215:). Other quangos from 1996 include: "...63 Crown Health Enterprises, 39 tertiary education institutions, 21 Business development boards and 9 Crown Research Institutes. But there were also 71 single crown entities with services ranging from regulatory (e.g. Accounting Standards Review Board, Takeovers Panel) to quasi-judicial (e.g. Police Complaints Authority, Race Relations Conciliator), to the arts (e.g. New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, NZ Film Commission), to social welfare (e.g. Housing Corporation of NZ) and to substantial enterprises (e.g. Auckland International Airport Ltd)."
332:, in an essay on the independence and accountability of public-funded bodies that are incorporated in the private sector. This essay got the attention of David Howell, a Conservative M.P. in Britain, who then organized an Anglo-American project with Pifer, to examine the pros and cons of such enterprises. The lengthy term was shortened to the
150:- followed by the primary service. The larger Saskatchewan Crown corps have their own Saskatchewan minister with all Saskatchewan Crown corps owned by the Crown Investment Corporation of Saskatchewan which in turn is owned by the provincial government. Some of the most notable Saskatchewan Crown corps are as follows:
218:
By 2003, the number of quangos had increased to an estimated 400 (excluding Board of
Trustees), with more than 3,000 people sitting on governance boards that were appointed by successive governments. This appointment of people to governance boards has been widely criticised by political parties and
315:
is considered a quango for its status as an independent, mass organization-like public organization but supported and financed by the state while keeping its status as independent organization outside the
Indonesian state organizational system in other side. As a quango, MUI is empowered to issue
259:
The
Cabinet Office 2009 report on non-departmental public bodies found that there were 766 NDPBs sponsored by the UK government. The number had been falling: there were 827 in 2007 and 790 in 2008. The number of NDPBs had fallen by over 10% since 1997. Staffing and expenditure of NDPBs had
342:
It describes an ostensibly non-governmental organisation performing governmental functions, often in receipt of funding or other support from government, By contrast, traditional NGOs mostly get their donations or funds from the public and other organisations that support their cause.
350:
providing (from 1988) health, education and other services. Particularly in the UK, this occurred in a polemical atmosphere in which it was alleged that proliferation of such bodies was undesirable and should be reversed. In this context, the original acronym was often replaced by a
195:, had promised to eliminate 145 quangos should they be the governing party in the 2016 election. Since coming to power they have reduced the overall number of quangos by 17. This reduction also included agencies which the former government had already planned to remove.
280:
is, effectively, "what the
British call a quango... Its complex structure divides power between the federal government and the private banks that are its members, and in effect gives substantial autonomy to a governing board of long-term appointees."
370:(NDPB) is often employed to identify numerous organisations with devolved governmental responsibilities. Examples in the United Kingdom include those engaged in the regulation of various commercial and service sectors, such as the
123:' or simply 'Crown corps'. As of May 2021 there were 45 Crown corps owned by the Canadian federal government, however many more are owned by each of the provincial governments. Notably electricity providers such as the '
188:
In 2006, there were 832 quangos in the
Republic of Ireland – 482 at national and 350 at local level – with a total of 5,784 individual appointees and a combined annual budget of €13 billion.
100:
have been used to make the term consistent with this expanded use. The most popular has been "Quasi-autonomous national government organization", often with the acronym modified to "qango" or "QANGO".
381:
A body which has a role in the processes of national government, but is not a government department or part of one, and which accordingly operates to a greater or lesser extent at arm's length from
346:
An essential feature of a quango in the original definition was that it should not be a formal part of the state structure. The term was then extended to apply to a range of organisations, such as
320:) comparable to state laws which are binding upon the Indonesian Muslim population and can exert influence upon state policies, politics, and the economy due to its status and prestige.
987:"London Waste Regulation Authority, the first 'qualgo' formed after abolition of the Greater London Council...The new body is a joint board of councillors from London boroughs."
329:
942:
434:
285:
157:(Saskatchewan Telecommunications Holding Corporation) providing telecommunications. Notable for the last remaining government owned incumbent telephone provider in Canada.
59:
power, but which is still partly controlled and/or financed by government bodies. The term was originally a shortening of "quasi NGO", where NGO is the acronym for a
211:
of the state sector. In 1996, there were an estimated 310 quangos in New
Zealand, and an additional 2690 school Board of Trustees (similar to the American model of
1079:
Carsten Greve, Matthew
Flinders, Sandra Van Thiel (1999), Quangos—What's in a Name? Defining Quangos from a Comparative Perspective, Governance 12 (2), 129–146
300:
792:
494:. Appendix to D.C. Hague, W.J.M. Mackenzie and A. Barker, Public Policy and Private Interests: The Insriturions 01 Compromise, London, Macrnillan, 1975. p.381.
