90:
197:
1891:
814:
236:
of proper times via time dilation of the theory of relativity by which time passes slower for one object in relation to another object when the former moves at a higher velocity. In "quantum time dilation" one of the two clocks moves in a superposition of two localized momentum
101:
The NIST team are not able to measure clock ticks per second because the definition of a second is based on the standard NIST-F1, which cannot measure a machine more precise than itself. However, the aluminum ion clock's measured frequency to the current standard is
365:
Rosenband, T.; Hume, D. B.; Schmidt, P. O.; Chou, C. W.; Brusch, A.; Lorini, L.; Oskay, W. H.; Drullinger, R. E.; Fortier, T. M.; Stalnaker, J. E.; Diddams, S. A.; Swann, W. C.; Newbury, N. R.; Itano, W. M.; Wineland, D. J.; Bergquist, J. C. (28 March 2008).
882:
Bloom, B. J.; Nicholson, T. L.; Williams, J. R.; Campbell, S. L.; Bishof, M.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, W.; Bromley, S. L.; Ye, J. (22 January 2014). "An optical lattice clock with accuracy and stability at the 10â18 level".
89:
145:
ion clock. These were the most accurate clocks that had been constructed, with neither clock gaining nor losing time at a rate that would exceed a second in over a billion years.
1135:
54:, the clock was 37 times more precise than the then-existing international standard. The quantum logic clock is based on an aluminium spectroscopy ion with a logic atom.
971:
T.L. Nicholson; S.L. Campbell; R.B. Hutson; G.E. Marti; B.J. Bloom; R.L. McNally; W. Zhang; M.D. Barrett; M.S. Safronova; G.F. Strouse; W.L. Tew; J. Ye (21 April 2015).
1688:
568:
126:
51:
1336:
122:. NIST have attributed the clock's accuracy to the fact that it is insensitive to background magnetic and electric fields, and unaffected by temperature.
452:
1859:
1871:
1185:
302:". At this frequency uncertainty, this JILA optical lattice optical clock is expected to neither gain nor lose a second in more than 15 billion (
1555:
1128:
1489:
857:
1930:
1412:
624:
Brewer, S. M.; Chen, J.-S.; Hankin, A. M.; Clements, E. R.; Chou, C. W.; Wineland, D. J.; Hume, D. B.; Leibrandt, D. R. (2019-07-15).
564:
472:
1158:
1121:
1092:
1039:
1268:
1535:
1530:
1826:
1253:
1510:
1920:
1838:
685:
1816:
1593:
1515:
1298:
1168:
1550:
1935:
1484:
1479:
1450:
1163:
1525:
232:
In a 2020 paper scientists illustrated that and how quantum clocks could experience a possibly experimentally testable
1925:
1618:
291:
148:
In
February 2010, NIST physicists described a second, enhanced version of the quantum logic clock based on individual
1435:
1894:
1656:
1464:
184:(deviates one second every 33.7 billion years), which is the first demonstration of a clock with uncertainty below
1387:
1318:
1678:
1545:
1469:
1430:
1361:
1211:
176:
atomic clock uncertainty was about 3.1 Ă 10 expected to neither gain nor lose a second in more than 100 million (
831:
1745:
1725:
1715:
1705:
1661:
1236:
1854:
1440:
1402:
1366:
1940:
1915:
1765:
1540:
1520:
1445:
1356:
1313:
78:
339:
1790:
1303:
1283:
593:
266:
254:
233:
1206:
946:"Report from TCTF/TCL JWG on Optical Frequency Metrology, TCTF Meeting, Delhi, India, 27 November 2017"
294:
for an elevation change of 2 cm (0.79 in) on planet Earth that according to JILA/NIST Fellow
1821:
1750:
1695:
1425:
1248:
994:
902:
769:
594:"NIST-F1 Cesium Fountain Atomic Clock: The Primary Time and Frequency Standard for the United States"
515:
382:
1806:
1775:
1720:
1700:
1608:
1565:
1420:
1346:
1273:
1263:
1175:
134:
1735:
1633:
1341:
1288:
1180:
984:
926:
892:
759:
725:
663:
637:
539:
505:
406:
165:
1866:
261:
until 2019. An experimental optical lattice clock was described in a 2014 Nature paper. In 2015
1066:
368:"Frequency Ratio of Al+ and Hg+ Single-ion Optical Clocks; Metrology at the 17th Decimal Place"
1876:
1785:
1755:
1683:
1646:
1641:
1623:
1588:
1578:
1293:
1258:
1241:
1144:
1020:
918:
803:
785:
655:
531:
398:
160:. Considered the world's most precise clock in 2010 with a fractional frequency inaccuracy of
142:
62:
565:"NIST's Second 'Quantum Logic Clock' Based on Aluminum Ion is Now World's Most Precise Clock"
453:"Press release: NIST 'Quantum Logic Clock' Rivals Mercury Ion as World's Most Accurate Clock"
1603:
1598:
1455:
1351:
1010:
1002:
910:
793:
777:
715:
647:
572:
523:
469:
390:
180:) years. In July 2019, NIST scientists demonstrated such a clock with total uncertainty of
173:
470:
NIST's Second 'Quantum Logic Clock' Based on
Aluminum Ion is Now World's Most Precise Clock
77:
and other similar time standards around the world. Quantum clocks like this are able to be
27:
Atomic clock with laser cooled single ions confined together in an electromagnetic ion trap
1833:
1760:
1740:
1710:
1673:
1668:
1573:
1397:
625:
489:
C.W Chou; D. Hume; J.C.J. Koelemeij; D.J. Wineland & T. Rosenband (17 February 2010).
476:
344:
945:
998:
906:
773:
519:
386:
1811:
1780:
1770:
1392:
1382:
1216:
1015:
972:
798:
747:
212:
is moving in a superposition of localized momentum wave packets with average momentum p
196:
1043:
224:
experiences a quantum contribution to the time dilation it observes relative to clock
1909:
1730:
1583:
1474:
1308:
1278:
1231:
729:
667:
410:
258:
543:
1613:
1226:
1221:
930:
651:
527:
318:
250:
66:
39:
35:
490:
1093:"The most accurate clock ever built only loses one second every 15 billion years"
1651:
238:
70:
914:
818:
781:
430:
789:
17:
1505:
1201:
394:
157:
153:
138:
58:
1024:
922:
807:
659:
535:
402:
1067:"Getting Better All the Time: JILA Strontium Atomic Clock Sets New Record"
720:
703:
367:
626:"Al + 27 Quantum-Logic Clock with a Systematic Uncertainty below 10 â 18"
47:
1006:
813:
431:"Quantum Clock Proves to be as Accurate as World's Most Accurate Clock"
299:
164:, it offers more than twice the precision of the original. In terms of
74:
973:"Systematic evaluation of an atomic clock at 2 Ă 10 total uncertainty"
832:"Timekeeping theory combines quantum clocks and Einstein's relativity"
73:, that is 100,000 times higher than the microwave frequencies used in
295:
204:
is moving in a localized momentum wave packet with average momentum p
1113:
764:
642:
989:
897:
510:
340:"Ultra-Precise Quantum-Logic Clock Puts Old Atomic Clock to Shame"
195:
168:, the quantum logic clock deviates one second every 3.68 billion (
129:
described an experimental quantum logic clock based on individual
88:
598:
262:
94:
69:
track time by the ion vibration at an optical frequency using a
1117:
858:"Quantum Time Twist Offers a Way to Create Schrödinger's Clock"
249:
The accuracy of quantum-logic clocks was briefly superseded by
172:) years, while the then current international standard NIST-F1
491:"Frequency Comparison of Two High-Accuracy Al+ Optical Clocks"
149:
130:
43:
265:
evaluated the absolute frequency uncertainty of their latest
200:"Two clocks are depicted as moving in Minkowski space. Clock
748:"Quantum clocks observe classical and quantum time dilation"
746:
Smith, Alexander R. H.; Ahmadi, Mehdi (23 October 2020).
241:, resulting in a change to the classical time dilation.
97:
2010 quantum logic clock based on a single aluminum ion
704:"Viewpoint: Ion Clock Busts into New Precision Regime"
741:
739:
1847:
1799:
1632:
1564:
1498:
1411:
1375:
1329:
1194:
1151:
1038:JILA Scientific Communications (21 April 2015).
