Quality of life (healthcare)

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quantify domains such as physical, emotional, social, well-being, etc. with a single quantitative score. Furthermore, how are these domains weighted? Will they be measured the same or equally for each person? Or will it take into account how important these specific domains are for each person when creating the final score? Each person has their own specific set of experiences and values and a point of argument is that this needs to be taken into account. However, this would be a difficult task for the person to rank these quality of life domains. Another point to keep in mind is that people's values and experiences change over time and their quality of life domain rankings may differ. This caveat must be added or the dynamics of this could be taken into account when interpreting and understanding the results from a quality of life measuring tool. Quality of life measuring tools can also promote a negative and pessimistic view for clinicians, patients, and families, especially when used at baseline during the time of diagnosis. Quality of life measuring tools can fail to account for effective therapeutic strategies that can alleviate health burdens, and thus can promote a self-fulfilling prophecy for patients. On a societal level, the concept of low quality of life can also perpetuate negative prejudices experienced by people with disabilities or chronic illnesses.

428:. Another example of why understanding quality of life is important is during a randomized study of 151 patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer who were split into obtaining early palliative and standardized care group. The earlier palliative group not only had better quality of life based on the Functional assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, but the palliative care group also had less depressive symptoms (16% vs. 38%, P=0.01) despite having received less aggressive end-of-life care (33% vs. 54%, P=0.05) and longer median overall survival than the standard group (11.6 months vs. 8.9 months, P=0.02). By having a quality of life measure, we are able to evaluate early palliative care and see its value in terms of improving quality of care, reduced aggressive treatment and consequently costs, and also greater quality/quantity of life. 216:

Additionally, as diseases progress, patients and families often shift their priorities throughout the disease course. This can affect the measurement of HRQoL as, oftentimes, patients change the way they respond to questionnaires which results in HRQoL staying the same of even improving as their physical condition worsens. To address this issue, researchers have developed new instruments for measuring end-of-life HRQoL that incorporate factors such as sense of completion, relations with the healthcare system, preparation, symptom severity, and affective social support. Additionally, research is being conducted on the impact of existential QoL on palliative care patients as terminal illness awareness and symptom burden may be associated with lower existential QoL.

177:(AOTA), are “Activities to support daily life within the home and community that often require more complex interactions than those used in ADLs”. IADLs include tasks such as: care for others, communication management, community mobility, financial management, health management, and home management. Activities of IADLS includes: grocery shopping, preparing food, housekeeping, using the phone, laundry, managing transportation/finances. Research has found that an individual's ability to engage in IADLs can directly impact their quality of life. 521: 20: 445:(CDC) is using their health-related quality of life survey, Healthy Day Measure, as part of research to identify health disparities, track population trends, and build broad coalitions around a measure of population health. This information can then be used by multiple levels of government or other officials to "increase quality and years of life" and to "eliminate health disparities" for equal opportunity. 170:

relationship between ADL difficulties/disabilities and HRQOL- the less independent people are at ADLs- the lower their HRQOL is. While ADLs are an excellent tool to objectively measure quality of life, it is important to remember that Quality of life goes beyond these activities. For more information about the complex concept of quality of life, see information regarding the disability paradox.

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tailor their treatment to specifically address ADLs and IADLs that their patient values. In the AOTAs most recent vision statement (2025) they explicitly state that OT as an inclusive profession works to maximize quality of life through the effective solution of participation in everyday living. To learn more about

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In the realm of elder care, research indicates that improvements in quality of life ratings may also improve resident outcomes, which can lead to substantial cost savings over time. Research has shown that evaluating an elderly person's functional status, in addition to other aspects of their health,

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Occupational therapists (OTs) are global healthcare professionals who treat individuals to achieve their highest level of quality of life and independence through participation in everyday activities. OTs are trained to complete a person-centered evaluation of an individual's interests and needs, and

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Within the field of childhood cancer, quality of life is often measured both during and after treatment. International comparisons of both outcomes and predictors are hindered by the use of a large number of different measurements. Recently, a first step for a joint international consensus statement

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The understanding of Quality of Life is recognized as an increasingly important healthcare topic because the relationship between cost and value raises complex problems, often with high emotional attachment because of the potential impact on human life. For instance, healthcare providers must refer

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is associated with ADL disability due to malnutrition, and is a risk factor for hospital admission due to falls, which can have severe consequences on a person's quality of life moving forward. Thus, when assessing an elderly person's quality of life, it is important to consider the medications an

