2451:
3258:
2441:
1541:– Quantum Information Group, University of Leeds. The quantum information group at the University of Leeds is engaged in researching a wide spectrum of aspects of quantum information. This ranges from algorithms, quantum computation, to physical implementations of information processing and fundamental issues in quantum mechanics. Also contains some basic tutorials for the lay audience.
1200:
for quantum computers are needed, as well as a larger community of competent quantum programmers. To this end, additional learning resources are needed, since there are many fundamental differences in quantum programming which limits the number of skills that can be carried over from traditional
1151:
have invested significantly in quantum computer hardware research, leading to significant progress in manufacturing quantum computers since the 2010s. Currently, it is possible to create a quantum computer with over 100
117:
1116:
to study the processing, analysis, and transmission of information. It covers both theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum physics, including the limits of what can be achieved with
1124:
is sometimes used, but it does not include experimental research and can be confused with a subfield of quantum information science that deals with the processing of quantum information.
1369:
Shiba, K., Sakamoto, K., Yamaguchi, K., Malla, D.B. & Sogabe, T. 2019, Convolution filter embedded quantum gate autoencoder, Cornell
University Library, arXiv.org, Ithaca.
2487:
1182:
ensure the secure exchange of the random keys. The development of devices that can transmit quantum entangled particles is a significant scientific and engineering goal.
3055:
1640:
1344:
3524:
3294:
2688:
1602:
1092:
383:
3613:
2332:
1055:
884:
2233:
1894:
3226:
1174:, uses a sequence of random keys for encryption. These keys can be securely exchanged using quantum entangled particle pairs, as the principles of the
3238:
2537:
1795:
1319:
591:
135:
47:
2120:
3492:
2922:
2480:
1559:
Center for
Quantum Information and Control, including theoretical and experimental groups from University of New Mexico, University of Arizona.
364:
2856:
547:
1461:
3634:
2779:
2444:
1630:
470:
2402:
1978:
3287:
2510:
2473:
2454:
2342:
1595:
1496:
1085:
130:
1928:
2620:
2270:
1298:
219:
2902:
2897:
326:
306:
3193:
2605:
2265:
1993:
1973:
1221:
1045:
877:
174:
2877:
1772:
296:
3440:
3205:
2260:
967:
957:
907:
566:
2754:
3183:
2960:
2882:
2650:
2520:
2293:
2115:
2018:
1679:
1334:
1262:
606:
344:
244:
2917:
359:
3280:
2851:
2846:
2817:
2515:
2298:
2166:
1757:
1588:
1078:
542:
537:
508:
140:
2892:
2078:
1938:
1712:
321:
311:
2985:
2322:
1667:
1241:
1233:
2802:
1767:
493:
3408:
3381:
3261:
3023:
2831:
2194:
2066:
1963:
1839:
1674:
1488:
1287:
870:
522:
2734:
2670:
441:
3045:
2912:
2836:
2797:
2713:
2563:
2003:
1968:
1864:
1807:
1249:
1213:
962:
527:
488:
416:
339:
199:
2088:
1702:
3514:
3112:
3092:
3082:
3072:
3028:
2588:
2176:
2149:
2125:
1879:
1812:
1747:
1732:
1339:
1324:
1282:
922:
611:
1625:
3221:
2807:
2769:
2718:
2327:
2061:
1953:
1923:
1722:
780:
498:
456:
406:
354:
120:
3598:
3460:
3132:
2907:
2887:
2812:
2708:
2665:
2397:
2161:
2154:
1901:
1179:
1030:
1005:
952:
932:
785:
503:
411:
331:
301:
264:
3603:
3572:
3435:
3356:
3157:
2655:
2635:
2317:
1869:
1834:
1538:
1314:
1197:
1132:
1040:
1010:
937:
254:
239:
2558:
1943:
1156:, but the error rate is high due to the lack of suitable materials for quantum computer manufacturing.
