV" 6819: 6487:"CiteSeerX — Autopoietic Information Systems in Modern Organizations". 6466: 6377: 6153:

The Harvard Law School Program on Corporate Governance Discussion Paper

4551: 4328:"Why is the most rebellious Conservative MP still in a government job?" 4020:

The Harvard Law School Program on Corporate Governance Discussion Paper

3449: 3436: 2923: 2581: 2038: 1875: 1865: 457: 3921: 7107: 5085:

The Russian Parliamentary Elections of 1995 – The Battle for the Duma

4518:"Referendums with local-member proxy voting would improve governance" 3951: 3947: 3503: 3441: 3227:

reforms of 1995 banished the practice, proxy voting was also used in

3082: 2973: 2915: 2813: 2202: 1541: 6564: 5408:

The Politics of Community: Migration and Politics in Antebellum Ohio

5245:"Call to abolish proxy voting | Politics | guardian.co.uk" 3365:

Proxy voting can eliminate some of the problems associated with the

3201:

allows proxy voting. Sections 155-156 of the Standing Orders of the

5477:

Stormy weather: The New Hampshire Primary and Presidential Politics

5305:

How the world votes: the story of democratic development in nations

3142:. Companies use proxy solicitation agencies to secure proxy votes. 5510:

Choosing Our Choices: Debating the Presidential Nominating Process

5352:

The Suffrage Franchise in the Thirteen English Colonies in America

5006: 6205:"302 Religious/Social Investor Proxy Resolutions Slated for 2008" 4700:

Establishing the Rules of the Game – Election Laws in Democracies

4273:

Gode, Molly E. Reynolds, Kennedy Teel, and Jackson (2021-05-21).

3566:, women sometimes voted as proxies for absent male family heads. 6305:

The constitutional corporation – Rethinking Corporate Governance

6568: 6530:

Voluntary Delegation as the Basis for a Future Political System

6419:

Black, Duncan (1969). "Lewis Carroll and the theory of games".

4642:

The government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa

4072:"Senate is out of session. House meets for a pro forma session" 3950:. Demoex won its first seat in the city council of Vallentuna, 5441:

Running on the record: Civil War-era Politics in New Hampshire

3445: 3262: 18: 4733:

Quasi-Democracy? Parties and Leasdership Selection in Alberta

3946:

Delegate voting is used by the Swedish local political party

3815:

members for all of them to conveniently meet and deliberate.

34:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

4697:

Massicotte, Louis; Blais, André; Yoshinaka, Antoine (2004).

4443:. American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. 3736:

says the same thing, but also states that "if these laws do

109: 5049:

Nohlen, Dieter; Grotz, Florian; Hartmann, Christof (2001).

5543:

Political parties and the Maintenance of Liberal Democracy

3151:

sufficient number of missing members to get a quorum. See

3389:

In Algeria, restrictions on proxy voting were instituted

4410:

Terry F. Buss; F. Stevens Redburn; Kristina Guo (2006).

4112:

Bosworth, Stephen & Corr, Ander (January 14, 2020).

3826:

Proxies are essentially the corporate law equivalent of

3338:

It has been proposed that proxy voting be combined with

5189:. Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council. Archived from 4911:"Comment donner procuration à un autre électeur ?" 3558:

The provision for proxy voting in the UK dates back to

3444:

to validate faxed proxy votes; some villages asked for

3287: 43: 3477:

Proxy voting was intensely used in both rounds of the

3461:

In France, voters are allowed to temporarily give the

3212:

notes a controversial occurrence of proxy voting. The

3186:

Two real-life examples of weighted voting include the

3111:

Another related topic is the so-called Proxy Plan, or

5757:"Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 10)" 5686:

30 Fed. 91; 207 Ill. 107; 101 Ky. 570; 61 N.J. Eq. 5.

6523: 3720:

Nonprofit organization settings in the United States

7146: 7100: 7004: 6971: 6918: 6883: 6850: 6777: 6768: 6619: 6267:. Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law. 5871:

Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure

5809:

Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure

4045:

Grain Growers Guide (Canada), August 7, 1912, p. 10

3548:

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

6363:A History of Corporate Governance Around the World 5164:. Spelthorne Borough Council. 2006. Archived from 5052:Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A data handbook 4576:The New England town meeting – Democracy in Action 4200:. New Zealand House of Representatives. 2005-08-12 3900:substitutes for and in the name and stead of me." 3670:, was created to rework the rules in time for the 3634:, some northern soldiers used proxy voting. After 6243:"Final Rule: Proxy Voting by Investment Advisers" 4938:Women and Government: New Ways to political Power 4673:"Compendium of Election Administration in Canada" 4195:"Standing Orders of the House of Representatives" 3466:their request. This method is allowed instead or 6187:The Harvard John M. Olin Discussion Paper Series 6038:"Libertarian Party of Colorado's Annual Minutes" 3749: 6405:The Principles of Parliamentary Representation 6183:"Private Ordering and the Proxy Access Debate" 5576:A History of the California Initiative Process 5507:DiClerico, Robert E.; Davis, James W. (2000). 6580: 6378:"A Medium of Assent and its Fit with Society" 5996:"Life's Better Ideas: LPCO convention report" 5885:"Legal Implications of Electronic Governance" 5761:The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site 4344:Mann, Thomas E.; Ornstein, Norman J. (1992). 3804:Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia 3276:The examples and perspective in this section 3134:Proxy voting is also an important feature in 3059: 2455: 1635: 998: 32:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 7037:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives 6245:. Securities Exchange Commission. 2003-01-31 6181:Hirst, Scott; Bebchuk, Lucian (2010-01-01). 6040:. Lpcolorado.org. 2006-05-13. Archived from 5929:The Journal of mental science - Google Books 5778:The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure 4730:Stewart, David; Archer, Keith (2001-02-01). 4468: 4466: 4297:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3730:The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure 3177:Evaluative Proportional Representation (EPR) 6117:. Domini Social Investments. Archived from 6019:. Lifesbetterideas.blogspot.com. 2005-05-10 5998:. Lifesbetterideas.blogspot.com. 2005-05-08 5909:. Office of the Attorney General of Florida 6774: 6587: 6573: 6565: 6112:"Proxy Voting Guidelines & Procedures" 4971:Elections in the Americas: a data handbook 4377:Russell Neuman, W.; Neuman, W. R. (1986). 4096:"Submission to Ontario Citizens' Assembly" 3685:Proxy is defined by supreme courts as "an 3294:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 3188:Council of Ministers of the European Union 3066: 3052: 2473: 2462: 2448: 2382: 2184: 1918: 1690: 1653: 1642: 1628: 1016: 1005: 991: 81: 6492: 5469: 5467: 5082:Belin, Laura; Orttung, Robert W. (1997). 5029:"Democracy, bureaucracy and armed forces" 3809:Commonwealth ex rel. Verree v. Bringhurst 3773:the discussion, and the good fellowship. 3502:Proxy voting played an important role in 3310:Learn how and when to remove this message 3089:Proxy appointments can be used to form a 1679:List of countries by system of government 70:Learn how and when to remove this message 4847:Elections and democracy in greater China 3920: 3892:to occur in corporate proxy situations. 7032:Independence of irrelevant alternatives 6810:Sequential proportional approval voting 4639:Long, David E.; Reich, Bernard (2002). 4003: 3962:In 2005, in a pilot study in Pakistan, 3216:was allowed to cast votes on behalf of 3125:The United States parliamentary manual 3093:that can exercise greater influence in 2484: 2331: 2292: 2216: 2187: 2110: 2067: 1989: 1921: 1874: 1831: 1754: 1693: 1664: 1027: 97: 5980:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5973: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5772: 5770: 5349:McKinley, Albert Edward (2006-07-24). 5243:Liane Katz and agencies (2002-11-29). 4476:Realising democracy: electoral law ... 4290: 4151: 4150: 4139: 4057:Riddick & Butcher (1985). 3331:vote-buying prohibitions in the law." 3183:". Each voter is represented equally. 6142: 6140: 6138: 5907:"Advisory Legal Opinion - AGO 78-117" 5834: 5832: 5830: 5822:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised 5791:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised 4053: 4051: 3726:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised 3702:. A proxy's unauthorized acts may be 16:Form of voting that allows delegation 7: 6339:. German Law Journal. Archived from 6168:The Complete Guide to Sarbanes-Oxley 4880:Marketization and Democracy in China 4009: 4007: 3203:New Zealand House of Representatives 3164:(this idea is essentially a form of 6842:Indirect single transferable voting 6536:Alger D (2006). "Voting by Proxy". 6083:Vol. 41, No. 1 (Aug. 1942) p. 38-65 5905:Gleason, Patricia R. (1978-09-19). 5139:. Aboutmyvote.co.uk. Archived from 4312:"Members Eligible for a Proxy Vote" 3672:1972 Democratic National Convention 6465:. Groups.yahoo.com. Archived from 6279:Regulation of Investment Companies 5213:Review of the Electoral Commission 4883:. Routledge/Taylor & Francis. 4573:Zimmerman, Joseph Francis (1999). 4347:Renewing Congress – A First Report 3875:Securities and Exchange Commission 3433:International Republican Institute 14: 5820:Robert, Henry M. (2011). 