1449:, which must be stored in the memory to faithfully reproduce the stored structural photons. An atomic vapor quantum memory is ideal for storing such beams because the orbital angular momentum of photons can be mapped to the phase and amplitude of the distributed integration excitation. Diffusion is a major limitation of this technique because the motion of hot atoms destroys the spatial coherence of the storage excitation. Early successes included storing weakly coherent pulses of spatial structure in a warm, ultracold atomic whole. In one experiment, the same group of scientists in a caesium
1402:, which means they can represent multiple combinations at the same time. These particles are called quantum bits, or qubits. From a cybersecurity perspective, the magic of qubits is that if a hacker tries to observe them in transit, their fragile quantum states shatter. This means it is impossible for hackers to tamper with network data without leaving a trace. Now, many companies are taking advantage of this feature to create networks that transmit highly sensitive data. In theory, these networks are secure.
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of the light. For some signals, you cannot measure both the amplitude and phase of the light without interfering with the signal. To store quantum information, light itself needs to be stored without being measured. An atomic gas quantum memory is recording the state of light into the atomic cloud. When light's information is stored by atoms, relative amplitude and phase of light is mapped to atoms and can be retrieved on-demand.
1346:, the storage of qubits is limited by the internal coherence time of the physical qubits holding the information. "Quantum memory" beyond the given physical qubit storage limits will be a quantum information transmission to "storing qubits" not easily affected by environmental noise and other factors. The information would later be transferred back to the preferred "process qubits" to allow rapid operations or reads.
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1442:, because they are relatively narrow spectrum line and the number of high density in the warm temperature of 50-100 â C. Alkali vapors have been used in some of the most important memory developments, from early research to the latest results we are discussing, due to their high optical depth, long coherent time and easy near-infrared optical transition.
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kind of memory that is different from the general one is created. It has the multimode capacity and can also be used as a high fidelity quantum converter. Experimental results show that in all these operations, the fidelity of the three-dimensional quantum state carried by the photon can be maintained at around 89%.
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Normal, classical optical signals are transmitted by varying the amplitude of light. In this case, a piece of paper, or a computer hard disk, can be used to store information on the lamp. In the quantum information scenario, however, the information may be encoded according to the amplitude and phase
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based on quantum repeater can be constructed by utilizing the storage and coherence of quantum states in the material system. Researchers have shown for the first time in rare-earth ion-doped crystals. By combining the three-dimensional space with two-dimensional time and two-dimensional spectrum, a
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has found a way to increase the efficiency of optical quantum memory to more than 85 percent. The discovery also brings the popularity of quantum computers closer to reality. At the same time, the quantum memory can also be used as a repeater in the quantum network, which lays the foundation for the
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mode of 40 THz and has a wide transient window in a visible and near-infrared band, which makes it suitable for being an optical memory with a very wide band. After the Raman storage interaction, the optical phonon decays into a pair of photons through the channel, and the decay lifetime is 3.5 ps,
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For quantum memory, quantum communication and cryptography are the future research directions. However, there are many challenges to building a global quantum network. One of the most important challenges is to create memories that can store the quantum information carried by light. Researchers at
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of atomic transitions. Slow light, optical storage, and quantum memories can be achieved based on EIT. In contrast to other approaches, EIT has a long storage time and is a relatively easy and inexpensive solution to implement. For example, electromagnetically induced transparency does not require
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The interaction of quantum radiation with multiple particles has sparked scientific interest over the past decade. Quantum memory is one such field, mapping the quantum state of light onto a group of atoms and then restoring it to its original shape. Quantum memory is a key element in information
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The coupling between the nitrogen-vacancy spin ensemble and superconducting qubits provides the possibility for microwave storage of superconducting qubits. Optical storage combines the coupling of electron spin state and superconducting quantum bits, which enables the nitrogen-vacancy center in
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Optical quantum memory is usually used to detect and store single photon quantum states. However, producing efficient memory of this kind is still a huge challenge for current science. A single photon is so low in energy as to be lost in a complex light background. These problems have long kept
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is prepared by an orbital angular momentum unit using spiral phase plates, stored in the second magneto-optical trap and recovered. The dual-orbit setup also proves coherence in multimode memory, where a preannounced single photon stores the orbital angular momentum superposition state for 100
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demonstrated a 92% storage-and-retrieval efficiency in the classical regime with coherent beams and a 70% storage-and-retrieval efficiency was demonstrated for polarization qubits encoded in weak coherent states, beating any classical benchmark. Following these demonstrations, single-photon
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can read EIT while the spin coherence survives due to the time delay of readout pulse caused by a spin recovery in non-uniformly broadened media. Although there are some limitations on operating wavelength, bandwidth, and mode capacity, techniques have been developed to make EIT-based quantum
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Nevertheless, diamond memory has allowed some revealing studies of the interactions between light and matter at the quantum level: optical phonons in a diamond can be used to demonstrate emission quantum memory, macroscopic entanglement, pre-predicted single-photon storage, and single-photon
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can store and protect quantum information, even at high frequencies. This makes ytterbium an ideal candidate for future quantum networks. Because signals cannot be replicated, scientists are now studying how quantum memories can be made to travel farther and farther by capturing photons to
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was able to store and retrieve vector beams at the single-photon level. The memory preserves the rotation invariance of the vector beam, making it possible to use it in conjunction with qubits encoded for maladjusted immune quantum communication.
