157:
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149:, and that they were distributed widely throughout the body and not just within structures of the eye. There is some research suggesting that the material may be produced in the iris pigment epithelium, ciliary epithelium, or the peripheral anterior lens epithelium. A similar report suggests that the proteins come from the lens, iris, and other parts of the eye. A report in 2010 found indications of an abnormal ocular surface in PEX patients, discovered by an eye staining method known as
543:. While PEX and glaucoma are believed to be related, there are cases of persons with PEX without glaucoma, and persons with glaucoma without PEX. Generally, a person with PEX is considered as having a risk of developing glaucoma, and vice versa. One study suggested that the PEX was present in 12% of glaucoma patients. Another found that PEX was present in 6% of an "open-angle glaucoma" group. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is considered to be the most common of identifiable causes of
517:, and removes a tiny area of the trabecular meshwork which enables the aqueous humor to discharge. This lowers the internal pressure within the eye and lessens the chance of future damage to the optic nerve. Cases with pseudophacodonesis and dislocated IOL have been increasing in number, according to one report. In cataract surgery, complications resulting from PEX include capsular rupture and vitreous loss.
299:. According to this reasoning, if PEX were a systemic disorder, then both eyes should be affected at the same time, but they are not. There are contrasting reports about the extent and speed with which PEX moves from one eye to both eyes. According to one report, PEX develops in the second eye in 40% of cases. A contrasting report was that PEX can be found in both eyes in almost all situations if an
705:
possible "two-hit hypothesis" in which a single mutation in the LOXL1 gene puts people at risk for PEX, but that a second still-to-be-found mutation has some effect on the proteins, possibly affecting bonds between chemicals, such that the proteins are more likely to clump together and disrupt the outflow of aqueous humor.
474:(such as levobunolol or timolol) which slow the production of the aqueous humor. And other medications can increase its outflow, such as prostaglandin analogues (e.g. latanoprost). And these medicines can be used in various combinations. In most cases of glaucoma, eyedrops alone will suffice to solve the problem.
307:
of the conjunctiva was done, but that the extent of PEX is the second eye was much less than the first one. A different report suggested that two thirds of PEX patients had flakes in only one eye. In one long-term study, patients with PEX in only one eye were studied, and it was found that over time,
615:
found that the prevalence of PEX of persons aged 50–59 was 0.4% while it was 7.9% for persons aged 80–89 years. If a person is going to develop PEX, the average age in which this will happen is between 69 and 75 years, according to the
Norwegian study. A second corroborating report suggested that it
426:
examination and it is done with an "85% sensitivity rate and a 100% specificity rate." Since the symptom of increased pressure within the eye is generally painless until the condition becomes rather advanced, it is possible for people affected by glaucoma to be in danger yet not be aware of it. As a
512:
if the fibers which hold the lens have become weakened because of a buildup from the flakes; if the lens-holding fibers have weakened, then the lens may become loose, and complications from eye surgery may result. In such cases, it is recommended that surgeons act quickly to repair the phacodonesis
290:
PEX is generally believed to be a systemic disorder, possibly of the basement membrane of the eye. Researchers have noticed deposits of PEX material in various parts of the body, including in the skin, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and elsewhere. Nevertheless, what is puzzling is that PEX tends to
695:
syndrome that was described by Anton
Elschnig in 1922. The latter ailment is caused by heat or "infrared-related changes in the anterior lens capsule" and is characterized by "lamellar delamination of the lens capsule." Sometimes the two terms "pseudoexfoliation" and "true exfoliation" are used
704:
Scientists and doctors are actively exploring how PEX happens, its causes, and how it might be prevented or mitigated. Research activity to explore what causes glaucoma has been characterized as "intense". There has been research into the genetic basis of PEX. One researcher speculated about a
278:
glaucoma, but can cause glaucoma indirectly by blocking the outflow of aqueous humor, which leads to higher intraocular pressure, and this can cause glaucoma. PEX has been known to cause a weakening of structures within the eye which help hold the eye's lens in place, called lens zonules.