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The current concept of health-related quality of life acknowledges that subjects put their actual situation in relation to their personal expectation. The latter can vary over time, and react to external influences such as length and severity of illness, family support, etc. As with any situation

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Norman et al. proposed health-related quality of life surveys use a half standard deviation as the statistically significant benefit of a treatment instead of calculating survey-specific "minimally important differences", which are the supposed real-life improvements reported by the subjects. In

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The Stroke Specific Quality Of Life scale SS-QOL: It is a patient-centered outcome measure intended to provide an assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) specific to patients with stroke only. It measures energy, family roles, language, mobility, mood, personality, self care, social

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Early versions of healthcare-related quality of life measures referred to simple assessments of physical abilities by an external rater (for example, the patient is able to get up, eat and drink, and take care of personal hygiene without any help from others) or even to a single measurement (for

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van Kalsbeek, Rebecca J.; Hudson, Melissa M.; Mulder, Renée L.; Ehrhardt, Matthew; Green, Daniel M.; Mulrooney, Daniel A.; Hakkert, Jessica; den Hartogh, Jaap; Nijenhuis, Anouk; van Santen, Hanneke M.; Schouten-van Meeteren, Antoinette Y. N.; van Tinteren, Harm; Verbruggen, Lisanne C.; Conklin,

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HRQoL in patients with serious, progressive, life-threatening illness should be given special considerations in both the measurement and analysis of HRQoL. Oftentimes, as level of functioning deteriorates, more emphasis is put on caregiver and proxy questionnaires or abbreviated questionnaires.

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Research revolving around Health Related Quality of Life is extremely important because of the implications that it can have on current and future treatments and health protocols. Thereby, validated health-related quality of life questionnaires can become an integral part of clinical trials in

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While measuring tools can be a way to scientifically quantify quality of life in an objective manner on a broad range of topics and circumstances, there are limitations and potential negative consequences with its utilization. Firstly, it makes the assumption that an assessment can be able to

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EORTC measurement system for use in clinical trials in oncology. These tools are robustly tested and validated and translated. A large amount of reference data is now available. The field of HRQOL has grown significantly in the last decade, with hundreds of new studies and better reporting of

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assessment tools, health-related quality of life questionnaires should meet certain quality criteria, most importantly with regard to their reliability and validity. Hundreds of validated health-related quality of life questionnaires have been developed, some of which are specific to various

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aspects as well as a wide variety of disease related symptoms, therapy induced side effects, and even the financial impact of medical conditions. Although often used interchangeably with the measurement of health status, both health-related quality of life and health status measure different

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and grooming, and sexual activity. Many studies demonstrate the connection between ADLs and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Mostly, findings show that difficulties in performing ADLs are directly or indirectly associated with decreased HRQOL. Furthermore, some studies found a graded

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involving multiple perspectives, patients' and physicians' rating of the same objective situation have been found to differ significantly. Consequently, health-related quality of life is now usually assessed using patient questionnaires. These are often multidimensional and cover physical,

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The ceiling effect refers to how patients who start with a higher quality of life than the average patient do not have much room for improvement when treated. The opposite of this is the floor effect, where patients with a lower quality of life average have much more room for improvement.

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The quality of life ethic refers to an ethical principle that uses assessments of the quality of life that a person could potentially experience as a foundation for making decisions about the continuation or termination of life. It is often used in contrast to or in opposition to the

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Weis J, Arraras JI, Conroy T, Efficace F, Fleissner C, Görög A, Hammerlid E, Holzner B, Jones L, Lanceley A, Singer S, Wirtz M, Flechtner H, Bottomley A (May 2013). "Development of an EORTC quality of life phase III module measuring cancer-related fatigue (EORTC QLQ-FA13)".

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helps improve geriatric quality of life and decrease caregiver burden. Research has also shown that quality of life ratings can be successfully used as a key-performance metric when designing and implementing organizational change initiatives in nursing homes.

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Ndosi M, Alcacer-Pitarch B, Allanore Y, Del Galdo F, Frerix M, García-Díaz S, Hesselstrand R, Kendall C, Matucci-Cerinic M, Mueller-Ladner U, Sandqvist G, Torrente-Segarra V, Schmeiser T, Sierakowska M, Sierakowska J, Sierakowski S, Redmond A (February 2018).

