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373:, called the chancellor to withdraw the steps which might cause international complications and bring down repressive measures upon Germans living abroad. Ansfeld, a progressive, put in a resolution that the expulsion was not justified by the national interest, it was contrary to humanitarian reasons and posed a threat to the welfare of the empire's citizens.
305:, and despite their state of health, age or sex. The expellees were "driven in mass towards the eastern border under blows of gendarmes' rifle butts". Fatal incidents were reported, as the expulsions were carried in winter time. In the initial months, nearly 26,000 people were expelled from eastern provinces of
381:
A similar question was asked by the Polish MPs and the Centre Party in the parliament of
Prussia, but the majority of voices necessary to condemn the expulsions was not obtained there, because political forces of anti-Polish orientation were represented much more strongly in the Prussian parliament
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The need for cheap labour from German landlords and industry eventually prevailed, therefore the policy of the
Prussian government had to be softened. In 1890 a new order was issued to allow employment of ethnically Polish foreigners, except in the period between 20 December to 1 February of each
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took up the engagement of workers from outside
Germany. Seasonal labour contracts to the detriment of Polish workers allowed the opportunity for many corrupt practices. The immigrant workers were poorly paid, exploited and – in practicality – totally unprotected. Nevertheless, the influx of
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The county-wide expulsion was condemned by the Polish public as well as the federal German parliament. The expulsion also contributed to the worsening of the German-Russian relations. In the aftermath, Poles without German citizenship were again allowed to work and reside in the
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ordered its provincial authorities to expel abroad all ethnic Poles and Jews holding
Russian citizenship. In July 1885, the expulsion order was extended to include Polish Austrian citizens also. Additionally, the authorities were obliged to watch, that in the future no
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of the Centre Party submitted a supplementary motion to the same effect. On 16 January 1886, the parliament of the German Empire condemned the expulsion with a great majority of voices. Nevertheless, the parliamentary resolution was ignored by the
Prussian government.
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industry, which used to disobey the order frequently with the silent tolerance of
Prussian authorities, or with its temporary suspension. Nevertheless, only unmarried persons were accepted and often, they were kept separated from the local native Polish population.
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When some day the great chancellor resigns, then many people will feel ashamed and they will mutually reproach themselves with the meanness of their grovelling before his mighty will. I am touched at the most by the unwise and to no purpose cruel order of the
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Contrary to
Bismarck's original intentions, the expulsion contributed to the worsening of German-Russian relations and the erosion of their long term cooperation – resulting in a shift in Russia's external policy which finally led to the creation of the
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It was an early example of ethnic cleansing and what makes it in retrospect look even worse was that
Bismarck exploited it ruthlessly and deliberately to stir up national feeling against his domestic opponents
418:, Schweinitz, advised Bismarck to abstain from further expulsions, anticipating that they would only provoke the supporters of Pan-Slavism and trigger repressions against all German settlers in
445:, had set a bad example to be followed, and had spread the seeds of new ethnic antagonisms in the future. Bismarck himself expressed to ambassador Schweinitz his disappointment, stating that
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attracted workers from economically backward areas. At the same time, parts of the local German and Polish population migrated in search of work to more industrialized western areas of
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year. The measure was intended to force the workers to periodically return abroad, thus preserving their status of seasonal workers, and preventing the continuity of their stay in
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309:, mainly workers and craftsmen employed there. The expulsions were continued in subsequent years. Until 1890 the number of expellees exceeded 30,000, and the border of
441:, the minister of foreign affairs of Russia, stated that Bismarck – by his own conduct – had aggravated already hostile feelings existing towards German colonists in
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429:, a conservative, and the minister of internal affairs who tried to procure a plausible reception for those events in Russia, acknowledged Otto von Bismarck's
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or the
Prussian mass deportations, serve as Polish national symbol of gross injustice experienced by the Poles at the hands of the anti-Polish forces of
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271:). Although no anti-German political activity among the Polish migrants was ever noted, the resulting increase of the Polish population alarmed
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607:, Vol. III 1850/1864-1918, Part 2 1850/1864-1900, edited by Polska Akademia Nauk , Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warsaw 1967, p. 684.
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as well as recent German immigrants, faced negative sentiments among both the government and the public supporting the ideas of
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The order was executed upon all non-Prussian citizens regardless of their long term residence or previous service in the
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between 1885 and 1890. More than 30,000 Poles who had immigrated to
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The formerly good relations between Germany and Russia worsened in the 1880s due to growing
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and did not obtain a German citizenship, were deported back to their country of origin.
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among low living standards and intensive exploitation. A male worker could save 100-150
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The expulsions had been met with disapproval inside the government circles of Russia.
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had committed a grave mistake, as such extreme measures were unnecessary. Also
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Polska.pl -Skarby Dziedzictwa Narodowego - Katalog Skarbów - Rugi pruskie
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in all seasons but the winter. It can be seen as an early example of
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681:, Vol. IV, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warsaw 1982, p. 533.
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and unofficially gave ambassador Schweinitz his advice that
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Sejmowe Koło Polskie wobec rugów pruskich, 3 V 1885 roku
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On 26 March 1885, the ministry of internal affairs of
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504:candidates was always large and, in the eve of
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27:Expulsion of Poles by Germany
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729:Categories
568:References
348:expulsions
281:chancellor
562:Ostflucht
268:Ostflucht
245:from the
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91:1885–1890
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