353:(850-934) was a Muslim psychologist and physician during the Islamic Golden Age. His many contributions were vital to the understanding of mental health as well as how to treat various mental illnesses. Al-Balkhi is famous for his work titled “Sustenance of the Body and Soul.” In it, he encouraged other physicians to treat the body and mind as a whole and thus take a holistic approach to medicine. This thinking is significant because it laid the foundation for a psychophysiological approach to healthy living in Medieval Islam. In al-Balkhi’s writings, he explains that the soul experiences an array of emotions such as distress, sadness, and fear when the body undergoes physical illnesses.
387:
believed to derive from the particular area of the body in which the (conjectural) black bile had become concentrated. The resulting state of sadness experienced by sufferers was categorized into three different types: first sadness originating in trauma or stress, secondly sadness caused by external (organic/physiological) factors, such as inadequate nourishment of the body and thirdly the everyday sadness inherent in the human condition. This classification system is similar to the way in which present models analyze depression. In the medieval
Islamic world , however, a diagnosis of melancholia could also encompass such varied cerebral phenomena as
31:
202:", which means "covered". It was originally thought that mentally ill individuals could not differentiate between the real and the unreal. However, due to the nuanced nature of individual cases, the treatment of the mentally ill could not be generalized as it was in medieval Europe This term was gradually redefined among the educated, and was defined by
261:(1058–1111), who proposed that maintaining a balanced connection between the spiritual and psychological conditions within the body was vital in order to sustain a close relationship with God. al-Ghazali further explained that divergence from this interconnectedness could result in abnormalities within an individual's mental health.
386:
came under intensive study in the
Islamic world of the Middle Ages. Islamic scholars described melancholia as a condition the principal symptom of which was a state of constant sadness, the cause of which was believed to be an excess of black bile in the body. The varied symptoms of melancholia were
105:
were viewed with a holistic approach. This approach emphasized the mutual connection between maintaining adequate mental wellbeing and good physical health in an individual. People who practice Islam thought it was necessary to maintain positive mental health in order to partake in prayer and other
281:
in the western tradition, was an influential
Persian physician, philosopher, and scientist during the Golden Age of Islam, and among the first in the world to write on mental illness and psychotherapy. As chief physician of Baghdad hospital, he was also the director of one of the first psychiatric
419:(cupping), and aromatherapy. Scholars and physicians of this time period were some of the first to emphasize psychosomatic medicine, the emphasis placed on the relationship between illness of the mind and problems in the body. Medicine would be prescribed in order to re-balance
365:
when treating their patients. Furthermore, al-Balkhi also places emphasis on how environmental factors, such as housing, exercise, and nutrition, can affect a person’s mental wellbeing. al-Balkhi’s contributions also consisted of identifying the difference between
253:. This marked a time of numerous advances and discoveries in the Islamic arts and sciences, during which Islamic scholars came to understand that certain conditions can alter an individual's spiritual and psychological states (those seen as
360:
is credited to al-Balkhi. When his patients experienced distress, he developed an approach that motivated them to think positively using healthy cognitions. al-Balkhi and other important
Islamic scholars also implemented the technique of
374:. He categorized neuroses into four groups: obsessions, sadness and depression, fear and anxiety, and anger and aggression. The analysis al-Balki made in medieval Islamic psychology is still relevant to modern psychology.
302:, was a Persian polymath who is widely regarded for his writings on such diverse subjects as philosophy, physics, medicine, mathematics, geology, Islamic theology, and poetry. In his most widely celebrated work, the
236:
This
Quranic verse summarized Islam's attitudes towards the mentally ill, who were considered unfit to manage property but must be treated humanely and be kept under care by either a guardian or the state.
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of the body, an imbalance of which might result in psychosis. Insomnia, for example, was thought to result from excessive amounts of the dry humors which could be remedied by the use of
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Do not give your property which God assigned you to manage to the insane: but feed and clothe the insane with this property and tell splendid words to them.