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to make economic decisions about access to expensive drugs that may prolong life by a short amount of time and/or provide a minimal increase to quality of life. Additionally, these treatment drugs must be weighed against the cost of alternative treatments or

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other words, Norman et al. proposed all health-related quality of life survey scales be set to a half standard deviation instead of calculating a scale for each survey validation study where the steps are referred to as "minimally important differences".

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Quinten C, Coens C, Mauer M, Comte S, Sprangers MA, Cleeland C, Osoba D, Bjordal K, Bottomley A (September 2009). "Baseline quality of life as a prognostic indicator of survival: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from EORTC clinical trials".

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Temel, Jennifer S.; Greer, Joseph A.; Muzikansky, Alona; Gallagher, Emily R.; Admane, Sonal; Jackson, Vicki A.; Dahlin, Constance M.; Blinderman, Craig D.; Jacobsen, Juliet; Pirl, William F.; Billings, J. Andrew; Lynch, Thomas J. (2010-08-19).

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Consequentially, if the spectrum of quality of life before treatment is too unbalanced, there is a greater potential for skewing the end results, creating the possibility for incorrectly portraying a treatment's effectiveness or lack thereof.

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In rheumatology, condition specific instruments have been developed such as RAQoL for rheumatoid arthritis, OAQoL for osteoarthritis, ASQoL for ankylosing spondylitis, SScQoL for systemic sclerosis and PsAQoL for people with psoriatic

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Bottomley A, Jones D, Claassens L (February 2009). "Patient-reported outcomes: assessment and current perspectives of the guidelines of the Food and Drug Administration and the reflection paper of the European Medicines Agency".

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Koller M, Kantzer V, Mear I, Zarzar K, Martin M, Greimel E, Bottomley A, Arnott M, Kuliś D (April 2012). "The process of reconciliation: evaluation of guidelines for translating quality-of-life questionnaires".

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must recalibrate surveys over the course of a study to account for Response Shift Bias. The degree of recalibration varies due to factors based on the individual area of investigation and length of study.

420:. In the case of chronic and/or terminal illness where no effective cure is available, an emphasis is placed on improving health-related quality of life through interventions such as symptom management, 2533:"Effectiveness of comprehensive geriatric assessment intervention on quality of life, caregiver burden and length of hospital stay: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials" 254:(SF-36, SF-12, SF-8): One example of a widely used questionnaire assessing physical and mental health-related quality of life. Used in clinical trials and population health assessments. Suitable for 185:

Elderly patients taking more than five medications increases risk of cognitive impairment, and is one consideration when assessing what factors impact QoL, ADLs, and IADLs of older adults. Due to

2418:"The Role of Health-Related Quality of Life Data in the Drug Approval Processes in the US and Europe: A Review of Guidance Documents and Authorizations of Medicinal Products from 2006 to 2010" 1821:

Bottomley A, Flechtner H, Efficace F, Vanvoorden V, Coens C, Therasse P, Velikova G, Blazeby J, Greimel E (August 2005). "Health related quality of life outcomes in cancer clinical trials".

292: 656:"Health-related quality of life in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis patients during treatment with glatiramer acetate: a prospective, observational, international, multi-centre study" 1859: 1735:

Hirakawa T, Suzuki S, Kato K, Gotoh M, Yoshikawa Y (August 2013). "Randomized controlled trial of pelvic floor muscle training with or without biofeedback for urinary incontinence".

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Wu, A. W., Revicki, D. A., Jacobson, D., & Malitz, F. E. (1997). Evidence for reliability, validity and usefulness of the Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV).

540:, Miller theorized that when the scale on a survey extends beyond 7 ± 2, humans fail to be consistent and lose ability to differentiate individual steps on the scale because of 173:

In addition to ADLs, instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) can be used as a relatively objective measure of health-related quality of life. IADLs, as defined by the

986:"The Perception of Meaningfulness and Performance of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living From the Perspectives of the Medically At-Risk Older Adults and Their Caregivers" 2155:

Keenan AM, McKenna SP, Doward LC, Conaghan PG, Emery P, Tennant A (June 2008). "Development and validation of a needs-based quality of life instrument for osteoarthritis".

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Maxwell A, Özmen M, Iezzi A, Richardson J (December 2016). "Deriving population norms for the AQoL-6D and AQoL-8D multi-attribute utility instruments from web-based data".