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synchronize them. In order to do this, it becomes important to find the right materials for making quantum memories. Ytterbium is a good insulator and works at high frequencies so that photons can be stored and quickly restored.
1293:, while opening a new way for the foundation of light-atom interaction. However, restoring the quantum state of light is no easy task. While impressive progress has been made, researchers are still working to make it happen.
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is investigated. Crystals doped with rare earth have broad application prospects in the field of quantum storage because they provide a unique application system. Li
Chengfeng from the quantum information laboratory of the
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quantum storage rates below 50%. A team led by professor Du
Shengwang of the department of physics at the Hong Kong University of science and technology and William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology at
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Optical data storage has been an important research topic for many years. Its most interesting function is the use of the laws of quantum physics to protect data from theft, through quantum computing and
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state in 1993. The experiment was analyzed in 1998 and demonstrated in 2003. In summary, the study of quantum storage in the single photon state can be regarded as the product of the classical optical
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The first storage structure, a real single photon, was achieved with electromagnetically induced transparency in rubidium magneto-optical trap. The predicted single photon generated by spontaneous
1334:, memory is a trivial resource that can be replicated in long-lived memory hardware and retrieved later for further processing. In quantum computing, this is forbidden because, according to the
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GEM (Gradient Echo Memory) is a protocol for storing optical information and it can be applied to both atomic gas and solid-state memories. The idea was first demonstrated by researchers at
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Ohlsson N, Kröll S, Moiseev SA (2003). "Delayed single-photon self-interference â A double slit experiment in the time domain". In
Bigelow NP, Eberly JH, Stroud CR, Walmsley IA (eds.).
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Because of its high information transmission ability, people are more and more interested in its application in the field of quantum information. Structured light can carry
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Hsiao YF, Tsai PJ, Chen HS, Lin SX, Hung CC, Lee CH, et al. (May 2018). "Highly
Efficient Coherent Optical Memory Based on Electromagnetically Induced Transparency".
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chip to achieve full photoelectric magnetic field sensing. Despite these closely related experiments, optical storage has yet to be implemented in practice. The existing
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Large resonant light depth is the premise of constructing efficient quantum-optical memory. Alkali metal vapor isotopes of a large number of near-infrared wavelength
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Quantum memory based on the quantum exchange to store photon qubits has been demonstrated to be possible. Kessel and
Moiseev discussed quantum storage in the single
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1886:"RC02_William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology | Institutes and Centers | Research Institutes and Centers | Research | HKUST Department of Physics"
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technology proposed in 1979 and 1982, an idea inspired by the high density of data storage in the mid-1970s. Optical data storage can be achieved by using
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in diamond has attracted a lot of research in the past decade due to its excellent performance in optical nanophotonic devices. In a recent experiment,
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developed a solid-state quantum memory and demonstrated the photon computing function using time and frequency. Based on this research, a large-scale
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Wang Y, Li J, Zhang S, Su K, Zhou Y, Liao K, Du S, Yan H, Zhu SL (March 2019). "Efficient quantum memory for single-photon polarization qubits".
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Nicolas A, Veissier L, Giner L, Giacobino E, Maxein D, Laurat J (March 2014). "A quantum memory for orbital angular momentum photonic qubits".
