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Sixty percent of the remaining horses would be males, to reduce the rate of population growth. The agency said it would remove 30 horses a year from the herd and stable them at a yearly cost of $ 18,000 to $ 21,000 until the correct herd size and sex ratios had been reached. Horses to be removed from the herd included those which did not closely fit the conformity type; which were genetically well represented; which were 11 to 15 years of age, had sired or foaled, and were not band stallions; and were between five and 10 years of age or 16 to 20 years of age. Genetic diversity would be measured by visual observation of the herd's conformity to type using a visual system developed by Dr. Sponenberg, and measures taken to improve genetic diversity if signs of inbreeding occurred. The Cloud
Foundation and Front Range Equine Rescue, both feral horse advocacy groups, challenged the roundup in federal court. A federal district court judge delayed the roundup three days to consider their request, but on September 2, 2009, rejected the injunction and allowed the roundup to proceed.
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homesteaders' horses ... but this little band ... were, and are, the genuine
Spanish horses and there were about 70 head. I did not try to get them and hoped that no one else ever would." Other people claimed that the horses were nothing more than local domestic horses which had escaped to the wild. In 1992, equine geneticist Dr. E. Gus Cothran conducted genetic studies on the herd, and concluded that their primary bloodlines did descend from Spanish Barbs. Since no genetic variants were observed not also seen in domestic horse breeds, in 2010 Cothran also concluded the horses were not a unique species which had survived in North America from prehistoric times. Rather, they were linear descendants of the Spanish Barb, with some evidence of genetic similarity to light racing and riding breeds. The genetic tests also revealed that the Pryor Mountains horses carried a rare
359:. After the creation of the refuge the BLM appointed a committee to study the area and make recommendations regarding appropriate herd numbers. The committee, which met in late 1968 and early 1969, was made up of range and wildlife experts, local citizens interested in the herds and representatives from several federal, state and private organizations. A boundary adjustment was made to the refuge, adding some land in Wyoming. The final report of the committee, submitted in June 1969, was that the horses were not in danger of starvation, that overgrazing was likely due to domestic sheep who utilized the land decades earlier, and that horses were the most likely of any species to be able to survive and thrive in the Pryor Mountain environment. On December 18, 1971, the
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are returning. In 1992, a private group, the Pryor
Mountains Mustang Breeders Association was formed to preserve the gene pool of the herd and establish a registry for Pryor Mountains horses in private hands. In order to be placed on the register, the horse must have a registered sire and dam, have a title issued either by BLM or the Tillett ranch, and have a certificate of blood typing from the Gluck Equine Research Center at the University of Kentucky. As of 2008, 209 horses in 16 U.S. states and one Canadian province were on the registry. BLM undertook a roundup of the horse herd in 1997 to reduce its numbers, and officials expected to do another in late 2000 when the herd size reached 200. By August 1999, there were 180 adult horses and colts on the range.
229:, and horizontal "zebra" stripes on the back of the forelegs. The Pryor Mountains horse's body is heavy, with strong bones. Manes and tails tend to be long, and the horse's winter coat is very heavy and often curly. The head is convex (sometimes called a "Roman nose) or straight, with wide-set eyes, hooked ears, and a broad forehead that tapers well to the muzzle. The front teeth meet evenly, the upper lip is usually longer than the lower, and the nostrils are small and crescent shaped. The neck is medium in length, and most of the animals have only five lumbar vertebrae (an anatomical feature common in primitive horses)—although some have a fifth and sixth vertebrae which are fused. The horse's shoulders are long and sloping, the
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486:) to take random genetic samples of the herd in 1994, 1997, and 2001. Cothran's analysis found "no evidence of a bottleneck". Genetic diversity was actually above the mean for feral horse herds in the United States, and just below the mean for domesticated breeds. The BLM, however, interpreted these studies in 2009 to indicate that the genetic diversity of the Pryor Mountains herd is "well above" the mean for domestic breeds. Cothran considered the herd to be in genetic equilibrium, although he cautioned that a minimum of 120 breeding-age animals should be kept on the range to maintain the genetic health of the herd. Research by biologists and veterinarians at
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2009, BLM also placed "guzzlers" on the range. A guzzler is a precipitation (usually rainwater) collection device which traps water in a storage tank ranging in size from a few to several thousand gallons. The storage tank can be above-ground, partially buried, or below-ground. A mechanical valve releases water into a drinking trough from the storage tanks, allowing animals access to the water. When the valve senses that the water level in the trough is low, it opens and allows more water into the drinking area. Five guzzlers were placed in undergrazed areas to encourage the horses to better utilize this forage.
