327:
304:
201:
226:
578:
333:
232:
1667:
3220:
42:
1658:
However, during autumn and winter, when there is less than 13 hours of light per day, iodothyronine desiodinase 3 removes an iodine atom which converts thyroxine to the inactive reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), or which converts the active triiodothyronine to diiodothyronine (T2). Consequently, there
1646:
who experience physiological seasonal changes dependent on the photoperiod. During spring in this species, when there is more than 13 hours of light per day, iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (DIO2) promotes the conversion of the prohormone thyroxine (T4) to the active hormone triiodothyronine (T3) through
1499:
are the major end-products. However, there are at least eight potential cleavage sites within the polypeptide precursor and, depending on tissue type and the available convertases, processing may yield as many as ten biologically active peptides involved in diverse cellular functions. Cleavage sites
68:
1530:
The processing of POMC involves glycosylations, acetylations, and extensive proteolytic cleavage at sites shown to contain regions of basic protein sequences. However, the proteases that recognize these cleavage sites are tissue-specific. In some tissues, including the
1470:
gene is expressed in both the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland. This gene encodes a 285-amino acid polypeptide hormone precursor that undergoes extensive, tissue-specific, post-translational processing via cleavage by
3224:
2298:
Barrett P, Ebling FJ, Schuhler S, Wilson D, Ross AW, Warner A, et al. (August 2007). "Hypothalamic thyroid hormone catabolism acts as a gatekeeper for the seasonal control of body weight and reproduction".
2401:
Dores RM, Cameron E, Lecaude S, Danielson PB (August 2003). "Presence of the delta-MSH sequence in a proopiomelanocortin cDNA cloned from the pituitary of the galeoid shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni".
1956:
patients have increased circulating plasma concentrations of POMC. The clinical significance is currently under investigation. Further augmenting systemic glucocorticoid availability via infusion of
1647:
the removal of an iodine atom on the outer ring. It allows T3 to bind to the thyroid hormone receptor (TR), which then binds to thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) in the DNA sequence. The
1674:
Influences of photoperiods on relevant similar biological endocrine changes that demonstrate modifications of thyroid hormone regulation in humans have yet to be adequately documented.
2576:"Study of obesity associated proopiomelanocortin gene polymorphism: Relation to metabolic profile and eating habits in a sample of obese Egyptian children and adolescents"
340:
239:
1275:
3103:"Monitoring neuropeptide-specific proteases: processing of the proopiomelanocortin peptides adrenocorticotropin and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the skin"
2838:
Yang YK, Fong TM, Dickinson CJ, Mao C, Li JY, Tota MR, et al. (December 2000). "Molecular determinants of ligand binding to the human melanocortin-4 receptor".
1946:
pathway may modulate glucose metabolism in obese subjects indicating a possible gene-environment interaction. POMC variant may be involved in the natural history of
1651:
proximal promoter sequence contains two thyroid-receptor 1b (Thrb) half-sites: TCC-TGG-TGA and TCA-CCT-GGA indicating that T3 may be capable of directly regulating
4535:
3235:
1513:
3578:
3550:
3447:
4455:
871:
852:
1810:
162:
1802:
The large molecule of POMC is the source of several important biologically active substances . POMC can be cleaved enzymatically into the following
3000:
Bhardwaj RS, Luger TA (1994). "Proopiomelanocortin production by epidermal cells: evidence for an immune neuroendocrine network in the epidermis".
4081:
3406:
2231:
1856:
1751:
3648:
2138:
3330:
2120:
4570:
2437:
Harris RM, Dijkstra PD, Hofmann HA (January 2014). "Complex structural and regulatory evolution of the pro-opiomelanocortin gene family".
326:
2028:
2024:
2020:
3291:
3263:
1893:, it is not generally thought that β-endorphin is converted into enkephalin. Instead, enkephalin is produced from its own precursor,
1127:
303:
2344:"Genome sequencing and transcriptome analyses of the Siberian hamster hypothalamus identify mechanisms for seasonal energy balance"
1134:
3751:
2556:
1634:. It is referred to the hours of light during a day and it changes across the seasons. Its regulation depends on the pathway of
4445:
3325:
2107:
2086:
3857:
3480:
3416:
3310:
1901:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1788:
1746:
1709:
1655:
transcription. For this reason during spring and early summer, the level of pomc increases due to the increased level of T3.
1378:
2103:
1295:
225:
200:
65:
3872:
3340:
3315:
2082:
4460:
3929:
3924:
3666:
3381:
2918:
Millington GW (May 2006). "Proopiomelanocortin (POMC): the cutaneous roles of its melanocortin products and receptors".
142:
4585:
4580:
4074:
3411:
3391:
2032:
2012:
1714:
1488:
1390:
1351:
2709:"A Deletion in the Canine POMC Gene Is Associated with Weight and Appetite in Obesity-Prone Labrador Retriever Dogs"
2660:"Impact of Hydrocortisone and of CRH Infusion on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis of Septic Male Mice"
339:
238:
4037:
3919:
1643:
1500:
consist of the sequences Arg-Lys, Lys-Arg, or Lys-Lys. Enzymes responsible for processing of POMC peptides include
3039:"Proopiomelanocortin, a polypeptide precursor with multiple functions: from physiology to pathological conditions"
4480:
4042:
3600:
1904:
occurs in humans but not in mice or rats due to the absence of the enzymatic processing site in the rodent POMC.