166:
3562:
3386:
3346:
3188:
3117:
3062:
2792:
2600:
2107:
1856:
1707:
1532:
1402:
1309:
1303:
1292:
1163:
1136:
1035:
927:
815:
571:
483:
209:
2209:
3537:
3396:
3391:
3376:
3351:
3328:
3304:
3173:
3142:
3087:
3067:
2975:
2932:
2787:
2698:
2625:
2615:
2527:
2426:
2379:
1983:
1737:
1717:
1652:
1647:
1229:
1117:
947:
942:
900:
670:
478:
396:
224:
204:
156:
3593:
3470:
3465:
3418:
3102:
3000:
2693:
2640:
2532:
2142:
1790:
1727:
1526:
1439:
1431:
1392:
1267:
1237:
1175:
1113:
917:
391:
316:
249:
161:
3233:
1988:
1553:
Center for
Quantum Information Science & Technology at the University of Southern California
1438:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 425–444.
3608:
3557:
3502:
3482:
3368:
3243:
3152:
3122:
3050:
3013:
3008:
2990:
2955:
2945:
2749:
2645:
2610:
2593:
2496:
2406:
2051:
1958:
1915:
1846:
1762:
1742:
1697:
1657:
1635:
1502:
1492:
1457:
1349:
1277:
1272:
1245:
1209:
1109:
825:
800:
740:
735:
635:
601:
581:
179:
38:
3547:
3487:
3413:
2970:
2965:
2822:
2703:
2073:
2023:
1800:
1449:
1430:
Häner, Thomas; Jaques, Samuel; Naehrig, Michael; Roetteler, Martin; Soeken, Mathias (2020).
1410:
1329:
1157:
1140:
1015:
830:
820:
810:
710:
690:
675:
645:
513:
401:
1379:
Chiu, Ching-Kai; Teo, Jeffrey C. Y.; Schnyder, Andreas P.; Ryu, Shinsei (August 31, 2016).
17:
3567:
3477:
3423:
3323:
3200:
3127:
3107:
3077:
3040:
3035:
2940:
2764:
2199:
2137:
1827:
1822:
1476:
855:
725:
705:
451:
291:
1406:
3497:
3452:
3430:
3318:
3178:
3147:
3137:
2759:
2739:
2568:
2308:
2285:
2252:
2056:
1933:
995:
790:
750:
730:
700:
680:
630:
596:
446:
436:
229:
3628:
3097:
2950:
2841:
2744:
2660:
2630:
2583:
2130:
1948:
1874:
1020:
990:
850:
845:
775:
745:
715:
586:
532:
259:
234:
3532:
2980:
2578:
2573:
2350:
2275:
1480:
1167:
840:
835:
770:
755:
720:
214:
1453:
1415:
1380:
3018:
2360:
2214:
1752:
1025:
805:
760:
695:
650:
3552:
3542:
2421:
2355:
2219:
1580:
1225:
1000:
795:
765:
685:
660:
655:
640:
1506:
112:{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\Psi \rangle ={\hat {H}}|\Psi \rangle }
3403:
3272:
2872:
2553:
2204:
1574:
1217:
1143:
depend on a comprehensive understanding of quantum physics and engineering.
286:
2389:
2365:
2224:
2189:
1171:
972:
665:
2416:
2033:
1565:
Centre for
Quantum Technologies at the National University of Singapore
1193:
1060:
1244:, posing a major security threat. This led to increased investment in
3507:
2393:
1889:
1185:
1144:
1050:
2465:
1577:
Quantum
Science and Technologies Group at Louisiana State University
1529:
European roadmap on
Quantum Information Processing and Communication
1444:
1397:
1662:
1432:"Improved Quantum Circuits for Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithms"
1153:
2411:
1884:
1817:
1252:
to prepare for the fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) era.
