67:, set up to propose future United States Government information and psychological warfare programs. The committee concluded that the board had been established on the assumption that psychological strategy could be conducted separately from official policy and actions, an assumption the committee disagreed with. It was abolished September 3, 1953 by
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According to a report by the State
Department, "convincing a foreign official is less important than carrying an issue over his head to his people" as the people will have a greater influence on the official's action. As a result, the PSB was formed to create propaganda which subconsciously turned people towards democracy.
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The
American government perceived Soviet actions as a threat to democracy. This was evident from the South Korean invasion by North Korea. The Psychological Strategy Board (PSB) was set up to produce propaganda that would win the opinion of people around the world and prevent the spread of Communism.
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Diplomats and
Politicians used carefully selected words and phrases, often referred to as buzzwords, to shape policies and influence domestic and international opinion. The most popular buzzword was 'containment' because it allowed U.S. officials to present their foreign policy objectives as "noble,
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Initially, the Soviet Union used buzzwords to promote their "hate
America" campaign which was launched on January 21, 1951. The campaign emphasized the corruption of big businesses in America and accused them of attempting to dominate the world. The Soviets, on the other hand, were portrayed as
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The PSB defined psychological warfare as any nonmilitary action which influenced public opinion or foreign policy interest. This, therefore, includes, but is not limited to: trade and economic aid, cultural and educational exchange, threats to use force and diplomacy.
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After World War II, the atmosphere altered: wars could not be won through bloodshed but by winning the hearts and minds of people. Consequently, the Truman administration changed their foreign policy from traditional warfare to psychological warfare.
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The programs were designed to accentuate
America's successes and portrayed the U.S. as a superior nation. Each satellite country had a different program aimed towards them which focused on the issues that would attract the people towards democracy.
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programs were transmitted to countries behind the iron curtain, such as
Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia, because the USSR could not block this form of propaganda as they could not stop radio waves. Some radio series, such as
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champions who were trying to overthrow the capitalists, such as
America. Many people in the international community believed the Soviet propaganda. The U.S. adopted the Soviet strategy to win the hearts and minds of people.
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wrote a 1,400 page study of United States psychological warfare during World War II, which is available among Lilly's papers at the
Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas; Lilly also wrote a book chapter on the PSB.
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
Library, Abilene, Kansas; Edward P. Lilly, "The Psychological Strategy Board and its Predecessors: Foreign Policy Coordination 1938-1953," in
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Parry-Giles, Shawn (June 2009). "Rhetorical experimentation and the cold war, 1947–1953: The development of an internationalist approach to propaganda".
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Under
Eisenhower, the board became a purely coordinating body. The board's function was reviewed by the Jackson Committee, chaired by
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which called for an interdepartmental committee instead. President Truman broke the logjam on January 4, 1951, when he ordered
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213:"Foreign Relations 1964-1968, Volume XXVI, Indonesia; Malaysia-Singapore; Philippines: Note on U.S. Covert Action Programs"
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91:(NPSB), attempting to centralize psychological warfare activities under its control. That resulted in a conflict with the
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238:"U.S. President's Committee on International Information Activities (Jackson Committee): Records, 1950-53"
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263:"Dwight D. Eisenhower: Executive Order 10483—Establishing the Operations Coordinating Board"
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20:(PSB) was a committee of the United States executive formed to coordinate and plan for
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Undermining the Kremlin: America's Strategy to Subvert the Soviet Bloc, 1947-1956
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to develop a plan for what would become PSB – an interdepartmental committee.
57:
422:
War of the black heavens: the battles of Western broadcasting in the Cold War
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Osgood, Kenneth (2002). "Hearts and Minds: The Unconventional Cold War".
40:, or their designated representatives. The board's first director was
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administration. The board was created in response to the growth of
184:"Staff Member and Office Files: Psychological Strategy Board Files"
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10483, with its responsibilities being transferred to the
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While working for the Joint Chiefs of Staff, historian
462:United States government propaganda organizations
366:"Guide to the Edward P. Lilly Papers, 1928-1992,"
28:administration. The board was composed of the
24:. It was formed on April 4, 1951, during the
383:(St. John's University Press, 1968), 337-382.
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240:. Eisenhower Presidential Center website.
140:restrained and fundamentally defensive."
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457:United States National Security Council
452:American propaganda during the Cold War
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360:Harold D. Langley, "Edward P. Lilly,"
215:. United States Department of State.
89:National Psychological Strategy Board
79:National Psychological Strategy Board
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296:. Cornell University Press. p.
188:Harry S. Truman Presidential Library
273:from the original on March 12, 2018
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38:Director of Central Intelligence
244:from the original on 2019-05-02
219:from the original on 2020-10-21
194:from the original on 2018-11-06
364:, Vol. 33 (Nov. 1995): 30-31;
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73:Operations Coordinating Board
56:covert activities during the
54:Office of Policy Coordination
18:Psychological Strategy Board
395:Quarterly Journal of Speech
328:Journal of Cold War Studies
292:Mitrovich, Gregory (2000).
34:Deputy Secretary of Defense
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340:10.1162/152039702753649656
424:. Syracuse Univ Pr (Sd).
407:10.1080/00335639409384087
381:Studies in Modern History
46:National Security Advisor
420:Nelson, Michael (1997).
30:Under Secretary of State
22:psychological operations
267:www.presidency.ucsb.edu
65:William Harding Jackson
377:Gaetano L. Vincitorio
269:. September 2, 1953.
158:(VOA), were aired in
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223:2019-05-26
198:2006-11-04
170:References
58:Korean War
50:Eisenhower
36:, and the
277:March 11,
162:as well.
137:Buzzwords
369:Archived
348:57569857
271:Archived
242:Archived
217:Archived
192:Archived
44:, later
379:(ed.),
107:Purpose
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32:, the
26:Truman
344:S2CID
298:60–61
151:Radio
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279:2018
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