Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system

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customers, housing three to more than four million people, were in the dark. Private companies and other utilities from other parts of Canada and the United States were sent in to help Hydro-Québec undertake this massive restoration task, but these efforts were complicated by the widespread damage of the power grid. Blackouts in some areas lasted for 33 days, and 90% of those affected by the blackout had no power for more than seven days. Although power was fully restored to all locations in Quebec by February 8, 1998, it wasn't until mid-March that the power facilities were back in service. By then, much social and economic damage had occurred, such as ruined food and deaths resulting from lack of electric heating.

265: 174: 487: 342:(CFLCo), though generators were installed after major construction was completed. The single generation facility cost C$ 946 million to construct and produced 5,225 MW of power initially after all eleven generating units were installed. A station upgrade in 1985 raised the generating capacity to over 5,400 MW. Hydro-Québec Generation owns a 34.2% interest in CFLCo, which is the same company that constructed the generating plant. However, Hydro-Québec has rights to most of the 5,400 MW of power the station produces under a 65-year 507: 424: 747: 678: 1252:

population centres and that there was a lack of local power stations around Montreal, which is served by only six 735 kV feeder lines; five of these lines form a loop called the "ring of power" around the city. When the ring failed on January 7, 1998, roughly 60% of Greater Montreal's power supply was offline. Hydro-Québec's large above-ground transmission and distribution system was considered to be exposed to natural disasters, although the cost of undergrounding the grid was prohibitive.

1146: 612: 458:(AEP) contain at least one 765 kV line in their power system. However, only AEP has a significant mileage of 765 kV power lines, with over 3,400 kilometres (2,100 mi) of 765 kV line traversing its broad transmission system; this system contains the most mileage in the United States under one electrical company. NYPA has only 219 kilometres (136 mi) of 765 kV line, all of it contained in a single direct interconnector with Hydro-Québec. 43: 810: 1133:, leading to over 80 hours of freezing rain and drizzle. For days, a continuous shower of mostly freezing rain amounted to 70–110 millimetres (2.8–4.3 inches) of water equivalent of precipitation. Places like Montreal and the South Shore were especially hard hit, with 100 mm (3.9 in) of largely freezing rain falling. These heavy precipitation totals wreaked havoc on the regional power transmission system. 1154:

electrical wires can withstand this extra weight, when combined with the effects of wind and precipitation, these conductors may break and fall. The pylons, designed to withstand only 45 millimetres (1.8 inches) of ice accretion, buckled and collapsed into twisted heaps of mangled steel. Cascading failures occurred on several transmission lines, where the collapse of one or more towers left a row of fallen pylons.

1306: 1122: 1320: 202:, it became the first utility in the world to transmit electricity at 735 kV, rather than 300–400 kV which was the world standard at that time. In 1962, Hydro-Québec proceeded with the construction of the first 735 kV power line in the world. The line, stretching from the Manic-Outardes dam to the Levis substation, was brought into service on 29 November 1965. 654: 561: 2667: 2619: 2547: 2517: 31: 718:

are spread apart on two different foundations. In addition, the crossbar is replaced by a series of suspension cables with three vertical insulator strings to support the three bundles, which allows this design to consume only 6.3 tonnes of steel per kilometre of line. The design is also known as the Chainette (little necklace).

1010:, a partnership between Northeast Utilities (75%) and NSTAR (25%). Estimated to cost US$ 1.1 billion to build, it is projected that the line will either run in existing right-of-way adjacent to the HVDC line that runs through New Hampshire, or it will connect to a right-of-way in northern New Hampshire that will run through the 608:. From there on, the three lines parallel the North Shore as the Gulf narrows to the southwest toward the Saint Lawrence River discharge mouth. The northernmost power line then diverges from the other two to connect with Manic-Outardes power stations located on and around the Rivière aux Outardes and the Manicouagan River. 415:

735 kV to transmit and distribute electrical power produced from Hydro-Québec's dams, although 315 kV is used as well. The total value of TransÉnergie's entire electricity transmission system is C$ 15.9 billion. For these reasons, Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie is considered to be a world leader in power transmission.

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per kilometre of line. This type of pylon was used for the first 735 kV power line from the Manic-Outardes power stations to the load centre of Montreal. There are two significant variations of the delta pylon; one has longer side crossbars such that all three bundles of conductors are suspended

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Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie uses several different types of electricity pylons to support their 735 kV power lines. All of them are single-circuit, meaning that each pylon carries one power line with three bundles of four electrical subconductors separated by spacers, with each bundle transmitting

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As the lines near Quebec City, the northern power line rejoins the other two 735 kV power lines. The three lines, paralleled by another 735 kV power line some distance to the north, span over the Saint Lawrence River to the South Shore region, where the lines form loops encompassing part of

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stretches of land; this shows up clearly in aerial photos. The terrain that the power lines cross is for the most part not mountainous, but smooth and replete with lakes. Generally, four of the lines runs together in two pairs and the other two run solo, although the two single lines sometimes do run

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Five to six days of freezing rain and precipitation crippled the Hydro-Québec power grid in the Montreal and South Shore regions. In an area 100 by 250 kilometres (62 by 155 miles), some 116 transmission lines were out of commission, including several major 735 kV power lines and the Quebec–New

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substation, the HVDC line heads south and roughly parallels the six 735 kV power lines some distance to the west. It traverses the same type of terrain as the other six lines; the land is replete with lakes, wetlands, and forested rolling hills. Gradually, the power line turns to the southeast,

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in December 1986 and Montreal in February 1961, which left 30 to 40 millimetres (1.2 to 1.6 inches) of ice. This has led to the belief that Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie's electrical pylons are "indestructible". Despite being more than three times higher than the Canadian standard of only 13 millimetres