1189:
3276:
2469:
1584:
2028:
2013:
1381:"Classification of topological quantum matter with symmetries"
1148:
1562:
1544:
1520:
1571:
Centre for
Quantum Computation and Communication Technology
1568:
1550:
1556:
1547:
1196:
are popular quantum programming languages. Additional
1306:, as seen from an information-theoretic point of view
50:
3586:
3523:
3451:
3367:
3339:
3311:
3214:
3166:
2999:
2931:
2865:
2778:
2727:
2681:
2546:
2503:
2378:
2341:
2307:
2284:
2251:
2242:
2175:
2104:
2042:
2002:
1914:
1855:
1781:
1690:
1618:
1236:, could potentially break widely used ciphers like
1166:devices are now available for commercial use. The
111:
27:Interdisciplinary theory behind quantum computing
1434:. In Ding, Jintai; Tillich, Jean-Pierre (eds.).
1535:– Quantum Information, Imperial College London.
1345:Timeline of quantum computing and communication
1232:that, with a quantum computer containing 4,000
1523:– quantum information science portal and wiki.
3288:
2481:
1596:
1295:and its generalization, quantum communication
1086:
878:
8:
106:
80:
1485:Quantum Computation and Quantum Information
1108:is a field that combines the principles of
3295:
3281:
3273:
2488:
2474:
2466:
2248:
1852:
1603:
1589:
1581:
1093:
1079:
896:
885:
871:
29:
1443:
1414:
1396:
98:
87:
86:
72:
57:
49:
1487:(10th anniversary ed.). Cambridge:
1320:Entanglement-assisted classical capacity
2121:Continuous-variable quantum information
1362:
981:
906:
899:
54:
37:
3493:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
7:
1170:, a cipher used by spies during the
1228:introduced a quantum algorithm for
1160:may be a crucial missing material.
1128:Scientific and engineering studies
417:Sum-over-histories (path integral)
103:
77:
33:Part of a series of articles about
25:
3257:
3256:
2450:
2449:
2440:
2439:
1340:Quantum decision tree complexity
1299:Quantum communication complexity
1248:research and the development of
3614:Timeline of physics discoveries
1222:computational complexity theory
1046:Library and information science
3206:Relativistic quantum mechanics
968:Science and technology studies
567:Relativistic quantum mechanics
99:
92:
73:
1:
3184:Quantum statistical mechanics
2961:Quantum differential calculus
2883:Delayed-choice quantum eraser
2651:Symmetry in quantum mechanics
2116:Adiabatic quantum computation
1335:Quantum communication channel
1263:Glossary of quantum computing
1205:Related mathematical subjects
607:Quantum statistical mechanics
2167:Topological quantum computer
1454:10.1007/978-3-030-44223-1_23
1416:10.1103/RevModPhys.88.035005
982:Related fields and subfields
3635:Quantum information science
3578:Quantum information science
2986:Quantum stochastic calculus
2976:Quantum measurement problem
2898:Mach–Zehnder interferometer
2445:Quantum information science
1612:Quantum information science
1216:are two of the subjects in
1106:Quantum information science
1066:Quantum information science
577:Quantum information science
18:Quantum Information Science
3651:
3409:Classical electromagnetism
1840:quantum gate teleportation
1489:Cambridge University Press
1288:Quantum information theory
1122:quantum information theory
3252:
3046:Quantum complexity theory
3024:Quantum cellular automata
2714:Path integral formulation
2435:
1969:Quantum Fourier transform
1865:Post-quantum cryptography
1808:Entanglement distillation
1436:Post-Quantum Cryptography
1385:Reviews of Modern Physics
1250:post-quantum cryptography
1224:. In 1994, mathematician
1214:quantum complexity theory
1139:and the manufacturing of
3515:Condensed matter physics
3113:Quantum machine learning
3093:Quantum key distribution
3083:Quantum image processing
3073:Quantum error correction
2923:Wheeler's delayed choice
2455:Quantum mechanics topics
2150:Quantum machine learning
2126:One-way quantum computer
1979:Quantum phase estimation
1880:Quantum key distribution