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325:. The BLM argued that the horses were being removed because they were likely to starve, as they had overgrazed their environment, while the PMWHA argued the degradation of the range was not due to the horses and that in fact they were in no danger of starving. The organization further charged that the BLM was acting at the behest of other state and federal organizations who wished to see the horses removed, rather than acting in line with public opinion. The PMWHA was also concerned with the effect that the penning would have on the feral horses.
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range without competition, and by 1964 there were only around 200 horses left. In 1964, the BLM announced that the horses would be removed altogether, to the outrage of the public. The controversy continued until 1968, when the BLM was legally stopped from removing all of the horses, and the area declared a Wild Horse Refuge. After the 1971 signing of the WFRHBA, the BLM spent the 1980s and 1990s conducting population studies and developing management and adoption policies; during this time, numerous genetic studies were also completed.
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and foal combination. During the roundup, 63 mares were treated with contraceptives, and the post-gather herd population was estimated at 133 horses. The price paid for these horses is higher than that paid for horses from most other
Mustang herds; horses removed from unnamed herds in Oregon can be adopted for a walk-up fee of $ 125. However, it is lower than the price paid for horses from some other popular herds; horses from the
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carrying capacity of wild horse and burro ranges, wild horse and burro population growth, and best practices in fertility control. Overall, the NAS was critical of the BLM, saying that herd populations were increasing at an "unsustainable rate" and that the "BLM fails to effectively use contraception tools", criticizing the methods used for estimating populations and available
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the BLM would be able to manage the horses by using artificial watering sites to encourage the horses to utilize undergrazed portions of the range. The BLM also said it would implement other range management techniques, and proposed purchasing 1,467 acres (594 ha) of land from the state of
Montana, and another 632 acres (256 ha) of private land, to add to the range.
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feral horses and/or burros) in
Montana. There are six additional Herd Areas (BLM areas that currently have or have had in the past populations of wild horses, but are deemed not suitable for horses) in the state, but none currently contain horses, leaving the Pryor Mountain mustangs the only free-roaming mustangs remaining in Montana.
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By 1968, the wild herd were concentrated mostly on BLM lands owing to previous roundups and construction of boundary fences. That year, the BLM again stated its intention to remove the herds, this time with the possibility of returning a small number (either 15 or 35) to the range. In response to the
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The BLM management of the herd has included improvements to the range to give the horses additional access to water, and numerous roundups that have resulted in the removal and adoption of hundreds of horses to private individuals, including over 50 horses in 2009, 44 in 2012, and 17 horses in 2015.
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herds sometimes sell for over $ 7,000 each. As of 2013, the BLM estimated there to be 145 horses in the Pryor
Mountain Wild Horse Range (PMWHR), a number above the "Appropriate Management Level", which has continued to be set at 120. The PMWHR is the only Herd Management Area (a BLM area managed for
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At the same time, BLM said it would reduce the herd from its existing 195 adults to 120. The stated goal was to temporarily remove horses from the refuge to allow the range to recover from the historic overgrazing caused by livestock, not because BLM believed there were too many horses on the range.
