1294:), wherein the child consolidates the character habits they developed in the three earlier stages. Whether or not the child has successfully resolved the Oedipal conflict, the instinctual drives of the child are inaccessible to the ego, because they have been subject to the mechanism of repression during the phallic stage. Hence, because the drives are latent (hidden) and gratification is indefinitely delayed, the child must derive the pleasure of gratification from secondary process-thinking that directs the energy of the drives towards external activities, such as schooling, friendships, hobbies, etc. Any neuroses established during the latent stage of psychosexual development might derive from the inadequate resolution of the Oedipus conflict, or from the ego's failure in attempts to direct the energies towards socially acceptable activities.
1110:(the lower digestive tract), while ego formation continues. Toilet training is the child's key anal-stage experience, occurring at about the age of two years. It involves conflict between the id (demanding immediate gratification) and the ego (demanding delayed gratification) in eliminating bodily wastes, and handling related activities (e.g. manipulating excrement, coping with parental demands). The child may respond with defiance, resulting in an 'anal expulsive character'—often messy, reckless, and defiant—or with retention, leading to an 'anal retentive character'—typically neat, precise, and passive-aggressive. The style of parenting influences the resolution of the conflict, which can be either gradual and psychologically uneventful, or which can be sudden and psychologically traumatic.
1171:, who unwittingly killed his father and sexually possessed his mother. In the young male, the Oedipus conflict stems from his natural love for his mother, a love which becomes sexual as his libidinal energy transfers from the anal region to the genital. The boy observes that his father stands in the way of his love and desire for possession of his mother. He therefore feels aggression and envy towards his father, but also a fear that his (much stronger) rival will strike back at him. As the boy has noticed that women, his mother in particular, have no penises, he is particularly struck by the fear that his father will remove his penis too. This
744:
51:
1237:, knows that the father is the stronger of the two males competing to possess the one female. Nevertheless, the boy remains ambivalent about his father's place in the family, which is manifested as fear of castration by the physically greater father; the fear is an irrational, subconscious manifestation of the infantile Id. 'Penis envy' in the girl is rooted in anatomic fact: without a penis, she cannot sexually possess the mother, as the infantile id demands. As a result, the girl redirects her
1392:
1309:
their remaining psychosexual childhood conflicts. As in the phallic stage, the genital stage is centered upon the genitalia, but the sexuality is consensual and adult, rather than solitary and infantile. The psychological difference between the phallic and genital stages is that the ego is established in the latter; the person's concern shifts from primary-drive gratification (instinct) to applying secondary process-thinking to gratify desire symbolically and
1220:, by Sophocles). According to Jung, a girl's decisive psychosexual experience is her daughter–mother competition for psychosexual possession of her father. Freud rejected Jung's term as psychoanalytically inaccurate: "that what we have said about the Oedipus complex applies with complete strictness to the male child only, and that we are right in rejecting the term 'Electra complex', which seeks to emphasize the analogy between the attitude of the two sexes".
1088:, which can be the root of neurotic tendencies in the developed personality. In the case of too much gratification, the child does not adequately learn that they do not control the environment, and that gratification is not always immediate, thereby forming an immature personality. In the case of too little gratification, the infant might become passive upon learning that gratification is not forthcoming, despite having produced the gratifying behavior.
1133:
1276:, by which the child incorporates, to their ego, the personality characteristics of the same-sex parent. The boy thus diminishes his castration anxiety, because his identification with the father reduces the rivalry and suggests the promise of a future potency. The girl identifies with the mother, who understands that, in being females, neither of them possesses a penis, and thus they are not antagonists.
1429:– not sexual jealousy – is the source of Oedipal conflict in such non–Western societies. Furthermore, contemporary research confirms that although personality traits corresponding to the oral stage, the anal stage, the phallic stage, the latent stage, and the genital stage are observable, they remain undetermined as fixed stages of childhood, and as adult personality traits derived from childhood.
1037:
1061:, infants are aware of themselves as discrete from the external world; for example, the child understands pain when it is applied to their body, thus identifying the physical boundaries between body and environment. The experience of delayed gratification leads to understanding that specific behaviors satisfy some needs; for example, crying gratifies certain needs.