503:. It refers to the potential of a subject's views, values, or expectations changing over the course of a study, thereby adding another factor of change on the end results. 2067:"Psychometric properties of the stroke specific quality of life scale for the assessment of participation in stroke survivors using the rasch model: a preliminary study" 244:

CDC HRQOL–14 "Healthy Days Measure": A questionnaire with four base questions and ten optional questions used by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (

225: 2903:

Norman GR, Sloan JA, Wyrwich KW (May 2003). "Interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life: the remarkable universality of half a standard deviation".

1437:"The FACT-G7: a rapid version of the functional assessment of cancer therapy-general (FACT-G) for monitoring symptoms and concerns in oncology practice and research" 274:

a comprehensive questionnaire that assesses HR-QoL over 8 domains - independent living, happiness, mental health, coping, relationships, self-worth, pain, senses (

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Nakamura, Tomiyo; Itoh, Takashi; Yabe, Aiko; Imai, Shoko; Nakamura, Yoshimi; Mizokami, Yasuko; Okouchi, Yuki; Ikeshita, Akito; Kominato, Hidenori (2021-08-27).

1931:"Health-Related Quality of Life in EORTC clinical trials — 30 years of progress from methodological developments to making a real impact on oncology practice" 379:

There is a growing field of research concerned with developing, evaluating, and applying quality of life measures within health related research (e.g. within

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Steinhauser, Karen E.; Bosworth, Hayden B.; Clipp, Elizabeth C.; McNeilly, Maya; Christakis, Nicholas A.; Parker, Joanna; Tulsky, James A. (December 2002).

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Quality-of-Life-Recorder (Project to bring QoL measurement to routine practice. Platform & library of electronic questionnaires, Shareware/Freeware)

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Schenker, Yael; Park, Seo Young; Jeong, Kwonho; Pruskowski, Jennifer; Kavalieratos, Dio; Resick, Judith; Abernethy, Amy; Kutner, Jean S. (April 2019).

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Velikova, G.; Coens, C.; Efficace, F.; Greimel, E.; Groenvold, M.; Johnson, C.; Singer, S.; Van De Poll-Franse, L.; Young, T.; Bottomley, A. (2012).

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Bakker, Anne; Streefkerk, Nienke; Bakker, Anouk; van Gorp, Marloes; van Litsenburg, Raphaele; Grootenhuis, Martha; Irestorm, Elin (December 2023).

2803:"Response shift masks the treatment impact on patient reported outcomes (PROs): the example of individual quality of life in edentulous patients" 882:"Association between health related quality of life (HRQOL) and activity of daily living (ADL) among elderly in an urban setting of Assam, India" 360:

options for the patient based on past results from other patients, and to measure intra-individual improvements in QoL pre- and post-treatment.

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Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) are activities that are oriented toward taking care of one's own body and are completed daily. These include

1240:"Polypharmacy is associated with malnutrition and activities of daily living disability among daycare facility users: A cross-sectional study" 291:

International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF) in urinary incontinence, the LC -13 Lung Cancer module from the

296: 2190:

Doward LC, Spoorenberg A, Cook SA, Whalley D, Helliwell PS, Kay LJ, McKenna SP, Tennant A, van der Heijde D, Chamberlain MA (January 2003).

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Rantanen, Petra; Chochinov, Harvey Max; Emanuel, Linda L.; Handzo, George; Wilkie, Diana J.; Yao, Yingwei; Fitchett, George (January 2022).

85:) is the perceived quality of an individual's daily life, that is, an assessment of their well-being or lack thereof. This includes all 528:

In a study by Norman et al. about health-related quality of life surveys, it was found that most survey results were within a half

1903: 2242:"Common measure of quality of life for people with systemic sclerosis across seven European countries: a cross-sectional study" 2763: 387:. Well-executed health-related quality of life research informs those tasked with health rationing or anyone involved in the 1297:"Polypharmacy is a risk factor for hospital admission due to a fall: evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing" 1183:"Associations Between Polypharmacy, Symptom Burden, and Quality of Life in Patients with Advanced, Life-Limiting Illness" 2998: 392: 2455: 484: 380: 318: 24: 880:

Medhi, GajendraKumar; Sarma, Jogesh; Pala, Star; Bhattacharya, Himashree; Bora, ParashJyoti; Visi, Vizovonuo (2019).

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Chen, Zhongyi; Ding, Zhaosheng; Chen, Caixia; Sun, Yangfan; Jiang, Yuyu; Liu, Fenglan; Wang, Shanshan (2021-06-21).

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anomalies during data analysis. Some of the more frequently seen in health-related quality of life analysis are the

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determine which treatment plan is the best option, thereby improving healthcare through an evolutionary process.