332:
231:
3671:
3190:
1605:
916:
150:
2035:. The fact that these are all cleavage products of POMC should suggest likely mechanisms of this interaction.
1283:
3900:
2016:
1505:
1501:
897:
2183:"Leptin and insulin pathways in POMC and AgRP neurons that modulate energy balance and glucose homeostasis"
4575:
4530:
4067:
3746:
3723:
3475:
3256:
2607:
TĂ©blick A, Vander Perre S, Pauwels L, Derde S, Van
Oudenhove T, Langouche L, et al. (February 2021).
2507:"An Alu element-associated hypermethylation variant of the POMC gene is associated with childhood obesity"
2049:
2658:
TĂ©blick A, De Bruyn L, Van
Oudenhove T, Vander Perre S, Pauwels L, Derde S, et al. (January 2022).
1981:
1917:
1476:
1394:
1347:
1279:
4505:
4500:
4490:
4475:
2797:
Kühnen P, Clément K, Wiegand S, Blankenstein O, Gottesdiener K, Martini LL, et al. (July 2016).
2355:
2246:
1993:
1931:
1382:
1323:
214:
129:
4332:
4032:
3638:
3633:
3605:
3568:
3386:
3350:
1517:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
998:
994:
990:
4139:
2758:"Naltrexone/bupropion for obesity: an investigational combination pharmacotherapy for weight loss"
4164:
3373:
3132:
3025:
2943:
2324:
2280:
1977:
1574:
1509:
1331:
1327:
174:
3186:
1110:
1061:
1019:
986:
4169:
4108:
3560:
3249:
3197:
3167:
3124:
3089:
3060:
3017:
2988:
2935:
2896:
2855:
2820:
2779:
2738:
2689:
2640:
2538:
2481:
2454:
2419:
2383:
2316:
2272:
2212:
1992:
POMC is used as a target for a medication used to treat obesity in humans. The combination of
1584:
1367:
1270:
122:
58:
3527:
3522:
3157:
3114:
3081:
3050:
3009:
2978:
2968:
2927:
2886:
2847:
2810:
2769:
2728:
2720:
2679:
2671:
2630:
2620:
2587:
2528:
2518:
2446:
2411:
2373:
2363:
2308:
2262:
2254:
2232:"Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus"
2202:
2194:
1635:
1436:
1424:
419:
350:
294:
249:
3072:
Dores RM, Lecaude S (May 2005). "Trends in the evolution of the proopiomelanocortin gene".
2873:
Yang YK, Ollmann MM, Wilson BD, Dickinson C, Yamada T, Barsh GS, et al. (March 1997).
2230:
Cowley MA, Smart JL, Rubinstein M, Cerdán MG, Diano S, Horvath TL, et al. (May 2001).
1262:
4495:
4220:
4210:
3852:
3485:
3280:
2707:
Raffan E, Dennis RJ, O'Donovan CJ, Becker JM, Scott RA, Smith SP, et al. (May 2016).
1894:
1595:
1492:
1450:
1420:
1416:
1398:
577:
394:
170:
2359:
2250:
1543:, all cleavage sites may be used, giving rise to peptides with roles in pain and energy
4515:
4510:
4243:
4238:
4215:
4117:
4004:
3973:
3945:
3890:
3785:
3502:
3433:
2983:
2956:
2733:
2708:
2684:
2659:
2635:
2608:
2533:
2506:
2378:
2343:
2207:
2182:
1957:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1761:
1639:
1446:
1442:
1428:
1343:
2415:
2342:
Bao R, Onishi KG, Tolla E, Ebling FJ, Lewis JE, Anderson RL, et al. (June 2019).
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
695:
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685:
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675:
670:
665:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
4564:
4192:
4187:
4154:
4014:
3790:
3492:
3455:
3206:
3119:
3102:
2931:
2044:
2000:
1850:
1631:
606:
3136:
3029:
2947:
2328:
1212:
17:
4520:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4348:
4343:
4094:
3797:
3733:
3718:
3681:
3628:
3595:
3335:
3302:
2284:
2156:
2059:
2054:
1943:
1924:
1599:
1570:
1552:
1532:
1480:
1258:
412:
191:
2505:
Kuehnen P, Mischke M, Wiegand S, Sers C, Horsthemke B, Lau S, et al. (2012).
154:
2523:
1224:
178:
4525:
4435:
4363:
4338:
4274:
4259:
4179:
4149:
4134:
3981:
3958:
3460:
3363:
3085:
2592:
2575:
2450:
2143:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
2125:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1614:
1580:
1544:
1315:
2799:"Proopiomelanocortin Deficiency Treated with a Melanocortin-4 Receptor Agonist"
2774:
2757:
2724:
2625:
2473:
2348:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1666:
495:
4540:
4327:
4291:
4281:
4264:
4230:
4202:
4159:
4009:
3895:
3545:
3497:
3426:
3421:
2609:"The role of pro-opiomelanocortin in the ACTH-cortisol dissociation of sepsis"
1868:
1862:
1756:
1719:
1563:
that are contained within the adrenocorticotrophin and β-lipotropin peptides.