998:
429:
725:
450:
248:
to curb the growth of non-departmental bodies, their numbers grew rapidly throughout that party's time in power during the 1980s. One UK example is the
551:
423:
293:
86:
623:
289:
1060:
Read Before
Burning: Arm's length government for a new administration – report by the Institute for Government about the quango landscape
877:
371:
339:(later lowercased quango) by a British participant to the joint project, Anthony Barker, during one of the conferences on the subject.
260:
increased. They employed 111,000 people in 2009 and spent £46.5 billion, of which £38.4 billion was directly funded by the government.
847:
269:
1075:
Richard Allen and
Dimitar Radev, "Managing and Controlling Extrabudgetary Funds", OECD Journal of Budgeting, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2006
355:
spelt out as "quasi-autonomous national government organisation, and often rendered as 'qango' This spawned the related acronym
465:
1114:
82:
226:
In 2010, there were 2,607 crown entities (including Board of
Trustees) with annual expenditure of $ 32billion in 2009/2010.
470:
367:
235:
120:
114:
60:
904:"LEMBAGA QUASI NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION (QUANGO) DALAM SISTEM KETATANEGARAAN INDONESIA: MAJELIS ULAMA INDONESIA"
1109:
1089:
1006:
700:
1042:
1119:
796:
312:
245:
31:
1069:
460:
411:
239:
66:
As its original name suggests, a quango is a hybrid form of organization, with elements of both NGOs and
536:
531:
455:
382:
1059:
96:
In its pejorative use, it has been widely applied to public bodies of various kinds, and a variety of
403:, claimed that the UK had 529 quangos, many of which were useless and duplicated the work of others.
1028:
249:
925:
445:
328:
The term "quasi non-governmental organisation" was created in 1967 by Alan Pifer of the US-based
212:
90:
1074:
619:
440:
268:
Use of the term quango is less common in the United States although many US bodies, including
1080:
915:
611:
347:
277:
976:
81:
In the UK, the term quango covers different "arm's-length" government bodies, including "
377:
The UK government's definition in 1997 of a non-departmental public body or quango was:
903:
414:
faulted a majority of "quangocrats" for not making declarations of political activity.
284:
Other U.S.-based organizations that fit the original definition of quangos include the
176:
146:
is notable for the ubiquity of provincial crown corps with most styled with the prefix
128:
71:
1103:
929:
208:
67:
674:
399:
has accused quangos of bureaucratic waste and excess. In 2005, Dan Lewis, author of
963:
954:
Wettenhall, R 1981 'The quango phenomenon', Current Affairs Bulletin 57(10):14–22.]
273:
204:
143:
574:
1084:
920:
615:
299:
By the broader definition now used in the United Kingdom, there are hundreds of
75:
649:
252:, which is a non-ministerial government department responsible for forestry in
1064:
603:
527:
505:
166:
97:
56:
985:, 18 April 1986: Gale Document Number:CJ117886677. Retrieved 5 April 2008.
981:
395:
352:
192:
172:
160:
124:
751:
17:
1094:
220:
132:
1070:
Economic Research Council – online database of all UK quangos 1998–2006
333:
253:
154:
943:
Letter: On Quasi-Public Organizations; Whence Came the Quango, and Why
602:
Wistrich, Enid (1999), Flinders, Matthew V.; Smith, Martin J. (eds.),
834:
The Age of Diminished Expectations: U.S. Economic Policy in the 1990s
608:
Quangos, Accountability and Reform: The Politics of Quasi-Government
1090:
UK government site about the process of making public appointments
317:
750:
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
573:
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
506:"Departments, agencies & public bodies – Inside Government"
878:"Indonesian Ulema Council edges closer to the centre of power"
552:"'Quango cull': Audacious promises of 2011 amounted to little"
127:' a.k.a. SaskPower owned by the province of Saskatchewan and '
1029:"Waste mounts as £100 billion web of quangos duplicates work"
207:', with the shift occurring in the 1980s during a period of
1065:
Civil Service – Government Departments and Accredited NDPBs
1043:"Taxpayers' Alliance hits out at "quangocrat gravy train""
846:
Indrayana, Denny (22 December 2016). Sodikin, Amir (ed.).
726:"Editorial: This one's not a quango, it's a good example"
822:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 321.
780:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 164.
163:(Saskatchewan Power Corporation) providing electricity.
1095:
Quango name 'source of ridicule', files from 1980 show
435:Government-organized non-governmental organization
286:National Center for Missing and Exploited Children
610:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 84–92,
131:' a.k.a. Manitoba Hydro owned by the province of
169:(SaskEnergy Incorporated) providing natural gas.
74:and, to a lesser degree, other countries in the
848:"Fatwa MUI, Hukum Positif, dan Hukum Aspiratif"
379:
55:) is an organisation to which a government has
70:bodies. The term is most often applied in the
8:
430:Departments of the United Kingdom Government
203:In New Zealand, quangos are referred to as '
945:– New York Times Opinion page by Alan Pifer
820:Understanding US/UK Government and Politics
778:Understanding US/UK Government and Politics
179:and sewage services to certain communities.