5789:Robert, Henry M. (2011). 5763:. The Robert's Rules Association. 5405:Winkle, Kenneth J. (2002-07-25). 4416:. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 208–209. 4034:Regulation of Investment Advisers 3138:in the United States through the 2934:Biology and political orientation 5869:Demeter, George (1969). 5807:Demeter, George (1969). 5444:. University of Virginia Press. 4796:Boyer, J. Patrick (2007-03-02). 4763:Courtney, John C. (2005-01-01). 3267: 3035: 2431: 1611: 974: 961: 949: 897:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem 543:Semi-proportional representation 175:First preference plurality (FPP) 23: 6335:Braendle, Uno C. (2006-03-01). 5883:Arend, Thomas E. (2002-01-01). 5776:Sturgis, Alice (2001). 5614:Ky. L. Rep. 204; 103 Wash. 254. 5302:Seymour, Charles (2007-10-26). 5272:Boston and its story, 1630-1915 4703:. University of Toronto Press. 4606:Puddington, Arch (2008-04-15). 4350:. Brookings Institution Press. 1595:Latin America and the Caribbean 6953:Mixed ballot transferable vote 6232:(Thomson West, 2017-2018 ed.). 6017:"Life's Better Ideas: Proxies" 5632:122 Mo. App. 437, 99 S.W. 902. 5474:Scala, Dante J. (2003-11-18). 5411:. Cambridge University Press. 5328:The American Historical Review 4675:. Elections.ca. Archived from 3964:Structural Deep Democracy, SD2 3845:Securities Exchange Commission 3509:Commonwealth Team of Observers 3479:2024 snap legislative election 2929:Theories of political behavior 2555:Political history of the world 2140:Intergovernmental organisation 2095:Separation of church and state 935:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem 892:Moulin's impossibility theorem 857:Conflicting majorities paradox 1: 5027:Kolhe, Avinash (2004-04-23). 5003:"Virtual Army Coup In Guyana" 4968:Nohlen, Dieter (2005-06-03). 4877:Zhang, Jianjun (2008-04-28). 4473:Orr, Graeme (November 2003). 3866:or other goals into account. 3778:Libertarian Party of Colorado 3390: 3229:U.S. House of Representatives 2944:Critique of political economy 1407:Democracy and economic growth 761:Frustrated majorities paradox 7154:Comparison of voting systems 6996:Satisfaction approval voting 6981:Single non-transferable vote 6800:Proportional approval voting 6421:The American Economic Review 6408:. London: Harrison and Sons. 5723:Koh, David Wee Hock (2006). 5713:181 Iowa 1013, 165 N.W. 254. 5704:78 N.J. Eq. 484; 10 Md. 468. 5650:181 Iowa 1013, 165 N.W. 854. 5540:Patterson, Kelly D. (1996). 5372:Guinier, Lani (2003-03-07). 4844:Diamond, Larry, ed. (2001). 4612:. Rowman & Littlefield. 4437:Butler, David (2003-10-03). 4383:. Harvard University Press. 4380:The paradox of mass politics 4218:Clifton, Jane (March 2007). 4059:Riddick's Rules of Procedure 3681:United States law on proxies 3128:Riddick's Rules of Procedure 2525:Outline of political science 1937:(socio-political ideologies) 1600:Middle East and North Africa 1467:Peaceful transition of power 930:Condorcet dominance theorems 870:Social and collective choice 6760:Graduated majority judgment 6302:Bottomley, Stephen (2007). 6281:(Matthew Bender, 2017 ed.). 6147:Hirst, Scott (2017-01-01). 4799:Political rights: the legal 4014:Hirst, Scott (2018-04-01). 3528:People's Representative Act 3290:, discuss the issue on the 2005:(socio-economic ideologies) 1675:List of forms of government 1497:Proportional representation 596:By mechanism of combination 367:Proportional representation 46:, discuss the issue on the 7233: 7012:Condorcet winner criterion 6703:First-past-the-post voting 6263:Stewart, Brian D. (2003). 5677:109 Cal. 571, 42 Pac. 225. 5668:150 N.C. 216, 63 S.E. 892. 5573:Jones, Bill (2000-01-01). 5438:Renda, Lex (August 1997). 3988:Interactive representation 3914: 3787: 3668:McGovern–Fraser Commission 3519: 3396:in order to undermine the 3113:interactive representation 2530:Index of politics articles 794:Multiple districts paradox 525:Fractional approval voting 513:Interactive representation 7167: 7159:Voting systems by country 7062:Mutual majority criterion 7017:Condorcet loser criterion 6963:Vote linkage mixed system 6875:Largest remainders method 6602: 6550:10.1007/s11127-006-3059-1 6098:January 28, 2008, at the 5839:Robert, Henry M. (1991). 5659:112 Ala. 228, 20 So. 744. 4935:Kelber, Mim, ed. (1994). 4546:. SpringerLink: 107–113. 4520:. MakeTheCase. 2008-09-15 4506:accessed October 21, 2008 4246:. Yale University Press. 4243:Participation in Congress 4240:Hall, Richard L. (1996). 4118:Journal of Political Risk 4036:(Thomson West, 2017 ed.). 3647:Boston and Maine Railroad 3492:Inter-Parliamentary Union 3360:New England town meetings 3340:initiative and referendum 3199:Parliament of New Zealand 2126:(geo-cultural ideologies) 741:Paradoxes and pathologies 590:Mixed-member proportional 585:Mixed-member majoritarian 580:By results of combination 471:Approval-based committees 7052:Majority loser criterion 6938:Additional member system 6896:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota 6815:Single transferable vote 6740:Positional voting system 6676:Minimax Condorcet method 6634:Combined approval voting 6230:ERISA for Money Managers 5887:. Association Management 3956:Mitthögskolan University 3747:expounds on this point: 3594:Electoral Reform Society 3522:Absentee voting in India 3348:representative democracy 1552:Wars between democracies 1532:Territorial peace theory 1377:Democratic confederalism 920:Condorcet's jury theorem 721:Double simultaneous vote 696:Rural–urban proportional 691:Dual-member proportional 653: 642: 609:Parallel (superposition) 501:Fractional social choice 488:Expanding approvals rule 317: 302: 287: 218: 207: 183: 7077:Resolvability criterion 7067:Participation criterion 7042:Later-no-harm criterion 6858:Highest averages method 6532:by James Green-Armytage 6438:Ottesen, Karin (2003). 