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usually near a secondary vein . These foveolae vary in shape among different plants, and in number on individual leaves, and may not even be present on some leaves. Most often each leaf bears at least one pair of foveolae, which may be close to the apex; the foveolae are often more numerous on leaves from vegetative stems than on those from reproductive stems.
474:
and a few related species: They are generally 1.5–5 mm (0.059–0.197 in) long and 0.5–1 mm (0.020–0.039 in) wide at the top, conical and tapered to a closed base, open and truncate or variously ornamented at the top, and situated along the sides of the central vein with the opening
504:
is easiest. A single leaf (or even part of a leaf slightly covered with soil) can be sufficient for a cutting. Propagation from seed is reliable and easy when freshly harvested seed is used. Older seed which has not been stored properly can have a very low germination rate after 6 months. Even while
419:
Leaves are opposite in arrangement (i.e., produced in pairs along the stems), generally 5–15 cm (2.0–5.9 in) by 2–6 cm (0.79–2.36 in), in outline generally elliptic or often widest above the middle, usually sharply angled at base and apex, papery in texture, overall smooth or
402:
are produced in pairs and their form is distinctive. They are 5–25 mm (0.20–0.98 in) by 4–12 mm (0.16–0.47 in), elliptic in outline, sharply angled at the apex, papery to membranaceous in texture, ciliate (i.e., fringed) along the upper margins, and longitudinally flanged or
359:
there is a horizontal scar 0.3–1 mm (0.012–0.039 in) wide that extends between the leaves (or leaf scars) and sometimes also connects over the tops of these scars, and along the top side of this scar there is a dense, usually furry line of fine trichomes (i.e., plant hairs) usually
512:
requires a light cycle. The plant will not utilize its root system as often in daylight hours. Optimal water garden pH is 5.5 to 6.1. The level of nutrient in the solution should be 300 to 500 parts per million (ppm). Nutrient solution burning can occur at levels as low as 800 ppm.
674:
accessions, backcrossing and sib crossing, resulting in various new genotypes, given the prefix DW, eg. DW07. Leaf shape and size, height, alkaloid content and cold tolerance are examples of new attributes. Psychotria cv. Nexus is now grown in many countries around the world.
389:
662:. This plant was multiplied and sold as Psychotria cv. Nexus by the nursery Herbalistics, located in Australia, which was established in 2003 and run by Mr. Williams. By creating an interspecific hybrid of these two
420:
infrequently with microscopic plant hairs on the lower surface, have 5–10 pairs of secondary veins, and on the lower surface usually have foveolae (see next item). The leaves are borne on
611:, which allows ayahuasca to be effective in oral doses (unlike smoking DMT crystals which requires no conditioning partner substance). This use was made legal in Brazil in 1992 when
450:
These are small pockets found on the lower leaf surface near the junction of the secondary (i.e., side) veins with the central vein. They function as shelter for tiny
1077:
855:
398:
Stipules are leafy structures that cover and protect the young developing leaves. They may persist or fall off, leaving scars on the stem. The stipules in
576:
347:
is a perennial shrub that grows to a height of approximately 5 m (16 ft). Its branches span a diameter of about 2 m (6 ft 7 in)
704:
540:(NMT) have been found. The alkaloid content is said to be highest in the morning (approx 6am), although there is another peak at night (approx. 6pm).
360:
0.5–1 mm (0.020–0.039 in) long that are reddish brown when dried. This combination of features is diagnostic for many species in the genus
1190:
1180:
1025:
837:
729:
505:
fresh, because P. viridis has an immature embryo, the germination process can take 2–6 months. . There are approximately 50 seeds/g.