189:, managing medications in this group of people is particular challenging and complex. Recent studies showed that 2716:"A joint international consensus statement for measuring quality of survival for patients with childhood cancer" 3003: 2674:"A systematic review of health-related quality of life in children and adolescents during treatment for cancer" 562: 500: 384: 356:

to use for measuring a patient's health-related quality of life. The results are then used to help determine

1645:"Validity and reliability of the Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL)-8D multi-attribute utility instrument" 1356:"Polypharmacy and Health-Related Quality of Life/Psychological Distress Among Patients With Chronic Disease" 1096:"A Call for Interfacing Measures of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Across the Transition of Care" 1041:"Qualitative analyses of nursing home residents' quality of life from multiple stakeholders' perspectives" 533: 332:

WHO-Quality of life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF): A general Quality of life survey validated for several countries.

532:. Norman et al. theorized that this is due to the limited human discrimination ability as identified by 508: 417: 412: 368: 353: 194:

older patient is taking, and whether they are adhering to their current prescription taking schedule.

2993: 204: 2042: 654:

Jongen PJ, Lehnick D, Sanders E, Seeldrayers P, Fredrikson S, Andersson M, Speck J (November 2010).

421: 114: 2928: 2513: 2437: 2024: 1884: 1760: 1717: 1588:"Existential Quality of Life and Associated Factors in Cancer Patients Receiving Palliative Care" 1521: 1131: 1076: 1021: 862: 795: 633: 529: 364: 343:

MOS-HIV(Medical Outcome Survey-HIV) was developed specifically for people living with HIV/AIDS.

2920: 2885: 2834: 2783: 2779: 2745: 2737: 2695: 2654: 2613: 2572: 2554: 2505: 2497: 2398: 2320: 2271: 2221: 2172: 2137: 2096: 2016: 1980: 1876: 1838: 1803: 1752: 1709: 1674: 1625: 1607: 1568: 1560: 1513: 1505: 1466: 1458: 1393: 1375: 1336: 1318: 1277: 1259: 1220: 1202: 1158: 1123: 1115: 1068: 1060: 1013: 1005: 961: 921: 903: 854: 836: 787: 779: 738: 687: 625: 567: 255: 1295:

Zaninotto, P.; Huang, Y. T.; Di Gessa, G.; Abell, J.; Lassale, C.; Steptoe, A. (2020-11-26).

271: 2912: 2875: 2865: 2824: 2814: 2775: 2727: 2685: 2644: 2603: 2562: 2544: 2487: 2429: 2390: 2310: 2302: 2261: 2253: 2211: 2203: 2164: 2127: 2086: 2078: 2008: 1972: 1942: 1868: 1830: 1795: 1744: 1701: 1664: 1656: 1615: 1599: 1552: 1497: 1448: 1383: 1367: 1326: 1308: 1267: 1251: 1210: 1194: 1107: 1052: 997: 911: 893: 844: 826: 771: 728: 718: 677: 667: 615: 541: 520: 459: 449:

for measuring quality of survival for patients with childhood cancer has been established.

166: 2192:"Development of the ASQoL: a quality of life instrument specific to ankylosing spondylitis" 985: 329:

clinical trials. HRQOL appears to be prognostic for survival in some diseases and patients.

425: 404: 388: 2291:"Development of the PsAQoL: a quality of life instrument specific to psoriatic arthritis" 403:. Additionally, health-related quality of life research may be used as the final step in 2649: 2632: 2916: 2880: 2853: 2829: 2802: 2567: 2532: 2315: 2290: 2266: 2241: 2216: 2191: 2091: 2066: 1669: 1644: 1620: 1587: 1388: 1331: 1296: 1272: 1239: 1215: 1182: 916: 881: 849: 814: 682: 655: 572: 186: 1976: 1947: 1930: 1603: 1541:"Initial assessment of a new instrument to measure quality of life at the end of life" 733: 706: 499:

Response shift bias is an increasing problem within longitudinal studies that rely on

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Mapi Research Trust ("Non-profit organization involved in Patient-Centered Outcomes")

2715: 1888: 1778:

Bottomley A, Flechtner H, Efficace F, Vanvoorden V, Coens C, Therasse P, Velikova G,

1080: 799: 322: 231: 105:) is an assessment of how the individual's well-being may be affected over time by a 2441: 2257: 2132: 2115: 2028: 1764: 1525: 1484:

Robbins, R. A.; Simmons, Z.; Bremer, B. A.; Walsh, S. M.; Fischer, S. (2001-02-27).