6402:Carroll, Lewis (1884). 6277:Lemke, Lins and Smith, 6166:Bainbridge, Stephen M. 5824:, 11th ed., p. 428-429 5623:98 Ala. 92; 12 So. 723. 5605:149 Pa. 84, 29 Atl. 88. 4579:. Bloomsbury Academic. 3993:Symbolic interactionism 3860:shareholder resolutions 3855:institutional investors 3398:Islamic Salvation Front 2939:Political organisations 2702:International relations 2540:Politics by subdivision 2389:Administrative division 2333:International relations 1537:Tyranny of the majority 1472:Political demonstration 1382:Democratic peace theory 1357:Deliberative referendum 847:Tyranny of the majority 624:Fusion (majority bonus) 441:Quota-remainder methods 7118:First-preference votes 7057:Monotonicity criterion 7027:Independence of clones 6730:Simple majoritarianism 6376:Michael Allan (2008), 6308:. Ashgate Publishing. 6070:103 Pa. St. 134 (1883) 5780:, 4th ed., p. 147–148 5641:13 Pa. County Ct. 576. 5480:. Palgrave Macmillan. 5378:. Simon and Schuster. 5001:Jagan, Cheddi (2000). 4222:. New Zealand Listener 3927: 3754: 1362:Democratic backsliding 1352:Criticism of democracy 981:Mathematics portal 887:Majority impossibility 876:Impossibility theorems 672:Negative vote transfer 493:Method of equal shares 114: 7022:Consistency criterion 6943:Alternative vote plus 6708:Instant-runoff voting 4915:www.service-public.fr 4829:Lily L. Tsai (2007). 4413:Modernizing Democracy 3924: 3411:Alberta Liberal Party 3162:direct representation 3019:Political campaigning 2759:Public administration 2592:Collective leadership 2399:Democratic transition 2262:Self-governing colony 1859:Military dictatorship 1417:Electoral competition 1397:Democratic transition 1372:Democratic centralism 1367:Democratic capitalism 784:Best-is-worst paradox 773:Pathological response 508:Direct representation 161:Single-winner methods 113: 7217:Corporate governance 7092:Seats-to-votes ratio 6863:Webster/Sainte-Laguë 6061:D.C. App. 144 (1900) 5187:"Elections - voting" 3440:villages required a 3342:to form a hybrid of 3288:improve this section 3278:may not represent a 3247:. Deputy Chief Whip 3209:New Zealand Listener 3192:US Electoral College 3136:corporate governance 2869:Separation of powers 2740:Political psychology 2715:Comparative politics 2693:political scientists 2680:Academic disciplines 2560:Political philosophy 1392:Democratic socialism 968:Economics portal 915:Median voter theorem 134:Comparative politics 52:create a new article 44:improve this article 7072:Plurality criterion 6671:Kemeny–Young method 6081:Michigan Law Review 5873:, 1969 ed., p. 134 5811:, Blue Book, p. 33 5793:, 11th ed., p. 429 4220:"Nice Gig for Some" 4016:"Universal Proxies" 3904:counter-arguments. 3884:It is possible for 3879:accounting scandals 3352:James C. Miller III 3245:UK House of Commons 3218:Taito Phillip Field 3175:Another example is 3104:A related topic is 3042:Politics portal 2891:Election commission 2862:Government branches 2745:Political sociology 2597:Confessional system 2535:Politics by country 2438:Politics portal 2323:Supranational union 2232:Dependent territory 2145:National government 1618:Politics portal 1412:Democracy promotion 1387:Democratic republic 956:Politics portal 667:Vote linkage system 638:Seat linkage system 225:Ranked-choice (RCV) 7113:Election threshold 7047:Majority criterion 6723:Supplementary vote 6093:Proxy Solicitation 4552:10.1007/BF01718736 4479:Federation Press. 3928: 3828:absentee balloting 3784:Corporate settings 3632:American Civil War 3614:primary assemblies 2725:Political analysis 2657:Semi-parliamentary 1557:Waves of democracy 1517:Right to candidacy 1487:Popular referendum 1477:Political equality 1347:Citizens' assembly 852:Discursive dilemma 811:Lesser evil voting 686:Supermixed systems 389:Largest remainders 247:Round-robin voting 115: 7212:Power of attorney 7184: 7183: 7082:Reversal symmetry 6991:Cumulative voting 6973:Semi-proportional 6948:Mixed single vote 6914: 6913: 6790:Mixed single vote 6698:Exhaustive ballot 6661:Copeland's method 6656:Condorcet methods 6596:Electoral systems 6315:978-0-7546-2418-9 6149:"Frozen Charters" 5842:Parliamentary Law 5736:978-981-230-341-7 5586:978-0-7881-8250-1 5553:978-0-231-10257-5 5520:978-0-8476-9448-8 5487:978-0-312-29622-3 5451:978-0-8139-1722-1 5418:978-0-521-52618-0 5385:978-0-7432-5351-2 5223:978-0-10-170062-7 5116:"Overseas Voters" 5095:978-0-7656-0084-4 5062:978-0-19-924958-9 4981:978-0-19-928357-6 4948:978-0-275-94816-0 4890:978-0-415-45222-9 4857:978-0-19-924417-1 4809:978-0-409-81601-3 4776:978-0-7748-0918-4 4743:978-0-7748-0791-3 4710:978-0-8020-8564-1 4652:978-0-8133-3899-6 4619:978-0-7425-5897-7 4586:978-0-275-96523-5 4486:978-1-86287-481-7 4450:978-0-8447-3405-7 4423:978-0-7656-1763-7 4390:978-0-674-65460-0 4357:978-0-8157-5457-2 4334:, 8 January 2021 4332:The New Statesman 4253:978-0-300-06811-5 4149:External link in 3800:Walker v. Johnson 3745:Parliamentary Law 3612:In Maryland, the 3526:In 2003, India's 3463:power of attorney 3424:Chinese provinces 3320: 3319: 3312: 3238:COVID-19 pandemic 3154:call of the house 3076: 3075: 3024:Political parties 2964:Electoral systems 2688:Political science 2662:Semi-presidential 2574:Political systems 2550:Political history 2545:Political economy 2472: 2471: 2423: 2422: 2394:Democracy indices 2369: 2368: 2172: 2171: 1981:Semi-presidential 1906: 1905: 1652: 1651: 1507:Right to petition 1015: 1014: 902:Gibbard's theorem 842:Dominance paradox 779:Perverse response 483:Phragmen's method 349:Majority judgment 277:Positional voting 235:Condorcet methods 103:electoral systems 80: 79: 72: 54:, as appropriate. 