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The Pryor
Mountains feral horse herd is one of the most accessible feral horse herds in the United States. Tourism to the range increased steadily in the mid to late 2000s. The range can be easily accessed via a paved road which parallels Bighorn Canyon, and which provides excellent viewing of the
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BLM began its roundup of feral horses on the Pryor
Mountains range in early September 2009. After several days, 130 of 188 feral horses were rounded up. Forty-six horses were put up for adoption, while the freed mares were given a contraceptive vaccine to help keep the herd population down. Also in
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Management of the Pryor
Mountains horse herd has focused on fulfilling the Free-Roaming Wild Horse and Burro Act's requirement that BLM maintain a "thriving natural ecological balance". In general, BLM initially focused on how many horses the range could support and in maintaining conformity to the
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are documented as living in the Pryor Mountains by the early 1700s, although they may have been there since the late 1600s. By the late 1800s, thousands of feral horses inhabited the area. In the early 1900s, many of the unbranded horses were rounded up, to allow domesticated livestock to graze the
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In August 2012, another roundup was completed, resulting in a further 45 horses being removed and adopted out to the public through an auction. In this gather, 38 adults and 7 foals were removed, and the public paid an average price of $ 225 for each horses; the maximum paid was $ 2,300 for a mare
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In May 2009, after several long-term studies of the rangeland, the BLM determined that the range's maximum carrying capacity was 179 feral horses. This assumed that all BLM land, as well as lands leased from other owners (public and private), would continue to be available to the animals, and that
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For years, BLM had also allowed any horse to be adopted from the range. Since adopters favored "pretty" horses, the color genetics of the herd altered so that mostly bays and blacks were left on the range. Adoption procedures changed in 1994 so that now the original colors and patterns of the herd
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to develop new practices in herd management and roundup, and increase its emphasis on adoptions and the use of drugs as fertility control to help better manage its wild horse herds. The results of the study by the NAS were released in June 2013, and covered a wide variety of issues, including the
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BLM counts the herd visually about every four years by flying over the range, reporting on each animal found, and using statistical methods to correct for historic undercounting and other problems. In 1984, BLM set the maximum carrying capacity of the Pryor Mountains Wild Horse Range at 121 adult
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ancestry were also turned out onto the range. However, the breeding of the Pryor Mountain herd was in dispute for many years. One horseman hired by the federal government during the 1920s to round up excess feral horses on the range stated, "The whole country around was overrun with thousands of
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Act in 1959, motor vehicles were prohibited from being used to capture, harass or chase wild horses. By 1964, there were approximately 200 horses remaining in the area, which were seen as a "symbol of the Old West" by local citizens. That year, the BLM announced its decision to remove all horses
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In the fall of 2010, BLM issued a set of draft strategy documents for operating its wild horse programs, and solicited public comment on the plans. After receiving numerous comments, BLM said in February 2011 it would quicken the pace at which it made revisions to its roundup procedures, use of
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broadcast a special on the horses on the evening news. The public reacted with outrage, and the BLM responded that "no decision had yet been made regarding the horses." However, by the end of August, a trap to collect the horses had been completed. At the same time, the BLM was unresponsive to
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Genetic studies have also revealed that the herd exhibits a high degree of genetic diversity, and BLM has acknowledged the genetic uniqueness of the herd. Because of the unique genetic makeup of the Pryor Mountains mustang herd, Cothran concluded in 1992 that "the Pryor herd may be the most
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gait. They are generally intelligent, strong, and sure-footed, and exhibit great stamina. Like all feral horses, they generally avoid human contact, are distrustful, and are easily spooked. However, once they are familiar with an individual, they can exhibit a strong social bond with that
185:(52 to 60 inches, 132 to 152 cm) high, with an average of 14 to 14.2 hands (56 to 58 inches, 142 to 147 cm). The horses weigh 700 to 800 pounds (320 to 360 kg) on the range, and more if raised in captivity. They exhibit a wide range of solid colors, including
601:. A trespass permit from the Crow Nation is required to cross tribal land or exit a vehicle while on tribal land. Hiking on the Pryor Mountains Wild Horse range is good, but there are no maintained or marked trails and (as of 2000) no guidebooks to the area.
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to protect the animals, required studies of the animals' habits and habitats, and permitted public land to be set aside for their use. The Bureau of Land Management and Forest Service were jointly charged with responsibility for administrating the Act. The
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The horses form bands or "harems," in which a single stallion mates and controls a group of about six mares. Another eight to 10 "bachelor" stallions accompany the band at a distance, hoping to win control of it from the stallion or mate with mares.
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Once again, every horse captured was adopted. Another gather was slated to begin in September 2018, with 17 horses identified for removal. However, it was cancelled amidst concerns that it would have a detrimental impact on herd genetics.
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was also involved in the management of the land. These federal agencies were limited to managing horses only on public lands where "wild horses were documented as being 'presently found' at the time of the passage of the Act in 1971."