622:. Sometimes PEX is associated with the development of medical problems other than merely glaucoma. There are conflicting reports about whether PEX is associated with problems of the heart or brain; one study suggested no correlations while other studies found statistical links with
535:
Scientists are studying different populations and relationships to try to learn more about the disease. They have found associations with different groups but it is not yet clear what the underlying factors are and how they affect different peoples around the world.
1712:
Bialasiewicz, A. A.; Wali, U.; Shenoy, R.; Al-Saeidi, R. (2005). "Patienten mit sekundärem
Offenwinkelglaukom bei Pseudoexfoliations- (PEX-)Syndrom in einer Bevölkerung mit hoher PEX-Prävalenz: Klinische Befunde, morphologische und operative Besonderheiten".
137:, which is the usual diagnosis. The white fluffy material is seen in many tissues both ocular and extraocular, such as in the anterior chamber structures, trabecular meshwork, central disc, zonular fibres, anterior hyaloid membrane, pupillary and anterior
523:. There are speculations that if genetics plays a role in PEX, and if the specific genes involved can be identified, that possibly drugs can be developed to counteract these mutations or their effects. But such drugs have not been developed as of 2011.
1312:
Roedl, Johannes B.; Bleich, Stefan; Reulbach, Udo; Rejdak, Robert; Kornhuber, Johannes; Kruse, Friedrich E.; Schl??tzer-Schrehardt, Ursula; J??nemann, Anselm G. (2007). "Homocysteine in Tear Fluid of
Patients With Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma".
1356:
Koliakos, George G; Konstas, Anastasios G.P; Schlötzer-Schrehardt, Ursula; Bufidis, Theodoros; Georgiadis, Nikolaos; Ringvold, Amund (2002). "Ascorbic acid concentration is reduced in the aqueous humor of patients with exfoliation syndrome".
1991:
109:
Patients may have no specific symptoms. In some cases, patients may complain of lessened visual acuity or changes in their perceived visual field, and such changes may be secondary to or different from symptoms normally associated with
836:... Pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome (also known as exfoliation syndrome) is the most common identifiable condition associated with glaucoma. The substance is composed of proteins produced by the lens, iris, and other parts of the eye.
1249:
Henry, J. Charles; Krupin, Theodore; Schmitt, Michael; Lauffer, Jason; Miller, Eva; Ewing, Madeleine Q.; Scheie, Harold G. (1987). "Long-term Follow-up of
Pseudoexfoliation and the Development of Elevated Intraocular Pressure".
1392:
Yılmaz, Ayça; Adıgüzel, Ufuk; Tamer, Lülüfer; Yıldırım, Özlem; Öz, Özay; Vatansever, Halil; Ercan, Bahadır; Değirmenci, Ula¸s; Atik, Uğur (2005). "Serum oxidant/antioxidant balance in exfoliation syndrome: Laboratory
Science".
383:
The gene is called LOXL1 ... Because pseudoexfoliation syndrome is associated with abnormalities of the extracellular matrix and the basement membrane, this gene could reasonably play a role in the pathophysiology of the
1625:
Karger, Randy A.; Jeng, Samuel M.; Johnson, Douglas H.; Hodge, David O.; Good, Margaret S. (2003). "Estimated
Incidence of Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome and Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma in Olmsted County, Minnesota".
338:
may play a role in PEX. A predisposition to develop PEX later in life may be an inherited characteristic, according to one account. One report suggested the genetic component was "strong". One study performed in
744:
Pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome ... The substance is composed of proteins produced by the lens, iris, and other parts of the eye. People can have this condition and not develop glaucoma, but they are at high
84:
manifesting itself primarily in the eyes which is characterized by the accumulation of microscopic granular amyloid-like protein fibers. Its cause is unknown, although there is speculation that there may be a
274:, the outflow does not happen normally but doctors can not see what is causing the blockage; with PEX, however, the flakes are believed to be a cause of the blockage. PEX flakes by themselves do not directly
1065:
Glaucoma is a broad term for a number of different conditions that damage the optic nerve, the 'cable' that carries visual information from the eye to the brain, thereby causing changes in vision.
1216:
1596:
101:
and loss of vision (pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, exfoliation glaucoma). As worldwide populations become older because of shifts in demography, PEX may become a matter of greater concern.