458:
that live on the plant leaf. These mites apparently often are symbiotic with the plant, taking shelter in these structures and eating
1051:
666:
plants, the climatic tolerance of this important
Ayahuasca additive has been expanded due to the greater cold tolerance of
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45:
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lack the well developed reddish brown trichomes inserted above the stipule scars. On the upper stems of
162:
927:
999:
647:
625:, healers in the Amazon regions of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, recognize different sub-varieties of
607:
1195:
1175:
825:
593:(DMT) in levels varying from 0.1% to 0.61% dried mass. It is known primarily as an additive to the
442:
1170:
1142:
684:
590:
534:
526:
321:
190:
40:
646:. In 2008, Darren Williams, an Australian nurseryman and scientist, created the first recorded i
1069:
428:
usually are gray or reddish brown and are similar to those of a few other New World species of
424:(i.e., leaf stalks) generally 1–10 mm (0.039–0.394 in) long. When dry, the leaves of
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In the middle and lower parts of the stem, situated between the insertion points of the two
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705:"Catalogue of Life : 2008 Annual Checklist : Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pav"
893:
1108:
1103:
530:
494:
70:
1164:
1064:
598:
451:
830:
Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven
Pflanzen. Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen
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in having leaf edges that extend all the way to the base of the leaf stem.
922:
670:. Darren Williams has now created over 150 new cultivars by intercrossing
1129:
956:
587:
467:
380:; the scar actually marks the point where this structure has fallen off.
320:(connecting to spirit) use and its status as a "plant teacher" among the
109:
96:
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376:
these features are obscured by a stipule (see below), which covers the
1043:
619:, and the ayahuasca tea were exempted from the list of illicit drugs.
584:
933:
364:, though not for any individual species. These features distinguish
1056:
466:
invertebrates that can damage the leaf. The foveolae (also called
459:
455:
410:
387:
284:
57:
1004:
553:
937:
629:, based on the location of glands on the back of the leaves.
335:
601:
and
Central America. The mechanism of action is via the
16:
Perennial flowering plant in the coffee family
Rubiaceae
640:
has been hybridised with the closely related species,
308:) of Ecuador. It is commonly used as an ingredient of
946:
8:
752:Psychotria Viridis – My Ayahuasca Experience
934:
31:
20:
707:. www.catalogueoflife.org. Archived from
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
441:
368:L. Subg. Psychotria; other subgenera of
696:
872:"Legal Status of Ayahuasca in Brazil"
7:
790:
788:
747:
745:
14:
508:Indoor hydroponic cultivation of
1122:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:763751-1
921:
764:"Psychotria viridis Information"
44:
1191:Psychedelic tryptamine carriers
1181:Herbal and fungal hallucinogens
796:"Psychotria viridis in Profile"
529:(DMT). Other alkaloids such as
1:
798:. www.b-and-t-world-seeds.com
556:use juice from the leaves as
525:contains approximately 0.3%
294:. It is a close relative of
603:monoamine oxidase inhibitor
316:with a long history of its
1212:
446:Psychotria viridis flower.
340:Vegetative Characteristics
832:. AT-Verlag. p. 15.
643:Psychotria carthagenensis
480:Psychotria carthagenensis
415:Psychotria viridis leaves
403:winged along the middle.
297:Psychotria carthagenensis
202:(Ruiz & Pav.) Schult.