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During the construction of the James Bay transmission system, the cross-rope suspension tower was invented. This type of tower features two guyed-tower legs similar to the V-guyed tower, but the two legs don't converge at the tower base. In the case of the cross-rope suspension tower, the tower legs

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tower, which reduced materials consumption to 11.8 tonnes of steel per kilometre of power line. This type of tower also includes a variation with longer side crossbars, where all conductors are hung with a V-shaped insulator and one with shorter side crossbar, where only the middle bundle hangs from

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142 kilometres (88 mi) the northwest. The terrain crossed by the power lines becomes hilly and mountainous south of the border. The lines reach over 800 metres (2,600 ft) in elevation before descending. The three lines continue heading south until they reach a substation on the North Shore

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and single-circuit delta pylons to suspend electrical conductors of other voltages, such as 315 kV. The ±450 kV high-voltage direct current line in Hydro-Québec's power grid uses a T-shaped tower, lattice or pole, to support two bundles of three conductors on each side. The direct current

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Through successive waves of freezing precipitation, more than 75 millimetres (3.0 inches) of radial ice accumulated on the electrical conductors and the pylons themselves. This ice coating adds an additional weight of 15 to 20 kilograms per metre of conductor (10 to 20 lb/ft). Even though the

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As the lines continue south, they diverge into two sets of three 735 kV transmission lines. The eastern set heads to Quebec City, where it connects with power lines from Churchill Falls and the 735 kV power line loops in the Saint Lawrence River region. The western set heads to Montreal,

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wider than the 80.0–91.5 metres (262.5–300.2 ft) width required for a single 735 kV line. Each 735 kV line is capable of transmitting 2,000 MW of electric power at a distance of over 1,000 kilometres (620 miles) and the entire 735 kV grid can carry 25,000 MW of power.

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and 6,025 MW of interconnector import capacity and 7,974 MW of interconnector export capacity. The system has transmission lines reaching to power generation facilities located more than 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) away from population centers. For this reason, TransÉnergie uses a voltage of AC

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After the power outage was over, Hydro-Québec made numerous upgrades to its system in order to improve the power grid. Examples include the strengthening of electrical pylons and power poles, and increasing the power supply. This was done to enable the utility to restore power more rapidly in the

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With over 100 transmission lines paralyzed by the ice, Quebec fell into a massive power outage in the cold Canadian winter. Even though power restoration initiated after the first blackouts, large numbers of Quebecers were in the dark. At the height of the blackout, some 1.4–1.5 million homes and

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The performance of Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie's power grid during the 1998 ice storm raised questions about the fundamental concept, vulnerability, and reliability of the grid. Critics noted that the power generation facilities were located approximately 1,000 km (600 mi) away from

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Hydro-Québec usually uses tall, large pylons to cross large bodies of water, like lakes and rivers. These towers are said to be prominent and the tallest pylon in Hydro-Québec's power grid is of this function. The tallest of these is located near the Tracy power station on the shore of the Saint

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The technology utilized on Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie grid also came under fire from critics. It is claimed that this technology, used to improve performance, safety, and reliability, made people in Quebec over-dependent on the power grid for their energy needs, since electricity, especially

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Much of the electricity generated by Hydro-Québec Generation comes from hydroelectric dams located far from load centres such as Montreal. Of the 33,000 MW of electrical power generated, over 93% of that comes from hydroelectric dams and 85% of that generation capacity comes from three

353: 280:, in northwestern Quebec. The La Grande project was built in two phases; the first phase lasted twelve years from 1973 to 1985 and the second phase lasted from 1985 to present time. In all, the nine hydroelectric dams there produce over 16,500 MW of electric power, with the 1026:

to alter the way electricity behaves in power transmission lines, which improves the electricity transmission efficiency. This reduces the need to construct new power lines and increases the amount of electric power sent to population centres. Series compensation is based on

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powerstation to Montréal, 135 km (84 mi) away. In the first half of the 20th century, the market was dominated by regional monopolies, whose service was publicly criticised. In response, in 1944 the provincial government created Hydro-Quebec from the expropriated

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for hours on a very cold night. Even though the blackout lasted around nine hours for most places, some locations were in the dark for days. This geomagnetic storm caused about C$ 10 million in damage to Hydro-Québec and tens of millions to the customers of the utility.

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hydroelectric power, makes up over 40% of Quebec's energy supply. This dependence, evidenced by the fact Ontario farmers had more backup generators than farmers in Quebec, can increase the severity of the consequences when the grid fails, as it did in January 1998.

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for angle towers or structures on 735 kV power lines to change the direction of the line or switch the position of the conductor bundles. Delta pylons and three-leg guyed towers are also used as angle towers; they are referred to as "penguins" by Hydro-Québec

312:. The facilities located in the region were constructed over a period of five decades, from 1956 to 2005. The total generation capacity from these power stations is 10,500 MW. A 21-MW hydroelectric power station, the Lac-Robertson generating station on the 825:(NERC) as a full interconnection because it is asynchronous with neighboring systems. Quebec will consequently be able to develop its own reliability standards, as needed, and these will apply in addition to the relevant North American standards. Besides the 552:

where it too forms a ring of 735 kV power lines around the city, linking to other power loops in the region. This section of Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie's power grid contains 7,400 km (4,600 mi) of 735 kV AC and 450 kV DC power line.

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After the six 735 kV wires split up into two groups of three power lines each, the HVDC line follows the eastern group, and the western set diverges away. The line remains overhead until it reaches the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River near

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along the 1,480 kilometres (920 mi) long power line. It is also the first multiterminal HVDC line in the world. The ±450 kV power line can transmit about 2,000 MW of hydroelectric power to Montreal and the Northeastern United States.