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polarization qubits were then stored via EIT in a Rb cold atomic ensemble and retrieved with an 85% efficiency and entanglement between two
1486:. The experiment in a three-level system based on hot atomic vapor resulted in demonstration of coherent storage with efficiency up to 87%.
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Tittel W, Afzelius M, Chaneliere T, Cone RL, Kröll S, Moiseev SA, Sellars M (2010). "Photon-echo quantum memory in solid state systems".
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Simon C, Afzelius M, Appel J, de la
Giroday AB, Dewhurst SJ, Gisin N, Hu CY, Jelezko F, Kröll S (2010-05-01). "Quantum memories".
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between the excitation paths, the optical response of the atomic medium is modified to eliminate absorption and refraction at the
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Freer S, Simmons S, Laucht A, Muhonen JT, Dehollain JP, Kalra R, et al. (2016). "A single-atom quantum memory in silicon".
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Harris SE, Field JE, Imamoglu A (March 1990). "Nonlinear optical processes using electromagnetically induced transparency".
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section headers are very disorganized, should be restructured as with other science concepts, not as a research paper.
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the very high power control beams usually needed for Raman quantum memories, nor does it require the use of liquid
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Hosseini M, Sparkes B, HĂ©tet G, et al. (2009). "Coherent optical pulse sequencer for quantum applications".
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diamond to play a role in the hybrid quantum system of the mutual conversion of coherent light and microwave.
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Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) was first introduced by Harris and his colleagues at
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Heshami K, England DG, Humphreys PC, Bustard PJ, Acosta VM, Nunn J, Sussman BJ (November 2016).
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for later retrieval. These states hold useful computational information known as
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444:{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\Psi \rangle ={\hat {H}}|\Psi \rangle }
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Lvovsky AI, Sanders BC, Tittel W (December 2009). "Optical quantum memory".
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which makes the diamond memory unsuitable for communication protocol.
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Vernaz-Gris P, Huang K, Cao M, Sheremet AS, Laurat J (January 2018).
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Quantum memory is essential for the development of many devices in
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states (represented by "1"s and "0"s), quantum memory stores a
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cannot be reproduced completely. Therefore, in the absence of
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2017:"Quantum memories: emerging applications and recent advances"
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Cao M, Hoffet F, Qiu S, Sheremet AS, Laurat J (2020-10-20).
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Journal of
Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
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have discovered a new material in which an element called
1530:. In 2018, a highly efficient EIT-based optical memory in
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Microwave storage and light learning microwave conversion
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Hosseini M, Sparkes B, Campbell G, et al. (2011).
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1395:unconditionally guaranteed communication security.
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may be too technical for most readers to understand
2200:(10). American Physical Society (APS): 1107â1110.
1866:"Shengwang Du Group | Atom and Quantum Optics Lab"
1434:Orbital angular momentum is stored in alkali vapor
1289:processing, such as optical quantum computing and
443:
1398:They allow particles to be superimposed and in a
1245:. Whereas ordinary memory stores information as
2010:
2008:
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1526:memories a valuable tool in the development of
19:"QRAM" redirects here. Not to be confused with
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16:Quantum-mechanical version of computer memory
8:
2470:"Solid State Quantum Memories | QPSA @ ICFO"
1375:Quantum memory is an important component of
1261:, giving much more practical flexibility in
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60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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189:Learn how and when to remove this message
171:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1910:"Quantum memories [GAP-Optique]"
1496:Electromagnetically induced transparency
1490:Electromagnetically induced transparency
1416:electromagnetically induced transparency
3887:Continuous-variable quantum information
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1504:in 1990. The work showed that when a
92:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
1573:Diamond has very high Raman gain in
1265:than classical information storage.
1985:"Quantum Communication | PicoQuant"
21:Quarterdeck Expanded Memory Manager
749:Sum-over-histories (path integral)
435:
409:
365:Part of a series of articles about
14:
1740:. Springer US. pp. 383â384.
1738:Coherence and Quantum Optics VIII
1528:quantum telecommunication systems
41:This article has multiple issues.
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4215:
4206:
4205:
3331:
3330:
1418:was implemented on a multi-pass
1379:processing applications such as
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71:
30:
2495:The European Physical Journal D
1703:Le Gouët JL, Moiseev S (2012).