1187:. The feminine Oedipus complex has its roots in the little girl's discovery that she, along with her mother and all other women, lack the penis which her father and other men possess. Her love for her father then becomes both erotic and envious, as she yearns for a penis of her own. She comes to blame her mother for her perceived castration, and is struck by
640:
1175:
surpasses his desire for his mother, so the desire is repressed. Although the boy sees that he cannot possess his mother, he reasons that he can possess her vicariously by identifying with his father and becoming as much like him as possible: this identification is the primary experience guiding the
1067:
is the key experience in the infant's oral stage of psychosexual development, their first feeling of loss consequent to losing the physical intimacy of feeding at their mother's breast. The child is not only deprived of the sensory pleasures of nursing but also of the psychological pleasure of being
1223:
The resolution of the feminine
Oedipus complex is less clear-cut than the resolution of the Oedipus complex in males. Freud stated that the resolution comes much later and is never truly complete. Just as the boy learned his sexual role by identifying with his father, so the girl learns her role by
781:
into its more fixed mature forms. Given the predictable timeline of childhood behavior, he proposed "libido development" as a model of normal childhood sexual development, wherein the child progresses through five psychosexual stages – the oral; the anal; the phallic; the latent; and
1044:
The first stage of psychosexual development is the oral stage, spanning from birth until the age of one year, wherein the infant's mouth is the focus of libidinal gratification derived from the pleasure of feeding at the mother's breast, and from the oral exploration of their environment, i.e. the
1232:
energy. The boy focuses his libido (sexual desire) upon his mother, and focuses jealousy and emotional rivalry against his father – because it is he who sleeps with the mother. Seeking to be united with his mother, the boy desires the death of his father, but the ego, pragmatically based upon the
1308:
The fifth stage of psychosexual development is the genital stage (from puberty through adult life) and usually represents the greater part of a person's life. Its aim is the psychological detachment and independence from the parents. In the genital stage the person confronts and seeks to resolve
1113:
The ideal resolution of the conflict is that the child adjusts to moderate parental demands that teach the value and importance of physical cleanliness and environmental order, thus producing a self-controlled adult. The outcome of this stage can permanently affect the individual's propensities
1418:
challenged the
Freudian proposal that psychosexual development (e.g. the Oedipus complex) was universal. He reported that in the insular matriarchal society of the Trobriand, boys are disciplined by their maternal uncles, not their fathers (impartial, avuncular discipline). In
1155:. It is in this third infantile development stage that children become aware of their bodies, the bodies of other children, and the bodies of their parents; they gratify physical curiosity by undressing and exploring each other as well as their genitals, and so learn the
1176:
boy's entry into his appropriate sexual role in life. A lasting trace of the oedipal conflict is the superego, the voice of the father within the boy. By thus resolving his incestuous conundrum, the boy passes into the latency period, a period of libidinal dormancy.
1227:
Despite the mother being the parent who primarily gratifies the child's desires, the child begins forming a discrete sexual identity – "boy", "girl" – that alters the dynamics of the parent and child relationship; the parents become the focus of infantile
1224:
identifying with her mother in an attempt to possess her father vicariously. At the eventual resolution of the conflict, the girl passes into the latency period, though Freud implies that she always remains slightly fixated at the phallic stage.
1118:, a person too concerned with neatness and order. If the parents consistently allow the child to indulge the impulse, the child might develop a self-indulgent personality characterized by personal slovenliness and environmental disorder.
805:, preoccupied with the psychological themes related to the erogenous zone in question. The fixation persists into adulthood and underlies the personality and psychopathology of the individual. It may manifest as mental ailments such as
2754:
1016:
Guided by moralistic and idealistic principles, it strives for perfection over mere pleasure or reality. Forms during the resolution of the
Oedipus complex and represents the internalized ideals of parents and society.
1001:
Governed by the reality principle, it seeks to please the id's drive in realistic ways that will benefit in the long term. Emerges from the id and is responsible for reality testing and a sense of personal identity.
570:
727:. On the other hand, being satisfied can result in a healthy personality. Sigmund Freud proposed that if the child experienced frustration at any of the psychosexual developmental stages, they would experience
773:(functional mental disorder) is thought to be rooted in fixations or conflicts encountered during the developmental stages of childhood sexuality. According to Freud, human beings are born "
2097:
801:(sexual drive), the child might experience failure (parental and societal disapproval) and thus might associate anxiety with the given erogenous zone. To avoid anxiety, the child becomes
761:(1856–1939) observed that during the predictable stages of early childhood development, the child's behavior is oriented towards certain parts of their body, for example the mouth during
1114:
toward possession and attitudes toward authority. If the parents make immoderate demands of the child, by too strictly enforcing toilet training, it might lead to the development of a
1383:", the male's envy of the female ability to bear children. Some contemporary theorists suggest, in addition to this, the envy of the woman's perceived right to be the kind parent.
2512:
2243:
1068:
cared for, mothered, and held. However, weaning increases the infant's self-awareness, through learning that they do not control their environment. The experience of
1403:
Contemporary cultural considerations have questioned the normative presumptions of the
Freudian psychodynamic perspective that posits the son–father conflict of the
1257:. Freud considered a girl's Oedipal conflict to be more emotionally intense than that of a boy, potentially resulting in a submissive woman of insecure personality.
2265:
2213:
436:
71:
987:
Operates according to the pleasure principle, which aims to reduce tension, avoid pain, and gain pleasure. Present from birth and is the reservoir of the libido.