1094:, which require a certain voltage amplitude and frequency to function properly. Although most GICs are relatively feeble, the nature of those currents destabilized the voltage of the power grid and unbalanced current spikes erupted everywhere. 230:

3.1 billion alone. In less than four decades, Hydro-Québec's generating capacity went from 3,000 MW in 1963 to nearly 33,000 MW in 2002, with 25,000 MW of that power sent to population centres on 735 kV power lines.

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Electrical power generated from the Churchill Falls power station is sent to Montreal and the population centres of the Northeastern United States, more than 1,200 kilometres (700 mi) away. Starting from the generation station in

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The 735 kV power line is said to lessen the environmental impact of power lines, as one single power line operating at this voltage carries the same amount of electric power as four 315 kV power lines, which would require a

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Quebec's transmission system contains a variety of electrical pylons depending on era and voltage level. Older pylon designs tend to consume more material than the newer pylons and the higher the voltage level, the larger the tower.

1173:, dubbed the "triangle of darkness", half of the overhead power grid was out of service. Quebec ordered myriad conductors, crossarms, and wire connections to repair the ones disabled by the storm in the electrical transmission and 1177:

system. In all of Quebec, 24,000 poles, 4,000 transformers, and 1,000 electrical pylons were damaged or destroyed, more than 3,000 km (2,000 mi) of downed electrical wires; this cost a total of C$ 800 million to repair.

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tripped all over Quebec and shut off the power. Within less than 90 seconds, this wave of breaking circuits left the entire transmission grid out of service. The collapsed power grid left six million people and the rest of Quebec

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The first hydroelectric stations in Quebec were built by private entrepreneurs in the late 19th century. In 1903 the first long distance high-voltage transmission line in North America was built, a 50 kV line connecting a

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Over the next twenty years from 1965 to 1985, Quebec underwent a massive expansion of its 735 kV power grid and its hydroelectric generating capacity. Hydro-Québec Équipement, another division of Hydro-Québec, and

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Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie's 735 kV system consists of a set of six lines running from James Bay to Montreal and a set of four lines from Churchill Falls and the Manic-Outardes power stations to Quebec City. The

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technology. To maintain its transmission system performance, TransÉnergie sets aside funds for research and application of new technologies. In addition to power transmission technology, Hydro-Québec plans to offer

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Major expansion of the network began with the commissioning of the 735 kV AC power line in November 1965, as there was a need for electricity transmission over vast distances from the north to southern Quebec.

352: 2938: 1048:, the system has experienced damage and service interruptions from severe storms in the past. Examples include the 1982 and 1988 Quebec blackouts prior to the large 1989 and 1998 power interruptions. 3684: 584:

and run generally south-southwest for 203 kilometres (126 mi) as three side-by-side power lines in a cleared right-of-way with a width of 216 metres (709 feet). As they head southwest through

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The spillway of the Robert-Bourassa Dam (formerly La Grande-2 Dam), one of many hydroelectric dams supplying power to the load centres of Montreal, Quebec City, and the Northeastern United States

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In addition to the six 735 kV power lines that stem from the James Bay Project, a seventh power line was constructed as an 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) northward extension of an existing

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AC 735 / 765 kV power lines, totaling 11,422 kilometres (7,097 mi) strung between 38 substations with equipment of that voltage. The first transmission system from 1965 is an

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From 1965 onwards, the 735 kV power line became an integral part of Quebec's power transmission backbone. More than one-third of Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie's system consists of

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hydroelectric complex. To transmit the complex's annual production of about 30 billion kWh over a distance of nearly 700 km (430 mi), Hydro-Québec had to innovate. Led by

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The James Bay hydroelectric dam complex contains several relatively short 735 kV power lines that send electricity to three principal substations, ordered from west to east:

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Of all the pylons damaged, some 150 were pylons supporting 735 kV lines, and 200 towers carrying 315 kV, 230 kV, or 120 kV power lines collapsed as well. In a region bounded by

706:. The other has shorter side crossbars, such that the two outside bundles are hung on a vertical insulator string and only the middle bundle is hung with a V-shaped insulator. 636:

the Saint Lawrence River and the south shore. The loops are also connected to the ring of 735 kV power lines around Montreal and power lines running south from James Bay.

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The pylons and conductors are designed to handle 45 millimetres (1.8 inches) of ice accumulation without failure, since Hydro-Québec raised the standards in response to

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After the lines cross the Quebec-Labrador border, also known as the Hydro-Québec point of delivery, the direction of the lines becomes due south, and they head to the

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case of a massive ice striking Quebec again. Hydro-Québec has stated that it is better-prepared to handle an ice storm with the same magnitude as the one of 1998.

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In 1963 Hydro-Québec purchased the shares of nearly all remaining privately owned electrical utilities then operating in Quebec and undertook construction of the

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Accordingly, protective measures were taken in response. To save the transformers and other electrical equipment, the power grid was taken out of commission, as

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Tucker, Kyle; Asim Haldar (2007-10-04). "Numerical Model Validation and Sensitivity Study of a Transmission-Line Insulator Failure Using Full-Scale Test Data".

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in a pair. Two intermediate 735 kV power lines, one in the north and one in the south, connect all six power lines along their path to southern Quebec.

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Cross rope "Chainette" ("little necklace") suspension pylons used on some parts of 735 kV lines between the James Bay hydroelectric complex and Montreal.

486: 3103: 1952: 3289: 3135: 3742: 2737: 2488: 1086:(GICs) to flow as direct current through Quebec's power lines, which are normally only conducting alternating current. The insulating nature of the 240: 821:, or interconnections. Suppliers are legally required to follow reliability standards. In 2006, Quebec's transmission system was recognized by the 1494: 1014:. This 180-to-190-mile (290 to 310 km) line, projected to carry 1,200 megawatts, will bring electricity to approximately one million homes. 2289: 1519: 661:

paralleled by a dual-circuit 315 kV line. The center 735 kV line uses a larger version delta pylon while the one to the right uses smaller one.