49:or discuss these issues on the
3280:Relativistic quantum mechanics
2267:10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.183602
1822:Quantum Science and Technology
1722:10.1088/0953-4075/45/12/120201
1543:Crystals doped with rare earth
1270:quantum information processing
899:Relativistic quantum mechanics
431:
424:
405:
1:
3882:Adiabatic quantum computation
3258:Quantum statistical mechanics
3035:Quantum differential calculus
2957:Delayed-choice quantum eraser
2740:Symmetry in quantum mechanics
2033:10.1080/09500340.2016.1148212
1935:Laser & Photonics Reviews
939:Quantum statistical mechanics
3933:Topological quantum computer
1746:10.1007/978-1-4419-8907-9_80
4242:Quantum information science
4211:Quantum information science
3378:Quantum information science
3060:Quantum stochastic calculus
3050:Quantum measurement problem
2972:MachâZehnder interferometer
2214:10.1103/physrevlett.64.1107
1633:Quantum information science
1558:Chinese Academy of Sciences
1521:temperatures. In addition,
909:Quantum information science
146:. The specific problem is:
4258:
3606:quantum gate teleportation
2517:10.1140/epjd/e2010-00103-y
2333:10.1038/s41467-017-02775-8
1569:Raman scattering in solids
1493:
142:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
18:
4201:
3735:Quantum Fourier transform
3631:Post-quantum cryptography
3574:Entanglement distillation
3326:
3120:Quantum complexity theory
3098:Quantum cellular automata
2803:Path integral formulation
2397:10.1038/s41566-019-0368-8
1317:Atomic Gas Quantum Memory
4221:Quantum mechanics topics
3916:Quantum machine learning
3892:One-way quantum computer
3745:Quantum phase estimation
3646:Quantum key distribution
3579:Monogamy of entanglement
3187:Quantum machine learning
3167:Quantum key distribution
3157:Quantum image processing
3147:Quantum error correction
2997:Wheeler's delayed choice
2096:10.1038/nphoton.2013.355
2021:Journal of Modern Optics
1844:10.1088/2058-9565/aa63a4
1674:10.1038/nphoton.2009.231
1582:frequency manipulation.
1447:orbital angular momentum
1371:Research and application
1344:quantum error correction
944:Quantum machine learning
697:Wheeler's delayed-choice
3828:Randomized benchmarking
3690:Amplitude amplification
3103:Quantum finite automata
2237:Physical Review Letters
2194:Physical Review Letters
1424:nitrogen-vacancy center
1412:nitrogen-vacancy center
654:LeggettâGarg inequality
3928:Quantum Turing machine
3921:quantum neural network
3668:Quantum secret sharing
3207:Quantum neural network
1955:10.1002/lpor.200810056
1599:working with France's
1474:
1353:
1284:Background and history
445:
4000:Entanglement-assisted
3961:quantum convolutional
3636:Quantum coin flipping
3601:Quantum teleportation
3562:entanglement-assisted
3392:DiVincenzo's criteria
3232:Quantum teleportation
2760:Waveâparticle duality
2455:10.1364/OPTICA.400695
2302:Nature Communications
1472:
1385:quantum communication
1352:
1291:quantum communication
1259:quantum superposition
639:Elitzur–Vaidman
629:Davisson–Germer
446:
217:Information-theoretic
3811:processor benchmarks
3740:Quantum optimization
3623:Quantum cryptography
3434:physical vs. logical
3263:Quantum field theory
3192:Quantum metamaterial
3137:Quantum cryptography
2867:Consistent histories
1593:University of Geneva
1514:resonant frequencies
1510:quantum interference
1463:magneto-optical trap
1451:magneto-optical trap
1393:quantum cryptography
1326:Solid Quantum Memory
1241:version of ordinary
904:Quantum field theory
816:Consistent histories
453:Schrödinger equation
380:
153:improve this article
3524:Quantum speed limit
3419:Quantum programming
3414:Quantum information
3248:Quantum fluctuation
3217:Quantum programming
3177:Quantum logic gates
3162:Quantum information
3142:Quantum electronics
2617:Classical mechanics
2446:2020Optic...7.1440C
2389:2019NaPho..13..346W
2324:2018NatCo...9..363V
2259:2018PhRvL.120r3602H
2206:1990PhRvL..64.1107H
2145:2011NatCo...2..174H
2088:2014NaPho...8..234N
1947:2010LPRv....4..244T
1791:10.1038/nature08325
1783:2009Natur.461..241H
1666:2009NaPho...3..706L
1549:quantum informatics
1502:Stanford University
1400:superposition state
1377:quantum information
1332:classical computing
692:Stern–Gerlach
489:Classical mechanics
298:Quantum information
4173:Forest/Rigetti QCS
3909:quantum logic gate
3695:BernsteinâVazirani
3682:Quantum algorithms
3557:Classical capacity
3441:Quantum processors
3424:Quantum simulation
3301:in popular culture
3083:Quantum algorithms
2931:Von NeumannâWigner
2911:Objective collapse
2622:Old quantum theory
2153:10.1038/ncomms1175
1586:Future development
1475:
1367:quantum Internet.