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considered to originate wholly or partly in Canada and the United States. Many have complex or obscure histories, so inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively from those
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from the Pryor Mountains and disperse the herd through public auctions, a move that was strongly opposed by the public. Public opposition to the plan succeeded in delaying any movement against the horses.
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of 1934, cattle and other horses were allowed to graze in the area, and by 1946, the BLM was formed. Through the 1940s, there were no protections for the wild horses on the range, and loose,
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new announcement, the Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Association (PMWHA) was formed with the goal of preventing the roundup, and began working in concert with larger organizations such as the
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began settling near the Pryor Mountains in the late 1800s. Between then and the 1930s, many domesticated horses were turned loose on the range, accidentally or on purpose; domesticated
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significant wild-horse herd remaining in the United States." Sponenberg agreed, noting, " don't exist anywhere else." This herd was the subject of the 1995 documentary film
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Bureau of Land Management map of the Pryor Mountains Wild Horse Range, showing BLM, Crow Nation, Forest Service, National Park Service, private, and state lands.
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and ridden, and trained to do any task a domesticated horse can perform. Trained Pryor Mountains horses have a calm temperament, and are alert on trails.
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also inhabited the region during the 1700s. Non-Indian explorers found native people in possession of large numbers of horses as early as 1743.
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Historians and scientists speculate that feral horses have lived on and near Pryor Mountains since at least the late 1600s. Tradition of the
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is one of the most accessible areas to view feral horse herds in the United States and tourism to the area has increased in recent years.
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A "guzzler" (precipitation trap and storage tanks designed to provide water to wildlife) on the Pryor Mountains Wild Horse Refuge.
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130:(BLM), who has set the optimum herd number at 120 animals. Genetic studies have revealed that the herd exhibits a high degree of
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judge made a decision that had the result of barring the BLM from removing the horses from the range. On September 9, 1968, the
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testing in the mid 1980s, the focus changed to include maintaining the herd's genetic viability. In 1988, researchers at
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to ascertain final plans regarding the horses. Because of this, court proceedings were begun, and on August 27, 1968, a
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fertility control drugs, and wild horse and burro range land management. The agency also commissioned a study from the
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authored a paper which raised concern that the herd exhibited a lack of genetic diversity, and could be suffering from
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and then taking the Forest Service gravel road to Dryhead Overlook. Some of the range may be accessed via the
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565:(NAS) on wild-horse management. In September 2011, BLM announced it would begin working with the
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Bureau of Land Management: Effective Long-Term Options Needed to Manage Unadoptable Wild Horses.
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The battle over the Pryor Mountain herd moved to the national level on July 11, 1968, when
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Manager's Summary—Ecological Studies of the Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range, 1992–1997.
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It was widely believed that the Pryor Mountains horses were direct descendants of the
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considered to be genetically unique and one of the few strains of horses verified by
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Naughton, James M. "President Signs Bill to Protect Wild Horses on Federal Lands."
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446:, an expert on horse breeds, observed that, physically, the horses conform to the
641:"Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range Bait/Water Trap Gather Environmental Assessment"
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Mitchell, Dean; Larsen, Randy; and Raymer, Danny. "What the Heck Is A Guzzler?"
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Fort Collins, Colo.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.
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Bureau of Land Management. U.S. Department of the Interior. September 2, 2010.
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is generally sloped, and tail-set is low. The hooves are large and very hard.
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GAO-09-77. Washington, D.C.: Government Accountability Office, October 2008.
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gait, and domesticated Pryor Mountain mustangs are known for their strength,
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were turned out to mate with mares on the range with the goal of producing
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Wild Horse Annie and the Last of the Mustangs: The Life of Velma Johnston.
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brought to the Americas also carried. Dr. D. Phillip Sponenberg of the
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Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences
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horses were routinely rounded up so as to not compete with cattle for
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Bureau of Land Management. U.S. Department of the Interior. May 2009.
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Environmental Assessment MT-10-08-24 and Herd Management Area Plan.
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Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America.
1437:"BLM Eyes Greater Cooperation With HSUS on Wild-Horse Gather."
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maintains that the horses came to the area by about 1725. The
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Among Wild Horses: A Portrait of the Pryor Mountain Mustangs.