459:
While PEX itself is untreatable as of 2011, it is possible for doctors to minimize the damage to vision and to the optic nerves by the same medical techniques used to prevent glaucoma.
557:, differing levels of PEX were found; 5% in England, 6% in Norway, 4% in Germany, 1% in Greece, and 6% in France. One contrary report suggested that levels of PEX were higher among
508:. Surgery is the treatment method of last resort if the other methods have not worked. It is usually effective at preventing glaucoma. Eye surgery on PEX patients can be subject to
1052:
484:
in which a high-energy laser beam is pointed at the trabecular meshwork to cause it to "remodel and open" and improve the outflows of the aqueous humor. These can be done as an
683:
in 50% of the eyes, and an "increasing prevalence of the condition with age." Several decades later, an ocular pathologist named
Georgiana Dvorak-Theobald suggested the term
371:
inside cells. LOXL1 was responsible for "all the heritability" of PEX, according to one source. Two distinct mutations in which a single nucleotide was changed, or called a
89:
basis. It is more prevalent in women than men, and in persons past the age of seventy. Its prevalence in different human populations varies; for example, it is prevalent in
1489:
262:
which subsequently drains such that there is a constant level of safe pressure within the eye, but glaucoma can result if this normal outflow of fluid is blocked.
1553:
Cashwell LF Jr; Shields MB (1988). "Exfoliation syndrome in the southeastern United States. I. Prevalence in open-angle glaucoma and non-glaucoma populations".
1848:
Aasved, Henry (1971). "MASS SCREENING FOR FIBRILLOPATHIA EPITHELIOCAPSULARIS: so-called senile exfoliation or pseudoexfoliation of the anterior lens capsule".
1506:... Dr. Crandall urges surgeons to probe for such changes early because it is surgically much easier to repair the phacodonesis before the lenses have dropped.
455:
Conventional surgery to treat glaucoma makes a new opening in the meshwork. This new opening helps fluid to leave the eye and lowers intraocular pressure.
1277:
Vessani, Roberto M; Ritch, Robert; Liebmann, Jeffrey M; Jofe, Mark (2003). "Plasma homocysteine is elevated in patients with exfoliation syndrome".
1600:
527:
Patients should continue to have regular eye examinations so that physicians can monitor pressure levels and check whether medicines are working.
323:, although the exact nature of how this might happen is still under study. Studies of PEX patients have found a decrease in the concentrations of
121:
PEX is characterized by tiny microscopic white or grey granular flakes which are clumps of proteins within the eye which look somewhat like
308:
13% progressed to having both eyes affected by PEX. Scientists believe that elevated levels of plasma homocysteine are a risk factor for
2006:
1945:
Schlötzer-Schrehardt, Ursula; Zenkel, Matthias (2019). "The role of lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) in exfoliation syndrome and glaucoma".
1891:
Shrum, K.R; Hattenhauer, M.G; Hodge, D (2000). "Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality associated with ocular pseudoexfoliation".
616:
happens primarily to people 70 and older. While older people are more likely to develop PEX, it is not seen as a "normal" part of aging.
1042:
940:
Damji, Karim F. (October 2007). "Progress in understanding pseudoexfoliation syndrome and pseudoexfoliation-associated glaucoma".
565:
found that the prevalence of PEX was 25.9 cases per 100,000 people. It is reportedly high in northern
European countries such as
596:
145:. The flakes are widespread. One report suggested that the granular flakes were from abnormalities of the basement membrane in
1493:
1813:
Kozart, David M.; Yanoff, Myron (1982). "Intraocular
Pressure Status in 100 Consecutive Patients with Exfoliation Syndrome".
376:
379:, was discovered in Scandinavian populations and confirmed in other populations, and may be involved with the onset of PEX.
611:. Older persons are more likely to develop PEX. And persons younger than 50 are highly unlikely to have PEX. A study in
156:
492:
161:
1438:"8-Isoprostaglandin F2a and ascorbic acid concentration in the aqueous humour of patients with exfoliation syndrome"
577:, as well as among the Sami people of northern Europe, and high among Arabic populations, but relatively rare among
451:
643:
1008:
A new gene defect has been found that accounts for essentially all the heritability of pseudoexfoliation syndrome.