1135: 1095: 1025: 637: 19: 2932: 2517: 1783: 1779: 1721: 866: 190: 143: 2959:

PROLabels(Database on Patient-Reported Outcome claims in marketing authorizations)

1411: 1355: 952:

Edemekong, Peter F.; Bomgaars, Deb L.; Sukumaran, Sukesh; Schoo, Caroline (2022),

620: 603: 2690: 2596:

The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences

1111: 165:/showering, toileting and toilet hygiene, dressing, eating, functional mobility, 2289:

McKenna SP, Doward LC, Whalley D, Tennant A, Emery P, Veale DJ (February 2004).

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determining the trial drugs' value in a cost-benefit analysis. For example, the

245: 94: 2732: 2673: 2608: 2591: 2549: 2476:"Early Palliative Care for Patients with Metastatic Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer" 2394: 1834: 1799: 1313: 1198: 1150: 1056: 953: 940:

Foundation Health Measure Report, Health-Related Quality of Life and Well-Being

898: 2949:

ProQolid (Patient-Reported Outcome & Quality of Life Instruments Database)

1748: 1705: 1660: 1556: 984:

Dickerson, Anne E.; Reistetter, Timothy; Gaudy, Jennifer R. (September 2013).

831: 775: 504: 367:

device that surveys patients before, during, and after treatment, it can help

110: 2787: 2741: 2699: 2558: 2501: 1611: 1564: 1509: 1462: 1435:

Yanez, B.; Pearman, T.; Lis, C. G.; Beaumont, J. L.; Cella, D. (April 2013).

1379: 1322: 1263: 1206: 1119: 1064: 1039:

Johs-Artisensi, Jennifer L.; Hansen, Kevin E.; Olson, Douglas M. (May 2020).

1009: 1001: 907: 840: 815:"The Onset of ADL Difficulties and Changes in Health-Related Quality of Life" 783: 2306: 1540: 1485: 1453: 1436: 1040: 760:"Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process—Fourth Edition" 759: 672: 480: 139: 135: 86: 2924: 2889: 2870: 2838: 2819: 2749: 2617: 2576: 2509: 2402: 2324: 2275: 2225: 2176: 2100: 2020: 1984: 1880: 1842: 1807: 1756: 1713: 1678: 1629: 1572: 1517: 1470: 1397: 1340: 1281: 1224: 1162: 1127: 1072: 1017: 965: 925: 858: 791: 742: 723: 691: 629: 2658: 2492: 2475: 2141: 707:"The Quality of Life Scale (QOLS): reliability, validity, and utilization" 1501: 1371: 2207: 2082: 590: 336:

roles, thinking, upper extremity function, vision and work productivity.

2592:"Quality of life in assisted living homes: a multidimensional analysis" 2433: 1872: 357: 162: 106: 2168: 235:

illnesses. The questionnaires can be generalized into two categories:

2012: 312: 131: 90: 1486:"Quality of life in ALS is maintained as physical function declines" 2801:

Ring L, Höfer S, Heuston F, Harris D, O'Boyle CA (September 2005).

1784:"Health related quality of life outcomes in cancer clinical trials" 2114:

Whalley D, McKenna SP, de Jong Z, van der Heijde D (August 1997).

519: 261: 251: 2958: 308: 2854:"Response shift and glycemic control in children with diabetes" 2963: 2953: 2978: 207:, see the Knowledge (XXG) page dedicated to the profession. 305:: 16-item questionnaire for use in psychiatric populations. 2948: 2065:

Silva SM, Corrêa FI, Faria CD, Corrêa JC (February 2015).

1860:

Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research

275: 2968: 770:(Supplement_2): 7412410010p1–7412410010p87. 2020-08-31. 2973: 2764:"What's Wrong with Quality of Life as a Clinical Tool?" 2462:. United States National Cancer Institute. 2011-02-02. 265: 126:

example, the angle to which a limb could be flexed).