1354:
1263:quantum algorithms
1239:quantum-mechanical
880:Von NeumannâWigner
860:Objective-collapse
659:Mach–Zehnder
649:Leggett inequality
644:Franck–Hertz
494:Old quantum theory
441:
4229:
4228:
4140:
4139:
4037:Linear optical QC
3818:Quantum supremacy
3772:complexity theory
3725:Quantum annealing
3676:
3675:
3613:Superdense coding
3402:Quantum computing
3344:
3343:
3318:Quantum mysticism
3296:Schrödinger's cat
3227:Quantum simulator
3197:Quantum metrology
3125:Quantum computing
3088:Quantum amplifier
3065:Quantum spacetime
3030:Quantum cosmology
3020:Quantum chemistry
2735:Scattering theory
2683:Zero-point energy
2678:Degenerate levels
2586:Quantum mechanics
2430:(10): 1440â1444.
2027:(20): 2005â2028.
1989:www.picoquant.com
1777:(7261): 241â245.
1628:Quantum computing
1231:quantum computing
1227:
1226:
934:Scattering theory
914:Quantum computing
687:Schrödinger's cat
619:Bell's inequality
427:
402:
371:Quantum mechanics
360:
359:
199:
198:
191:
181:
180:
173:
144:quality standards
135:This article may
120:
119:
112:
64:
4249:
4219:
4218:
4209:
4208:
4015:
3945:error correction
3874:computing models
3840:Relaxation times
3730:Quantum counting
3619:
3567:quantum capacity
3514:No-teleportation
3499:No-communication
3371:
3364:
3357:
3348:
3334:
3333:
3045:Quantum geometry
3040:Quantum dynamics
2897:Superdeterminism
2793:Matrix mechanics
2648:Braâket notation
2579:
2572:
2565:
2556:
2550:2007 "blueprint"
2537:
2536:
2510:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2439:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2382:
2367:Nature Photonics
2362:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2335:
2317:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2252:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2164:
2138:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2081:
2066:Nature Photonics
2061:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2012:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1837:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1705:"Quantum Memory"
1700:
1694:
1693:
1654:Nature Photonics
1649:
1459:four-wave mixing
1336:no clone theorem
1278:quantum computer
1219:
1212:
1205:
846:Superdeterminism
499:Braâket notation
450:
448:
447:
442:
434:
429:
428:
420:
408:
403:
401:
390:
362:
352:
345:
338:
201:
194:
187:
176:
169:
165:
162:
156:
130:
129:
122:
115:
108:
104:
101:
95:
75:
74:
67:
56:
34:
33:
26:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4197:
4147:
4136:
4109:Superconducting
4103:
4069:
4060:Neutral atom QC
4052:Ultracold atoms
4046:
4011:implementations
4010:
4004:
3944:
3937:
3904:Quantum circuit
3872:
3866:
3860:
3850:
3810:
3804:
3771:
3764:
3720:Hidden subgroup
3672:
3661:other protocols
3617:
3594:quantum network
3589:Quantum channel
3549:
3543:
3489:No-broadcasting
3479:GottesmanâKnill
3452:
3380:
3375:
3345:
3340:
3322:
3308:Wigner's friend
3284:
3275:Quantum gravity
3236:
3222:Quantum sensing
3202:Quantum network
3182:Quantum machine
3152:Quantum imaging
3115:Quantum circuit
3110:Quantum channel
3069:
3015:Quantum biology
3001:
2977:ElitzurâVaidman
2952:DavissonâGermer
2935:
2887:Hidden-variable
2877:de BroglieâBohm
2854:Interpretations
2848:
2812:
2766:
2653:Complementarity
2631:
2588:
2583:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2478:
2476:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2014:
2013:
2002:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1918:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1894:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1660:(12): 706â714.