1556:
1548:
1540:
1496:
1472:
1371:
1319:
311:
208:
158:
2675:
4465:
4450:
4296:
4286:
4269:
4126:
3812:
3741:
3623:
3535:
3470:
3396:
2368:
2157:"pro-opiomelanocortin preproprotein [Homo sapiens] - Protein - NCBI"
1947:
1609:
1588:
1560:
1484:
1402:
816:
555:
433:
378:
365:
277:
264:
166:
3171:
3128:
3093:
3064:
2992:
2973:
2939:
2891:
2874:
2859:
2824:
2783:
2742:
2693:
2644:
2542:
2485:
2458:
2423:
2387:
2320:
2276:
2216:
2198:
1984:
dogs is associated with increased interest in food and subsequent obesity.
4059:
3055:
3038:
3021:
2900:
2815:
2798:
1174:
1169:
4440:
4419:
4414:
4358:
3963:
3862:
3844:
3802:
3780:
3703:
3695:
3676:
3658:
3587:
3465:
3358:
3320:
3162:
3145:
2312:
1921:
1803:
1670:
Regulation of proopiomelanocortin by the photoperiod and thyroid hormones
1536:
1386:
1219:
1158:
961:
942:
2875:"Effects of recombinant agouti-signaling protein on melanocortin action"
4485:
4470:
4090:
3867:
3834:
3829:
3821:
3708:
3643:
3514:
3272:
3229:
3211:
3201:
3013:
2574:
Mohamed FE, Hamza RT, Amr NH, Youssef AM, Kamal TM, Mahmoud RA (2017).
2267:
1950:
obesity, contributing to the link between type 2 diabetes and obesity.
1935:
1913:
1406:
1363:
1236:
1231:
928:
883:
2957:"The role of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurones in feeding behaviour"
2851:
1435:
can also regulate secretion of gonadocorticoids from the cells of the
99:
95:
91:
87:
41:
4406:
3991:
3953:
3772:
3713:
2258:
1961:
1953:
1290:
1142:
838:
1847:ε-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (ε-MSH, present in some teleosts )
1551:
stimulation, and immune modulation. These include several distinct
4319:
4024:
3999:
3910:
3882:
3615:
1939:
1665:
1366:
hormones. Each of these peptides is packaged in large dense-core
801:
797:
1965:
1524:
1432:
1412:
1252:
1207:
146:
4063:
3245:
586:
4545:
1942:
patients only. These findings support the hypothesis that the
2019:. The endogenous agonists of melanocortin 4 receptor include
1912:
Mutations in this gene have been associated with early onset
133:, POC, proopiomelanocortin, OBAIRH, LPH, CLIP, ACTH, NPP, MSH
3196:
Overview of all the structural information available in the
767:
positive regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of fungus
3241:
1968:, an endproduct of POMC, but not in a suppression of POMC.
3037:
Raffin-Sanson ML, de Keyzer Y, Bertagna X (August 2003).
1996:
acts via hypothalamic POMC neurons to decrease appetite.
757:
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
402:
1999:
Two humans with POMC deficiency have been treated with
742:
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
567:
4428:
4405:
4374:
4318:
4309:
4252:
4229:
4201:
4178:
4125:
4116:
4101:
4023:
3990:
3972:
3944:
3909:
3881:
3843:
3820:
3811:
3771:
3764:
3732:
3694:
3657:
3614:
3586:
3577:
3559:
3513:
3446:
3372:
3349:
3301:
3290:
3279:
1334:from the 267-amino-acid-long polypeptide precursor
1289:
1269:
1251:
1246:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1087:
1054:
1012:
979:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2078:
2076:
2074:
1630:) are regulated indirectly in some animals by the
1495:and the maintenance of normal adrenal weight, and
1663:, which reduces its levels during these seasons.
349:
248:
3101:König S, Luger TA, Scholzen TE (October 2006).
2480:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1479:. The encoded protein is synthesized mainly in
1362:POMC is cut (cleaved) to give rise to multiple
4536:Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide
2756:Billes SK, Sinnayah P, Cowley MA (June 2014).
2104:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000020660
1659:is less T3 and it blocks the transcription of
727:generation of precursor metabolites and energy
4456:Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
4075:
3257:
3236:National Center for Biotechnology Information
8:
1822:(α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone, or α-MSH)
782:G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
2083:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000115138
4315:
4122:
4082:
4068:
4060:
3817:
3768:
3583:
3298:
3287:
3264:
3250:
3242:
2580:Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics
1466:gene is located on chromosome 2p23.3. The
1342:), by the removal of a 26-amino-acid-long
1243:
812:
602:
390:
289:
186:
76:
3189:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3161:
3118:
3054:
2982:
2972:
2890:
2814:
2773:
2732:
2683:
2634:
2624:
2591:
2532:
2522:
2377:
2367:
2266:
2206:
1885:Although the N-terminal 5 amino acids of
1385:has important roles in the regulation of
777:regulation of signaling receptor activity
3144:Farooqi S, O'Rahilly S (December 2006).
1814:-Terminal Peptide of Proopiomelanocortin
1374:in response to appropriate stimulation:
732:regulation of glycogen metabolic process
2070:
1857:Corticotropin-like Intermediate Peptide
1439:since they also express ACTH receptors.