1071:National Institute of Standards and Technology
569:National Institute of Standards and Technology
52:National Institute of Standards and Technology
50:. Developed in 2010 by physicists at the U.S.
1129:
298:is "getting really close to being useful for
8:
686:"Optical Clock Precision Breaks New Ground"
1136:
1122:
1114:
1014:
988:
896:
797:
763:
719:
641:
509:
228:due to its nonclassical state of motion."
821:(some content of it has been used here).
330:
697:
695:
679:
677:
7:
619:
617:
290:, which corresponds to a measurable
141:. This clock was compared to NIST's
952:. Asia-Pacific Metrology Programme
245:Other accurate experimental clocks
25:
571:. 4 February 2010. Archived from
1890:
1889:
812:
1091:James Vincent (22 April 2015).
1839:Relativistic quantum mechanics
944:Yasuda, Masami; Ido, Tetsuya.
652:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.033201
528:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.070802
451:Swenson, Gayle (7 June 2010).
338:Ghose, Tia (5 February 2010).
1:
1817:Quantum statistical mechanics
1594:Quantum differential calculus
1516:Delayed-choice quantum eraser
1299:Symmetry in quantum mechanics
125:In March 2008, physicists at
61:-based quantum clock and the
684:Wills, Stewart (July 2019).
286:) optical lattice clock at
1931:Quantum information science
1619:Quantum stochastic calculus
1609:Quantum measurement problem
1531:MachâZehnder interferometer
1065:Laura Ost (21 April 2015).
702:Dubé, Pierre (2019-07-15).
433:. azonano.com. 7 March 2008
292:gravitational time dilation
1957:
915:10.1038/s41586-021-04349-7
782:10.1038/s41467-020-18264-4
81:than microwave standards.
1885:
1679:Quantum complexity theory
1657:Quantum cellular automata
1362:Path integral formulation
1746:Quantum machine learning
1726:Quantum key distribution
1716:Quantum image processing
1706:Quantum error correction
1556:Wheeler's delayed choice
48:electromagnetic ion trap
46:confined together in an
1662:Quantum finite automata
856:O'Callaghan, Jonathan.
630:Physical Review Letters
498:Physical Review Letters
479:, NIST, 4 February 2010
395:10.1126/science.1154622
1766:Quantum neural network
251:optical lattice clocks
229:
98:
1921:Philosophy of physics
1791:Quantum teleportation
1319:Waveâparticle duality
977:Nature Communications
752:Nature Communications
721:10.1103/Physics.12.79
199:
192:Quantum time dilation
92:
1822:Quantum field theory
1751:Quantum metamaterial
1696:Quantum cryptography
1426:Consistent histories
1046:on 19 September 2015
300:relativistic geodesy
1936:Quantum measurement
1807:Quantum fluctuation
1776:Quantum programming
1736:Quantum logic gates
1721:Quantum information
1701:Quantum electronics
1176:Classical mechanics
999:2015NatCo...6.6896N
907:2014Natur.506...71B
862:Scientific American
774:2020NatCo..11.5360S
520:2010PhRvL.104g0802C
387:2008Sci...319.1808R
381:(5871): 1808â1812.
1926:Philosophy of time
1860:in popular culture
1642:Quantum algorithms
1490:Von NeumannâWigner
1470:Objective collapse
1181:Old quantum theory
1007:10.1038/ncomms7896
475:2010-09-05 at the
230:
166:standard deviation
99:
1903:
1902:
1877:Quantum mysticism
1855:Schrödinger's cat
1786:Quantum simulator
1756:Quantum metrology
1684:Quantum computing
1647:Quantum amplifier
1624:Quantum spacetime
1589:Quantum cosmology
1579:Quantum chemistry
1294:Scattering theory
1242:Zero-point energy
1237:Degenerate levels
1145:Quantum mechanics
602:. August 26, 2009
567:(Press release).