309: 1856: 881: 3499: 3004: 2882: 2421: 2235: 1799: 1713: 1348: 1246: 842: 301: 3322: 3168: 1679: 264: 3847: 3722: 2992: 391: 123: 469: 2009: 1760: 3758: 214:, and generating stations. Constructing the transmission system for the La Grande Phase One, part of the James Bay Project, took 12,500 1605: 2857: 2126: 325: 281: 101: 963:, reaching an elevation of about 650 metres (2,130 ft). The line then continues heading south-southeast and enters the state of 3570: 3529: 1211: 3657: 2712: 467:

Power transmission losses over the 735 kV grid range from 4.5 to 8%, varying due to temperature and operating situations. The

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Report on the State of the Power System, submitted to the ministre d'etat des ressources naturelles du Quebec, 21 January 1998.

1215: 1083: 1011: 247: 188: 1220: 921: 3223: 3027: 2832: 2446: 1634: 3631: 2593: 2521: 2396: 2366: 3732: 3160: 2034: 1237:, stated that the attack had been carried out to "denounce the 'pillaging' of Quebec's resources by the United States." 1057: 940:. South of the terminal, the line heads south and after a relatively short distance, it enters the Des Cantons close to 1206:'s visit to Canada, a tower along the Quebec – New England Transmission HVDC circuit in the Eastern Townships near the 813:

The Outaouais substation, the newest of 19 interconnections between Hydro-Québec's network and neighboring power grids.

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Rapport d'enquête et d'audience publique – Projet de centrale hydro-électrique sur la Basse-Côte-Nord (lac Robertson)

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over its transmission lines within a few years; the utility started testing internet over its lines in January 2004.

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The physical size of the Hydro-Québec's 735 kV transmission lines is unmatched in North America. Only two other

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Two figures are given for the length of the 735 kV system: 11,422 and 11,527 km (7,097 and 7,163 mi).

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From January 4/5 to January 10, 1998, warm moist air from the south overriding cold air from the north produced an

1045: 818: 667: 578: 411: 331: 143: 3832: 3557: 2963: 1405: 1226: 574: 407: 135: 3662: 2218:

Lings, Raymond; Vernon Chartier; P. Sarma Maruvada (2005-07-15). "Overview of transmission lines above 700 kV".

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in Newfoundland and Labrador. It was constructed over a period of five to six years from 1966 to 1971–72 by the

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Much of Quebec's population is served by a few 735 kV power lines. This contributed to the severity of the

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power line sometimes uses two poles or a wider, pyramidal, self-supporting lattice structure for angle towers.

658: 596: 592: 451: 343: 199: 3822: 3265: 1763:. Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corporation and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Archived from 506: 3111: 2806: 1956: 772:. The pylon, the largest of its kind in Canada, is 174.6 metres (572.8 ft) tall, the same height as the 3796: 3781: 2130: 1311: 1162: 872:

The maximum simultaneous delivery (export) for the interconnector common to New York and Ontario is 325 MW.

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igneous rock directed the GICs to the power lines. The conductors then forwarded this current to sensitive

535:, Chissibi, and Lemoyne. From these substations, six 735 kV power lines traverse the vast expanses of 3786: 3776: 3293: 3139: 1091: 933: 838: 826: 605: 516: 296:

region consists of several hydroelectric facilities located on three principal rivers, from west to east:

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named the 735 kV power line system as the technological innovation of the 20th century for Quebec.

380: 211: 195: 112: 3619: 3053: 1498: 929: 1735: 3652: 2314: 2293: 2065: 727: 703: 520: 223: 219: 3484:

Statistics Canada, The St. Lawrence River Valley 1998 Ice Storm: Maps and Facts (Ottawa, 1998); and

1523: 1145: 1006:. Hydro-Québec will own the segment within Quebec, while the segment within the US will be owned by 611: 3614: 3507: 3202: 2763: 2315:"Hydro-Québec célèbre le 40e anniversaire de la mise en service de la première ligne à 735 kV" 1860: 1033: 991: 980: 777: 746: 532: 335: 74: 2890: 2425: 2164: 3503: 3432: 3329: 3261: 2241: 1831: 1683: 1587: 1400: 616: 436: 284:

generating over 5,600 MW alone. In total, the project cost over C$ 20 billion to construct.

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Bergman, Brian; Branswell, Brenda; Nolen, Stephanie; Eisler, Dale; Geddes, John (13 June 2014).

1738:. Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corpororation and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1044:

In spite of the transmission system's reputation and the fact Quebec escaped unscathed from the

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Earth Liberation: "Bomb Attack On a Hydro-Quebec Tower", December 6, 2004 (from Google cache).

3197: 3000: 2911: 2260: 2231: 2013: 1805: 1795: 1709: 1344: 1067: 739: 384: 305: 297: 259: 116: 97: 3727: 3537: 3424: 2692: 2223: 2073: 1931: 1708:(in French). Quebec City: Bureau d'audiences publiques sur l'environnement. pp. 33–34. 1609: 1579: 1454: 1410: 1293:

Estimates on the total number of poles and pylons damaged / destroyed by the ice storm vary.

912: 765: 671: 624: 207: 42: 2861: 2134: 2060:

HOROWITZ, STANLEY H.; HAROLD T. SEELEY (September 1969). "Relaying the AEP 765-kV System".

1983: 3709: 1764: 1098: 1087: 999: 995: 722: 682: 447: 363: 273: 227: 2645: 987: 427:

A Mae West pylon from a Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie 735 kV power line, recognizable by the

387: 119: 3457: 3136:"Discover Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie and its system: Features of Our Transmission System" 2716: 2069: 1203: 1200: 1170: 1079: 895: 849: 809: 395: 277: 150:(MW) of interconnector import capacity and 7,974 MW of interconnector export capacity. 127: 89: 3366: 2192: 17: 3811: 3533: 3485: 3394: 2100: 1325: 1234: 1063: 972: 964: 937: 932:

substation. After the river crossing, the line enters into the Nicolet terminal near

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The system contains more than 34,187 kilometres (21,243 mi) of lines and 530

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The system contains more than 34,187 kilometres (21,243 mi) of lines and 530

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The James Bay Project encompasses the La Grande project, which is located on the

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between Montreal and Quebec City contain 735 kV power line loops or rings.