2090:
1179:
Initially, Freud applied the theory of the
Oedipus complex to the psychosexual development of boys, but later developed the female aspects of the theory as the
777:": infants can derive sexual pleasure from any part of their bodies and any object. Over time the socialization process channels the (originally non-specific)
2489:
2399:
1045:
tendency to place objects in the mouth. The child focuses on nursing, with the intrinsic pleasure of sucking and accepting things into the mouth. Since the
699:, personality develops through a series of childhood stages in which pleasure seeking energies from the child become focused on certain erogenous areas. An
2367:
2193:
2505:
2391:
578:
2808:
2473:
1159:(sexual) differences between male and female and their associated social roles. In the phallic stage, a boy's decisive psychosexual experience is the
2783:
2083:
1330:, a criticism of the scientific validity of the psychoanalytical theory of human psychosexual development is that Freud was personally fixated upon
670:
551:
2519:
2465:
2304:
373:
1534:
1102:
The second stage of psychosexual development is the anal stage, spanning from the age of eighteen months to three years, wherein the infant's
2958:
2271:
2033:
1999:
1752:
1732:
1611:
1350:
2359:
1497:
1421:
362:
2813:
723:. The erogenous zone associated with each stage serves as a source of pleasure. Being unsatisfied at any particular stage can result in
583:
2776:
1264:
provide transitory resolutions of the conflict between the drives of the Id and the drives of the ego. The first defense mechanism is
2481:
2122:
1964:
1915:
588:
1249:. After the phallic stage, the girl's psychosexual development includes transferring her primary erogenous zone from the infantile
2431:
564:
416:
1050:
2383:
2203:
559:
505:
456:
426:
703:
is characterized as an area of the body that is particularly sensitive to stimulation. The five psychosexual stages are the
2798:
2766:
2669:
2535:
1140:
396:
386:
2963:
2415:
2343:
2170:
2127:
663:
500:
352:
948:
Frigidity, impotence, sexual perversion, great difficulty in forming a healthy sexual relationship with another person
2662:
2297:
1272:
934:
Immaturity and an inability to form fulfilling non-sexual relationships as an adult if fixation occurs in this stage.
136:
2733:
1516:
1341:, critics hold that these were more likely to have been constructs that Freud created and forced upon his patients.
2749:
2152:
2137:
1991:
Inside Out and
Outside in: Psychodynamic Clinical Theory and Psychopathology in Contemporary Multicultural Contexts
857:
743:
2832:
2458:
2423:
2233:
525:
2549:
2527:
2157:
2114:
2106:
1270:, the blocking of anxiety-inducing impulses and ideas from the conscious mind. The second defense mechanism is
1266:
106:
1836:
2872:
1538:
1439:
1411:
1080:(behaviors leading to gratification). Thwarting of the oral-stage – too much or too little gratification of
774:
656:
515:
34:
2761:
2290:
1599:
981:
The most primitive part of the mind, it contains instinctual drives and is the source of psychic energy.
1337:
Freud stated that his patients commonly had memories and fantasies of childhood seduction. According to
1085:
1069:
1054:
1046:
802:
724:
623:
490:
480:
1363:, arguing that it was overly informed by his own self-analysis. In response to the Freudian concept of
50:
2642:
2619:
2439:
1380:
1057:. Nonetheless, the infantile ego is in the process of forming during the oral stage. In developing a
818:
608:
321:
96:
1391:
2848:
2588:
2336:
2229:
1216:
1163:—his son–father competition for possession of his mother. The name derives from the 5th-century BC
1115:
131:
2856:
2840:
2723:
2407:
2053:
1970:
1426:
1376:
1172:
1010:
The part of the personality that represents the internalization of parental and societal values.
886:
881:
406:
101:
1049:
is not developed beyond the most rudimentary form at this stage, every action is based upon the
331:
211:
1511:
2864:
2728:
2599:
2567:
2261:
2239:
2223:
2147:
2132:
2029:
1995:
1960:
1911:
1728:
1660:
1607:
1425:(1927), Malinowski reported that boys dreamed of feared uncles, not of beloved fathers, thus,
1415:
1396:
1261:
1234:
644:
231:
91:
2611:
2542:
2039:
1952:
1932:
1652:
1484:
613:
520:
326:
306:
206:
76:
1290:
The fourth stage of psychosexual development is the latency stage (from the age of 6 until
1151:, spanning the ages of three to six years, wherein the child's genitalia are their primary
2803:
2711:
2375:
2253:
2249:
2065:
1404:
1368:
1338:
1331:
1310:
1164:
1160:
913:
908:
875:
814:
530:
291:
1013:
Upholds societal standards, imposes moral behavior, and mediates between the id and ego.
995:
The part of the id that has been modified by the direct influence of the external world.