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are prominent, and chests are medium to narrow in width. The
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French, Brett. "Wild Horse Range Pressured By Overgrazing."
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Pryor Mountains standard. However, with the development of
312:, others kept for riding. However, with the passage of the
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brought to the Americas by the Spanish. They live on the
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Virginia–Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine
1417:"Herd Area and Herd Management Area Statistics FY 2013."
752:"Survivors of Time: Lost Horses of the Pryor Mountains."
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Exchange, David Peck Lovell Chronicle Via Wyoming News.
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Bureau of Land Management, Wyoming Herd Management Areas
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Thousands of feral horses lived in the area by the time
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animals, and revised this to 95 adult animals in 1992.
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on horseback in the Pryor Mountains in the early 1900s
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such as dorsal stripes, transverse stripes across the
1379:"Pryor Mountain horses and foals auctioned in Mont."
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Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971
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International Society for the Protection of Animals
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Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971
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1394:"Burns District Planning Update: Fiscal Year 2008"
1312:"Wild Horse Roundup in Pryor Mountains to Begin."
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1540:Genetic Analysis of the Pryor Mountains HMA, MT.
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494:, and other colleges found that there is little
409:in the early 1600s. Bloodlines may also include
1615:Singer, Francis J. and Schoenecker, Kathryn A.
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240:Some Pryor Mountain mustangs exhibit a natural
177:The Pryor Mountain mustang has a very specific
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405:'s expedition to explore America north of the
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684:"BLM wild horse plan concerns Mustang Center"
498:in bands, as the stallions tend to drive off
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1654:Horse breeds of Canada and the United States
1580:North Adams, Mass.: Storey Publishing, 2009.
1557:North Adams, Mass.: Storey Publishing, 2005.
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589:horses. The range can also be accessed from
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1512:Kesselheim, Alan. "Running With the Herd."
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181:. The breed generally stands 13 to 15
98:analysis to be descended from the original
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1586:The Official Horse Breeds Standards Guide.
1453:"NAS Pans Current BLM Mustang Management."
1384:. September 11, 2012. Accessed 2014-01-02.
1346:For general information on guzzlers, see:
709:"No horse roundup on Pryor Mountain range"
458:and its sequel, the 2003 documentary film
363:(WFRHBA) was signed into law by President
245:individual. Pryor Mountains horses can be
217:coloring can be minimally expressed. The
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1369:. November 19, 2012. Accessed 2014-01-02.
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460:Cloud's Legacy: The Wild Stallion Returns
425:horses. In the early 1900s, stallions of
1191:Government Accountability Office, p. 71.
994:Government Accountability Office, p. 13.
393:A 17th-century engraving of a Barb horse
1592:Pomeranz, Lynn and Massingham, Rhonda.
1442:September 1, 2011. Accessed 2011-09-26.
1337:September 9, 2009. Accessed 2011-06-07.
1179:Government Accountability Office, p. 2.
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296:for the military. With passage of the
1605:Edison, N.J.: Hunter Publishing, 2000.
863:Billings Field Office, pp. 46–47.
1546:Cruise, David and Griffiths, Alison.
757:August 15, 1999. Accessed 2011-06-07.
527:Policy changes and post-2000 roundups
221:-colored horses on the range exhibit
213:coloring is rare but does occur, and
63:Small, compact, good bone, very hardy
7:
1458:. June 6, 2013. Accessed 2014-01-02.
1589:Minneapolis: Voyageur Press, 2009.
1576:Hill, Cherry and Klimesh, Richard.
1480:"Pryor Mountains Wild Horse Range."
567:Humane Society of the United States
502:when they are about two years old.
456:Cloud: Wild Stallion of the Rockies
401:horses brought to North America by
339:Humane Society of the United States
1567:Government Accountability Office.
1560:Fischer, Carol and Fischer, Hank.
333:efforts by members of the public,
14:
1353:August 2006. Accessed 2011-06-08.
438:variant known as "Qac" that only
1612:New York, NY: Lyons Press, 1999.
584:Pryor Mountains Wild Horse Range
148:Pryor Mountains Wild Horse Range
104:Pryor Mountains Wild Horse Range
33:Pryor Mountain mustang stallions
1562:Montana Wildlife Viewing Guide.