585:. In southern Africa, prevalence was found to be 19% of patients in a glaucoma clinic attending to persons of the
605:. It affects women more than men. One report was that women were three times more likely than men to develop PEX.
2017:
547:. If PEX is diagnosed without glaucoma, there is a high risk of a patient subsequently developing glaucoma.
266:
is an umbrella term indicating ailments which damage the neural cable from the eye to the brain called the
125:
when seen through a microscope and which are released by cells. The abnormal flakes, sometimes compared to
789:
623:
348:
309:
2068:
422:
PEX is usually diagnosed by an eye doctor who examines the eye using a microscope. The method is termed
819:
513:
before the lenses have dropped. A surgeon cuts an opening in the white portion of the eye known as the
727:
509:
485:
470:
can help reduce intraocular pressure within the eye. The medications within the eyedrops can include
432:
251:
907:"Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome (Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology"
55:
802:... In Scandinavia, this condition represents greater than 50% of all cases of open angle glaucoma.
300:
243:
207:
398:, living in northern latitudes, or altitude influence the onset of PEX. One report suggested that
2073:
1578:
247:
211:
1084:"Assessment of myocardial ischaemia using tissue Doppler imaging in pseudoexfoliation syndrome"
1908:
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in PEX patients, or elevated homocysteine concentrations in tear fluids produced by the eye.
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81:
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Pseudoexfoliation was found to be more prevalent in Greece than in other white populations,
488:
and take less than twenty minutes. One report suggests this procedure is usually effective.
242:
PEX can become problematic when the flakes become enmeshed in a "spongy area" known as the
2046:
1047:
906:
664:
627:
481:
428:
328:
146:
130:
1217:"Data from E. Viso and colleagues advance knowledge in exfoliation syndrome epidemiology"
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measured, so that treatments can be prescribed before there is any serious damage to the
1758:"Pseudocapsular exfoliation in the Bantu of South Africa. II. Occurrence and prevalence"
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1904:
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270:, and which can lead to a loss of vision. In most cases of glaucoma, typically called
93:. The buildup of protein clumps can block normal drainage of the eye fluid called the
2062:
1639:
1531:
1406:
1194:
647:
586:
324:
259:
94:
49:
1582:
1142:"A possible link between the pseudoexfoliation syndrome and coronary artery disease"
319:
There is speculation that PEX may be caused by oxidative damage and the presence of
246:
and block its normal functioning, and may interact with degenerative changes in the
651:
471:
313:
235:
199:
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to study the condition and reported "grey flakes on the lens capsule", as well as
250:
and the juxtacanalicular area. The blockage leads to greater-than-normal elevated
2022:
1669:
Summanen, Paula; Tönjum, Asbjörn M. (1988). "EXFOLIATION SYNDROME AMONG SAUDIS".
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436:
267:
255:
223:
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90:
16:
This article is about the eye ailment. For the plastic-based plumbing pipe, see
1958:
1082:
N Demir; T Ulus; O E Yucel; E T Kumral; E Singar; H I Tanboga (June 24, 2011).
995:
2000:
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exfoliation to distinguish it from a similar ailment which sometimes affected
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129:-like material, are visible during an examination of the lens of an eye by an
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1781:
1734:
1690:
1647:
1414:
1334:
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interchangeably but the more precise usage is to treat each case separately.
402:
was not a factor related to PEX. Another report suggested a possible link to
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1983:
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295:, and in some cases, gradually affects the other eye, which is termed
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M Citirik; G Acaroglu; C Batman; L Yildiran; O Zilelioglu (2007).
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411:
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Researchers are investigating whether factors such as exposure to
356:
352:
195:
1926:
A, Elshnig (1922). "Ablosung der Zonulalamelle bei Glasblasern".
1518:
Roth, Michael; Epstein, David L. (1980). "Exfoliation Syndrome".
1181:
Mizuno, K.; Muroi, S. (1979). "Cycloscopy of Pseudoexfoliation".
2011:
227:
500:, the trabecular meshwork is removed to help glaucoma patients.
331:, and an increase in concentrations of 8-iso-prostaglandinF2a.