1813:Monogamy of entanglement
1325:No-communication theorem
1283:Quantum error correction
612:Quantum machine learning
365:Wheeler's delayed-choice
3029:Quantum finite automata
2062:Randomized benchmarking
1924:Amplitude amplification
322:Leggett–Garg inequality
3599:Nobel Prize in Physics
3461:Relativistic mechanics
3133:Quantum neural network
2162:Quantum Turing machine
2155:quantum neural network
1902:Quantum secret sharing
1180:wave function collapse
1031:Information technology
953:Knowledge organization
113:
3604:Philosophy of physics
3158:Quantum teleportation
2671:Wave–particle duality
2234:Entanglement-assisted
2195:quantum convolutional
1870:Quantum coin flipping
1835:Quantum teleportation
1796:entanglement-assisted
1626:DiVincenzo's criteria
1315:Quantum teleportation
1198:programming languages
1133:Quantum teleportation
1041:Intellectual property
1011:Computer data storage
307:Elitzur–Vaidman
297:Davisson–Germer
114:
3563:Mathematical physics
3189:Quantum field theory
3118:Quantum metamaterial
3063:Quantum cryptography
2793:Consistent histories
2045:processor benchmarks
1974:Quantum optimization
1857:Quantum cryptography
1668:physical vs. logical
1310:Quantum dense coding
1304:Quantum entanglement
1293:Quantum cryptography
1164:Quantum cryptography
1036:Intellectual freedom
572:Quantum field theory
484:Consistent histories
121:Schrödinger equation
48:
3538:Atmospheric physics
3377:Classical mechanics
3305:branches of physics
3174:Quantum fluctuation
3143:Quantum programming
3103:Quantum logic gates
3088:Quantum information
3068:Quantum electronics
2528:Classical mechanics
1758:Quantum speed limit
1653:Quantum programming
1648:Quantum information
1477:Nielsen, Michael A.
1407:2016RvMP...88c5005C
1230:prime factorization
1118:quantum information
901:Information science
360:Stern–Gerlach
157:Classical mechanics
3594:History of physics
3227:in popular culture
3009:Quantum algorithms
2857:Von Neumann–Wigner
2837:Objective collapse
2533:Old quantum theory
2407:Forest/Rigetti QCS
2143:quantum logic gate
1929:Bernstein–Vazirani
1916:Quantum algorithms
1791:Classical capacity
1675:Quantum processors
1658:Quantum simulation
1527:ERA-Pilot QIST WP1
1268:Information theory
1176:no-cloning theorem
1114:information theory
548:Von Neumann–Wigner
528:Objective-collapse
327:Mach–Zehnder
317:Leggett inequality
312:Franck–Hertz
162:Old quantum theory
109:
3622:
3621:
3609:Physics education
3558:Materials science
3525:Interdisciplinary
3483:Quantum mechanics
3270:
3269:
3244:Quantum mysticism
3222:Schrödinger's cat
3153:Quantum simulator
3123:Quantum metrology
3051:Quantum computing
3014:Quantum amplifier
2991:Quantum spacetime
2956:Quantum cosmology
2946:Quantum chemistry
2646:Scattering theory
2594:Zero-point energy
2589:Degenerate levels
2497:Quantum mechanics
2463:
2462:
2374:
2373:
2271:Linear optical QC
2052:Quantum supremacy
2006:complexity theory
1959:Quantum annealing
1910:
1909:
1847:Superdense coding
1636:Quantum computing
1463:978-3-030-44223-1
1350:Petz recovery map
1278:Quantum computing
1273:Quantum mechanics
1246:quantum computing
1210:Quantum algorithm
1158:Majorana fermions
1141:quantum computers
1110:quantum mechanics
1103:
1102:
895:
894:
602:Scattering theory
582:Quantum computing
355:Schrödinger's cat
287:Bell's inequality
95:
70:
39:Quantum mechanics
16:(Redirected from
3642:
3548:Chemical physics
3488:Particle physics
3414:Classical optics
3297:
3290:
3283:
3274:
3260:
3259:
2971:Quantum geometry
2966:Quantum dynamics
2823:Superdeterminism
2755:Rarita–Schwinger
2704:Matrix mechanics
2559:Bra–ket notation
2490:
2483:
2476:
2467:
2453:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2249:
2179:error correction
2108:computing models
2074:Relaxation times
1964:Quantum counting
1853:
1801:quantum capacity
1748:No-teleportation
1733:No-communication
1605:
1598:
1591:
1582:
1510:
1481:Chuang, Isaac L.