479:It is not considered uncommon for there to be some 283:

Disease, disorder or condition specific instruments

2416:Marquis P, Caron M, Emery MP, et al. (2011). 1643:Richardson J, Iezzi A, Khan MA, Maxwell A (2014). 93:and physical aspects of the individual's life. In 2979:The Healthcare Center. Better Health for Everyone 1094:Koyfman, Irina; Finnell, Deborah (January 2019). 813:Lyu, Wei; Wolinsky, Fredric D. (December 2017). 226:List of patient-reported quality of life surveys 1157:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 960:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 321:, most commonly used to evaluate the impact of 311:, most commonly used to evaluate the impact of 1151:"Geriatric Cognitive Decline and Polypharmacy" 591:CDC - Concept - Health-Related Quality of Life 303:Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life 295:Quality of Life questionnaire library, or the 2969:The International Society for Quality of Life 487:, the floor effect, and response shift bias. 246:https://www.cdc.gov/hrqol/hrqol14_measure.htm 8: 764:The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 1902:EORTC Quality of Life Group = (July 2008). 886:Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 705:Burckhardt CS, Anderson KL (October 2003). 649: 647: 443:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 401:National Institute for Clinical Excellence 258:analysis, benefiting healthcare rationing. 2879: 2869: 2828: 2818: 2780:10.1001/virtualmentor.2005.7.2.pfor1-0502 2731: 2714:Heather M.; Jacola, Lisa M. (June 2023). 2689: 2648: 2607: 2566: 2548: 2491: 2314: 2265: 2215: 2131: 2116:"Quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis" 2090: 1946: 1668: 1619: 1452: 1387: 1330: 1312: 1271: 1214: 915: 897: 848: 830: 732: 722: 681: 671: 619: 352:A variety of validated surveys exist for 211:Special Considerations in Palliative Care 175:American Occupational Therapy Association 2043:"WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF)" 604:"The cancer patient and quality of life" 264:a simple quality of life questionnaire ( 18: 583: 1935:European Journal of Cancer Supplements 1592:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 142:, work- or role-related, and possibly 2633:"Methods for quality-of-life studies" 297:Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale 7: 1187:Journal of General Internal Medicine 1149:Chippa, Venu; Roy, Kamalika (2022), 754: 752: 2974:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2858:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2807:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2650:10.1146/annurev.pu.15.050194.002535 2590:Mitchell JM, Kemp BJ (March 2000). 2071:Journal of Physical Therapy Science 1737:International Urogynecology Journal 819:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 711:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 660:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2917:10.1097/01.MLR.0000062554.74615.4C 14: 2356:"Health Measures Quality of Life" 1604:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.07.016 1412:"About AOTA – Mission and Vision" 288:King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) 2295:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2246:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2196:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 391:process of agencies such as the 2480:New England Journal of Medicine 2258:10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212412 2120:British Journal of Rheumatology 2637:Annual Review of Public Health 2460:NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms 2252:(7): annrheumdis–2017–212412. 1905:EORTC QLQ-C30 Reference Values 1545:Journal of Palliative Medicine 990:Journal of Applied Gerontology 99:health-related quality of life 1: 2631:Testa MA, Nackley JF (1994). 2133:10.1093/rheumatology/36.8.884 1977:10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70200-1 1948:10.1016/S1359-6349(12)70023-X 621:10.1634/theoncologist.7-2-120 383:), especially in relation to 381:randomized controlled studies 181:Pharmacology for older adults 25:Economist Intelligence Unit's 2691:10.1016/j.ejcped.2023.100134 1112:10.1097/NHH.0000000000000715 954:"Activities of Daily Living" 393:Food and Drug Administration 27:quality-of-life index, 2005 1782:, Greimel E (August 2005). 1256:10.1097/MD.0000000000027073 407:of experimental therapies. 198:Occupational Therapy's Role 187:multiple chronic conditions 3020: 2733:10.1038/s41591-023-02339-y 2550:10.1186/s12877-021-02319-2 2395:10.1016/j.ejca.2008.09.032 2383:European Journal of Cancer 1835:10.1016/j.ejca.2005.05.007 1823:European Journal of Cancer 1800:10.1016/j.ejca.2005.05.007 1788:European Journal of Cancer 1360:Preventing Chronic Disease 1314:10.1186/s12889-020-09920-x 1199:10.1007/s11606-019-04837-7 1057:10.1007/s11136-019-02395-3 899:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_270_19 602:Bottomley A (April 2002). 223: 157:Activities of daily living 154: 151:Activities of daily living 1749:10.1007/s00192-012-2012-8 1706:10.1007/s11136-016-1337-z 1661:10.1007/s40271-013-0036-x 1557:10.1089/10966210260499014 1354:Wilder, Lisa Van (2022). 