287:
The cause of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma is generally unknown.
17:
1597:"Greek population has higher prevalence of pseudoexfoliation"
1043:"Many types of glaucoma, one kind of damage to optic nerve"
663:
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) was first described by an
480:. A further treatment is a type of laser therapy known as
97:
and can cause, in turn, a buildup of pressure leading to
312:, and two studies have found higher levels of plasma
1973:
427:
result, it is recommended that persons have regular
291:
happen in only one eye first, which scientists call
2032:
1977:
43:
39:
Pseudoexfoliation of the lens, exfoliation syndrome
35:
30:
1490:"Pseudoexfoliation syndrome's surgical challenge"
935:
933:
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929:
927:
355:. A report suggested that a specific gene named
381:
1599:. BioPortfolio. April 15, 2011. Archived from
466:. This is usually the first treatment method.
8:
553:. Prevalence of PEX varies by geography. In
258:. The eye produces a clear fluid called the
303:is used to examine the second eye, or if a
1974:
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595:. It varies considerably according to
788:Yichieh Shiuey, MD (March 26, 1997).
7:
1756:Bartholomew, R S (January 1, 1973).
1223:. NewsRX LLC: 1802. April 28, 2010.
1055:from the original on October 6, 2012
1041:Arthur J. Sit, MD (April 23, 2006).
363:which play a role in the linking of
359:which was a member of the family of
1862:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1971.tb00958.x
1683:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1988.tb02639.x
1567:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1988.tb02637.x
996:"A new gene for pseudoexfoliation"
905:Pons, Mauricio E (July 16, 2021).
792:. Digital Journal of Ophthalmology
141:, trabecula, and occasionally the
14:
1893:American Journal of Ophthalmology
1520:American Journal of Ophthalmology
1359:American Journal of Ophthalmology
1279:American Journal of Ophthalmology
1183:American Journal of Ophthalmology
942:Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology
1762:British Journal of Ophthalmology
1640:10.1097/00061198-200306000-00002
1442:British Journal of Ophthalmology
1407:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2005.00944.x
327:, increase in concentrations of
180:Zonule of Zinn or ciliary zonule
1436:Koliakos, G G (March 1, 2003).
496:In a surgical procedure called
254:which, in turn, can damage the
373:single nucleotide polymorphism
1:
1905:10.1016/S0002-9394(99)00255-X
1827:10.1016/S0161-6420(82)34804-6
1371:10.1016/S0002-9394(02)01797-X
1291:10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00077-1
1264:10.1016/S0161-6420(87)33413-X
1532:10.1016/0002-9394(80)90054-9
1327:10.1097/IJG.0b013e31802d6942
1195:10.1016/0002-9394(79)90240-X
561:. One study of a county in
272:primary open-angle glaucoma
2090:
1959:10.1016/j.exer.2019.107818
1492:. EyeWorld. Archived from
728:"Glaucoma In-Depth Report"
675:in 1917. He built his own
644:transient ischemic attacks
334:There is speculation that
66:Pseudoexfoliation syndrome
31:Pseudoexfoliation syndrome
15:
1947:Experimental Eye Research
1928:Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd
1727:10.1007/s00347-005-1226-2
636:chronic cerebral ischemia
431:to have their levels of
410:response, or possibly a
347:has associated PEX with
439:and subsequent loss of
68:, often abbreviated as
1159:10.1038/sj.eye.6702177
501:
456:
406:as well as a possible
392:
310:cardiovascular disease
239:
80:, is an aging-related
1603:on September 27, 2011
1555:Acta Ophthalmol Suppl
1496:on September 28, 2011
510:medical complications
495:
454:
159:
1850:Acta Ophthalmologica
1671:Acta Ophthalmologica
1454:10.1136/bjo.87.3.353
1100:10.1038/eye.2011.145
486:outpatient procedure
433:intraocular pressure
252:intraocular pressure
1774:10.1136/bjo.57.1.41
1628:Journal of Glaucoma
1315:Journal of Glaucoma
994:Tony Realini, M.D.
