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244:. Ongoing studies seek to determine if there are individual differences in the acoustic pattern of tiger vocalizations that would aid in monitoring and conservation practices. This hypothesis is the basis of The Prusten Project, which analyses individual tiger calls with the goal of developing and implementing non-invasive monitoring systems as a conservation tool.
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Phonetically, prusten varies by species, however the basic structural pattern remains constant. More structural similarities occur between the two leopard species, and also between the tiger and jaguar. Individual sound pulses are more separated in the leopards in comparison to the other species, in
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in tigers. Frequency compositions are similar throughout the four felid species, however they differ in intensity of low-frequency components. Total numbers of pulses produced per vocalization shows individual variation, but tend to fall in the range of 4-10 for all four species. Studies on tigers
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It has been found that tigers are most sensitive to lower frequencies and are likely able to hear in the infrasonic range, which is likely reflected in the production of calls such as prusten. It has also been hypothesized that hearing in the low frequency range is beneficial in communicating and
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resistance. The rough-sounding quality of the low-pitched vocalizations is likely generated by the complex pattern of vocal vibrations, caused by the excitation of multiple modes of oscillation simultaneously. Prusten also involves air being exhaled through the
209:, as seen in clouded leopards. It is used to signal friendly intent to the other animal, and is generally reciprocated by other felids. It may also signify happiness, as content leopards tend to be more vocal and produce prusten more frequently.
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Prusten may be able to serve as an indication of well-being. It is also valuable for conservation purposes, along with other unique felid vocalizations, and may enable the location and monitoring of both individuals and populations in their
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which they tend to be more closely merged. Pulses may occur in pairs, in which a basal pulse and an upper-range pulse are produced simultaneously. This may reflect both laryngeal and nasal contributions to the vocalization, with the upper-
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tigers, it is more likely to be expressed when the animals are housed in groups rather than individually. Cats may produce the vocalization both to each other in greeting, or to familiar people such as
385:
Rose, Shanna J.; Allen, Drew; Noble, Dan; Clarke, Jennifer A. (2018-01-02). "Quantitative analysis of vocalizations of captive
Sumatran tigers ( Panthera tigris sumatrae )".
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314:
Peters, Gustav; Tonin-Leyhausen, Barbara (1999). "Evolution of
Acoustic Communication Signals of Mammals: Friendly Close-Range Vocalizations in Felidae (Carnivora)".
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Miller, Angela; Leighty, Katherine A.; Bettinger, Tamara L. (2013). "Behavioral
Analysis of Tiger Night Housing Practices: Tiger Night Housing Practices".
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This vocalization is distinct from friendly and non-threatening vocalizations produced by other felids, and thus has been described as a behavioural
678:"Evaluating the Social Behavior and Activity Patterns of Clouded Leopards (Neofelis nebulosa) at the Nashville Zoo: Research and Literature Review"
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The vocalization is produced by repeated, short pulses of air through the nose and mouth, each lasting an average of 0.37 seconds at an average
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and the power wanes in higher frequencies, as in many tiger vocalizations, yet a distinct pattern allows prusten to be distinguished.
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In tigers, it has been found that low-pitched vocalizations, such as prusten, originate from vibrations of thick vocal folds in the
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Titze, I. R.; Fitch, W. T.; Hunter, E. J.; Alipour, F.; Montequin, D.; Armstrong, D. L.; McGee, J.; Walsh, E. J. (2010-11-15).
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Wemmer, C; Von Ebers, M; Scow, K (1976). "An analysis of the chuffing vocalization in the Polar bear (Ursus maritimus)".
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of the cat. Sound production is facilitated by the low threshold pressure required to oscillate the vocal folds, and low
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von
Muggenthaler, Elizabeth (2000-11-01). "Infrasonic and low-frequency vocalizations from Siberian and Bengal tigers".
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236:. This distinction has been useful in determining evolutionary relationships between members of the family Felidae.
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Walsh, Edward J. Wang, Lily M Armstrong, Douglas L. Curro, Thomas
Simmons, Lee G. McGee, JoAnn (2003-01-01).
505:"Phylogeny of the great cats (Felidae: Pantherinae), and the influence of fossil taxa and missing characters"
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in greeting to her cubs, and the cubs begin to produce this vocalization at around 5 weeks in snow leopards.
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In the clouded leopard and tiger, it has been observed that females often express this vocalization during
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256:. Unlike in cats, polar bears do not chuff through the nostrils but through a partially open mouth.
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Brown, Janine L. (2011-04-01). "Female reproductive cycles of wild female felids".
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locating prey in the low-visibility jungle habitats where these cats usually live.
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in nature, and may be produced for a variety of purposes. In
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at the same time as through the mouth. This may represent an
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International pedigree book of snow leopards, Panthera uncia
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Communicative behavior by some members of the
Felidae family
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pulses produced nasally prevailing in tigers and jaguars.
563:: A Study of Tiger Vocalization and Auditory Receptivity
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shift from exclusively laryngeal vocalizations to mixed
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comforting her cubs. The vocalization is produced by
565:. DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln.
682:Honors College Capstone Experience/Thesis Projects
699:. Special Issue: Reproductive Cycles of Animals.
98:. Prusten has significance in both the fields of
46:(verb and noun). It is described as a short, low
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54:. In order to vocalize a chuff, the animal's
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38:. Prusten is also referred to as
522:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00226.x
676:Ryckeley, Meghan (2017-06-28).
447:Journal of Experimental Biology
316:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
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70:as a greeting, during
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769:THE PRUSTEN PROJECT
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196:Prusten is
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509:Cladistics
272:References
207:zookeepers
74:, or by a
23:A pair of
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571:728894990
467:0022-0949
415:0952-4622
350:"chuffle"
234:apomorphy
161:frequency
154:frequency
137:laryngeal
110:Mechanism
100:evolution
94:and even
72:courtship
48:intensity
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260:See also
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60:nostrils
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395:Bibcode
214:estrous
202:captive
184:Purpose
163:of 248
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80:tigers
76:mother
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419:S2CID
332:S2CID
165:Hertz
141:felid
133:nasal
64:snort
56:mouth
747:OCLC
721:PMID
713:ISSN
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616:ISSN
585:link
567:OCLC
527:PMID
481:PMID
463:ISSN
411:ISSN
361:2010
266:Purr
135:and
125:nose
102:and
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