1332:"Wild Horse Roundup Nears End."
842:Pomeranz and Massingham, p. 15.
1870:Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse
1272:Billings Field Office, p. 103.
1237:Billings Field Office, p. 104.
1128:Kirkpatrick and Gilluly, 1988.
1038:Pomeranz and Massingham, p. 80
826:Singer and Schoenecker, p. 39.
707:Chronicle, David Peck Lovell.
1:
1468:Billings Field Office, p. 67.
1296:Billings Field Office, p. 20.
1284:Billings Field Office, p. 27.
1224:Billings Field Office, p. 11.
1167:Billings Field Office, p. 18.
1028:Billings Field Office, p. 43.
1017:Billings Field Office, p. 16.
563:National Academies of Science
1564:Helena, Mont.: Falcon, 1995.
1094:Billings Field Office, p. 8.
1006:Billings Field Office, p. 3.
126:(WFRHBA) and managed by the
1610:America's Last Wild Horses.
1603:Adventure Guide to Montana.
1503:Fischer and Fischer, p. 74.
1363:"Completed FY 2012 Gathers"
472:Washington State University
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1483:Montana Office of Tourism.
688:Casper Star-Tribune Online
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1660:
1550:New York: Scribner, 2010.
1421:Bureau of Land Management
1405:Bureau of Land Management
1367:Bureau of Land Management
488:Colorado State University
347:Secretary of the Interior
128:Bureau of Land Management
67:
26:
1935:North American Sportpony
1880:Lac La Croix Indian Pony
1740:American Sorraia Mustang
1715:American Miniature Horse
593:, by traveling south on
173:A herd of Pryor mustangs
2005:Tennessee Walking Horse
1905:Mountain Pleasure Horse
1598:Storey Publishing, 2006
1528:Billings Field Office.
962:Ryden, pp. 256–258
944:Ryden, pp. 254–256
917:Ryden, pp. 248–250
611:Wild horse preservation
599:Crow Indian Reservation
337:and officials from the
100:Colonial Spanish horses
60:Distinguishing features
16:American breed of horse
1945:Pryor Mountain mustang
1735:American Shetland Pony
1725:American Quarter Horse
1690:American Belgian Draft
1685:American Bashkir Curly
1423:. Accessed 2014-01-02.
1407:. Accessed 2013-10-17.
658:"2015 Gather Homepage"
544:
515:
492:University of Kentucky
448:Colonial Spanish Horse
394:
270:
174:
88:Pryor Mountain mustang
22:Pryor Mountain mustang
1860:Florida Cracker Horse
1790:Camarillo White Horse
1755:American Walking Pony
1750:American Spotted Paso
1710:American Indian Horse
971:Ryden, p. 259–61
542:
513:
480:population bottleneck
392:
378:National Park Service
264:
172:
2063:List of horse breeds
1995:Spotted Saddle Horse
1975:Spanish Jennet Horse
1965:Rocky Mountain Horse
1940:Pony of the Americas
1885:Missouri Fox Trotter
1820:Carolina Marsh Tacky
1810:Canadian Sport Horse
1805:Canadian Rustic Pony
1765:American White Horse
1720:American Paint Horse
1700:American Crème Horse
1695:American Cream Draft
1485:Accessed 2011-06-07.
1470:Accessed 2011-06-07.
1298:Accessed 2011-06-07.
1286:Accessed 2011-06-07.
1274:Accessed 2011-06-07.
1262:Accessed 2011-06-07.
1239:Accessed 2011-06-07.
1226:Accessed 2011-06-07.
1193:Accessed 2011-06-07.
1181:Accessed 2011-06-07.
1169:Accessed 2011-06-07.
1152:Accessed 2011-06-07.
1130:Accessed 2011-06-07.
1096:Accessed 2011-06-07.
1084:Accessed 2011-06-07.
1060:Accessed 2011-06-07.
996:Accessed 2011-06-07.
713:The Billings Gazette
356:Congressional Record
308:. Some were sold to
134:and a low degree of
74:Equus ferus caballus
2015:Virginia Highlander
1915:National Show Horse
1730:American Saddlebred
1705:American Drum Horse
1601:Rowles, Genevieve.