624:Alzheimer's disease
301:electron microscope
244:trabecular meshwork
208:Trabecular meshwork
2033:External resources
911:Medscape Reference
824:The New York Times
732:The New York Times
551:Country and region
502:
457:
240:
170:horizontal section
105:Signs and symptoms
2056:
2055:
1721:(11): 1064–1068.
1715:Der Ophthalmologe
1677:(S184): 107–111.
826:. August 19, 2011
790:"Glaucoma Quiz 1"
579:African Americans
541:Glaucoma patients
396:ultraviolet light
184:Posterior chamber
172:of the right eye)
72:and sometimes as
63:
62:
25:Medical condition
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693:true exfoliation
673:John G. Lindberg
632:cerebral atrophy
429:eye examinations
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188:Anterior chamber
162:anterior segment
147:epithelial cells
82:systemic disease
59:
58:
28:
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1048:Chicago Tribune
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954:10.3129/I07-158
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751:
737:
735:
726:
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711:
702:
665:ophthalmologist
661:
628:senile dementia
533:
482:trabeculoplasty
449:
420:
391:
388:
329:malondialdehyde
285:
248:Schlemm's canal
212:Schlemm's canal
173:
131:ophthalmologist
107:
53:
26:
21:
12:
11:
5:
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2014:
2003:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:Classification
1971:
1970:External links
1968:
1965:
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1937:
1918:
1883:
1856:(2): 334–343.
1840:
1821:(3): 214–218.
1805:
1748:
1704:
1661:
1634:(3): 193–197.
1617:
1588:
1545:
1526:(4): 477–481.
1510:
1477:
1448:(3): 353–356.
1428:
1384:
1365:(6): 879–883.
1348:
1321:(2): 234–239.
1304:
1269:
1258:(5): 545–552.
1241:
1208:
1189:(4): 513–518.
1173:
1123:
1069:
1012:
967:
948:(5): 657–658.
923:
840:
806:
749:
734:. July 9, 2011
713:
712:
710:
707:
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660:
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620:Other diseases
617:
606:
600:
590:
548:
532:
529:
525:
524:
518:
498:trabeculectomy
490:
489:
475:
448:
445:
419:
416:
386:
284:
281:
216:Corneal limbus
192:Aqueous humour
106:
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61:
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47:
41:
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33:
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1815:Ophthalmology
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648:heart disease
645:
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629:
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478:Laser surgery
476:
473:
472:beta blockers
469:
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389:Dr. Allingham
385:
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366:
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358:
354:
350:
349:polymorphisms
346:
342:
337:
332:
330:
326:
325:ascorbic acid
322:
321:free radicals
317:
315:
311:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:unilaterality
288:
282:
280:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:aqueous humor
257:
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104:
102:
100:
96:
95:aqueous humor
92:
88:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
57:
51:
50:Ophthalmology
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
23:
19:
2069:Eye diseases
2040:
2016:
2005:
1990:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1899:(1): 83–86.
1896:
1892:
1886:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1768:(1): 41–45.
1765:
1761:
1751:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1612:
1605:. Retrieved
1601:the original
1591:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1498:. Retrieved
1494:the original
1445:
1441:
1431:
1401:(1): 63–66.
1398:
1394:
1387:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1285:(1): 41–46.
1282:
1278:
1272:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1221:Biotech Week
1220:
1211:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1152:(1): 11–15.
1149:
1145:
1091:
1087:
1064:
1057:. Retrieved
1046:
1007:
1000:. Retrieved
945:
941:
914:. Retrieved
910:
835:
828:. Retrieved
823:
801:
794:. Retrieved
743:
736:. Retrieved
731:
703:
692:
689:glassblowers
684:
662:
652:hearing loss
619:
608:
602:
592:
559:Greek people
550:
540:
534:
531:Epidemiology
526:
521:Drug therapy
520:
505:
477:
463:
458:
421:
393:
382:
372:
333:
320:
318:
314:homocysteine
297:bilaterality
296:
292:
289:
286:
275:
271:
241:
236:Ciliary body
200:Corneosclera
120:
108:
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:
22:
1488:Rich Daly.
506:Eye surgery
437:optic nerve
268:optic nerve
256:optic nerve
224:Conjunctiva
160:Diagram of
151:rose bengal
135:optometrist
91:Scandinavia
36:Other names
2063:Categories
1953:: 107818.