17:
2932:
2902:
2892:
2793:
2716:
2637:
2044:
1469:
1152:
1103:
783:
762:
700:
684:
618:
510:
485:
316:
311:
286:
271:
246:
196:
181:
141:
42:
1132:
2952:
2907:
2788:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2575:
2497:
2313:
2179:
1974:
1940:
1718:
1479:
1360:
1303:
1285:
1156:
1148:
1127:
758:
747:
720:
716:
712:
301:
276:
266:
241:
221:
86:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2884:
2771:
2674:
2652:
2580:
2257:
2209:
2199:
1372:
1327:
1242:
692:
446:
251:
236:
201:
191:
186:
176:
171:
126:
121:
111:
81:
2075:
1036:
2023:
1989:
1722:
2927:
2219:
2189:
2142:
1459:
1246:
890:
847:
495:
281:
261:
226:
1313:
by means of friendships, a love relationship, family and adult responsibility.
2897:
2689:
2684:
2328:
1364:
1245:
femininity that ideally culminates in bearing a child who replaces the absent
1188:
1107:
1097:
1058:
1031:
766:
708:
704:
216:
1664:
1202:
in 1913. The name derives from the 5th-century BC Greek mythologic character
2657:
1956:
1948:
1764:
1454:
1449:
1214:, against their mother and stepfather, for the murder of their father. (cf.
1207:
1195:
917:
782:
the genital – in which the source pleasure is in a different
751:
296:
256:
146:
1937:
Fantasy, Online
Misogyny and the Manosphere: Male Bodies of Dis/Inhibition
1355:
Some feminists criticize Freud's psychosexual development theory as being
1656:
1250:
903:
810:
806:
770:
732:
151:
1644:
2606:
2593:
1474:
1291:
1211:
1203:
1168:
1064:
728:
2647:
1944:
1724:
On
Sexuality: Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality and Other Works
1356:
1254:
1238:
1229:
1081:
798:
778:
116:
1535:"Introduction to Sigmund Freud, Module on Psychosexual Development"
856:
Oral stage fixation might result in a passive, gullible, immature,
1464:
1444:
1390:
1131:
1035:
871:
742:
696:
1588:
3rd ed., Churchill
Livingstone: Edinburgh and London pp. 35, 407
1241:
for sexual union toward the father; thus, she progresses towards
2937:
2282:
1939:. The Psychoanalysis and Popular Culture Series (1st ed.).
984:
Seeks immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs.
2286:
2079:
1988:
Berzoff, Joan; Flanagan, Laura Melano; Hertz, Patricia (2008).
1367:
in the development of the feminine
Oedipus complex, the German
998:
Regulates the drives of the id to suit the demands of reality.
854:
Orally passive: smoking, eating, kissing, oral sexual practices
1694:
1407:
as universal and essential to human psychologic development.
1575:, 3rd ed. Churchill Livingstone:Edinburgh and London, p. 396
1379:" rather than penis envy. She also proposed the concept of "
1191:, the apparent counterpart to the boy's castration anxiety.
852:
Orally aggressive: chewing gum and the ends of pencils, etc.
2025:
The scientific credibility of Freud's theories and therapy
1106:
changes from the mouth (the upper digestive tract) to the
1785:
Fourth edition, HarperCollins Publishers:New York p. 310
1796:
Women of Classical Mythology: A Biographical Dictionary
1676:
1674:
2513:
Some Character-Types Met with in Psycho-Analytic Work
769:
during toilet-training. In psychoanalysis, the adult
2883:
2822:
2742:
2628:
2560:
2450:
2320:
2166:
2113:
1147:The third stage of psychosexual development is the
1835:
1926:
1924:
920:. Promiscuity and low self-esteem in both sexes.
911:(in boys and girls); according to Sigmund Freud.
2266:Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development
1606:, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 393–399,
1604:Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (Second Edition)
1375:, counter-proposed that girls instead develop "
437:The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis
1809:The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization
2298:
2091:
2022:Fisher, Seymour; Greenberg, Roger P. (1977).
1994:. New York: Jason Aronson. pp. 229–242.
1645:"Freud's Psycho-Sexual Stages of Development"
1040:Oral needs may be satisfied by thumb-sucking.
889:: reckless, careless, defiant, disorganized,
664:
8:
2490:Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood
2400:Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
1897:Oxford University Press:New York pp. 323–324
1882:The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought
1869:The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought
1856:The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought
1798:Oxford University Press:California pp.177–78
1560:The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought
884:: Obsessively organized, or excessively neat
2368:Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious
1682:Your Baby and Child: From Birth to Age Five
2506:The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement
2392:The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement
2305:
2291:
2283:
2098:
2084:
2076:
2028:. Vol. 22. Basic Books. p. 346.
1893:Frank Cioffi (2005) "Sigmund Freud" entry
1598:Lapsley, D. K.; Stey, P. C. (2012-01-01),
1076:(awareness of the limits of the self) and
671:
657:
579:International Psychoanalytical Association
29:
2043:
1137:Oedipus explains the riddle of the Sphinx
1072:leads to the formation of capacities for
958:
823:
2520:Thoughts for the Times on War and Death
2466:Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
1908:Follies of the Wise: Dissenting Essays.