1651:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1614:
1588:
1571:
1562:quantum network
1553:rare earth ions
1545:
1498:
1492:
1480:
1473:Optical Quantum
1436:
1408:
1381:quantum network
1373:
1359:
1328:
1319:
1314:
1286:
1243:computer memory
1223:
1194:
1193:
1192:
957:
949:
948:
894:
893:Advanced topics
886:
885:
884:
836:Hidden-variable
826:de BroglieâBohm
805:
803:Interpretations
795:
794:
793:
763:
755:
754:
753:
711:
703:
702:
701:
668:
624:CHSH inequality
613:
605:
604:
603:
532:Complementarity
526:
518:
517:
516:
484:
455:
394:
378:
377:
356:
208:
195:
184:
183:
182:
177:
166:
160:
157:
150:
131:
127:
116:
105:
99:
96:
88:help improve it
85:
76:
72:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4255:
4253:
4245:
4244:
4234:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4213:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4193:many others...
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4166:
4152:
4150:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4065:Trapped-ion QC
4062:
4056:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4019:Quantum optics
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3949:
3947:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3825:
3823:Quantum volume
3820:
3814:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3700:Boson sampling
3697:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3534:SolovayâKitaev
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3255:
3253:Casimir effect
3250:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3212:Quantum optics
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2987:Quantum eraser
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2660:
2658:Density matrix
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2544:External links
2542:
2539:
2538:
2485:
2461:
2410:
2373:(5): 346â351.
2357:
2288:
2243:(18): 183602.
2227:
2184:
2109:
2072:(3): 234â238.
2056:
2000:
1976:
1941:(2): 244â267.
1925:
1901:
1890:physics.ust.hk
1877:
1857:
1812:
1761:
1754:
1728:
1715:(12): 120201.
1695:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1587:
1584:
1575:optical phonon
1570:
1567:
1544:
1541:
1491:
1488:
1479:
1476:
1435:
1432:
1407:
1404:
1372:
1369:
1358:
1355:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1285:
1282:
1235:quantum memory
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
959:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:
947:
946:
941:
936:
931:
929:Density matrix
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
895:
892:
891:
888:
887:
883:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
851:
850:
849:
848:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
807:
806:
801:
800:
797:
796:
792:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
765:
764:
761:
760:
757:
756:
752:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
720:
719:
718:
712:
709:
708:
705:
704:
700:
699:
694:
689:
683:
682:
681:
680:
679:
677:Delayed-choice
672:Quantum eraser
667:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
615:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
602:
601:
600:
599:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
562:Quantum number
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
528:
527:
524:
523:
520:
519:
515:
514:
509:
503:
502:
501:
496:
491:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
476:
475:
470:
465:
457:
456:
451:
440:
437:
433:
426:
423:
417:
414:
411:
407:
400:
397:
393:
388:
385:
374:
373:
367:
366:
358:
357:
355:
354:
347:
340:
332:
329:
328:
327:
326:
316:
310:
301:
300:
294:
293:
292:
291:
281:
274:
261:
260:
256:
255:
254:
253:
243:
233:
220:
219:
213:
212:
197:
196:
179:
178:
134:
132:
125:
118:
117:
79:
77:
70:
65:
39:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4254:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4222:
4214:
4212:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4089:Spin qubit QC
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3897:cluster state
3895:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3869:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:DeutschâJozsa
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:Quantum money
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
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3568:
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3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:communication
3546:
3540:
3537:
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3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
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3517:
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3512:
3510:
3507:
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3500:
3497:
3495:
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3487:
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3477:
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3459:
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3417:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
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3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3372:
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3360:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3337:
3329:
3328:
3325:
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3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
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3287:
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3278:
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3269:
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3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
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3251:
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3245:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:Quantum logic
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
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3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:Quantum chaos
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:SternâGerlach
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2926:Transactional
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:Quantum logic
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2883:
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2865:
2863:
2860:
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2857:
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2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
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2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2750:Wave function
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:Superposition
2723:
2721:
2720:Quantum state
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:Excited state
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
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2634:
2628:
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2618:
2615:
2611:
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2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2591:
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2573:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2433:
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2421:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2372:
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2353:
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2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1915:
1911:
1905:
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1887:
1881:
1878:
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1831:
1827:
1823:
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1804:
1800:
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1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1755:9781441989079
1751:
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1732:
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1538:
1533:
1529:
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1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1466:nanoseconds.