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1919:
1031:
924:
Haque, Amber (2004), "Psychology from
Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists",
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1725:
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441:
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765:
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1483:
1976:
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218:, special legal protections were given to the mentally ill. This attitude was reinforced by scripture, as exemplified in Sura 4:5 of the
2116:
1827:
974:
Youssef, Hanafy A.; Youssef, Fatma A.; Dening, T. R. (1996), "Evidence for the existence of schizophrenia in medieval
Islamic society",
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were built in the 9th century, and large bimaristans built in the 13th century contained separate wards for mentally ill patients.
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1963:
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843:"Conceptualising and addressing mental disorders amongst Muslim communities: Approaches from the Islamic Golden Age"
522:"Conceptualising and addressing mental disorders amongst Muslim communities: Approaches from the Islamic Golden Age"
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2011:
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77:"), is the medical and philosophical study of the psyche from an Islamic perspective and addresses topics in
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257:(mad) being perceived as having imbalances in these states). A prominent philosopher during this time was
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In addition to medication, treatment for mental illness might include baths, music, talk therapy,
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206:(Ibn Sīnā) as "one who suffers from a condition in which reality is replaced with fantasy".
195:
172:
157:
17:
492:
Deuraseh, Nurdeen; Mansor Abu, Talib (2005), "Mental health in
Islamic medical tradition",
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306:(Al-Qanun-fi-il-Tabb), he provided descriptions and treatments for such conditions as
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2004:
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Quranic
Psychology of the Self: A Textbook on Islamic Moral Psychology (ilm al-nafs)
714:
652:
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1750:
1624:
1442:
1155:
669:
Wael
Mohamed, C.R. (2012). "Arab and Muslim Contributions to Modern Neuroscience".
82:
35:
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1983:
1685:
1629:
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1088:
383:
165:
30:
987:
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621:
Okasha, A. (2001), "Egyptian Contribution to the Conception of Mental Health",
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43:
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Abu-Ali al-Husayn ibn Abdalah ibn-Sina (980–1030), known to the west as
198:
term for the mentally ill was "majnoon" which is derived from the term "
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2384:
2379:
2018:
315:
2588:
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2571:
2335:
2242:
783:"Jundi-Shapur, bimaristans, and the rise of academic medical centres"
323:
278:
110:
60:
1009:
758:
Islamophobia and psychiatry: Recognition, prevention, and treatment
733:
Islamophobia and psychiatry: recognition, prevention, and treatment
2444:
2374:
2357:
2127:
1336:
756:
Moffic, Steven; Peteet, John; Hankir, Ahmed; Awaad, Rania (2018).
731:
Moffic, Steven; Peteet, John; Hankir, Ahmed; Awaad, Rania (2018).
392:
311:
199:
161:
117:
39:
671:
International Brain Research Organization History of Neuroscience
2369:
2352:
2272:
2267:
160:
as well as by the study of scripture, drawing particularly from
65:
2131:
1013:
132:(self) was used to denote individual personality and the term
290:, provide descriptions and treatments for mental illnesses.
245:
The period comprising the 8th to the 15th centuries of the
342:, linking changes in mental state to changes in the body.
183:(approximately "curing/treatment of the soul/self/ideas),
954:
Global History of Philosophy: The Period of Scholasticism
187:("the healing of the spirit," or "spiritual health") and
179:
was a speciality of its own, and was variously known as
156:(will). Muslim scholarship was strongly influenced by
109:
Concepts from Islamic thought have been reexamined by
191:("healing of the heart/self," or "mental medicine").
140:
encompassed a broad range of faculties including the
595:
282:
wards in the world. Two of his works in particular,
2554:
2482:
2420:
2334:
2286:
2228:
2165:
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2042:
1933:
1912:
1892:
1856:
1810:
1759:
1673:
1562:
1461:
1350:
1224:
1133:
1112:
1056:
1047:
38:, who corrected some of the erroneous theories of
689:"Mental Health and Psychiatry in the Middle East"
224:
2143:
1025:
664:
662:
128:In the writings of Muslim scholars, the term
8:
1242:Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari
590:
588:
586:
2150:
2136:
2128:
1053:
1032:
1018:
1010:
682:
680:
2026:Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon
868:
858:
806:
704:
634:
553:
2627:Psychology in the medieval Islamic world
787:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
241:Psychology during the Islamic Golden Age
29:
27:Historical Islamic psychological studies
1726:Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi
487:
485:
468:
2632:Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
442:Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
294:Abu-Ali al-Husayn ibn Abdalah ibn-Sina
726:
724:
608:
577:
476:
7:
1977:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
693:Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
623:Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
515:
513:
511:
509:
507:
1828:Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani
338:. He was a pioneer in the field of
781:Miller, Andrew C (December 2006).