1419:that regulates the secretion of mainly
27:Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
2181:Varela L, Horvath TL (December 2012).
2011:Proopiomelanocortin has been shown to
1853:(Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, or ACTH)
1604:Smaller populations of neurons in the
1487:, where four cleavage sites are used;
1185:
772:regulation of corticosterone secretion
31:
3074:General and Comparative Endocrinology
2920:Clinical and Experimental Dermatology
2439:General and Comparative Endocrinology
2404:General and Comparative Endocrinology
2003:, a melanocortin-4 receptor agonist.
1453:with widespread actions in the brain.
354:
315:
310:
253:
212:
207:
7:
1687:
1389:(POMC neuron stimulation results in
1370:that are released from the cells by
645:type 4 melanocortin receptor binding
630:type 1 melanocortin receptor binding
620:type 3 melanocortin receptor binding
3002:Archives of Dermatological Research
2803:The New England Journal of Medicine
1934:was associated with higher fasting
1626:The levels of proopiomelanocortin (
787:cytokine-mediated signaling pathway
1964:mice resulted in a suppression of
1638:that is regulated directly by the
1514:peptidyl α-amidating monooxygenase
1409:produced from melanocytes in skin.
1084:
1051:
1009:
976:
952:
933:
907:
888:
862:
843:
640:G protein-coupled receptor binding
572:
490:
428:
407:
25:
3043:European Journal of Endocrinology
1889:are identical to the sequence of
1840:-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (
3752:5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine
3223: This article incorporates
3218:
3120:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00472.x
2955:Millington GW (September 2007).
2932:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2006.02128.x
1397:, while α-MSH secreted from the
576:
518:pars distalis of adenohypophysis
338:
331:
325:
302:
237:
230:
224:
199:
40:
4446:Calcitonin gene-related peptide
3146:"Genetics of obesity in humans"
1684:proopiomelanocortin derivatives
3210:(Pro-opiomelanocortin) at the
2472:Cullen JM, Cascella M (2022).
1976:A deletion mutation common in
762:neuropeptide signaling pathway
587:More reference expression data
556:More reference expression data
1:
3231:Reference Sequence collection
2416:10.1016/S0016-6480(03)00151-5
1622:Regulation by the photoperiod
1491:(ACTH), essential for normal
1247:Available protein structures:
650:neuropeptide hormone activity
323:
222:
4461:Delta-sleep-inducing peptide
2524:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002543
737:regulation of blood pressure
4571:Genes on human chromosome 2
3086:10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.02.003
2593:10.1016/j.ejmhg.2016.02.009
2451:10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.10.007
1381:produced by neurons in the
1352:central melanocortin system
4602:
3920:Insulin-like growth factor
2961:Nutrition & Metabolism
2775:10.1016/j.phrs.2014.04.004
2725:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.04.012
2626:10.1186/s13054-021-03475-y
2557:"POMC proopiomelanocortin"
1690:
1405:regulates the movement of
635:signaling receptor binding
4481:Gastrin-releasing peptide
2139:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
2121:"Human PubMed Reference:"
1930:A study concluded that a
1781:
1767:
1755:
1734:
1718:
1713:
1703:
1700:
1242:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1141:
1122:
1091:
1058:
1047:
1016:
983:
972:
959:
955:
940:
936:
927:
914:
910:
895:
891:
882:
869:
865:
850:
846:
837:
822:
815:
811:
795:
605:
601:
584:
575:
566:
553:
502:
493:
440:
431:
401:
393:
389:
372:
359:
322:
301:
292:
288:
271:
258:
221:
198:
189:
185:
140:
137:
127:
120:
115:
84:
79:
62:
57:
52:
48:
39:
34:
3191:Medical Subject Headings
3107:Experimental Dermatology
2762:Pharmacological Research
2474:"Physiology, Enkephalin"
1994:bupropion and naltrexone
1844:-MSH, present in sharks)
1606:dorsomedial hypothalamus
1336:pre-pro-opiomelanocortin
2879:Molecular Endocrinology
2369:10.1073/pnas.1902896116
2017:melanocortin 4 receptor
1506:prohormone convertase 2
1502:prohormone convertase 1
1475:-like enzymes known as
1128:Chr 2: 25.16 – 25.17 Mb
686:secretory granule lumen
530:suprachiasmatic nucleus
356:12 A1.1|12 1.99 cM
4531:Pancreatic polypeptide
3747:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
3724:Pancreatic polypeptide
3225:public domain material
2974:10.1186/1743-7075-4-18
2892:10.1210/mend.11.3.9898
2676:10.1210/endocr/bqab222
2199:10.1038/embor.2012.174
2050:Agouti-related peptide
1671:
1566:It is synthesized by:
1525:prolylcarboxypeptidase
1483:cells of the anterior
1477:prohormone convertases
1423:from the cells of the
1350:. POMC is part of the
747:regulation of appetite
534:trophoblast giant cell
3056:10.1530/eje.0.1490079
2816:10.1056/NEJMoa1512693
1982:Flat-Coated Retriever
1918:adrenal insufficiency
1908:Clinical significance
1669:
717:cellular pigmentation
317:Chromosome 12 (mouse)
4476:Galanin-like peptide
3187:Pro-Opiomelanocortin
3163:10.1210/er.2006-0040
2313:10.1210/en.2007-0316
2161:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1489:adrenocorticotrophin
1383:ventromedial nucleus
1308:Pro-opiomelanocortin
1189:Opioids neuropeptide
676:extracellular region
526:ventromedial nucleus
464:right adrenal cortex
215:Chromosome 2 (human)
80:List of PDB id codes
53:Available structures
18:Pro-opiomelanocortin
4033:Natriuretic peptide
3351:Posterior pituitary
3336:Somatostatin (GHIH)
2360:2019PNAS..11613116B
2354:(26): 13116–13121.