411:American Saddlebred
23:
2051:Narragansett Pacer
1815:Canadian Warmblood
1760:American Warmblood
1680:Alberta Wild Horse
1435:Whitcomb, Rachel.
1399:2013-10-18 at the
1316:September 3, 2009.
1148:2015-09-23 at the
1080:2015-09-23 at the
1056:2015-09-23 at the
984:December 18, 1971.
545:
516:
395:
298:Taylor Grazing Act
271:
223:primitive markings
205:, and blue or red
175:
90:is a substrain of
2070:
2069:
1855:Cumberland Island
1835:Chincoteague Pony
1537:Cothran, E. Gus.
1440:DVM Newsmagazine.
1335:Billings Gazette.
1314:Associated Press.
1258:Billings Gazette.
1209:Lynghaug, p. 105.
817:Lynghaug, p. 104.
423:Tennessee Walking
343:US District Court
286:American pioneers
179:conformation type
146:and stamina. The
132:genetic diversity
84:
83:
47:Country of origin
2095:
1845:Colonial Spanish
1745:American Spotted
1647:
1640:
1633:
1624:
1583:Lynghaug, Fran.
1578:Horse Hoof Care.
1553:Dutson, Judith.
1517:
1516:May 2000, p. 93.
1510:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1449:
1443:
1433:
1424:
1419:(PDF). Page 15.
1414:
1408:
1403:(PDF). Page 45.
1391:
1385:
1376:
1370:
1360:
1354:
1351:Wildlife Review.
1344:
1338:
1328:
1317:
1310:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1253:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1210:
1207:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1153:
1140:
1131:
1126:See, generally:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1072:
1061:
1048:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
978:
972:
969:
963:
960:
954:
951:
945:
942:
936:
933:
927:
924:
918:
915:
909:
906:
900:
897:
891:
888:
879:
876:
865:
860:
843:
840:
827:
824:
818:
815:
798:
797:Lynghaug, p. 106
795:
770:
767:
758:
748:
723:
722:
720:
719:
704:
698:
697:
695:
694:
679:
673:
672:
670:
669:
654:
648:
647:
645:
637:
631:
626:
365:Richard M. Nixon
351:Stewart L. Udall
314:Wild Horse Annie
294:cavalry remounts
279:Eastern Shoshone
76:
31:
24:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2055:
2046:Conestoga Horse
2024:
1985:Spanish Mustang
1925:Nez Perce Horse
1900:Morocco Spotted
1850:Colorado Ranger
1775:Assateague Pony
1668:
1656:
1651:
1525:
1520:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1450:
1446:
1434:
1427:
1415:
1411:
1401:Wayback Machine
1392:
1388:
1377:
1373:
1361:
1357:
1345:
1341:
1330:French, Brett.
1329:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1254:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1213:
1208:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1156:
1150:Wayback Machine
1141:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1082:Wayback Machine
1073:
1064:
1058:Wayback Machine
1049:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
982:New York Times.
979:
975:
970:
966:
961:
957:
952:
948:
943:
939:
934:
930:
925:
921:
916:
912:
907:
903:
898:
894:
889:
882:
877:
868:
861:
846:
841:
830:
825:
821:
816:
801:
796:
773:
768:
761:
755:The Missoulian.
749:
726:
717:
715:
706:
705:
701:
692:
690:
681:
680:
676:
667:
665:
656:
655:
651:
643:
639:
638:
634:
627:
623:
619:
607:
591:Laurel, Montana
586:
580:
529:
508:
387:
259:
167:
165:Characteristics
144:sure-footedness
108:Pryor Mountains
106:located in the
80:
72:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2101:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2075:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2036:Canadian Pacer
2032:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1990:Spanish Norman
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1830:Cherokee Horse
1827:
1825:Cerbat mustang
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1800:Canadian Pinto
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1662:These are the
1661:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1574:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1535:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1505:
1496:
1494:Rowles, p. 98.
1487:
1472:
1460:
1444:
1425:
1409:
1386:
1371:
1355:
1339:
1318:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1260:July 12, 2009.
1241:
1228:
1211:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1154:
1143:Cothran, p. 5.
1132:
1119:
1110:
1107:Ryden, p. 320.
1098:
1086:
1075:Cothran, p. 4.
1062:
1051:Cothran, p. 3.