596:Youssef, Youssef & Dening 1996
25:
1252:Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi
494:The International Medical Journal
63:: علم النفس), the science of the
2326:Reception in early modern Europe
2321:Contributions to Medieval Europe
1590:Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat
120:in the 20th and 21st centuries.
1864:Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani
1848:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
447:Ophthalmology in medieval Islam
1469:Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali
926:Journal of Religion and Health
520:Mitha, Karim (December 2020).
1:
1539:Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi
1161:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
275:Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
270:Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
2562:Arab Agricultural Revolution
1787:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi
1575:Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon
1479:Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam
1474:Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar
1327:Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali
1232:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
760:. Springer. pp. 14–15.
249:is known to scholars as the
175:in particular, the study of
46:on the anatomy of the brain.
18:Psychology in medieval Islam
1964:Anatomy Charts of the Arabs
1549:Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili
411:Treatment of mental illness
382:The mental health disorder
2653:
2012:Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya
1797:Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb
1746:Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi
988:10.1177/0957154X9600702503
799:10.1177/014107680609901208
735:. Springer. pp. 4–8.
2514:Geography and cartography
2220:Influences on Western art
1721:Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli
1716:Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi
1640:Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta
1484:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
1322:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
938:10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z
452:Science in medieval Islam
2081:Ancient Iranian medicine
1869:Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri
1741:Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni
1605:Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi
1570:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
1393:Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
1292:Al-Tamimi, the physician
1079:Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi
904:Bakhtiar, Laleh (2019),
860:10.1177/1363461520962603
847:Transcultural Psychiatry
687:A. Okasha, C.R. (2001).
538:10.1177/1363461520962603
526:Transcultural Psychiatry
164:'s understanding of the
2033:Lives of the Physicians
1998:Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi
1944:Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah
1900:Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi
1782:Muhammad Ali Astarabadi
1645:Najib ad-Din Samarqandi
1368:Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani
1297:Eutychius of Alexandria
1272:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
106:religious obligations.
2076:Ancient Greek medicine
1736:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
1650:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1494:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
1388:Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi
1358:Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu
1262:Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari
340:psychosomatic medicine
234:
95:psychosomatic medicine
47:
2622:Psychological schools
2497:Alchemy and chemistry
2060:Nur al-Din Bimaristan
1951:The Canon of Medicine
1772:Burhan-ud-din Kermani
1378:Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal
1363:Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani
1267:Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i
1211:Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu
976:History of Psychiatry
908:, Kazi Publications,
841:Mitha, Karim (2020).
706:10.26719/2001.7.3.336
636:10.26719/2001.7.3.377
363:reciprocal inhibition
356:The establishment of
33:
1843:Sultan Ali Khorasani
1544:Serapion the Younger
1186:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu
1069:Al-Harith ibn Kalada
277:(865–925), known as
2407:Early social change
2306:Early social change
2112:Medical Renaissance
1970:The Book of Healing
1874:Qurayshi al-Shirazi
1665:Zakariya al-Qazwini
1554:Zayn al-Din Gorgani
1196:Salmawaih ibn Bunan
958:Motilal Banarsidass
210:Ethics and theology
2637:Islamic Golden Age
2050:Al-'Adudi Hospital
1958:Tacuinum Sanitatis
1884:Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi
1403:Badi' al-Asturlabi
1302:Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath
1277:Abu ul-Ala Shirazi
1257:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
1206:Yahya ibn Sarafyun
1099:Rufaida Al-Aslamia
1094:Nafi ibn al-Harith
952:Plott, C. (2000),
437:Islamic philosophy
351:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
346:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
336:sexual dysfunction
265:Major contributors
251:Islamic Golden Age
247:Gregorian calendar
136:for human nature.
