40:
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284:. It is the most distant known grand design spiral galaxy in the universe, with a redshift of z=2.1765 ± 0.0001. It is commonly referred to as the oldest known grand design spiral galaxy in the universe, but it is more accurately the earliest such galaxy known to exist in the universe, with a lookback time (the difference between the age of the universe now and the age of the universe at the time light left the galaxy) of 10.7 billion years in the
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336:) also have nearby companions. A computer simulation has shown that the dwarf companion of BX442 could have had the same effect. However, the chaotic motions of the stars in the youthful BX442 suggest that, if this is the case, the present spiral structure will not be long-lived in cosmic terms, and may have disappeared within a hundred million years or so.
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Not only was BX442 revealed to be a genuine spiral galaxy, but part of a sub-class known as 'grand-design' spirals. Most spiral galaxies have subtler features and the arms of the spiral are not necessarily well-defined. A grand design spiral galaxy has very clearly well-formed and distinct arms that
310:
The unusual spiral morphology of BX442 was discovered using images obtained from the Hubble Space
Telescope by a team of astronomers led by David R. Law of the University of Toronto. While the Hubble image suggested the galaxy's spiral structure however, it didn't conclusively prove that the galaxy
327:
The presence of a dwarf galaxy in the vicinity of BX442 offers a clue as to how the premature spiral structure may have emerged in what would otherwise be a somewhat chaotic lumpy collection of stars, as is the case with most other early galaxies. A recent study of one of the satellite galaxies of
315:
adaptive optics system which corrects for distortions of incoming light caused by the Earth's turbulent atmosphere, the astronomers were able to sample the light from different parts of the galaxy. Small
Doppler shifts of the light between different samples showed that BX442 was indeed a spiral
332:), suggest that SagDEG may have helped generate some the Milky Way's spiral structure when it passed repeatedly through the plane of our galaxy over the past few hundred million years. Similarly, many of the most well-known grand design spiral galaxies (such as the
311:
rotated like modern-day spiral galaxies. The team therefore used an integral-field spectrograph called OSIRIS (OH-Suppressing
Infrared Imaging Spectrograph) at the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii to confirm their discovery. In combination with a
323:
According to lead author David R. Law, "The fact that this galaxy exists is astounding. Current wisdom holds that such grand-design spiral galaxies simply didn't exist at such an early time in the history of the
Universe."
508:
Purcell, C. W.; Bullock, J.S.; Tollerud, E. J.; Rocha. M. & Chakrabarti, S. (September 2011). "The
Sagittarius impact as an architect of spirality and outer rings in the Milky Way".
794:
288:. This time estimate means that structure seen in BX442 developed roughly 3 billion years after the Big Bang. It is 15 kiloparsecs (50 kly) in diameter, and has a mass of
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320:
significantly stretch out around the galaxy center. Of all spiral galaxies, only about 10% of them are classified as a grand design spiral galaxy.
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The spiral morphology of BX442, while similar to many modern-day galaxies, makes it unusual in the young universe. According to study co-author
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of UCLA, "The vast majority of old galaxies look like train wrecks. Our first thought was, why is this one so different, and so beautiful?"
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disk, rotating roughly as fast as the Milky Way Galaxy, but much thicker and forming stars more rapidly.
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397:(2012-07-19). "High Velocity Dispersion in A Rare Grand Design Spiral Galaxy at Redshift z=2.18".
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David R. Law; Alice E. Shapley; Charles C. Steidel; Naveen A. Reddy; Charlotte R. Christensen;
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594:"Primordial Pinwheel: Astronomers Spot Oldest Prominent Spiral Galaxy Yet"
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the Milky Way, known as the
Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy (
1337:
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651:
27:
Distant grand design spiral galaxy in the constellation
Pegasus
259:
HB89 2343+125 BX442, PGC 4668406, SSTSL2 J234619.33+124759.4
571:"Hubble Has Spotted an Ancient Galaxy That Shouldn't Exist"
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348:, an old and distant spiral galaxy located in the
462:"Hubble spots spiral galaxy that shouldn't exist"
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91:+12° 48′ 00.0″
241:
204:
1636:Astronomical objects discovered in 2012
368:
358:, another old and distant spiral galaxy
29:
7:
1631:Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects
624:"A Really Old Spiral Galaxy – BX442"
569:Gonzalez, Robert T. (19 July 2012).
25:
460:Thomas H. Maugh II (2012-07-18).
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1573:
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735:
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489:"Distance Measures in Cosmology"
38:
720:High Resolution Coronal Imager
1:
722:(solar observatory; Jul 2012)
44:BX442 (Hubble Legacy Archive)
1600:Category:2013 in outer space
1595:Category:2012 in outer space
1590:Category:2011 in outer space
592:John Matson (19 July 2012).
487:David W. Hogg (2000-12-16).
113:Heliocentric radial velocity
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274:grand design spiral galaxy
1568:
1561:(lunar impacts; Dec 2012)
795:Asteroid close approaches
733:
728:(Earth orbiter; Aug 2012)
683:
258:
37:
1626:Unbarred spiral galaxies
1533:(Mars landing; Aug 2012)
1621:Pegasus (constellation)
1472:supermassive black hole
1434:LAE J095950.99+021219.1
766:Sutter's Mill meteorite
184:(5.5 billion
162:(3.3 billion
131:Galactocentric velocity
1580:Outer space portal
622:Merrifield, Michael.
286:concordance cosmology
280:. It has a companion
171:light travel distance
1503:21P/Giacobini–Zinner
707:Space probe launches
598:Scientific American
540:10.1038/nature10417
532:2011Natur.477..301P
431:10.1038/nature11256
423:2012Natur.487..338L
1333:MOA-2010-BLG-477Lb
1068:Kappa Andromedae b
254:Other designations
232:~50 kly (diameter)
201:Apparent magnitude
50:Observation data (
1608:
1607:
1522:Space exploration
970:CFBDSIR 2149−0403
771:2012 UK meteoroid
628:Deep Space Videos
516:(7364): 301–303.