2251:2001Natur.411..480C
1816:(NPP, or pro-Îł-MSH)
1642:An example are the
1135:Chr 12: 4 – 4.01 Mb
752:signal transduction
722:cell-cell signaling
712:glucose homeostasis
691:extracellular space
538:seminiferous tubule
476:left adrenal cortex
4586:Precursor proteins
4581:Neuroendocrinology
3374:Anterior pituitary
3014:10.1007/BF00370724
1978:Labrador Retriever
1900:The production of
1672:
1575:anterior pituitary
1521:-acetyltransferase
1510:carboxypeptidase E
1332:anterior pituitary
1322:residues. POMC is
917:ENSMUSG00000020660
705:Biological process
681:peroxisomal matrix
659:Cellular component
613:Molecular function
468:left adrenal gland
444:anterior pituitary
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4305:
4304:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4052:
3940:
3939:
3760:
3759:
3690:
3689:
3442:
3441:
3150:Endocrine Reviews
2852:10.1021/bi001684q
1797:
1796:
1644:siberian hamsters
1585:intermediate lobe
1399:intermediate lobe
1314:) is a precursor
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:structure summary
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1153:
1152:
1118:
1117:
1081:
1080:
1043:
1042:
1006:
1005:
968:
967:
949:
948:
923:
922:
904:
903:
878:
877:
859:
858:
807:
806:
696:secretory granule
597:
596:
593:
592:
562:
561:
549:
548:
487:
486:
385:
384:
284:
283:
111:
110:
107:
106:
63:Ortholog search:
16:(Redirected from
4593:
4316:
4123:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4061:
3818:
3813:Digestive system
3769:
3584:
3523:Thyroid hormones
3299:
3288:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3243:
3239:
3222:
3221:
3175:
3165:
3140:
3122:
3097:
3068:
3058:
3033:
2996:
2986:
2976:
2951:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2846:(48): 14900–11.
2835:
2829:
2828:
2818:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2777:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2687:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2526:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2381:
2371:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2270:
2259:10.1038/35078085
2236:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2117:
2111:
2101:
2090:
2080:
1869:Gamma Lipotropin
1688:
1636:thyroid hormones
1437:zona reticularis
1425:zona fasciculata
1346:sequence during
1244:
1186:
1166:
1165:
1137:
1130:
1113:
1085:
1076:
1052:
1048:RefSeq (protein)
1038:
1010:
1001:
977:
953:
934:
908:
889:
863:
844:
813:
625:hormone activity
603:
589:
580:
573:
558:
498:
496:Top expressed in
491:
460:body of pancreas
436:
434:Top expressed in
429:
408:
391:
381:
368:
357:
342:
335:
329:
318:
306:
290:
280:
267:
256:
241:
234:
228:
217:
203:
187:
181:
179:POMC - orthologs
132:
125:
102:
77:
71:
50:
49:
44:
32:
21:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4550:
4506:Neuropeptide VF
4501:Neuropeptide SF
4496:Neuropeptide FF
4491:Neuropeptide AF
4424:
4401:
4370:
4311:
4301:
4248:
4225:
4197:
4174:
4143:
4118:Opioid peptides
4112:
4097:
4088:
4058:
4049:
4019:
3986:
3968:
3936:
3905:
3877:
3839:
3807:
3756:
3728:
3686:
3653:
3610:
3573:
3555:
3539:
3531:
3509:
3493:Adrenal medulla
3486:Androstenedione
3438:
3368:
3345:
3293:
3282:
3275:
3270:
3228:
3219:
3183:
3178:
3143:
3100:
3071:
3036:
2999:
2954:
2917:
2913:
2911:Further reading
2908:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2713:Cell Metabolism
2706:
2705:
2701:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2517:(3): e1002543.
2504:
2503:
2499:
2490:
2488:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2245:(6836): 480–4.
2234:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2193:(12): 1079–86.