1934:: 732–734.
1607:August 15,
1561:: 99–102.
1500:August 21,
1234:August 18,
1059:August 18,
998:. EyeWorld
916:August 18,
830:August 19,
820:"Glaucoma"
796:August 21,
709:References
408:autoimmune
384:condition.
2074:Syndromes
2042:eMedicine
1870:1755-375X
1782:0007-1161
1735:0941-293X
1691:1755-375X
1648:1057-0829
1415:1442-6404
1335:1057-0829
1229:1535-2757
1002:August 5,
677:slit lamp
563:Minnesota
447:Treatment
424:slit lamp
418:Diagnosis
230:with 14.
194:flow; 6.
166:human eye
112:cataracts
45:Specialty
1913:10653417
1743:15871021
1656:12782834
1583:11580299
1472:12598453
1423:15670081
1379:12470757
1343:17473737
1299:12834668
1168:16557288
1118:21701523
1053:Archived
962:17891191
700:Research
681:glaucoma
545:glaucoma
468:Eyedrops
464:Eyedrops
404:sunlight
387:—
365:collagen
351:in gene
336:genetics
264:Glaucoma
218:and 11.
202:with 8.
190:with 5.
123:dandruff
116:glaucoma
99:glaucoma
2023:D017889
1878:5109796
1835:7088504
1800:4705496
1791:1214820
1699:2853905
1575:2853929
1540:7369310
1463:1771526
1109:3178234
738:July 9,
691:called
669:Finland
659:History
589:tribes.
583:Eskimos
575:Finland
400:climate
369:elastin
361:enzymes
341:Iceland
186:and 4.
127:amyloid
87:genetic
2012:177650
1911:
1876:
1868:
1833:
1798:
1788:
1780:
1741:
1733:
1697:
1689:
1654:
1646:
1581:
1573:
1538:
1470:
1460:
1421:
1413:
1377:
1341:
1333:
1297:
1227:
1203:443315
1201:
1166:
1116:
1106:
960:
685:pseudo
671:named
650:, and
640:stroke
613:Norway
603:Gender
571:Sweden
567:Norway
555:Europe
515:sclera
441:vision
345:Sweden
305:biopsy
283:Causes
234:, 15.
226:, 13.
222:; 12.
220:Sclera
214:. 10.
204:Cornea
143:cornea
52:
2001:H40.1
1579:S2CID
745:risk.
667:from
587:Bantu
412:virus
357:LOXL1
353:LOXL1
276:cause
206:, 9.
198:, 7.
196:Pupil
182:, 3.
178:, 2.
164:of a
2018:MeSH
2007:OMIM
1909:PMID
1874:PMID
1866:ISSN
1831:PMID
1796:PMID
1778:ISSN
1739:PMID
1731:ISSN
1695:PMID
1687:ISSN
1652:PMID
1644:ISSN
1609:2011
1571:PMID
1536:PMID
1502:2011
1468:PMID
1419:PMID
1411:ISSN
1375:PMID
1339:PMID
1331:ISSN
1295:PMID
1236:2024
1225:ISSN
1199:PMID
1164:PMID
1114:PMID
1061:2015
1004:2011
958:PMID
918:2024
832:2011
798:2011
740:2011
597:race
593:Race
581:and
573:and
367:and
343:and
232:Iris
228:Uvea
210:and
176:Lens
139:iris
1992:ICD
1955:doi
1951:189
1901:doi
1897:129
1858:doi
1823:doi
1786:PMC
1770:doi
1723:doi
1719:102
1679:doi
1636:doi
1563:doi
1559:184
1528:doi
1458:PMC
1450:doi
1403:doi
1367:doi
1363:134
1323:doi
1287:doi
1283:136
1260:doi
1191:doi
1154:doi
1146:Eye
1104:PMC
1096:doi
1088:Eye
950:doi
609:Age
377:SNP
375:or
174:1.
133:or
114:or
78:PXS
76:or
74:PES
70:PEX
18:PEX
2065::
2045::
2021::
2010::
1999::
1996:10
1949:.
1932:69
1930:.
1907:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