175:(Saskatchewan Water Corporation) providing
876:Arifianto, Alexander R (8 December 2020).
451:New York state public-benefit corporations
919:
526:According to a survey carried out by the
492:The Quasi-Non-Governmental Organisation
482:
119:In Canada, quangos are referred to as '
902:Abdillah, Ali; Novianto, Rico (2019).
424:Penelope Lyttelton, Viscountess Cobham
294:Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
87:non-ministerial government departments
871:
869:
532:Focus: What's wrong with the quangos?
290:Federal National Mortgage Association
244:Despite a 1979 "commitment" from the
7:
643:
641:
597:
595:
406:The term has spawned the derivative
219:political commentators as a form of
372:Water Services Regulation Authority
540:newspaper article, 29 October 2006
303:that might be classed as quangos.
25:
270:Government Sponsored Enterprises
1045:. CityAM. Limited. 6 June 2016.
466:Welsh Government sponsored body
272:, operate in the same fashion.
675:"mccully.co.nz – 25 July 2008"
426:– nicknamed the "Quango Queen"
401:The Essential Guide to Quangos
125:Saskatchewan Power Corporation
83:non-departmental public bodies
1:
129:Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board
908:Jurnal Hukum Dan Pembangunan
471:Non-departmental public body
368:non-departmental public body
236:Non-departmental public body
115:Crown corporations of Canada
1085:10.1111/0952-1895.951999095
921:10.21143/jhp.vol49.no1.1913
616:10.1007/978-1-349-27027-9_7
76:core and middle Anglosphere
61:non-government organisation
1136:
575:"What are Crown entities?"
366:The less contentious term
363:government organisation'.
233:
191:The Irish majority party,
112:
29:
797:House of Commons Library
604:"Quangos in New Zealand"
313:Indonesian Ulema Council
27:Type of public authority
964:"You've Been Quangoed!"
832:Paul R. Krugman, 1997,
650:"The Great Quango Hunt"
276:has stated that the US
32:Quango (disambiguation)
818:Watts, Duncan (2003).
776:Watts, Duncan (2003).
730:The New Zealand Herald
461:Scottish public bodies
387:
359:, a 'quasi-autonomous
240:2010 UK quango reforms
1115:Political terminology
977:New body's waste plea
456:Off-budget enterprise
292:(Fannie Mae) and the
701:"Articles About ACC"
30:For other uses, see
836:, MIT Press, p. 99.
412:Taxpayers' Alliance
330:Carnegie Foundation
250:Forestry Commission
213:boards of education
1009:on 9 December 2006
1001:Public Bodies 1997
446:Independent agency
348:executive agencies
316:religious edicts (
246:Conservative Party
121:Crown Corporations
91:executive agencies
1110:Government bodies
1003:, "Introduction""
910:(in Indonesian).
625:978-1-349-27027-9
554:. The Irish Times
441:Government agency
338:
209:neoliberalisation
16:(Redirected from
1127:
1047:
1046:
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1019:
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1005:. Archived from
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752:"Crown entities"
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301:federal agencies
21:
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1120:1967 neologisms
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882:East Asia Forum
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1011:. Retrieved
1007:the original
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885:. Retrieved
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856:. Retrieved
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801:. Retrieved
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761:27 September
759:. Retrieved
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733:. Retrieved
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710:27 September
708:. Retrieved
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685:27 September
683:. Retrieved
678:
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659:27 September
657:. Retrieved
653:
631:27 September
629:, retrieved
607:
584:27 September
582:. Retrieved
578:
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558:17 September
556:. Retrieved
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510:. Retrieved
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144:Saskatchewan
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139:Saskatchewan
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48:
47:(less often
44:
40:
38:
36:
887:26 November
858:26 November
679:scoop.co.nz
199:New Zealand
85:" (NDPBs),
1104:Categories
852:KOMPAS.com
528:think tank
477:References
408:quangocrat
390:Criticisms
234:See also:
167:SaskEnergy
98:backronyms
18:Quangocrat
982:The Times
930:159286557
793:"Quangos"
654:nzcpr.com
534:" —
396:The Times
383:Ministers
353:backronym
307:Indonesia
193:Fine Gael
173:SaskWater
161:SaskPower
799:Research
705:ACCforum
508:. Gov.UK
418:See also
221:cronyism
133:Manitoba
57:devolved
512:13 June
437:(GONGO)
334:acronym
324:History
254:England
184:Ireland
155:SaskTel
1013:20 May
928:
803:15 May
622:
410:; the
357:qualgo
337:QUANGO
318:fatwas
109:Canada
89:, and
49:QuANGO
45:QUANGO
41:quango
926:S2CID
361:local
53:QANGO
1015:2006
889:2022
860:2022
805:2024
763:2021
737:2021
712:2021
687:2021
661:2021
633:2021
620:ISBN
586:2021
560:2024
514:2013
311:The
238:and
148:Sask
1081:doi
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612:doi
104:Use
51:or
43:or
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