82: 2597: 2400: 2222:. Inaugural IEEE PES 2005 Conference and Exposition in Africa. pp. 33–43. 1125:

Map showing precipitation amounts for Quebec and the Northeastern United States

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Across North America, electricity transmission systems are interconnected into

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Over the years, Hydro-Québec researchers engineered a new type of pylon, the V-

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east of Quebec City, as lines crosses the St. Lawrence River south towards the

3500:"Chilling memories of 1998 ice storm that battered Quebec, Ontario, Maritimes" 3428: 2370: 2220:

Proceedings of the Inaugural IEEE PES 2005 Conference and Exposition in Africa

1935: 1375: 1301: 956: 941: 183: 2693:"Central Labrador:Virtual Tour Quebec Hwy 389 – Baie Comeau to Labrador City" 2261:"Analysis of second harmonic instability for the Chateauguay HVDC/SVC scheme" 2077: 1922:

Burton (1999-01-01). "Glazed over: Canada copes with the ice storm of 1998".

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the insulator and the side bundles are strung on vertical insulator strings.

3464: 2127:"Transmission Questions & Answers: How does the electrical system work?" 1857:"The Development of 735-kV Transmission and Standardization at Hydro-Québec" 1570:

Lemay, Jacques (June 1992). "Hydro-Québec's High-Voltage Interconnections".

1520:"Hydro-Québec (1962): historical context, economic impact and related links" 1319: 1130: 1028: 789: 544: 70: 2010:"Discover Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie and its system: Our System at a Glance" 577:, the power lines span a distance of 1,800 metres (6,000 ft) over the 3658:

Pictures of the Quebec–New England line in Massachusetts and New Hampshire

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174.6 metre (572'10") pylon adjacent to Hydro-Québec's now-decommissioned

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Churchill Falls is a single underground generation station located on the

3227: 3164: 1158: 463: 308:. A single plant named Sainte-Marguerite-3 is located to the east on the 105: 78: 3078: 2713:"Photography featuring beautiful bridges, scenic highways and railroads" 868:

Newfoundland and Labrador: one connection. 5,500 MW import, 0 MW export.

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New York: two connections. Capacity is 1,100 MW import, 1,999 MW export.

3458:"Failure of Public Utilities: Risk Management and Insurance: Pages 5–7" 960: 599:. A lone 735 kV line stems off from the substation, heading to an 399: 131: 1426:"IEEE Milestone : 40th Anniversary of 735 kV Transmission System" 1455:"IEEE Milestone: 40th Anniversary of 735 kV Transmission System" 976: 793: 581: 367: 62: 2966:. Massachusetts Municipal Wholesale Electric Company. Archived from 894:. This power line expansion was completed in 1990. As a result, the 30: 2810: 1144: 808: 745: 710: 698: 694: 676: 610: 559: 536: 505: 422: 263: 218:, 13 electrical substations, 10,000 kilometres (6,000 mi) of 172: 46:

735 kV substation near the Robert-Bourassa generating station

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interconnections, and the nine NERC Regional Reliability Councils.

3365:. North American Electric Reliability Corporation. Archived from 865:

New Brunswick: three connections. 785 MW import, 1,029 MW export.

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New England: three connections. 2,170 MW import, 2,275 MW export.

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hydroelectric generation centers: James Bay, Manic-Outardes, and

27:

International power transmission system centred in Quebec, Canada

1984:"Eastmain 1-A Powerhouse and Rupert Diversion: Area Development" 1231: 383:. It is managed by Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie, a division of the 147: 115:. It is managed by Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie, a division of the 3673: 738:

Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie uses a combination of double-circuit

1075: 829:, there are four other interconnections in North America: the 689:

The earliest type of tower used was a massive self-supporting

3530:"Recollections of 1998's Great Ice Storm still bring shivers" 859:

Ontario: eight connections. 1,970 MW import, 2,705 MW export.

1210:

was damaged by explosive charges detonated at its base. The

983:. The terminal is the southernmost extent of the HVDC line. 947:

Leaving the Des Cantons station, the power line crosses the

568:. The substation is one of TransÉnergie's transmission hubs. 2964:"Contracts, All Requirements: Hydro-Québec Interconnection" 2762:

Bonikowsky, Laura Neilson; Block, Niko (11 February 2016).

1924:

Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development

588:, the lines generally traverse flat, smooth rolling hills. 1859:. Standards Council of Canada. 2007-10-16. Archived from 998:, created a joint venture to build a new HVDC line from 3363:"DAWG Database 1998: January 1, 1998–December 31, 1998" 3328:. 6th Canadian Urban Forest Conference. Archived from 3258:"A closer look at a rare situation: Weather Situation" 2035:"Milestones:First 735 kV AC Transmission System, 1965" 1341:

America's Electric Utilities: Past, Present and Future

975:, the line reaches the Sandy Pond terminal outside of 916:

as it crosses under several 735 kV power lines.

657:

Two types of single-circuit 735 kV delta pylons near

77:(AC) power lines that link the population centres of 3488:, The State of the Power Transmission Network, 1998. 801:

deposited up to 70 millimetres (2.8 inches) of ice.