2180:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2102:
2093:
2081:
2072:
2068:
2041:
2009:
1990:
1974:
1910:
1895:proenkephalin A
1800:
1799:
1798:
1685:
1680:
1624:
1596:arcuate nucleus
1594:Neurons in the
1493:steroidogenesis
1460:
1451:opioid peptides
1449:are endogenous
1421:glucocorticoids
1417:peptide hormone
1395:sexual behavior
1360:
1202:Op_neuropeptide
1175:View/Edit Mouse
1170:View/Edit Human
1133:
1126:
1123:Location (UCSC)
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
997:
993:
989:
985:
898:ENSG00000115138
791:
700:
654:
585:
554:
545:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
522:pars intermedia
520:
516:
514:median eminence
512:
510:arcuate nucleus
508:
506:pituitary gland
494:
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
432:
376:
363:
355:
345:
344:
343:
336:
316:
293:Gene location (
275:
262:
254:
244:
243:
242:
235:
213:
190:Gene location (
141:
128:
121:
86:
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4599:
4597:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4563:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4516:Neuropeptide Y
4513:
4511:Neuropeptide S
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4267:
4262:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4244:Leu-enkephalin
4241:
4239:Met-enkephalin
4235:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4184:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4170:β-Neoendorphin
4167:
4165:α-Neoendorphin
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4131:
4129:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4064:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3946:Adipose tissue
3942:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3916:
3914:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3891:Enteroglucagon
3887:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3791:Beta thymosins
3788:
3777:
3775:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3503:Norepinephrine
3500:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3456:Adrenal cortex
3452:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3296:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3246:
3216:
3215:
3194:
3182:
3181:External links
3179:
3177:
3176:
3141:
3113:(10): 751–61.
3098:
3080:(1–2): 81–93.
3069:
3034:
2997:
2952:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2865:
2830:
2789:
2748:
2719:(5): 893–900.
2699:
2670:(1): bqab222.
2650:
2599:
2566:
2548:
2497:
2464:
2429:
2393:
2334:
2307:(8): 3608–17.
2290:
2222:
2173:
2148:
2130:
2112:
2091:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2008:
2005:
1989:
1986:
1973:
1970:
1958:hydrocortisone
1938:levels in the
1909:
1906:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1835:
1832:Îł-Melanotropin
1829:
1826:β-Melanotropin
1823:
1820:α-Melanotropin
1817:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1602:
1592:
1578:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1440:
1429:adrenal cortex
1410:
1359:
1356:
1344:signal peptide
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1003:
981:
980:
974:
970:
969:
966:
965:
957:
956:
950:
947:
946:
938:
937:
931:
925:
924:
921:
920:
912:
911:
905:
902:
901:
893:
892:
886:
880:
879:
876:
875:
867:
866:
860:
857:
856:
848:
847:
841:
835:
834:
829:
824:
820:
819:
809:
808:
805:
804:
793:
792:
790:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
708:
706:
702:
701:
699:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
662:
660:
656:
655:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
616:
614:
610:
609:
599:
598:
595:
594:
591:
590:
582:
581:
570:
564:
563:
560:
559:
551:
550:
547:
546:
544:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
500:
499:
488:
485:
484:
482:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:
437:
425:
424:
416:
405:
399:
398:
395:RNA expression
387:
386:
383:
382:
374:
370:
369:
361:
358:
353:
347:
346:
337:
330:
324:
320:
319:
314:
308:
307:
299:
298:
286:
285:
282:
281:
273:
269:
268:
260:
257:
252:
246:
245:
236:
229:
223:
219:
218:
211:
205:
204:
196:
195:
183:
182:
139:
135:
134:
126:
118:
117:
113:
112:
109:
108:
105:
104:
82:
81:
73:
72:
61:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4598:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4576:Neuropeptides
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4312:neuropeptides
4308:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4193:Endomorphin-2
4191:
4189:
4188:Endomorphin-1
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4155:Big dynorphin
4153:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4095:neuropeptides
4092:
4085:
4080:
4078:
4073:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4015:Prostaglandin
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:Hypothalamic–
3289:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3262:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3226:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3156:(7): 710–18.
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2926:(3): 407–12.
2925:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2885:(3): 274–80.
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2664:Endocrinology
2661:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2613:Critical Care
2610:
2603:
2600:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2511:PLOS Genetics
2508:
2501:
2498:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:Endocrinology
2294:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2045:Afamelanotide
2043:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2001:setmelanotide
1997:
1995:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1851:Corticotropin
1849:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1677:
1675:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:cells of the
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:cells of the
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:melanotropins
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:corticotrophs
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
982:
978:
975:
973:RefSeq (mRNA)
971:
964:
963:
958:
954:
951:
945:
944:
939:
935:
932:
930:
926:
919:
918:
913:
909:
906:
900:
899:
894:
890:
887:
885:
881:
874:
873:
868:
864:
861:
855:
854:
849:
845:
842:
840:
836:
833:
830:
828:
825:
821:
818:
814:
810:
803:
799:
794:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
707:
704:
703:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
661:
658:
657:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
615:
612:
611:
608:
607:Gene ontology
604:
600:
588:
583:
579:
574:
571:
569:
565:
557:
552:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:
501:
497:
492:
489:
480:right auricle
479:
475:
472:apex of heart
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:
439:
435:
430:
427:
426:
423:
421:
417:
415:
414:
410:
409:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
380:
375:
371:
367:
362:
352:
348:
341:
334:
328:
321:
313:
309:
305:
300:
296:
291:
287:
279:
274:
270:
266:
261:
251:
247:
240:
233:
227:
220:
216:
210:
206:
202:
197:
193:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
136:
131:
124:
119:
114:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
83:
78:
75:
74:
70:
67:
60:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4521:Neurophysins
4349:Neurokinin B
4344:Neurokinin A
4180:Endomorphins
4106:
3798:Thymopoietin
3734:Pineal gland
3719:Somatostatin
3682:Progesterone
3629:Progesterone
3596:Testosterone
3579:Gonadal axis
3551:Thyroid axis
3448:Adrenal axis
3401:
3303:Hypothalamus
3230:
3217:
3205:
3153:
3149:
3110:
3106:
3077:
3073:
3049:(2): 79–90.