16:(Redirected from
1948:
1893:
1892:
1604:Quantum geometry
1599:Quantum dynamics
1456:Superdeterminism
1352:Matrix mechanics
1207:Braâket notation
1138:
1131:
1124:
1115:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1042:. Archived from
1035:
1029:
1028:
1018:
992:
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
941:
935:
934:
900:
879:
873:
872:
870:
868:
853:
847:
846:
844:
842:
828:
822:
817:Available under
816:
811:
801:
767:
743:
734:
733:
723:
699:
690:
689:
681:
672:
671:
645:
621:
612:
611:
609:
607:
590:
584:
583:
581:
580:
561:
555:
554:
552:
550:
513:
495:
486:
480:
467:
461:
460:
448:
442:
441:
439:
438:
427:
421:
420:
418:
417:
372:
362:
356:
355:
353:
352:
335:
305:
289:
285:
283:
280:
277:
274:
187:
183:
179:
174:Caesium fountain
171:
163:
121:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
79:far more precise
21:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1881:
1867:Wigner's friend
1843:
1834:Quantum gravity
1795:
1781:Quantum sensing
1761:Quantum network
1741:Quantum machine
1711:Quantum imaging
1674:Quantum circuit
1669:Quantum channel
1628:
1574:Quantum biology
1560:
1536:ElitzurâVaidman
1511:DavissonâGermer
1494:
1446:Hidden-variable
1436:de BroglieâBohm
1413:Interpretations
1407:
1371:
1325:
1212:Complementarity
1190:
1147:
1142:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1037:
1036:
1032:
970:
969:
965:
955:
953:
943:
942:
938:
881:
880:
876:
866:
864:
855:
854:
850:
840:
838:
830:
829:
825:
745:
744:
737:
701:
700:
693:
683:
682:
675:
623:
622:
615:
605:
603:
592:
591:
587:
578:
576:
563:
562:
558:
548:
546:
493:
488:
487:
483:
477:Wayback Machine
468:
464:
450:
449:
445:
436:
434:
429:
428:
424:
415:
413:
370:
364:
363:
359:
350:
348:
337:
336:
332:
327:
315:
309:
303:
287:
281:
278:
275:
272:
270:
247:
219:
215:
207:
194:
185:
181:
177:
169:
161:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
103:
87:
65:-based optical
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1814:
1812:Casimir effect
1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1771:Quantum optics
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1546:Quantum eraser
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1219:
1217:Density matrix
1214:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1083:
1057:
1030:
963:
936:
891:(7486): 71â5.
874:
848:
823:
735:
691:
673:
613:
585:
556:
481:
462:
443:
422:
357:
329:
328:
326:
323:
322:
321:
314:
311:
246:
243:
217:
213:
208:, while clock
205:
193:
190:
86:
83:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1953:
1942:
1941:Space science
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:Atomic clocks
1914:
1913:
1911:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1731:Quantum logic
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:Quantum chaos
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1551:SternâGerlach
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1485:Transactional
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:Quantum logic
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:Wave function
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:Superposition
1282:
1280:
1279:Quantum state
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1232:Excited state
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
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1614:Quantum mind
1526:FranckâHertz
1388:KleinâGordon
1337:Formulations
1330:Formulations
1259:Interference
1249:Entanglement
1227:Ground state
1222:Energy level
1195:Fundamentals
1159:Introduction
1100:. Retrieved
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1521:Double-slit
1499:Experiments
1465:Many-worlds
1403:Schrödinger
1367:Phase space
1357:Schrödinger
1347:Interaction
1304:Uncertainty
1274:Nonlocality
1269:Measurement
1264:Decoherence
1254:Hamiltonian
867:10 November
841:10 November
758:(1): 5360.
1910:Categories
1800:Extensions
1634:Technology
1480:Relational
1431:Copenhagen
1342:Heisenberg
1289:Tunnelling
1152:Background
1076:17 October
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765:1904.12390
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579:2012-11-04
549:9 February
437:2012-11-06
416:2013-07-31
351:2010-02-07
325:References
284:.0 Hz
1506:Bell test
1376:Equations
1202:Born rule
1097:The Verge
990:1412.8261
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819:CC BY 4.0
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836:phys.org
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473:Archived
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313:See also
304:1.5 Ă 10
288:2.1 Ă 10
220:. Clock
182:9.4 Ă 10
178:100 Ă 10
162:8.6 Ă 10
139:aluminum
85:Accuracy
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59:aluminum
1848:Related
1827:History
1566:Science
1398:Rydberg
1164:History
1102:26 June
1050:27 June
1016:4411304
995:Bibcode
931:4461081
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