3767: 3751: 3708: 3625:"Map of electric transmission facilities in Quebec" 2548:"Transmission Towers for Hydroelectric Power Lines" 108:(which is not part of the Quebec interconnection). 3224:"Scientists probe northern lights from all angles" 2646:"Unique Suspension System Conquers Rugged Terrain" 928:. The power line surfaces on the south shore near 852:with systems in neighboring provinces and states: 480:was installed and began testing in 2007 and 2008. 1736:"The History of Churchill Falls: A Brief History" 1462:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 764:Lawrence River, carrying a 735kV circuit between 3574:Group claims responsibility for hydro tower bomb 3292:. Environment Canada. 2002-12-18. Archived from 3161:"Hydro-Québec to test internet over power lines" 3030:. Northern Pass Transmission LLC. Archived from 2997:Power Electronics Design: A Practitioner's Guide 2062:IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems 924:, where the 450 kV HVDC line descends into 898:power line is unique because there are multiple 780:in the United States (555 feet (169.2 m)). 3828:Electric grid interconnections in North America 3701:North American Electric Reliability Corporation 967:, where it reaches the Comerford terminal near 911:Beginning in the converter station next to the 823:North American Electric Reliability Corporation 556:Manic-Outardes power stations / Churchill Falls 65:, Canada. The system pioneered the use of very 3385: 3383: 2391: 2389: 2387: 1394: 1392: 1370: 1368: 1214:reported that a message, purportedly from the 431:spacers separating the three 4-conductor sets. 51:Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system 3818:Electric power transmission systems in Canada 3685: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1149:Damage to trees and a power distribution line 8: 3560:Canada, Inside an Ice Storm (Toronto, 1998). 2939:"The HVDC Transmission Quebec – New England" 2213: 2211: 2209: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1788:Shaping The Future : Annual Report 2009 1606:"Geographic Location: The La Grande Complex" 1489: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 848:Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie has the following 316:, is not connected to the main Quebec grid. 222:, and 60,000 kilometres (37,000 mi) of 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3138:. Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie. Archived from 3130: 3128: 2941:. The ABB Group. 2007-02-08. Archived from 2012:. Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie. Archived from 3692: 3678: 3670: 3290:"The worse ice storm in Canadian history?" 2801: 2799: 2779: 2777: 2447:"Churchill Falls – Power from the Project" 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2121: 2119: 2117: 1836:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1754: 1752: 3284: 3282: 3079:"New Transmission Line Reaches Milestone" 1682:. Hydro-Québec Production. Archived from 926:an underwater tunnel traversing the river 876:High voltage direct current (HVDC) 450 kV 334:near the town of Churchill Falls and the 3536:and CanWest News Service. Archived from 2833:"Montreal in the Ice Storm January 1998" 2483: 2481: 2479: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 1982:Hydro-Québec Production (October 2006). 1953:"Power Transmission over Long Distances" 1343:(5 ed.). Public Utilities Reports. 1120: 1078:, struck Earth. Fluctuations within the 652: 375:Electricity transmission system features 241:List of hydroelectric stations in Quebec 41: 29: 3838:Electric power infrastructure in Canada 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 2469: 2467: 2004: 2002: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1680:"Discover our Hydroelectric Facilities" 1653: 1651: 1364: 2986: 2984: 2933: 2931: 2511: 2509: 2191:. Vanderweil Engineers. Archived from 1947: 1945: 1879: 1877: 1829: 1729: 1727: 1725: 900:static converter and inverter stations 476:In the wake of the 1998 ice storm the 340:Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corporation 282:Robert-Bourassa or La Grande-2 station 3653:CBC TV archives of the 1998 Ice Storm 2648:. Transmission&Distribution World 2449:. A Scoff an' Scuff's. Archived from 2317:(in French). Hydro-Québec. 2005-11-29 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1247:James Bay Cree hydroelectric conflict 843:Electric Reliability Council of Texas 292:The Manic-Outardes river area in the 177:Hydro-Québec's first logo (1944–1960) 7: 2596:. Purple Lizard Maps. Archived from 2399:. Purple Lizard Maps. Archived from 2369:. Purple Lizard Maps. Archived from 1661:. Société d'énergie de la Baie James 1631:"Robert-Bourassa Generating Station" 693:, or waist pylon, which consumed 21 392:Northeast Power Coordinating Council 276:and on its tributaries, such as the 124:Northeast Power Coordinating Council 3417:IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 3104:"Utilities plan for N.E. expansion" 3026:Northern Pass Transmission (2010). 1761:"Detailed Technical Specifications" 1545:"Hydro-Québec Generation Main Page" 1495:"The James Bay Transmission System" 797:(0.51 inches) of ice tolerance, an 564:The Micoua substation, on Quebec's 310:Sainte-Marguerite River (Sept-Îles) 3843:Buildings and structures in Quebec 3569:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 3528:Fitzpatrick, Meagan (2008-01-04). 3498:Banerjee, Sidhartha (2008-01-03). 3102:Porter, Louis (19 December 2008). 2786:"Surviving 1998's Great Ice Storm" 890:(HVDC) line connecting Quebec and 595:, a substation accessible only by 326:Churchill Falls Generating Station 208:Société d’énergie de la Baie James 102:Churchill Falls Generating Station 25: 3323:"Ice storm 1998: Lessons learned" 3196:Lerner, Eric J. (July 31, 1995). 3171:from the original on June 1, 2007 3054:"NStar to build hydro power line" 2594:"Day 3: Radisson & Chisasibi" 1704:Government of Quebec (May 1995). 1142:England HVDC ±450 kV line. 882:Quebec – New England Transmission 681:A series of V-guyed towers, near 2189:"Massena Marcy 765 kV Line" 2165:"Map of the Transmission System" 1884:Collins, M.M.C. (17 July 2014). 1318: 1304: 1288: 1282: 1269: 1117:North American ice storm of 1998 1084:geomagnetically induced currents 1066:EST on March 13, 1989, a severe 990:, along with American utilities 615:Triple 735kV Mae West towers at 485: 351: 210:built these transmission lines, 189:Montreal Light, Heat & Power 163:North American ice storm of 1998 2715:. Massroads.com. Archived from 2546:Ressmeyer, Roger (1990-10-29). 2518:"Transmission Towers in Winter" 2091:Kelly, Thomas J. (2006-08-23). 