1468:
1467:
1447:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1400:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1330:Quantum capacity
1095:
1088:
1081:
1016:Cultural studies
897:
887:
880:
873:
514:Superdeterminism
167:Bra–ket notation
118:
116:
115:
110:
102:
97:
96:
88:
76:
71:
69:
58:
30:
21:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3582:
3568:Medical physics
3519:
3478:Nuclear physics
3447:
3441:Non-equilibrium
3363:
3335:
3307:
3301:
3271:
3266:
3248:
3234:Wigner's friend
3210:
3201:Quantum gravity
3162:
3148:Quantum sensing
3128:Quantum network
3108:Quantum machine
3078:Quantum imaging
3041:Quantum circuit
3036:Quantum channel
2995:
2941:Quantum biology
2927:
2903:Elitzur–Vaidman
2878:Davisson–Germer
2861:
2813:Hidden-variable
2803:de Broglie–Bohm
2780:Interpretations
2774:
2723:
2677:
2564:Complementarity
2542:
2499:
2494:
2464:
2459:
2431:
2381:
2370:
2343:Superconducting
2337:
2303:
2294:Neutral atom QC
2286:Ultracold atoms
2280:
2245:implementations
2244:
2238:
2178:
2171:
2138:Quantum circuit
2106:
2100:
2094:
2084:
2044:
2038:
2005:
1998:
1954:Hidden subgroup
1906:
1895:other protocols
1851:
1828:quantum network
1823:Quantum channel
1783:
1777:
1723:No-broadcasting
1713:Gottesman–Knill
1686:
1614:
1609:
1517:
1499:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1258:
1207:
1130:
1099:
1070:
977:
908:General aspects
891:
862:
861:
860:
625:
617:
616:
562:
561:Advanced topics
554:
553:
552:
504:Hidden-variable
494:de Broglie–Bohm
473:
471:Interpretations
463:
462:
461:
431:
423:
422:
421:
379:
371:
370:
369:
336:
292:CHSH inequality
281:
273:
272:
271:
200:Complementarity
194:
186:
185:
184:
152:
123:
62:
46:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3648:
3646:
3638:
3637:
3627:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3431:Thermodynamics
3428:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3373:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3181:
3179:Casimir effect
3176:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3138:Quantum optics
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2913:Quantum eraser
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2571:
2569:Density matrix
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2427:many others...
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2400:
2386:
2384:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2299:Trapped-ion QC
2296:
2290:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2253:Quantum optics
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2183:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2059:
2057:Quantum volume
2054:
2048:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1934:Boson sampling
1931:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1768:Solovay–Kitaev
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1516:
1515:External links
1513:
1512:
1511:
1497:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1422:
1371:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1234:logical qubits
1206:
1203:
1129:
1126:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1006:Classification
1003:
998:
996:Categorization
993:
987:
984:
983:
979:
978:
976:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
914:
911:
910:
904:
903:
893:
892:
890:
889:
882:
875:
867:
864:
863:
859:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
627:
626:
623:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
609:
604:
599:
597:Density matrix
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
563:
560:
559:
556:
555:
551:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
519:
518:
517:
516:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
475:
474:
469:
468:
465:
464:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
433:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
388:
387:
386:
380:
377:
376:
373:
372:
368:
367:
362:
357:
351:
350:
349:
348:
347:
345:Delayed-choice
340:Quantum eraser
335:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
283:
282:
279:
278:
275:
274:
270:
269:
268:
267:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
230:Quantum number
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
183:
182:
177:
171:
170:
169:
164:
159:
153:
150:
149:
146:
145:
144:
143:
138:
133:
125:
124:
119:
108:
105:
101:
94:
91:
85:
82:
79:
75:
68:
65:
61:
56:
53:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3647:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:Ocean physics
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3508:Modern optics
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3357:Computational
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3263:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Quantum logic
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2951:Quantum chaos
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2918:Stern–Gerlach
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:Transactional
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:Quantum logic
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2661:Wave function
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:Superposition
2634:
2632:
2631:Quantum state
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Excited state
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2456:
2448:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2377:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:Spin qubit QC
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2131:cluster state
2129:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1939:Deutsch–Jozsa
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:Quantum money
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:communication
1780:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1498:9780511992773
1494:
1490:
1486:
1483:(June 2012).