196:
189:
168:
161:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
874:. Erowid.org. March 2001
244:(Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze
478:The leaves differ from
470:) are distinctive for
447:
416:
395:
341:
212:Psychotria microdesmia
445:
414:
391:
339:
290:in the coffee family
218:Psychotria trispicata
930:at Wikimedia Commons
730:"Psychotria viridis"
608:Banisteriopsis caapi
544:Traditional medicine
206:Psychotria glomerata
768:www.kadasgarden.com
648:nterspecific hybrid
230:Uragoga microdesmia
978:Psychotria viridis
948:Psychotria viridis
928:Psychotria viridis
858:2007-09-27 at the
685:Psychedelic plants
652:Psychotria viridis
627:Psychotria viridis
605:(MAOI) present in
591:dimethyltryptamine
562:migraine headaches
527:dimethyltryptamine
510:Psychotria viridis
491:Psychotria viridis
472:Psychotria viridis
448:
426:Psychotria viridis
417:
396:
393:Psychotria viridis
342:
322:Indigenous peoples
254:Psychotria viridis
236:Uragoga trispicata
200:Palicourea viridis
172:Psychotria viridis
25:Psychotria viridis
1158:
1157:
1091:Open Tree of Life
940:Taxon identifiers
926:Media related to
839:978-3-85502-570-1
826:Rätsch, Christian
668:P. carthagenensis
656:P. carthagenensis
538:-methyltryptamine
500:Cultivation from
326:Amazon rainforest
277:Quechua languages
250:
249:
224:Uragoga glomerata
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1186:Medicinal plants
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257:, also known as
238:(Griseb.) Kuntze
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531:beta-carbolines
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357:opposite leaves
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288:flowering plant
242:Uragoga viridis
232:(Oerst.) Kuntze
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154:P. viridis
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916:External links
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853:Amazing Nature
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654:, by crossing
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577:hallucinogenic
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568:Hallucinogenic
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497:10 or higher.
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163:Binomial name
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901:. Retrieved
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876:. Retrieved
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800:. Retrieved
776:. Retrieved
772:the original
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733:. Retrieved
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713:. Retrieved
709:the original
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623:Vegetalistas
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1039:iNaturalist
972:Wikispecies
581:entheogenic
550:Machiguenga
486:Cultivation
464:herbivorous
332:Description
318:entheogenic
120:Gentianales
84:Angiosperms
1196:Psychotria
1176:Entheogens
1165:Categories
1109:kew-170134
1104:Plant List
896:P. viridis
802:2008-05-08
778:2017-04-07
735:2008-05-04
715:2008-05-04
691:References
672:P. viridis
660:P. viridis
638:P. viridis
617:P. viridis
573:P. viridis
552:people of
523:P. viridis
431:Psychotria
400:P. viridis
374:P. viridis
370:Psychotria
366:Psychotria
362:Psychotria
345:P. viridis
141:Psychotria
1171:Ayahuasca
1070:205547526
1018:242431908
894:"growing
664:Ayahuasca
595:ayahuasca
560:to treat
558:eye drops
517:Alkaloids
495:USDA zone
378:trichomes
314:decoction
310:ayahuasca
292:Rubiaceae
281:perennial
148:Species:
130:Rubiaceae
54:Kingdom:
1135:27902202
1130:Tropicos
1057:763751-1
957:Wikidata
856:Archived
828:(1998).
679:See also
613:B. caapi
588:alkaloid
502:cuttings
454:such as
438:Foveolae
422:petioles
384:Stipules
302:samiruka
300:(a.k.a.
266:chacrona
260:chacruna
191:Synonyms
126:Family:
110:Asterids
97:Eudicots
1031:2921300
1005:1105099
963:Q133533
468:domatia
324:of the
306:amiruca
285:shrubby
279:, is a
275:in the
272:chaqruy
220:Griseb.
136:Genus:
116:Order:
58:Plantae
1096:299144
1083:189196
1044:287466
903:May 6,
878:May 6,
836:
585:indole
521:Dried
407:Leaves
214:Oerst.
181:&
992:4PQX7
658:with
599:South
460:fungi
456:mites
351:Stems
269:, or
208:Kunth
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
1117:POWO
1078:NCBI
1065:IUCN
1052:IPNI
1026:GBIF
905:2020
880:2020
834:ISBN
579:—or
554:Peru
548:The
533:and
462:and
312:, a
183:Pav.
179:Ruiz
1143:WFO
1013:FNA
1000:EoL
987:CoL
650:of
304:or
1167::
1145::
1132::
1119::
1106::
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811:^
787:^
766:.
744:^
615:,
564:.
434:.
328:.
283:,
263:,
106::
93::
80::
67::
907:.
898:"
882:.
842:.
805:.
781:.
738:.
718:.
583:—
536:N
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