1526:
731:that would persist into adulthood as a
41:
2474:Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva
2061:
2051:
2272:Evolutionary developmental psychology
1807:Hornblower, S., Spawforth, A. (1998)
1749:Electra after Freud: Myth and Culture
1351:Feminist views on the Oedipus complex
836:Consequences of psychologic fixation
7:
2360:The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
1933:"Male fascist bodies – then and now"
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1422:Sex and Repression in Savage Society
573:Psychoanalytic Training and Research
363:The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
797:: in pursuing and satisfying their
584:World Association of Psychoanalysis
1884:Harper Collins:London pp. 205, 107
1871:Harper Collins:London pp. 259, 705
1858:Harper Collins:London pp. 607, 705
1842:Encyclopaedia of German Literature
1684:5th edition. New York:Knopf p. 000
1562:Harper Collins:London pp. 643, 705
1395:Bronisław Malinowski and natives,
72:Psychosocial development (Erikson)
25:
2482:Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming
1880:Bullock, A., Trombley, S. (1999)
1867:Bullock, A., Trombley, S. (1999)
1854:Bullock, A., Trombley, S. (1999)
1558:Bullock, A., Trombley, S. (1999)
790:Freudian psychosexual development
589:List of schools of psychoanalysis
2432:Civilization and Its Discontents
2128:Cognitive development of infants
1602:, in Ramachandran, V. S. (ed.),
1537:. Cla.purdue.edu. Archived from
735:, a functional mental disorder.
638:
565:British Psychoanalytical Society
417:Civilization and Its Discontents
49:
2194:Theory of cognitive development
2107:Human psychological development
2384:Introduction to Psychoanalysis
2204:Cultural-historical psychology
1895:The Oxford Guide to Philosophy
1840:. In Konzett, Matthias (ed.).
1695:"APA Dictionary of Psychology"
1643:Elkatawneh, Hassan H. (2013).
1194:Freud's student–collaborator,
1084:– might lead to an oral-stage
571:Columbia University Center for
560:British Psychoanalytic Council
457:The Sublime Object of Ideology
427:The Mass Psychology of Fascism
1:
2536:Beyond the Pleasure Principle
2264: (b. 1950), and others (
1783:Benét's Reader's Encyclopedia
1771:. Princeton University Press.
1141:Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
397:Beyond the Pleasure Principle
387:Psychology of the Unconscious
2959:Developmental stage theories
2416:The Question of Lay Analysis
2345:The Interpretation of Dreams
1517:Resources in other libraries
691:is a central element of the
353:The Interpretation of Dreams
2244:Stages of moral development
1769:Psychoanalysis and Neurosis
973:Principles and Development
2980:
2153:Positive adult development
2138:Positive youth development
1727:. Penguin Books, Limited.
1348:
1301:
1283:
1125:
1095:
1029:
374:Three Essays on the Theory
2833:Freud: The Secret Passion
2459:The Aetiology of Hysteria
2424:The Future of an Illusion
2234:Ecological systems theory
1931:Johanssen, Jacob (2021).
1837:"Sigmund Freud 1856–1939"
1751:Cornell University Press
1512:Resources in your library
1210:revenge with her brother
1181:feminine Oedipus attitude
916:(in girls); according to
552:Boston Graduate School of
18:Psycho-sexual development
2908:Clement Freud (grandson)
2680:Psychosexual development
2550:Dostoevsky and Parricide
2528:Mourning and Melancholia
2214:Psychosocial development
2184:Psychosexual development
2115:Developmental psychology
1503:Psychosexual development
1185:negative Oedipus complex
689:psychosexual development
67:Psychosexual development
2918:Walter Freud (grandson)
2913:Lucian Freud (grandson)
1957:10.4324/9781003031581-1
1910:Shoemaker & Hoard.
1794:Bell, Robert E. (1991)
1649:SSRN Electronic Journal
1600:"Id, Ego, and Superego"
945:Sexual interests mature
931:Dormant sexual feelings
2933:Edward Bernay (nephew)
2809:Views on homosexuality
2772:London home and museum
2767:Vienna home and museum
1781:Murphy, Bruce (1996).
1400:
1144:
1116:compulsive personality
1041:
755:
2923:Amalia Freud (mother)
2898:Anna Freud (daughter)
2893:Martha Bernays (wife)
1906:Crews, F. C. (2006).
1834:Bishop, Paul (2000).
1394:
1135:
1070:delayed gratification
1039:
955:Id, Ego, and Superego
775:polymorphous perverse
746:
645:Psychology portal
624:Psychoanalytic theory
2928:Jacob Freud (father)
2903:Ernst L. Freud (son)
2873:Freud's Last Session
2643:Id, ego and superego
2620:Daniel Paul Schreber
2440:Moses and Monotheism
1844:. London: Routledge.