1040:
1031:
1020:
1009:
998:
986:
973:
964:
955:
946:
937:
928:
919:
910:
901:
892:
880:
878:Cruise, p. 185
866:
844:
828:
819:
799:
771:
769:Dutson, p. 209
759:
750:Cohen, Betsy.
724:
699:
674:
649:
632:
620:
618:
615:
614:
613:
606:
603:
595:U.S. Route 310
582:Main article:
579:
576:
528:
525:
507:
504:
440:Spanish horses
386:
383:
258:
255:
166:
163:
82:
81:
79:
78:
68:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2100:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
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2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1960:Racking Horse
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
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1941:
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1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
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1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:Kiger mustang
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Choctaw Horse
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
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1648:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1608:Ryden, Hope.
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1582:
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1196:
1192:
1187:
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1163:
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1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1117:Hill, p. 361.
1114:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1002:
999:
995:
990:
987:
983:
977:
974:
968:
965:
959:
956:
953:Ryden, p. 256
950:
947:
941:
938:
935:Ryden, p. 252
932:
929:
926:Ryden, p. 251
923:
920:
914:
911:
908:Ryden, p. 246
905:
902:
899:Ryden, p. 244
896:
893:
890:Ryden, p. 239
887:
885:
881:
875:
873:
871:
867:
864:
859:
857:
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849:
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568:
564:
558:
555:
554:Kiger mustang
549:
541:
537:
533:
526:
524:
520:
512:
505:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:genetic drift
473:
469:
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461:
457:
451:
449:
445:
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437:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:Juan de Oñate
400:
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120:United States
117:
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101:
97:
93:
89:
77:
75:
70:
69:
66:
62:
58:
53:
50:North America
49:
45:
42:Pryor mustang
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
2088:Feral horses
2083:Horse breeds
2061:
2000:Standardbred
1980:Spanish Barb
1970:Sable Island
1955:Quarter Pony
1944:
1920:Newfoundland
1673:Contemporary
1664:horse breeds
1616:
1609:
1602:
1594:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1539:
1530:
1513:
1508:
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1389:
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1313:
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1231:
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1113:
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1089:
1034:
1023:
1012:
1001:
989:
981:
976:
967:
958:
949:
940:
931:
922:
913:
904:
895:
822:
754:
716:. Retrieved
712:
702:
691:. Retrieved
687:
677:
666:. Retrieved
664:. 2015-09-01
661:
652:
635:
624:
587:
559:
550:
546:
534:
530:
521:
517:
464:
459:
455:
452:
427:Thoroughbred
396:
354:
327:
319:
283:
272:
251:
239:
176:
159:
154:Feral horses
152:
87:
85:
71:
18:
1865:Kanata Pony
1514:Backpacker.
1451:Raia, Pat.
1382:NBC Montana
662:www.blm.gov
419:Irish Hobby
373:Agriculture
275:Crow people
39:Other names
2077:Categories
1667:countries.
1105:Quoted in
718:2018-11-15
693:2018-08-25
668:2016-03-25
617:References
506:Management
496:inbreeding
407:Rio Grande
267:Crow scout
136:inbreeding
2041:Chickasaw
1770:Appaloosa
1456:The Horse
478:and/or a
310:slaughter
302:unbranded
290:stallions
1795:Canadian
1397:Archived
1146:Archived
1078:Archived
1054:Archived
605:See also
415:Canadian
385:Genetics
369:Interior
335:senators
211:Buckskin
195:chestnut
2029:Extinct
1910:Mustang
1523:Sources
578:Tourism
431:Arabian
421:, and
257:History
242:ambling
231:withers
227:withers
140:ambling
118:in the
116:Wyoming
112:Montana
92:mustang
2020:Welara
1950:Quarab
1930:Nokota
1895:Morgan
1785:Blazer
1780:Banker
572:forage
490:, the
450:type.
436:allele
306:forage
247:broken
203:grullo
55:Traits
2010:Tiger
1890:Morab
1235:See:
644:(PDF)
500:colts
235:croup
215:pinto
191:black
183:hands
429:and
399:Barb
371:and
207:roan
114:and
86:The
468:DNA
330:ABC
219:dun
199:dun
187:bay
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