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1391:(3): 035005.
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1201:programming.
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1021:Data modeling
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
991:Bibliometrics
989:
988:
986:
985:
980:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
913:
912:
909:
905:
902:
898:
888:
883:
881:
876:
874:
869:
868:
866:
865:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
621:
620:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
587:Quantum chaos
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
558:
557:
549:
546:
544:
543:Transactional
541:
539:
536:
534:
533:Quantum logic
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
515:
512:
511:
510:
507:
506:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
472:
467:
466:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
427:
426:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
385:
382:
381:
375:
374:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
346:
343:
342:
341:
338:
337:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
277:
276:
266:
263:
262:
261:
260:Wave function
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
240:Superposition
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
190:
189:
181:
178:
176:
173:
172:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
148:
147:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
127:
126:
122:
89:
83:
66:
63:
59:
51:
44:
43:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
3577:
3533:Astrophysics
3347:Experimental
2981:Quantum mind
2893:Franck–Hertz
2735:Klein–Gordon
2689:Formulations
2682:Formulations
2611:Interference
2601:Entanglement
2579:Ground state
2574:Energy level
2547:Fundamentals
2511:Introduction
2351:Charge qubit
2276:KLM protocol
2225:
2089:
2079:
1773:Purification
1703:Eastin–Knill
1611:
1484:
1435:
1425:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1365:
1208:
1184:
1168:one time pad
1162:
1137:entanglement
1131:
1121:
1105:
1104:
1065:
1056:Preservation
923:Architecture
576:
442:Klein–Gordon
378:Formulations
215:Energy level
210:Entanglement
193:Fundamentals
180:Interference
131:Introduction
3436:Statistical
3352:Theoretical
3329:Engineering
3239:EPR paradox
3019:Quantum bus
2888:Double-slit
2866:Experiments
2832:Many-worlds
2770:Schrödinger
2719:Phase space
2709:Schrödinger
2699:Interaction
2656:Uncertainty
2626:Nonlocality
2621:Measurement
2616:Decoherence
2606:Hamiltonian
2382:programming
2361:Phase qubit
2266:Circuit QED
1738:No-deleting
1680:cloud-based
1120:. The term
1026:Informatics
831:von Neumann
816:Schrödinger
592:EPR paradox
523:Many-worlds
457:Schrödinger
412:Schrödinger
407:Phase-space
397:Interaction
302:Double-slit
280:Experiments
255:Uncertainty
225:Nonlocality
220:Measurement
205:Decoherence
175:Hamiltonian
3553:Geophysics
3543:Biophysics
3387:Analytical
3340:Approaches
3167:Extensions
3001:Technology
2847:Relational
2798:Copenhagen
2694:Heisenberg
2641:Tunnelling
2504:Background
2422:libquantum