776:, and slightly larger than the 734:Pylons for other voltage levels 248:Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro 100:in northwestern Quebec and the 3391:"Ice Storm Damage: Powerlines" 2740:. Hydro-Québec. Archived from 2644:White, H. Brian (1997-08-01). 2491:. Hydro-Québec. Archived from 2424:. Hydro-Québec. Archived from 2422:"Vegetation Control: Overview" 2292:. Hydro-Québec. Archived from 2265:Transactions on Power Delivery 2259:Hammad, A. E. (January 1992). 1955:. Hydro-Québec. Archived from 1633:. Hydro-Québec. Archived from 1608:. Hydro-Québec. Archived from 1497:. Hydro-Québec. Archived from 1424:Sood, Vijay K. (Spring 2006). 1399:Bolduc, André (4 March 2015). 1008:Northern Pass Transmission LLC 470:Ordre des ingénieurs du Québec 34:The two major and three minor 1: 2912:"TransÉnergie | Hydro-Québec" 2883:"TransÉnergie | Hydro-Québec" 1886:"Electric-Power Transmission" 1572:IEEE Power Engineering Review 1453:Sood, Vijay K. (2005-12-13). 951:and passes through the hilly 288:Manic-Outardes power stations 3610:Transmission System Overview 3321:McCready, Jim (2004-10-23). 3052:Alspach, Kyle (2010-10-05). 2860:. energyrisk. Archived from 2809:. 1998-03-29. Archived from 2670:. Corbis.com. Archived from 2622:. Corbis.com. Archived from 2550:. Corbis.com. Archived from 1522:. 2009-02-16. Archived from 1216:Résistance internationaliste 1058:March 1989 geomagnetic storm 971:. Continuing southward into 3848:Wide area synchronous grids 3663:Pictures of Quebec's pylons 3077:Dillon, John (2010-10-08). 2228:10.1109/PESAFR.2005.1611782 2039:IEEE Global History Network 1794:. Montreal. p. 52,92. 1785:Hydro-Québec (April 2010). 1376:"Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie" 1175:electric power distribution 888:high-voltage direct current 819:wide area synchronous grids 799:ice storm in the late-1990s 519:region of Montreal and the 419:AC 735 / 765 kV power lines 59:electric power transmission 3864: 2999:. Elsevier. pp. 8–9. 2831:Harvey, Stuart L. (1998). 2618:Mastrovito, Perry (2001). 2516:Mastrovito, Perry (2001). 1339:Hyman, Leonard S. (1988). 1244: 1114: 1055: 1046:Northeast Blackout of 2003 879: 412:Northeastern United States 323: 257: 238: 144:Northeastern United States 3558:Swiss Reinsurance Company 3429:10.1109/TPWRD.2007.899781 2991:Sueker, Keith H. (2005). 2790:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2768:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2064:. PAS-88 (9): 1382–1389. 1936:10.1080/00139159909604608 1890:The Canadian Encyclopedia 1547:. Hydro-Québec Generation 1406:The Canadian Encyclopedia 597:an airport adjacent to it 575:Newfoundland and Labrador 408:Newfoundland and Labrador 235:Source of the electricity 136:Newfoundland and Labrador 2858:"The cost of redundancy" 2620:"Houses Covered in Snow" 2473:Google Earth elevations. 2097:New York Power Authority 2078:10.1109/TPAS.1969.292530 1584:10.1109/MPER.1992.138943 1199:In 2004, shortly before 1195:2004 hydro tower bombing 1167:Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu 1004:Deerfield, New Hampshire 774:Montreal Olympic Stadium 659:Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu 452:New York Power Authority 450:in the same region, the 344:power purchase agreement 294:Côte-Nord or North Shore 200:Jean-Jacques Archambault 3797:Western Interconnection 3782:Eastern Interconnection 3058:Boston Business Journal 2131:American Electric Power 1659:"The La Grande Complex" 1312:Renewable energy portal 1092:electrical transformers 835:Western Interconnection 831:Eastern Interconnection 456:American Electric Power 3787:Quebec Interconnection 3777:Alaska Interconnection 1227:Le Journal de Montréal 1150: 1126: 1052:1989 Geomagnetic storm 839:Alaska Interconnection 827:Quebec Interconnection 814: 755: 686: 662: 632: 606:Gulf of Saint Lawrence 569: 511: 432: 381:electrical substations 269: 212:electrical substations 178: 113:electrical substations 57:) is an international 55:Quebec interconnection 47: 39: 18:Quebec Interconnection 3792:Texas Interconnection 3620:Grid map 2014, 1.3 MB 2290:"Radisson Substation" 1637:on September 27, 2007 1148: 1124: 1072:coronal mass ejection 953:Appalachian Mountains 812: 749: 680: 656: 614: 593:Montagnais Substation 563: 509: 496:The Lévis substation. 426: 267: 176: 146:, and features 6,025 45: 33: 3083:Vermont Public Radio 3034:on December 20, 2010 2970:on November 16, 2007 2668:"Transmission Tower" 2573:"Transmission Lines" 2296:on December 21, 2007 2093:"Executive Speeches" 1686:on December 31, 2007 1612:on December 20, 2007 1526:on February 16, 2009 1501:on December 21, 2007 1433:IEEE Canadian Review 1082:of the storm caused 521:Saint Lawrence River 398:with the systems in 346:, expiring in 2041. 302:Rivière aux Outardes 250:'s Churchill Falls. 224:electrical conductor 196:Manicouagan-Outardes 130:with the systems in 3028:"Route Information" 2916:www.hydroquebec.com 2887:www.hydroquebec.com 2792:. Historica Canada. 2770:. Historica Canada. 2764:"Ice Storm of 1998" 2744:on January 13, 2008 2666:Mastrovito, Perry. 2495:on January 13, 2008 2195:on October 20, 2007 2070:1969ITPAS..88.1382H 1892:. Historica Canada. 1230:newspapers and the 1104:without electricity 1034:high-speed internet 1024:series compensation 992:Northeast Utilities 778:Washington Monument 390:and is part of the 336:Smallwood Reservoir 122:and is part of the 75:alternating current 53:(also known as the 3504:The Canadian Press 3262:Environment Canada 1218:and issued to the 1151: 1127: 1022:TransÉnergie uses 986:In December 2008, 815: 756: 740:three-level pylons 721:TransÉnergie uses 687: 663: 649:735 kV pylons 640:Electricity pylons 633: 570: 512: 433: 270: 179: 94:Daniel-Johnson Dam 61:system centred in 48: 40: 3805: 3804: 3710:Regional Entities 3576:, 6 December 2004 3006:978-0-7506-7927-5 2945:on March 11, 2007 2489:"Types of Towers" 2237:978-0-7803-9326-4 1959:on March 14, 2006 1801:978-2-550-58101-7 1715:978-2-550-12014-8 1350:978-0-910325-25-7 1068:geomagnetic storm 1040:Major disruptions 752:Tracy power plant 448:utility companies 385:crown corporation 314:Lower North Shore 306:Manicouagan River 298:Betsiamites River 260:James Bay Project 117:crown corporation 98:James Bay Project 16:(Redirected from 3855: 3833:Energy in Quebec 3769:Interconnections 3694: 3687: 3680: 3671: 3649: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3636: 3630:. Archived from 3629: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3583: 3577: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3515: 3506:. Archived from 3495: 3489: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3472: 3462: 3454: 3441: 3440: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3402: 3393:. Archived from 3387: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3374: 3359: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3340: 3334: 3327: 3318: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3301: 3296:on July 19, 2006 3286: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3268:on June 26, 2006 3264:. Archived from 3254: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3210: 3193: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3176: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3132: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3119: 3110:. Archived from 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3089: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3064: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3039: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3013: 2988: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2950: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2922: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2889:. Archived from 2879: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2869: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2844: 2835:. 