1464:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1440:optical depth
1433:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1340:quantum state
1337:
1333:
1325:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:quantum state
1248:
1244:
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1236:
1232:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1198:
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1184:
1181:
1179:
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1169:
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1146:
1144:
1141:
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1129:
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1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
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1101:
1099:
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1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
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1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
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1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
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969:
966:
964:
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953:
952:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
919:Quantum chaos
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
896:
890:
889:
881:
878:
876:
875:Transactional
873:
871:
868:
866:
865:Quantum logic
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
847:
844:
843:
842:
839:
838:
837:
834:
832:
829:
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780:
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772:
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665:
662:
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635:
632:
630:
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625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
609:
608:
598:
595:
594:
593:
592:Wave function
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
572:Superposition
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
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500:
497:
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474:
471:
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466:
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421:
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398:
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391:
383:
376:
375:
372:
368:
364:
363:
353:
348:
346:
341:
339:
334:
333:
331:
330:
325:-dimensional)
324:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
304:
303:
302:
299:
295:
289:
285:
282:
279:
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257:
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206:
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202:
193:
190:
175:
172:
164:
154:
149:
145:
141:
140:
133:
124:
123:
114:
111:
103:
93:
89:
83:
80:This article
78:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
4117:Charge qubit
4042:KLM protocol
3991:
3855:
3845:
3539:Purification
3469:EastinâKnill
3055:Quantum mind
2967:FranckâHertz
2829:KleinâGordon
2778:Formulations
2771:Formulations
2700:Interference
2690:Entanglement
2668:Ground state
2663:Energy level
2636:Fundamentals
2600:Introduction
2498:
2494:
2488:
2477:. Retrieved
2474:qpsa.icfo.es
2473:
2464:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2024:
2020:
1992:. Retrieved
1988:
1979:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1917:. Retrieved
1914:www.unige.ch
1913:
1904:
1893:. Retrieved
1889:
1880:
1869:. Retrieved
1860:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1737:
1731:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1589:
1580:
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1546:
1499:
1481:
1456:
1444:
1437:
1428:
1409:
1397:
1389:
1374:
1360:
1329:
1320:
1302:data storage
1295:
1287:
1267:
1234:
1228:
774:KleinâGordon
710:Formulations
547:Energy level
542:Entanglement
525:Fundamentals
512:Interference
463:Introduction
322:
259:Data storage
185:
167:
158:
151:Please help
147:
136:
106:
97:
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
4148:programming
4127:Phase qubit
4032:Circuit QED
3504:No-deleting
3446:cloud-based
3313:EPR paradox
3093:Quantum bus
2962:Double-slit
2940:Experiments
2906:Many-worlds
2844:Schrödinger
2808:Phase space
2798:Schrödinger
2788:Interaction
2745:Uncertainty
2715:Nonlocality
2710:Measurement
2705:Decoherence
2695:Hamiltonian
2501:(1): 1â22.
1597:Switzerland
1523:photon echo
1163:von Neumann
1148:Schrödinger
924:EPR paradox
855:Many-worlds
789:Schrödinger
744:Schrödinger
739:Phase-space
729:Interaction
634:Double-slit
612:Experiments
587:Uncertainty
557:Nonlocality
552:Measurement
537:Decoherence
507:Hamiltonian
210:information
155:if you can.
4188:libquantum
4122:Flux qubit
4027:Cavity QED
3976:BaconâShor
3966:stabilizer
3494:No-cloning
3241:Extensions
3075:Technology
2921:Relational
2872:Copenhagen
2783:Heisenberg
2730:Tunnelling
2593:Background
2479:2019-05-12
2437:2007.00022
2380:2004.03123
2315:1707.09372
2308:(1): 363.
2250:1605.08519
2123:Nat Commun
1994:2019-05-12
1919:2019-05-12
1895:2019-05-12
1871:2019-05-12
1835:1608.07109
1828:: 015009.