7224: 7207:Direct democracy 7123:Liquid democracy 6775: 6755:Two-round system 6666:Dodgson's method 6589: 6582: 6575: 6566: 6561: 6518:Delegated voting 6499: 6498: 6496: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6469:on July 11, 2012 6459: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6382: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6361:Morck, Randall. 6358: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6299: 6293: 6288: 6282: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6260: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6239: 6233: 6228:Lemke and Lins, 6226: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6144: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6123: 6116: 6108: 6102: 6090: 6084: 6079:Axe, Leonard H. 6077: 6071: 6068: 6062: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5979: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5962: 5956:. 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Archived from 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4802:. Butterworths. 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4514: 4508: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4470: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4341: 4335: 4330:, Stephen Bush, 4325: 4319: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4296: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4227: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4205: 4199: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4176:. Archived from 4175: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4137: 4131: 4129: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4076:www.politico.com 4068: 4062: 4055: 4046: 4043: 4037: 4032:Lemke and Lins, 4030: 4024: 4023: 4011: 3976:liquid democracy 3932:delegated voting 3917:Liquid democracy 3911:Delegated voting 3853:Associations of 3758:Demeter's Manual 3587:Liberal Democrat 3564:women's suffrage 3395: 3392: 3344:direct democracy 3315: 3308: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3271: 3270: 3263: 3120:electoral system 3116:electoral system 3106:liquid democracy 3068: 3061: 3054: 3040: 3039: 2830: 2775: 2730:Political theory 2720:Election science 2710: 2696: 2474: 2464: 2457: 2450: 2436: 2435: 2383: 2227:Associated state 2185: 2160:Internationalism 2150:World government 2127: 2006: 1938: 1919: 1893:Free association 1880: 1841: 1760: 1703: 1691: 1654: 1644: 1637: 1630: 1616: 1615: 1512:Right to protest 1462:Nomination rules 1017: 1007: 1000: 993: 979: 978: 966: 965: 954: 953: 909:Positive results 804:Strategic voting 701:Majority jackpot 658: 647: 518:Liquid democracy 394:National remnant 384:Highest averages 321: 306: 291: 223: 214:Alternative vote 212: 196:Partisan primary 188: 129:Mechanism design 82: 75: 68: 64: 61: 55: 27: 26: 19: 7232: 7231: 7227: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7163: 7142: 7096: 7087:Smith criterion 7000: 6967: 6928:Parallel voting 6910: 6906:Imperiali quota 6879: 6846: 6764: 6718:Contingent vote 6681:Nanson's method 6639:Unified primary 6629:Approval voting 6615: 6598: 6593: 6535: 6520: 6507: 6502: 6494:10.1.1.148.9274 6486: 6485: 6481: 6472: 6470: 6463:"Yahoo! Groups" 6461: 6460: 6456: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6437: 6436: 6432: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6401: 6400: 6396: 6380: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6360: 6359: 6355: 6346: 6344: 6334: 6333: 6329: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6301: 6300: 6296: 6289: 6285: 6276: 6272: 6262: 6261: 6257: 6248: 6246: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6227: 6223: 6214: 6212: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6180: 6179: 6175: 6165: 6164: 6160: 6146: 6145: 6136: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6100:Wayback Machine 6091: 6087: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6065: 6060: 6056: 6047: 6045: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6022: 6020: 6015: 6014: 6010: 6001: 5999: 5994: 5993: 5989: 5972: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5953: 5951:"Archived copy" 5949: 5948: 5944: 5935: 5933: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5912: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5890: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5838: 5837: 5828: 5819: 5815: 5806: 5797: 5788: 5784: 5775: 5768: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5712: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5613: 5609: 5604: 5600: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5506: 5505: 5501: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5473: 5472: 5465: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5357: 