3046:
3042:
3008:(1): 85–90.
3005:
3001:
2964:
2960:
2923:
2919:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2843:
2840:Biochemistry
2839:
2833:
2809:(3): 240–6.
2806:
2802:
2792:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2586:(1): 67–73.
2583:
2579:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2489:. Retrieved
2477:
2467:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2242:
2238:
2225:
2190:
2187:EMBO Reports
2186:
2176:
2164:. Retrieved
2160:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2060:Melanotan II
2055:Melanocortin
2010:
2007:Interactions
1998:
1991:
1975:
1952:
1944:melanocortin
1932:polymorphism
1929:
1925:pigmentation
1911:
1899:
1884:
1863:β-Lipotropin
1841:
1837:
1811:
1801:
1757:Îł-lipotropin
1720:β-lipotropin
1691:
1673:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1640:photoperiod.
1627:
1625:
1600:hypothalamus
1571:Corticotrope
1565:
1533:hypothalamus
1529:
1523:(N-AT), and
1518:
1497:β-lipotropin
1481:corticotroph
1467:
1463:
1461:
1361:
1339:
1335:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1107:NP_001265513
1103:NP_001265512
1099:NP_001265511
1095:NP_001265510
1092:
1074:NP_001306134
1070:NP_001306133
1066:NP_001030333
1059:
1036:NM_001278584
1032:NM_001278583
1028:NM_001278582
1024:NM_001278581
1017:
999:NM_001319205
995:NM_001319204
991:NM_001035256
984:
960:
941:
915:
896:
870:
851:
831:
826:
542:otic vesicle
448:right testis
418:
411:
138:External IDs
85:
29:
4526:Neurotensin
4436:Angiotensin
4375:Neuromedins
4364:Physalaemin
4339:Substance P
4333:Tachykinins
4328:Bradykinins
4275:Hemorphin-4
4260:Adrenorphin
4231:Enkephalins
4221:Îł-Endorphin
4216:β-Endorphin
4211:α-Endorphin
4150:Dynorphin B
4140:Dynorphin A
4135:Dynorphin A
3982:Osteocalcin
3959:Adiponectin
3786:Thymosin α1
3561:Parathyroid
3461:Aldosterone
3364:Vasopressin
2561:Entrez Gene
2410:(1): 71–9.
2268:11336/71802
2166:30 December
1988:Drug target
1887:β-endorphin
1875:β-Endorphin
1762:β-endorphin
1678:Derivatives
1632:photoperiod
1617:in the skin
1615:Melanocytes
1581:Melanotrope
1557:lipotropins
1545:homeostasis
1443:β-Endorphin
1348:translation
1324:synthesized
1316:polypeptide
1194:Identifiers
452:left testis
276:25,168,903
263:25,160,853
116:Identifiers
4565:Categories
4355:amphibian
4292:Spinorphin
4282:Nociceptin
4265:Amidorphin
4203:Endorphins
4160:Leumorphin
4127:Dynorphins
4010:Calcitriol
3896:Peptide YY
3546:Calcitonin
3498:Adrenaline
3427:Lipotropin
3422:Endorphins
2491:2022-01-12
2478:StatPearls
2445:: 107–15.
2110:, May 2017
2089:, May 2017
2066:References
1891:enkephalin
1880:Enkephalin
1561:endorphins
1549:melanocyte
1541:epithelium
1473:subtilisin
1447:enkephalin
1372:exocytosis
1320:amino acid
1259:structures
671:peroxisome
422:(ortholog)
377:4,010,642
364:4,004,951
159:HomoloGene
4466:FMRFamide
4451:Carnosine
4335:: mammal
4297:Valorphin
4287:Opiorphin
4270:Hemorphin
3781:Thymosins
3742:Melatonin
3624:Estradiol
3471:Cortisone
3397:Prolactin
3294:pituitary
3281:Endocrine
2619:(1): 65.
1948:polygenic
1610:brainstem
1589:pituitary
1485:pituitary
1458:Synthesis
1403:pituitary
1318:with 241
1237:PDOC00964
1225:IPR013532
1111:NP_032921
1062:NP_000930
1020:NM_008895
987:NM_000939
817:Orthologs
666:cytoplasm
167:GeneCards
4441:Bombesin
4359:Kassinin
4109:hormones
4102:Hormones
4091:Peptides
3974:Skeleton
3964:Resistin
3863:Secretin
3845:Duodenum
3803:Thymulin
3704:Glucagon
3696:Pancreas
3677:Estrogen
3659:Placenta
3466:Cortisol
3359:Oxytocin
3321:Dopamine
3273:Hormones
3172:17122358
3137:32034934
3129:16984256
3094:15862552
3065:12887283
3030:33604397
2993:17764572
2948:25213876
2940:16681590
2860:11101306
2825:27468060
2784:24754973
2768:: 1–11.
2743:27157046
2694:34698826
2645:33593393
2543:22438814
2486:32491696
2459:24188887
2424:12899848
2388:31189592
2329:28088190
2321:17478556
2277:11373681
2217:23146889
2106:–
2085:–
2039:See also
2013:interact
1922:red hair
1804:peptides
1537:placenta
1527:(PRCP).