1639:References
1506:laser beam
1494:See also:
1158:Sommerfeld
1073:Heisenberg
1068:Gutzwiller
1008:de Broglie
956:Scientists
870:Relational
821:Copenhagen
724:Heisenberg
582:Tunnelling
483:Background
46:improve it
4094:NV center
3529:Threshold
3509:No-hiding
3474:Gleason's
2947:Bell test
2817:Equations
2643:Born rule
2525:1434-6079
2508:1003.1107
2405:126945158
2136:1009.0567
2104:118585951
2079:1308.0238
1971:120294578
1963:1863-8899
1852:118590076
1682:1749-4893
1605:ytterbium
1532:cold atom
1508:causes a
1357:Discovery
1306:absorbers
1274:processes
1188:Zeilinger
1033:Ehrenfest
762:Equations
439:⟩
436:Ψ
425:^
413:⟩
410:Ψ
387:ℏ
315:(ternary)
161:June 2019
100:June 2019
52:talk page
4236:Category
4156:OpenQASM
4132:Transmon
4009:Physical
3809:Quantum
3710:Grover's
3484:Holevo's
3457:Theorems
3407:timeline
3397:NISQ era
3336:Category
3130:Timeline
2882:Ensemble
2862:Bayesian
2755:Collapse
2627:Glossary
2610:Timeline
2533:11793247
2352:29371593
2283:21741318
2275:29775362
2222:10041301
2171:21285952
2051:27695198
1799:19741705
1612:See also
1113:Millikan
1038:Einstein
1023:Davisson
978:Blackett
963:Aharonov
831:Ensemble
811:Bayesian
716:Overview
597:Collapse
577:Symmetry
468:Glossary
309:(binary)
137:require
4146:Quantum
4084:Kane QC
3943:Quantum
3871:Quantum
3800:PostBQP
3770:Quantum
3755:Simon's
3548:Quantum
3385:General
3289:Related
3268:History
3007:Science
2839:Rydberg
2605:History
2442:Bibcode
2385:Bibcode
2343:5785556
2320:Bibcode
2255:Bibcode
2202:Bibcode
2179:6545778
2162:3105315
2141:Bibcode
2129:: 174.
2084:Bibcode
2042:5020357
1943:Bibcode
1807:1077208
1779:Bibcode
1690:4661175
1662:Bibcode
1623:Quantum
1461:in one
1420:diamond
1237:is the
1153:Simmons
1143:Rydberg
1108:Moseley
1088:Kramers
1078:Hilbert
1063:Glauber
1058:Feynman
1043:Everett
1013:Compton
784:Rydberg
473:History
288:decimal
278:ternary
250:base 10
246:hartley
226:shannon
139:cleanup
86:Please
4164:IBM QX
4160:Qiskit
4099:NMR QC
4077:-based
3981:Steane
3952:Codes
3750:Shor's
3656:SARG04
3464:Bell's
2982:Popper
2531:
2523:
2424:Optica
2403:
2350:
2340:
2281:
2273:
2220:
2177:
2169:
2159:
2102:
2049:
2039:
1969:
1961:
1850:
1805:
1797:
1771:Nature
1752:
1688:
1680:
1537:cesium
1519:helium
1338:, any
1298:photon
1255:qubits
1247:binary
1183:Zeeman
1178:Wigner
1128:Planck
1098:Landau
1083:Jordan
734:Matrix
664:Popper
313:qutrit
276:trit (
271:binary
240:base e
230:base 2
3986:Toric
3429:Qubit
2892:Local
2834:Pauli
2824:Dirac
2529:S2CID
2503:arXiv
2432:arXiv
2401:S2CID
2375:arXiv
2310:arXiv
2279:S2CID
2245:arXiv
2175:S2CID
2131:arXiv
2100:S2CID
2074:arXiv
1967:S2CID
1848:S2CID
1830:arXiv
1803:S2CID
1686:S2CID
1618:Qubit
1364:HKUST
1312:Types
1276:in a
1138:Raman
1123:Pauli
1118:Onnes
1053:Fermi
1028:Debye
1018:Dirac
983:Bloch
973:Bethe
841:Local
779:Pauli
769:Dirac
567:State
319:qudit
307:qubit
205:Units
4178:Cirq
4169:Quil
4075:Spin
3971:Shor
3651:BB84
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