5355: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5334: 5332: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5310: 5308: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5254: 5252: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5196: 5194: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5171: 5169: 5162:"Absent Voting" 5160: 5159: 5155: 5146: 5144: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5121: 5119: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5034: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5012: 5010: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4920: 4918: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4762: 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3459: 3420: 3406: 3393: 3387: 3379: 3328:internet voting 3316: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3285: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3166:weighted voting 3148: 3140:proxy statement 3072: 3034: 3029: 3028: 2959: 2958: 2949: 2948: 2906: 2905: 2896: 2895: 2864: 2863: 2854: 2853: 2849:Public interest 2834:Domestic policy 2824: 2817: 2816: 2805: 2804: 2769: 2762: 2761: 2750: 2749: 2711: 2704: 2697: 2690: 2682: 2681: 2672: 2671: 2577: 2576: 2565: 2564: 2520: 2519: 2510: 2479:Politics series 2468: 2430: 2425: 2424: 2411:Democratisation 2404:Autocratization 2380: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2327: 2288: 2267:Tributary state 2257:Satellite state 2212: 2182: 2181:Power structure 2174: 2173: 2125: 2124: 2106: 2077: 2063: 2054:Totalitarianism 2004: 2003: 1985: 1936: 1935: 1916: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1878: 1870: 1835: 1827: 1758: 1750: 1697: 1688: 1687:Source of power 1665:Basic forms of 1659:Politics series 1648: 1610: 1605: 1604: 1570: 1562: 1561: 1442:Majoritarianism 1402:Democratization 1337: 1329: 1328: 1063: 1053: 1022:Politics series 1011: 973: 972: 960: 948: 940: 939: 906: 882:Arrow's theorem 872: 862: 861: 830: 800: 789:No-show paradox 770: 756:Cloning paradox 746:Spoiler effects 743: 733: 732: 707: 594: 577: 567: 566: 539: 530:Maximal lottery 497: 478:Thiele's method 467: 437: 369: 359: 358: 344:Approval voting 332:Cardinal voting 328: 273: 267:Maximal lottery 231: 163: 153: 76: 65: 59: 56: 41: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7230: 7228: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7189: 7188: 7182: 7181: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7161: 7156: 7150: 7148: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7104: 7102: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7008: 7006: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6986:Limited voting 6983: 6977: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6924: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6854: 6852: 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Vol. II 5317: 5294: 5281: 5261: 5235: 5222: 5216:. 2007-01-30. 5203: 5178: 5153: 5128: 5107: 5094: 5074: 5061: 5041: 5019: 4993: 4980: 4960: 4947: 4927: 4902: 4889: 4869: 4856: 4850:. OUP Oxford. 4836: 4833:. p. 207. 4821: 4808: 4788: 4775: 4755: 4742: 4722: 4709: 4689: 4664: 4651: 4631: 4618: 4598: 4585: 4565: 4530: 4509: 4498: 4485: 4462: 4449: 4429: 4422: 4402: 4389: 4369: 4356: 4336: 4320: 4304: 4265: 4252: 4232: 4210: 4186: 4183:on 2006-03-18. 4162: 4104: 4087: 4063: 4047: 4038: 4025: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3983: 3980: 3912: 3909: 3840:controversial. 3788:Main article: 3785: 3782: 3721: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3682: 3679: 3601: 3598: 3562:. Long before 3555: 3554:United Kingdom 3552: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3532: 3520:Main article: 3517: 3514: 3499: 3496: 3486: 3483: 3458: 3455: 3419: 3416: 3405: 3402: 3386: 3383: 3378: 3375: 3318: 3317: 3282:of the subject 3280:worldwide view 3275: 3273: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3147: 3144: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3070: 3063: 3056: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3031: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3005: 3004: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2966: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2913: 2907: 2904:Related topics 2903: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2839:Foreign policy 2836: 2831: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2801: 2800: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2735:Policy studies 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2700: 2698: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2521: 2518:Primary topics 2517: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2466: 2459: 2452: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2416:Hybrid regimes 2413: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2396: 2391: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2347:Regional power 2344: 2336: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2297: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2252:Puppet monarch 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2221: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2192: 2191: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2122: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2087: 2085:State religion 2079: 2078: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2008: 