1387:appetite
1368:vesicles
1358:Function
1340:pre-POMC
1276:RCSB PDB
1220:InterPro
1159:Wikidata
796:Sources:
4541:RVD-Hpα
4486:Ghrelin
4471:Galanin
4407:Orexins
3868:Motilin
3835:Ghrelin
3830:Gastrin
3822:Stomach
3709:Insulin
3644:Relaxin
3639:Inhibin
3634:Activin
3606:Inhibin
3515:Thyroid
3212:PDBe-KB
3202:UniProt
3022:7726641
2984:2018708
2901:9058374
2734:4873617
2685:8599906
2636:7885358
2534:3305357
2379:6600942
2356:Bibcode
2285:4342893
2247:Bibcode
2208:3512417
2108:Ensembl
2087:Ensembl
1936:insulin
1914:obesity
1871:(Îł-LPH)
1865:(β-LPH)
1834:(Îł-MSH)
1828:(β-MSH)
1598:of the
1587:of the
1516:(PAM),
1512:(CPE),
1508:(PC2),
1504:(PC1),
1427:of the
1407:melanin
1401:of the
1393:.) and
1391:satiety
1364:peptide
1330:of the
1232:PROSITE
1213:PF08035
929:UniProt
884:Ensembl
823:Species
802:QuickGO
397:pattern
123:Aliases
4320:Kinins
4253:Others
3992:Kidney
3954:Leptin
3913:/other
3773:Thymus
3714:Amylin
3588:Testis
3481:DHEA-S
3283:glands
3207:P01189
3193:(MeSH)
3170:
3135:
3127:
3092:
3063:
3028:
3020:
2991:
2981:
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2946:
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2275:
2239:Nature
2215:
2205:
2031:, and
1962:septic
1954:Septic
1920:, and
1859:(CLIP)
1793:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
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1732:
1729:
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1698:
1559:, and
1539:, and
1291:PDBsum
1265:
1255:
1199:Symbol
1145:search
1143:PubMed
962:P01193
943:P01189
839:Entrez
568:BioGPS
255:2p23.3
147:176830
4429:Other
4310:Other
4025:Heart
4000:Renin
3930:IGF-2
3925:IGF-1
3911:Liver
3901:GLP-1
3883:Ileum
3765:Other
3649:GnSAF
3616:Ovary
3227:from
3133:S2CID
3026:S2CID
2944:S2CID
2325:S2CID
2281:S2CID
2235:(PDF)
2029:Îł-MSH
2025:β-MSH
2021:α-MSH
2015:with
1940:obese
1902:β-MSH
1789:β-MSH
1747:α-MSH
1710:Îł-MSH
1591:gland
1577:gland
1415:is a
1379:α-MSH
872:18976
832:Mouse
827:Human
798:Amigo
456:gonad
420:Mouse
413:Human
360:Start
295:Mouse
259:Start
192:Human
155:97742
4107:see
3476:DHEA
3412:ACTH
3407:CLIP
3402:POMC
3331:GHRH
3311:GnRH
3200:for
3168:PMID
3125:PMID
3090:PMID
3061:PMID
3018:PMID
2989:PMID
2936:PMID
2897:PMID
2856:PMID
2821:PMID
2780:PMID
2739:PMID
2690:PMID
2641:PMID
2539:PMID
2482:PMID
2455:PMID
2420:PMID
2384:PMID
2317:PMID
2273:PMID
2213:PMID
2168:2020
2033:ACTH
1980:and
1972:Dogs
1966:ACTH
1752:CLIP
1715:ACTH
1692:POMC
1661:pomc
1653:pomc
1649:pomc
1628:pomc
1608:and
1468:POMC
1464:POMC
1462:The
1445:and
1433:ACTH
1413:ACTH
1312:POMC
1284:PDBj
1280:PDBe
1263:ECOD
1253:Pfam
1208:Pfam
853:5443
403:Bgee
351:Band
312:Chr.
250:Band
209:Chr.
171:POMC
143:OMIM
130:POMC
100:1PLX
96:1PLW
92:5E33
88:2LWC
69:RCSB
66:PDBe
35:POMC
4546:VGF
4142:1–8
4043:BNP
4038:ANP
4005:EPO
3873:VIP
3858:GIP
3853:CCK
3672:HPL
3667:hCG
3601:AMH
3569:PTH
3417:MSH
3392:TSH
3382:FSH
3341:MCH
3326:CRH
3316:TRH
3198:PDB
3158:doi
3115:doi
3082:doi
3078:142
3051:doi
3047:149
3010:doi
3006:287
2979:PMC
2969:doi
2928:doi
2887:doi
2848:doi
2811:doi
2807:375
2770:doi
2729:PMC
2721:doi
2680:PMC
2672:doi
2668:163
2631:PMC
2621:doi
2588:doi
2529:PMC
2519:doi
2447:doi
2443:195
2412:doi
2408:133
2374:PMC
2364:doi
2352:116
2309:doi
2305:148
2263:hdl
2255:doi
2243:411
2203:PMC
2195:doi
1960:in
1326:in
1271:PDB
373:End
272:End
175:OMA
163:723
151:MGI
59:PDB
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3387:LH
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