2356:Flux qubit
2261:Cavity QED
2210:Bacon–Shor
2200:stabilizer
1728:No-cloning
1445:2001.09580
1398:1505.03535
1357:References
1226:Peter Shor
1218:algorithms
1001:Censorship
963:Philosophy
933:Management
826:Sommerfeld
741:Heisenberg
736:Gutzwiller
676:de Broglie
624:Scientists
538:Relational
489:Copenhagen
392:Heisenberg
250:Tunnelling
151:Background
3503:Molecular
3404:Acoustics
3397:Continuum
3392:Celestial
3382:Newtonian
3369:Classical
3312:Divisions
2873:Bell test
2728:Equations
2554:Born rule
2328:NV center
1763:Threshold
1743:No-hiding
1708:Gleason's
1507:700706156
938:Retrieval
856:Zeilinger
701:Ehrenfest
430:Equations
107:⟩
104:Ψ
93:^
81:⟩
78:Ψ
55:ℏ
3629:Category
3262:Category
3056:Timeline
2808:Ensemble
2788:Bayesian
2750:Majorana
2666:Collapse
2538:Glossary
2521:Timeline
2390:OpenQASM
2366:Transmon
2243:Physical
2043:Quantum
1944:Grover's
1718:Holevo's
1691:Theorems
1641:timeline
1631:NISQ era
1521:Quantiki
1256:See also
1172:Cold War
973:Taxonomy
958:Ontology
928:Behavior
781:Millikan
706:Einstein
691:Davisson
646:Blackett
631:Aharonov
499:Ensemble
479:Bayesian
384:Overview
265:Collapse
245:Symmetry
136:Glossary
3587:Related
3471:General
3466:Special
3324:Applied
3215:Related
3194:History
2933:Science
2765:Rydberg
2516:History
2380:Quantum
2318:Kane QC
2177:Quantum
2105:Quantum
2034:PostBQP
2004:Quantum
1989:Simon's
1782:Quantum
1619:General
1575:QST@LSU
1403:Bibcode
1194:Q Sharp
1061:Privacy
948:Society
943:Seeking
821:Simmons
811:Rydberg
776:Moseley
756:Kramers
746:Hilbert
731:Glauber
726:Feynman
711:Everett
681:Compton
452:Rydberg
141:History
3498:Atomic
3453:Modern
3303:Major
2908:Popper
2398:IBM QX
2394:Qiskit
2333:NMR QC
2311:-based
2215:Steane
2186:Codes
1984:Shor's
1890:SARG04
1698:Bell's
1545:mathQI
1505:
1495:
1460:
1186:Qiskit
1154:qubits
1145:Google
1051:Memory
918:Access
851:Zeeman
846:Wigner
796:Planck
766:Landau
751:Jordan
402:Matrix
332:Popper
2818:Local
2760:Pauli
2740:Dirac
2220:Toric
1663:Qubit
1569:CQC2T
1557:CQuIC
1551:CQIST
1440:arXiv
1393:arXiv
1112:with
806:Raman
791:Pauli
786:Onnes
721:Fermi
696:Debye
686:Dirac
651:Bloch
641:Bethe
509:Local
447:Pauli
437:Dirac
235:State
3424:Wave
3319:Pure
2745:Weyl
2412:Cirq
2403:Quil
2309:Spin
2205:Shor
1885:BB84
1818:LOCC
1533:QIIC
1503:OCLC
1493:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1240:and
1220:and
1212:and
1192:and
1190:Cirq
1178:and
1147:and
841:Wien
836:Weyl
801:Rabi
771:Laue
761:Lamb
716:Fock
671:Bose
666:Born
661:Bohr
656:Bohm
636:Bell
3419:Ray
2226:gnu
2190:CSS
2067:XEB
2029:QMA
2024:QIP
2019:EQP
2014:BQP
1994:VQE
1949:HHL
1753:PBR
1563:CQT
1539:QIP
1450:doi
1411:doi
1242:ECC
1238:RSA
1149:IBM
3631::
2417:Q#
1501:.
1491:.
1479:;
1456:.
1448:.
1409:.
1401:.
1389:88
1387:.
1383:.
1188:,
1135:,
3296:e
3289:t
3282:v
2489:e
2482:t
2475:v
2405:–
2396:–
2392:–
2093:2
2090:T
2083:1
2080:T
1604:e
1597:t
1590:v
1509:.
1466:.
1452::
1442::
1419:.
1413::
1405::
1395::
1094:e
1087:t
1080:v
886:e
879:t
872:v
100:|
90:H
84:=
74:|
67:t
64:d
60:d
52:i
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.