87:philosophy of mind
51:Islamic psychology
48:
34:A medical work by
2609:
2608:
2577:elementary school
2195:Geometric pattern
2125:
2124:
2117:Medieval medicine
1908:
1907:
1767:Abu Sa'id al-Afif
1600:Da'ud Abu al-Fadl
1489:Ahmad ibn Farrokh
1104:Zaynab al-Awadiya
767:978-3-030-00511-5
742:978-3-030-00511-5
399:Mental healthcare
358:cognitive therapy
304:Canon of Medicine
185:al-tibb al-ruhani
16:(Redirected from
2644:
2484:Medieval science
2152:
2145:
2138:
2129:
2107:Learned medicine
2102:Ibn Sina Academy
1802:Şerafeddin Kadir
1777:Husayni Isfahani
1711:Mansur ibn Ilyas
1655:Rashidun al-Suri
1534:Moshe ben Maimon
1317:Ibrahim ibn Baks
1247:Abu Bakr al-Razi
1181:Jabir ibn Hayyan
1176:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
1171:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
1054:
1041:Islamic medicine
1034:
1027:
1020:
1011:
1006:
970:
948:
918:
891:
890:
872:
862:
838:
832:
831:
829:
828:
819:. Archived from
810:
778:
772:
771:
753:
747:
746:
728:
719:
718:
708:
684:
675:
674:
666:
657:
656:
638:
618:
612:
605:
599:
592:
581:
574:
568:
567:
557:
517:
502:
501:
489:
480:
473:
334:as well as male
232:
196:Classical Arabic
173:Islamic medicine
152:(intellect) and
21:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2550:
2478:
2467:Early sociology
2416:
2380:decision-making
2330:
2311:Early conquests
2282:
2224:
2161:
2159:Islamic studies
2156:
2126:
2121:
2090:
2064:
2038:
1929:
1904:
1888:
1852:
1833:Dawud al-Antaki
1806:
1755:
1669:
1610:Ibn Abi Usaibia
1558:
1457:
1448:Jonah ibn Janah
1346:
1237:Aayon Ibn Aayon
1220:
1201:Shapur ibn Sahl
1129:
1108:
1064:Abu Hafsa Yazid
1043:
1038:
973:
968:
951:
923:
916:
903:
900:
895:
894:
840:
839:
835:
826:
824:
793:(12): 615–617.
780:
779:
775:
768:
755:
754:
750:
743:
730:
729:
722:
686:
685:
678:
668:
667:
660:
620:
619:
615:
606:
602:
593:
584:
575:
571:
519:
518:
505:
491:
490:
483:
474:
470:
465:
457:Sufi psychology
433:
421:the four humors
413:
401:
380:
348:
296:
272:
267:
243:
233:
230:
212:
126:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2650:
2648:
2640:
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2634:
2629:
2624:
2614:
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2601:
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2516:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2499:
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2432:
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2418:
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2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
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2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2375:use of analogy
2367:
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2355:
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2332:
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2329:
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2323:
2318:
2313:
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2301:Historiography
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2222:
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2182:
2177:
2171:
2169:
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2162:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2092:
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2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2072:
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2066:
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2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1838:Hakim-e-Gilani
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1818:Rostam Gorgani
1814:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1660:Sa'ad al-Dawla
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1529:Ibn al-Tilmīdh
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1438:Ibn al-Kattani
1435:
1433:Ibn al-Haytham
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1413:Ibn Al-Thahabi
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1383:Ali ibn Ridwan
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1342:Qusta ibn Luqa
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
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1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1216:Yusuf al-Khuri
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1125:Ja'ar al-Sadiq
1122:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
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1066:
1060:
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1051:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1008:
1007:
971:
966:
949:
932:(4): 357–377,
920:
919:
915:978-1567446418
914:
899:
896:
893:
892:
853:(6): 763–774.