1824:(London 1991) p. 375
1657:10.2139/ssrn.2364215
1412:Bronisław Malinowski
1381:womb and vagina envy
819:personality disorder
609:Child psychoanalysis
97:Id, ego and superego
35:a series of articles
2964:Freudian psychology
2849:Mahler on the Couch
2337:Studies on Hysteria
2256: (1943–2020),
2242: (1927–1987) (
2232: (1917–2005) (
2222: (1907–1990) (
2212: (1902–1994) (
2202: (1896–1934) (
2192: (1896–1980) (
2182: (1856–1939) (
1747:Scott, Jill (2005)
1586:Guide to Psychiatry
1573:Guide to Psychiatry
1416:Trobriand islanders
1410:The anthropologist
960:
693:sexual drive theory
132:Countertransference
27:Freudian psychology
2857:A Dangerous Method
2724:Deferred obedience
2408:The Ego and the Id
1951:. pp. 28–51.
1699:dictionary.apa.org
1414:'s studies of the
1401:
1262:defense mechanisms
1198:, coined the term
1173:castration anxiety
1145:
1051:pleasure principle
1042:
959:
795:Sexual infantilism
756:
474:Schools of thought
407:The Ego and the Id
2946:
2945:
2729:Reality principle
2612:Sergei Pankejeff
2600:Bertha Pappenheim
2280:
2279:
2260: (b. 1946),
2252: (b. 1939),
2224:Attachment theory
2148:Adult development
2133:Child development
2035:978-0-465-07385-6
2001:978-0-7657-0432-0
1734:978-0-14-013797-2
1680:Leach, P. (1997)
1613:978-0-08-096180-4
1584:Myre, Sim (1974)
1571:Myre, Sim (1974)
1498:Library resources
1397:Trobriand Islands
1235:reality principle
1021:
1020:
952:
951:
681:
680:
165:Important figures
92:Psychic apparatus
16:(Redirected from
2971:
2868:(2020 TV series)
2734:Seduction theory
2670:Free association
2615:
2603:
2589:Irma's injection
2584:
2571:
2353:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2284:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2077:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2049:
2047:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1928:
1919:
1904:
1898:
1891:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1831:
1825:
1818:
1812:
1805:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1761:
1755:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1640:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1595:
1589:
1582:
1576:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1531:
1485:Orgastic potency
1165:Greek mythologic
961:
824:
673:
666:
659:
643:
642:
641:
614:Depth psychology
516:Object relations
462:
452:
442:
432:
422:
412:
402:
392:
381:
368:
358:
53:
30:
21:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2879:
2824:
2818:
2814:Religious views
2804:Neo-Freudianism
2738:
2712:Oedipus complex
2630:
2624:
2613:
2597:
2583:("Little Hans")
2582:
2569:
2556:
2446:
2376:Totem and Taboo
2347:
2316:
2311:
2281:
2276:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2109:
2104:
2074:
2073:
2060:
2050:
2036:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1967:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1853:
1849:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1820:Sigmund Freud,
1819:
1815:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1672:
1642:
1641:
1626:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1435:
1405:Oedipal complex
1389:
1353:
1347:
1339:Frederick Crews
1332:human sexuality
1324:
1319:
1306:
1300:
1288:
1282:
1260:In both sexes,
1200:Electra complex
1161:Oedipus complex
1130:
1124:
1100:
1094:
1034:
1028:
957:
914:Electra complex
912:
909:Oedipus complex
885:
855:
853:
815:female hysteria
792:
741:
695:. According to
677:
639:
637:
630:
629:
628:
603:
595:
594:
593:
575:
572:
556:
553:
545:
537:
536:
535:
531:Self psychology
506:Intersubjective
475:
467:
466:
465:
460:
450:
440:
430:
420:
410:
400:
390:
382:
379:
375:
366:
356:
346:
345:Important works
338:
337:
336:
222:Freud (Sigmund)
166:
158:
157:
156:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2977:
2975:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2755:complete works
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2717:Father complex
2709:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2638:Psychoanalysis
2634:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2609:
2604:
2591:
2586:
2578:
2573:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2546:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2341:
2333:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2247:
2237:
2230:Bronfenbrenner
2227:
2217:
2207:
2197:
2187:
2176:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2062:|journal=
2034:
2014:
2000:
1980:
1965:
1920:
1899:
1886:
1873:
1860:
1847:
1826:
1813:
1800:
1787:
1774:
1756:
1740:
1733:
1719:Freud, Sigmund
1710:
1686:
1670:
1624:
1612:
1590:
1577:
1564:
1551:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1470:Phallic monism
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1388:
1385:
1371:psychoanalyst
1349:Main article:
1346:
1343:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1311:intellectually
1302:Main article:
1299:
1296:
1284:Main article:
1281:
1278:
1273:Identification
1206:, who plotted
1153:erogenous zone
1143:(c. 1805)
1126:Main article:
1123:
1120:
1104:erogenous zone
1096:Main article:
1093:
1090:
1030:Main article:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
999:
996:
993:
989:
988:
985:
982:
979:
975:
974:
971:
968:
965:
956:
953:
950:
949:
946:
943:
940:
936:
935:
932:
929:
926:
922:
921:
906:
901:
898:
894:
893:
887:Anal expulsive
882:Anal retentive
879:
869:
866:
862:
861:
850:
845:
842:
838:
837:
834:
833:Erogenous zone
831:
828:
791:
788:
784:erogenous zone
763:breast-feeding
740:
737:
701:erogenous zone
685:psychoanalysis
679:
678:
676:
675:
668:
661:
653:
650:
649:
648:
647:
632:
631:
627:
626:
621:
619:Psychodynamics
616:
611:
605:
604:
601:
600:
597:
596:
592:
591:
586:
581:
576:
569:
567:
562:
557:
554:Psychoanalysis
550:
547:
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
534:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
486:Ego psychology
483:
477:
476:
473:
472:
469:
468:
464:
463:
453:
443:
433:
423:
413:
403:
393:
383:
371:
369:
359:
348:
347:
344:
343:
340:
339:
335:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
168:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
155:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
63:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
43:Psychoanalysis
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2976:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:Freudian slip
2787:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2705:Genital stage
2703:
2701:
2700:Latency stage
2698:
2696:
2695:Phallic stage
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2581:Herbert Graf
2579:
2577:
2576:Emma Eckstein
2574:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:Medusa's Head
2541:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:On Narcissism
2495:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:Sigmund Freud
2308:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2168:Theorists and
2165:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2067:
2055:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2015:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1966:9781003031581
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:1-59376-101-5
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1541:on 2012-12-11
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1480:Sigmund Freud
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1393:
1387:Anthropologic
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:phallocentric
1358:
1352:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1326:According to
1321:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1305:
1304:Genital stage
1298:Genital stage
1297:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1286:Latency stage
1280:Latency stage
1279:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1253:to the adult
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:phallic stage
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1128:Phallic stage
1122:Phallic stage
1121:
1119:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1033:
1025:
1023:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
990:
986:
983:
980:
977:
976:
972:
969:
966:
963:
962:
954:
947:
944:
942:Puberty–death
941:
938:
937:
933:
930:
927:
924:
923:
919:
915:
910:
907:
905:
902:
899:
896:
895:
892:
888:
883:
880:
877:
873:
870:
867:
864:
863:
860:personality.
859:
851:
849:
846:
843:
840:
839:
835:
832:
829:
826:
825:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
789:
787:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:Sigmund Freud
753:
749:
748:Sigmund Freud
745:
738:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
674:
669:
667:
662:
660:
655:
654:
652:
651:
646:
636:
635:
634:
633:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
599:
598:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
574:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
555:
549:
548:
541:
540:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
501:Interpersonal
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
471:
470:
459:
458:
454:
449:
448:
444:
439:
438:
434:
429:
428:
424:
419:
418:
414:
409:
408:
404:
399:
398:
394:
389:
388:
384:
378:
377:
370:
365:
364:
360:
355:
354:
350:
349:
342:
341:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
162:
161:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
87:Consciousness
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2799:Inner circle
2750:Bibliography
2679:
2675:Transference
2653:Preconscious
2561:Case studies
2548:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2349:
2344:
2335:
2327:
2183:
2024:
2017:
2005:. Retrieved
1990:
1983:
1936:
1907:
1902:
1894:
1889:
1881:
1876:
1868:
1863:
1855:
1850:
1841:
1829:
1822:On Sexuality
1821:
1816:
1808:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1748:
1743:
1723:
1713:
1702:. Retrieved
1698:
1689:
1681:
1648:
1617:, retrieved
1603:
1593:
1585:
1580:
1572:
1567:
1559:
1554:
1543:. Retrieved
1539:the original
1529:
1502:
1420:
1409:
1402:
1373:Karen Horney
1369:Neo-Freudian
1354:
1336:
1328:Frank Cioffi
1325:
1307:
1289:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1243:heterosexual
1226:
1222:
1215:
1199:
1193:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1146:
1136:
1112:
1101:
1077:
1074:independence
1073:
1063:
1043:
1022:
967:Description
891:coprophiliac
858:manipulative
844:Birth–1 year
794:
793:
757:
688:
682:
455:
447:Anti-Oedipus
445:
435:
425:
415:
405:
395:
385:
376:of Sexuality
372:
361:
351:
217:Freud (Anna)
127:Transference
112:Introjection
102:Ego defenses
82:Preconscious
66:
2876:(2023 film)
2860:(2011 film)
2852:(2010 film)
2844:(1993 play)
2841:The Visitor
2836:(1962 film)
2777:1971 statue
2614:("Wolfman")
2570:(Ida Bauer)
2348:(including
2143:Young adult
1460:Bacchanalia
878:elimination
77:Unconscious
2953:Categories
2938:Jofi (dog)
2825:depictions
2690:Anal stage
2685:Oral stage
2663:censorship
2329:On Aphasia
2007:19 October
1811:pp. 254–55
1765:Jung, Carl
1704:2024-01-26
1619:2023-11-26
1545:2013-08-01
1492:References
1440:Amphimixis
1377:Power envy
1365:penis envy
1322:Scientific
1317:Criticisms
1267:repression
1208:matricidal
1189:penis envy
1167:character
1098:Anal stage
1092:Anal stage
1059:body image
1032:Oral stage
1026:Oral stage
970:Functions
754: 1921
739:Background
719:, and the
526:Relational
137:Resistance
107:Projection
2784:Interment
2658:Ego ideal
2607:"Rat Man"
2594:"Anna O."