2007: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1956:Constitutional 1953: 1948: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1922: 1917: 1915:Power ideology 1914: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1882: 1881: 1879:(rule by none) 1872: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1851: 1843: 1842: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1762: 1761: 1752: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1731:Representative 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1705: 1704: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1670: 1669: 1662: 1661: 1650: 1649: 1647: 1646: 1639: 1632: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1547:War referendum 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1437:Libertarianism 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1338: 1336:Related topics 1335: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1239: 1237:Representative 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1064: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1013: 1012: 1010: 1009: 1002: 995: 987: 984: 983: 971: 970: 958: 945: 942: 941: 938: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 905: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 873: 868: 867: 864: 863: 860: 859: 854: 849: 844: 829: 828: 826:Turkey-raising 823: 818: 813: 799: 798: 797: 796: 786: 781: 769: 768: 766:Center squeeze 763: 758: 753: 751:Spoiler effect 744: 739: 738: 735: 734: 731: 730: 725: 724: 723: 710:By ballot type 706: 705: 704: 703: 698: 693: 683: 682: 681: 680: 679: 674: 664: 663: 662: 651: 628: 627: 626: 621: 616: 611: 593: 592: 587: 578: 573: 572: 569: 568: 565: 564: 562:Limited voting 559: 558: 557: 538: 537: 532: 527: 522: 521: 520: 515: 496: 495: 490: 485: 480: 466: 465: 460: 455: 450: 436: 435: 434: 433: 431:Localized list 428: 423: 418: 413: 403: 402: 401: 399:Biproportional 396: 391: 386: 370: 365: 364: 361: 360: 357: 356: 351: 346: 341: 327: 326: 311: 296: 272: 271: 270: 269: 264: 259: 254: 244: 230: 229: 228: 227: 216: 203:Instant-runoff 200: 199: 198: 190:Jungle primary 177: 166:Single vote - 164: 159: 158: 155: 154: 152: 151: 141: 136: 131: 126: 120: 117: 116: 106: 105: 95: 94: 78: 77: 38:of the subject 36:worldwide view 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7229: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7179: 7178: 7173: 7172: 7166: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7099: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7003: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6621:Single-winner 6618: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6601: 6597: 6590: 6585: 6583: 6578: 6576: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6544:(1–2): 1–26. 6543: 6539: 6538:Public Choice 6534: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6517: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6504: 6495: 6490: 6483: 6480: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6455: 6441: 6434: 6431: 6426: 6422: 6415: 6412: 6407: 6406: 6398: 6395: 6390: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6369: 6364: 6357: 6354: 6343:on 2008-03-16 6342: 6338: 6331: 6328: 6317: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6274: 6271: 6266: 6259: 6256: 6244: 6238: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6222: 6211:on 2008-03-16 6210: 6206: 6200: 6197: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6177: 6174: 6169: 6162: 6159: 6154: 6150: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6124:on 2008-04-11 6120: 6113: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6076: 6073: 6067: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6044:on 2008-03-16 6043: 6039: 6033: 6030: 6018: 6012: 6009: 5997: 5991: 5988: 5983: 5977: 5963:on 2008-04-11 5959: 5952: 5946: 5943: 5931: 5930: 5923: 5920: 5908: 5901: 5898: 5886: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5863: 5858: 5856:0-470-72592-3 5852: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5738: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5719: 5716: 5710: 5707: 5701: 5698: 5692: 5689: 5683: 5680: 5674: 5671: 5665: 5662: 5656: 5653: 5647: 5644: 5638: 5635: 5629: 5626: 5620: 5617: 5611: 5608: 5602: 5599: 5588: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5569: 5566: 5555: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5536: 5533: 5522: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5503: 5500: 5489: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5453: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5434: 5431: 5420: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5401: 5398: 5387: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5368: 5365: 5354: 5353: 5345: 5342: 5330: 5329: 5321: 5318: 5307: 5306: 5298: 5295: 5284: 5282:9783849677299 5278: 5274: 5273: 5265: 5262: 5250: 5246: 5239: 5236: 5225: 5219: 5215: 5214: 5207: 5204: 5193:on 2008-03-16 5192: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5168:on 2008-03-16 5167: 5163: 5157: 5154: 5143:on 2011-01-17 5142: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5097: 5091: 5087: 5086: 5078: 5075: 5064: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5045: 5042: 5030: 5023: 5020: 5009:on 2008-03-17 5008: 5004: 4997: 4994: 4983: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4964: 4961: 4950: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4931: 4928: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4903: 4892: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4873: 4870: 4859: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4840: 4837: 4832: 4825: 4822: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4792: 4789: 4778: 4772: 4769:. UBC Press. 