833:
773:
766:
748:
741:
720:
676:
658:
629:(3): 377–380,
613:
611:, p. 376)
600:
582:
569:
532:(6): 763–774.
503:
481:
479:, p. 358)
467:
466:
464:
461:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
432:
429:
412:
409:
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347:
344:
295:
292:
271:
268:
266:
263:
242:
239:
228:
211:
208:
181:A‘ilaj al-nafs
177:mental illness
125:
122:
103:mental illness
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2649:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
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2623:
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2617:
2600:
2597:
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2570:
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2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2534:ophthalmology
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2504:
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2500:
2498:
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2473:
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2428:
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2419:
2413:
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2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2370:Jurisprudence
2368:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
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2345:
2343:
2341:
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2327:
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2299:
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2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2005:Adab al-Tabib
2002:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1920:Ophthalmology
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:ʽImad Shirazi
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:Ibn al-Khatib
1699:
1697:
1696:Ibn al-Akfani
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1635:Ibn al‐Raqqam
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1620:Ibn al-Baitar
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:Al-Shahrazuri
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1408:Ibn Abi Sadiq
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1312:Ibn al-Jazzar
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
982:(25): 55–62,
981:
977:
972:
969:
967:81-208-0551-8
963:
959:
955:
950:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
921:
917:
911:
907:
902:
901:
897:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
837:
834:
823:on 2013-02-01
822:
818:
814:
809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:
774:
769:
763:
759:
752:
749:
744:
738:
734:
727:
725:
721:
716:
712:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
683:
681:
677:
672:
665:
663:
659:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
632:
628:
624:
617:
614:
610:
604:
601:
598:, p. 58)
597:
591:
589:
587:
583:
579:
573:
570:
565:
561:
556:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
504:
499:
495:
488:
486:
482:
478:
472:
469:
462:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
430:
428:
426:
422:
418:
410:
408:
406:
403:The earliest
398:
396:
394:
390:
385:
377:
375:
373:
369:
364:
359:
354:
352:
345:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
293:
291:
289:
285:
280:
276:
269:
264:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
240:
238:
227:
223:
221:
217:
216:Islamic world
209:
207:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
168:of the body.
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
144:(heart), the
143:
139:
135:
131:
123:
121:
119:
115:
114:psychologists
112:
107:
104:
100:
99:mental health
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
52:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
2584:Sufi studies
2555:Other fields
2545:
2435:Contemporary
2358:consultation
2180:Architecture
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1924:
1893:18th century
1857:17th century
1811:16th century
1760:15th century
1751:Zayn-e-Attar
1674:14th century
1625:Ibn al-Nafis
1563:13th century
1462:12th century
1443:Ibn al-Wafid
1351:11th century
1225:10th century
1156:Ali al-Ridha
979:
975:
953:
929:
925:
905:
850:
846:
836:
825:. Retrieved
821:the original
790:
786:
776:
757:
751:
732:
696:
692:
670:
626:
622:
616:
603:
572:
529:
525:
497:
493:
471:
414:
402:
381:
355:
349:
297:
287:
283:
273:
254:
244:
235:
225:
213:
193:
189:tibb al-qalb
188:
184:
180:
171:In medieval
170:
153:
149:
148:(soul), the
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
127:
108:
97:. In Islam,
83:neuroscience
64:
56:ʿilm al-nafs
55:
54:
50:
49:
36:Ibn al-Nafis
2524:Mathematics
2185:Calligraphy
1984:De Gradibus
1630:Ibn al-Quff
1134:9th century
1113:8th century
1089:Masarjawaih
1057:7th century
699:: 336–347.
500:(2): 76–79.