2387:(1916–17)
2350:On Dreams
2262:Demetriou
2123:Antenatal
2064:ignored (
2054:cite book
1975:239145248
1949:Routledge
1665:1556-5068
1455:Fertility
1450:Min (god)
1230:libidinal
1196:Carl Jung
1007:Superego
928:6–puberty
918:Carl Jung
904:Genitalia
900:3–6 years
868:1–3 years
830:Age Range
327:Winnicott
307:Spielrein
287:Laplanche
207:Fairbairn
147:Dreamwork
2823:Cultural
2762:Archives
2631:concepts
2629:Original
2461:" (1896)
2240:Kohlberg
2200:Vygotsky
2171:theories
2158:Maturity
1941:New York
1767:(1970).
1721:(1991).
1433:See also
1345:Feminist
1251:clitoris
1183:and the
1157:physical
1086:fixation
811:hysteria
807:neurosis
771:neurosis
733:neurosis
725:fixation
602:See also
544:Training
521:Reichian
496:Lacanian
481:Adlerian
322:Sullivan
317:Strachey
272:Kristeva
247:Jacobson
242:Irigaray
232:Guattari
212:Ferenczi
197:Chodorow
152:Cathexis
60:Concepts
33:Part of
2743:Related
2568:"Dora"
2254:Fischer
2250:Commons
2210:Erikson
2045:1082294
1475:Priapus
1292:puberty
1217:Electra
1212:Orestes
1204:Electra
1169:Oedipus
1065:Weaning
1053:of the
964:Agency
939:Genital
925:Latency
897:Phallic
876:bladder
803:fixated
765:or the
729:anxiety
721:genital
713:phallic
511:Marxist
491:Jungian
202:Erikson
172:Abraham
2885:Family
2648:Libido
2596:
2553:(1928)
2545:(1922)
2539:(1920)
2531:(1918)
2523:(1916)
2515:(1915)
2509:(1914)
2501:(1914)
2493:(1910)
2485:(1908)
2477:(1907)
2469:(1905)
2451:Essays
2443:(1939)
2435:(1930)
2427:(1927)
2419:(1926)
2411:(1923)
2403:(1921)
2395:(1917)
2379:(1913)
2371:(1905)
2363:(1901)
2355:(1899)
2340:(1895)
2332:(1891)
2220:Bowlby
2190:Piaget
2042:
2032:
1998:
1973:
1963:
1945:London
1914:
1731:
1663:
1610:
1500:about
1399:(1918)
1357:sexist
1255:vagina
1239:desire
1082:desire
817:", or
799:libido
779:libido
717:latent
715:, the
711:, the
707:, the
461:(1989)
451:(1972)
441:(1964)
431:(1933)
421:(1930)
411:(1923)
401:(1920)
391:(1912)
380:(1905)
367:(1901)
357:(1899)
312:Stekel
292:Mahler
237:Horney
192:Breuer
182:Balint
142:Denial
117:Libido
2865:Freud
2794:Humor
2321:Books
2258:Kegan
2180:Freud
1971:S2CID
1753:p. 8.
1465:Vanir
1445:Herma
1427:power
1247:penis
1078:trust
872:Bowel
848:Mouth
827:Stage
697:Freud
332:Žižek
302:Reich
282:Laing
277:Lacan
267:Klein
262:Kohut
252:Jones
227:Fromm
177:Adler
122:Drive
2066:help
2030:ISBN
2009:2013
1996:ISBN
1961:ISBN
1943:and
1912:ISBN
1729:ISBN
1661:ISSN
1608:ISBN
1359:and
1108:anus
992:Ego
874:and
865:Anal
841:Oral
767:anus
709:anal
705:oral
297:Rank
257:Jung
187:Bion
2040:PMC
1953:doi
1653:doi
1047:ego
978:Id
813:, "
683:In
2955::
2058::
2056:}}
2052:{{
2038:.
1969:.
1959:.
1947::
1935:.
1923:^
1697:.
1673:^
1659:.
1651:.
1647:.
1627:^
1334:.
1139:,
1055:id
821:.
809:,
786:.
752:c.
750:,
687:,
37:on
2602:)
2598:(
2457:"
2352:)
2306:e
2299:t
2292:v
2268:)
2246:)
2236:)
2226:)
2216:)
2206:)
2196:)
2186:)
2099:e
2092:t
2085:v
2068:)
2048:.
2011:.
1977:.
1955::
1918:.
1737:.
1707:.
1667:.
1655::
1548:.
672:e
665:t
658:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