467:Los Angeles Times
407:(7407): 338–340.
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16:(Redirected from
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1541:(departure from
1508:C/2012 E2 (SWAN)
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941:
940:
936:(214869) 2007 PA
931:
929:
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907:(523662) 2012 MU
902:
900:
899:
895:(308242) 2005 GO
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840:
839:
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818:(192642) 1999 RD
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776:Novato meteorite
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726:Van Allen Probes
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334:Whirlpool Galaxy
313:laser-guide-star
305:Alice E. Shapley
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125:0.0001 km/s
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1454:Phoenix Cluster
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214:Characteristics
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1459:WISE 1639−6847
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1051:HW Virginis b
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947:4179 Toutatis
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758:Impact events
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678:2012 in space
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356:BRI 1335-0417
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246:0.015 x 0.01
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238:Apparent size
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63:Constellation
60:
56:
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36:
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19:
1593:
1537:
1529:
1513:96P/Machholz
1061:rogue object
987:Gliese 163 c
975:rogue planet
627:
603:29 September
601:. Retrieved
587:
577:10 September
575:. Retrieved
564:
513:
509:
503:
492:. Retrieved
482:
471:. Retrieved
465:
455:
404:
398:
326:
322:
318:
309:
302:
292:solar masses
282:dwarf galaxy
269:
265:
264:
1555:; Dec 2012)
1545:; Sep 2012)
1498:78P/Gehrels
1449:Q2343-BX442
1444:Styx (moon)
1422:Discoveries
1007:Giese 676 A
632:Brady Haran
395:Dawn K. Erb
270:Q2343-BX442
142:6 km/s
87:Declination
80:23 46 19.35
33:Q2343-BX442
18:Q2343-BX442
1615:Categories
1551:(flyby of
1429:LEDA 74886
1388:RR Caeli b
1173:Kepler-35b
1168:Kepler-34b
992:Gliese 667
957:Exoplanets
494:2012-12-02
473:2012-07-19
363:References
350:Abell 1689
154:10.7
1549:Chang'e 2
1530:Curiosity
1464:SN 2012fr
1439:BD+48 740
1312:Kepler-89
1299:Kepler-84
1277:Kepler-80
1260:Kepler-56
1247:Kepler-51
1230:Kepler-47
1217:Kepler-46
1195:Kepler-42
1178:Kepler-36
1144:Kepler-33
1128:Kepler-32
1112:Kepler-30
1095:Kepler-25
1078:Kepler-24
1024:GJ 3470 b
982:CoRoT-21b
785:Selected
523:1109.2918
447:205229562
414:1207.4196
191:(present
1477:Huge-LQG
1469:NGC 1277
1413:WASP-79b
1408:WASP-66b
1403:WASP-56b
1398:WASP-49b
1393:WASP-47b
1353:Tau Ceti
1348:Pr0211 b
1343:Pr0201 b
1073:KELT-2Ab
1029:HD 40307
812:433 Eros
697: »
548:21921911
439:22810697
346:A1689B11
340:See also
276:of type
176:18
149:Distance
97:Redshift
1543:4 Vesta
1486:Comets
924:2012 TC
918:2012 TV
883:2012 LZ
871:2012 KT
859:2012 KP
847:2012 EG
835:2012 FP
829:2012 FN
801:2012 BX
688:«
556:4405243
528:Bibcode
419:Bibcode
290:6 × 10
272:) is a
178:billion
156:billion
68:Pegasus
1056:J1407b
643:SIMBAD
554:
546:
510:Nature
445:
437:
400:Nature
330:SagDEG
299:Galaxy
240:
203:
180:
158:
106:0.0001
102:2.1765
1559:GRAIL
639:BX442
573:. io9
552:S2CID
518:arXiv
443:S2CID
409:arXiv
266:BX442
209:24.4R
55:epoch
52:J2000
1538:Dawn
1338:PH1b
787:NEOs
695:2013
690:2011
605:2012
579:2012
544:PMID
435:PMID
229:Size
220:Type
641:on
536:doi
514:477
427:doi
405:487
248:moa
242:(V)
205:(V)
137:498
135:652
120:348
118:652
1617::
1598:—
1592:—
1001:Cd
997:Cc
898:21
874:42
862:24
838:35
821:32
804:34
630:.
626:.
596:.
550:.
542:.
534:.
526:.
512:.
464:.
441:.
433:.
425:.
417:.
403:.
371:^
295:.
278:Sc
224:Sc
188:)
186:pc
182:ly
173:)
166:)
164:pc
160:ly
1381:f
1376:e
1372:?
1370:d
1366:?
1364:c
1360:?
1358:b
1326:e
1322:d
1319:c
1316:b
1306:c
1303:b
1293:f
1290:e
1287:d
1284:c
1281:b
1270:c
1265:b
1254:c
1251:b
1240:c
1235:b
1224:c
1221:b
1210:d
1205:c
1200:b
1188:c
1183:b
1162:f
1159:e
1156:d
1153:c
1149:b
1138:f
1135:e
1132:d
1122:d
1119:c
1116:b
1105:c
1100:b
1088:c
1083:b
1063:)
1059:(
1044:g
1039:f
1034:e
1017:e
1012:d
977:)
973:(
939:8
927:4
910:2
886:1
850:5
671:e
664:t
657:v
634:.
607:.
581:.
558:.
538::
530::
520::
497:.
476:.
449:.
429::
421::
411::
268:(
195:)
169:(
140:±
123:±
104:±
57:)
20:)
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