405:bimaristans
384:melancholia
378:Melancholia
166:four humors
124:Terminology
93:as well as
2616:Categories
2599:philosophy
2546:Psychology
2519:Inventions
2472:solidarity
2422:Philosophy
2402:Secularism
2316:Golden Age
2253:Capitalism
2200:Literature
2095:Influenced
2069:Influences
2055:Bimarestan
1925:Psychology
1879:Tunakabuni
1792:Nurbakhshi
1691:Ibn Shuayb
1681:Al-Nagawri
1615:Ibn Tumlus
1595:As-Suwaydi
1580:Al-Dakhwar
1519:Ibn Tufayl
1514:Ibn Jumay‘
1418:Ibn Butlan
1307:Ibn Juljul
1282:Al-Kaŝkarī
1151:Albubather
1049:Physicians
898:References
827:2018-08-26
609:Haque 2004
578:Haque 2004
477:Haque 2004
425:humectants
332:depression
284:El-Mansuri
259:al-Ghazali
91:psychiatry
79:psychology
2594:cosmology
2589:mysticism
2567:Education
2507:cosmology
2502:Astronomy
2462:Astrology
2445:dialectic
2353:consensus
2348:Democracy
2263:Socialism
2230:Economics
2175:Arabesque
1991:Al-Tasrif
1731:Nakhshabi
1509:Ibn Habal
1428:Ibn Jazla
1423:Ibn Hindu
1373:Al-Biruni
1287:Al-Natili
1191:Masawaiyh
1166:Bukhtishu
1146:Al-Ruhawi
1120:Bukhtishu
1084:Ibn Uthal
1074:Bukhtishu
887:222832853
546:1363-4615
368:psychosis
320:paralysis
2529:Medicine
2492:Timeline
2440:Theology
2397:Quietism
2365:Feminism
2340:politics
2296:Timeline
2086:Ayurveda
1913:Concepts
1706:Jaghmini
1686:Aqsara'i
1524:Ibn Zuhr
1504:Averroes
1499:Avempace
1453:Masawaih
1398:Avicenna
1332:Muvaffak
1141:Al-Kindi
1004:44459712
996:11609215
946:38740431
879:33059527
817:17139063
715:21512463
653:37684357
645:12690756
564:33059527
431:See also
389:epilepsy
372:neurosis
328:epilepsy
308:insomnia
300:Avicenna
229:—
204:Avicenna
118:scholars
44:Avicenna
2541:Physics
2385:schools
2288:History
2278:Welfare
2258:Poverty
2248:Banking
2238:History
2215:Pottery
2190:Gardens
2043:Centers
2019:Al-Hawi
870:7689558
808:1676324
555:7689558
316:vertigo
288:Al-Hawi
255:majnoon
214:In the
2572:Ijazah
2452:Ethics
2243:Agency
2210:Poetry
1002:
994:
964:
944:
912:
885:
877:
867:
815:
805:
764:
739:
713:
651:
643:
562:
552:
544:
417:hijama
330:, and
324:stroke
279:Rhazes
220:Qur'an
134:fitrah
111:Muslim
89:, and
75:psyche
73:" or "
61:Arabic
2457:Logic
2430:Early
2412:State
2392:Peace
2273:Usury
2268:Trust
2205:Music
1935:Works
1337:Qumri
1000:S2CID
942:S2CID
883:S2CID
711:S2CID
649:S2CID
463:Notes
393:mania
312:mania
200:Jenna
162:Galen
158:Greek
154:irada
40:Galen
2338:and
2167:Arts
992:PMID
962:ISBN
910:ISBN
875:PMID
813:PMID
762:ISBN
737:ISBN
641:PMID
560:PMID
542:ISSN
391:and
370:and
286:and
194:The
142:qalb
138:Nafs
130:Nafs
116:and
101:and
71:self
66:nafs
42:and
2336:Law
984:doi
934:doi
865:PMC
855:doi
803:PMC
795:doi
701:doi
631:doi
550:PMC
534:doi
150:aql
146:ruh
53:or
2618::
998:,
990:,
978:,
960:,
956:,
940:,
930:43
928:,
881:.
873:.
863:.
851:57
849:.
845:.
811:.
801:.
791:99
789:.
785:.
723:^
709:.
695:.
691:.
679:^
661:^
647:,
639:,
625:,
585:^
558:.
548:.
540:.
530:57
528:.
524:.
506:^
496:,
484:^
427:.
395:.
326:,
322:,
318:,
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