4768: 4767: 4759: 4756: 4745: 4739: 4736:. UBC Press. 4735: 4734: 4726: 4723: 4712: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4693: 4690: 4679:on 2008-03-16 4678: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4654: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4635: 4632: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4602: 4599: 4588: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4569: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4540:Public Choice 4534: 4531: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4502: 4499: 4488: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4452: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4433: 4430: 4425: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4406: 4403: 4392: 4386: 4382: 4381: 4373: 4370: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4305: 4300: 4294: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4266: 4255: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4236: 4233: 4221: 4214: 4211: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4179: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4158: 4143: 4135: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4105: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4061:, p. 155–156 4060: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4010: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3942: 3941:Lewis Carroll 3937: 3933: 3923: 3918: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3818: 3812: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3776:In 2005, the 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3759: 3753: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3717: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3618: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3600:United States 3599: 3597: 3595: 3590: 3588: 3585:In 2004, two 3583: 3579: 3577: 3571: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3541: 3539: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3523: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3505: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3429:Carter Center 3425: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3384: 3382: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3367:public choice 3363: 3361: 3357: 3356:Ronald Reagan 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3324: 3314: 3311: 3303: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3281: 3274: 3265: 3264: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3249:Stuart Andrew 3246: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3171: 3170:gerrymandered 3167: 3163: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3130: 3129: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3109: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3095:deliberations 3092: 3088: 3084: 3081:is a form of 3080: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3046: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3032: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2953: 2952: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2900: 2899: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2858: 2857: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2844:Civil society 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2822:Public policy 2820: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2676: 2675: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2642:Parliamentary 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2627:Hybrid regime 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2514: 2513: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2428: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2376: 2375: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2303:Confederation 2301: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2198:Unitary state 2196: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2177: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2101: 2100:State atheism 2098: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2090:Secular state 2088: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2009: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1994:Authoritarian 1992: 1991: 1988: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1971:Parliamentary 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1912: 1911: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1759:(rule by few) 1757: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1626: 1625: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1608: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1522:Right to vote 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1447:Majority rule 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1314:Supermajority 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1212:Participatory 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1143:Hybrid regime 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 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