832:10.1186/s12955-017-0792-8 776:10.5014/ajot.2020.74S2001 501:patient reported outcomes 397:European Medicines Agency 2609:10.1093/geronb/55.2.P117 2339:Quality of life research 2157:Arthritis and Rheumatism 1694:Quality of Life Research 1045:Quality of Life Research 1002:10.1177/0733464811432455 563:Patient-reported outcome 385:Health Services Research 252:Short-Form Health Survey 2852:Wagner JA (June 2005). 2678:EJC Paediatric Oncology 2307:10.1136/ard.2003.006296 673:10.1186/1477-7525-8-133 536:in 1956. Utilizing the 276:https://www.aqol.com.au 2871:10.1186/1477-7525-3-38 2820:10.1186/1477-7525-3-55 724:10.1186/1477-7525-1-60 525: 70: 2768:AMA Journal of Ethics 2493:10.1056/NEJMoa1000678 2360:www.healthypeople.gov 1454:10.1093/annonc/mds539 538:Magic Number of 7 ± 2 523: 516:Statistical variation 418:preventative medicine 413:cost-benefit analysis 369:health care providers 363:When it is used as a 22: 2456:"Symptom management" 1965:The Lancet. Oncology 1502:10.1212/wnl.56.4.442 1372:10.5888/pcd19.220062 509:healthcare providers 354:healthcare providers 205:occupational therapy 16:Notion in healthcare 2999:Medical terminology 2208:10.1136/ard.62.1.20 2083:10.1589/jpts.27.389 1100:Home Healthcare Now 495:Response shift bias 422:adaptive technology 266:https://euroqol.org 239:Generic instruments 2434:10.1007/bf03256856 1873:10.1586/erp.11.102 1441:Annals of Oncology 938:Weeks, J. (2020). 530:standard deviation 526: 524:Standard deviation 475:Statistical biases 365:longitudinal study 71: 2774:(2). 2005-02-01. 2169:10.1002/art.23714 1700:(12): 3209–3219. 1301:BMC Public Health 568:Pharmacoeconomics 230:Similar to other 62: 3.000–3.999 56: 4.000–4.999 50: 5.000–5.999 44: 6.000–6.999 38: 7.000–7.999 32: 8.000–8.999 3011: 2937: 2936: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2883: 2873: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2832: 2822: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2735: 2726:(6): 1340–1348. 2710: 2704: 2703: 2693: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2652: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2611: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2570: 2552: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2495: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2352: 2346: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2318: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2269: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2219: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2135: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2094: 2062: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2013:10.1002/pon.3092 1995: 1989: 1988: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1910: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1829:(12): 1697–709. 1818: 1812: 1811: 1794:(12): 1697–709. 1775: 1769: 1768: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1672: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1623: 1583: 1577: 1576: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1456: 1447:(4): 1073–1078. 1432: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1422: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1391: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1334: 1316: 1292: 1286: 1285: 1275: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1218: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1091: 1085: 1084: 1051:(5): 1229–1238. 1036: 1030: 1029: 981: 975: 974: 973: 972: 949: 943: 936: 930: 929: 919: 901: 892:(5): 1760–1764. 877: 871: 870: 852: 834: 810: 804: 803: 756: 747: 746: 736: 726: 702: 696: 695: 685: 675: 651: 642: 641: 623: 599: 593: 588: 542:channel capacity 534:George A. Miller 460:sanctity of life 256:pharmacoeconomic 167:personal hygiene 67: 61: 55: 49: 43: 37: 31: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3009: 3008: 3004:Quality of life 2984: 2983: 2945: 2940: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2720:Nature Medicine 2712: 2711: 2707: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2336: 2332: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2048: 2046: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2001:Psycho-Oncology 1997: 1996: 1992: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1420: 1418: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1237: 1236: 1232: 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1230: 1193:(4): 559–566. 1173: 1141: 1086: 1031: 996:(6): 749–764. 976: 944: 931: 872: 805: 748: 697: 643: 608:The Oncologist 594: 582: 580: 577: 576: 575: 573:Medical ethics 570: 565: 560: 553: 550: 517: 514: 496: 493: 485:ceiling effect 476: 473: 471: 468: 454: 451: 437: 434: 376: 373: 349: 346: 345: 344: 341: 337: 333: 330: 326: 316: 306: 300: 289: 280: 279: 269: 259: 249: 221: 218: 212: 209: 182: 179: 155:Main article: 152: 149: 122: 119: 64: 58: 52: 46: 40: 34: 28: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3016: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2911:(5): 582–92. 2910: 2906: 2899: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2709: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2692: 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