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Archived from 2088: 2082: 2081: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2021: 2006: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1979: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1964: 1949: 1940: 1939: 1919: 1894: 1893: 1881: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1853: 1842: 1841: 1835: 1827: 1825: 1824: 1818: 1812:. Archived from 1793: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1773: 1772: 1756: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1743: 1731: 1720: 1719: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1692: 1691: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1667: 1666: 1655: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1642: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1617: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1567: 1556: 1555: 1553: 1552: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1507: 1506: 1491: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1459: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1430: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1411:Historica Canada 1396: 1387: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1372: 1354: 1328: 1323: 1322: 1314: 1309: 1308: 1292: 1286: 1273: 1208:Canada–US border 1099:circuit breakers 949:Canada–US border 805:Interconnections 723:two-level pylons 489: 355: 21: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3763: 3747: 3704: 3698: 3647: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3623: 3615:Types of pylons 3606: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3580: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3543: 3541: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3513: 3511: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3483: 3479: 3470: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3444: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3400: 3398: 3389: 3388: 3381: 3372: 3370: 3361: 3360: 3347: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3320: 3319: 3308: 3299: 3297: 3288: 3287: 3280: 3271: 3269: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3233: 3231: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3208: 3206: 3198:"Space weather" 3195: 3194: 3183: 3174: 3172: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3145: 3143: 3134: 3133: 3126: 3117: 3115: 3114:on 15 June 2009 3101: 3100: 3096: 3087: 3085: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3062: 3060: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3037: 3035: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2990: 2989: 2982: 2973: 2971: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2948: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2929: 2920: 2918: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2896: 2894: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2867: 2865: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2842: 2840: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2816: 2814: 2805: 2804: 2797: 2783: 2782: 2775: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2747: 2745: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2722: 2720: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2677: 2675: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2651: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2629: 2627: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2603: 2601: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2578: 2576: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2557: 2555: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2531: 2529: 2515: 2514: 2507: 2498: 2496: 2487: 2486: 2477: 2472: 2465: 2456: 2454: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2431: 2429: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2406: 2404: 2395: 2394: 2385: 2376: 2374: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2352: 2329: 2320: 2318: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2299: 2297: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2274: 2272: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2238: 2217: 2216: 2207: 2198: 2196: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2162: 2149: 2140: 2138: 2125: 2124: 2115: 2106: 2104: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2044: 2042: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2019: 2017: 2008: 2007: 2000: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1981: 1980: 1971: 1962: 1960: 1951: 1950: 1943: 1921: 1920: 1897: 1883: 1882: 1875: 1866: 1864: 1855: 1854: 1845: 1828: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1802: 1791: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1770: 1768: 1758: 1757: 1750: 1741: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1723: 1716: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1689: 1687: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1664: 1662: 1657: 1656: 1649: 1640: 1638: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1615: 1613: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1569: 1568: 1559: 1550: 1548: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1529: 1527: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1504: 1502: 1493: 1492: 1475: 1466: 1464: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1438: 1436: 1428: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1398: 1397: 1390: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1351: 1338: 1324: 1317: 1310: 1303: 1300: 1287: 1281: 1268: 1262: 1249: 1243: 1197: 1163:Saint-Hyacinthe 1137:Physical damage 1119: 1113: 1088:Canadian Shield 1060: 1054: 1042: 1020: 1012:White Mountains 1000:Windsor, Quebec 936:, northeast of 909: 884: 878: 850:interconnectors 807: 683:Chapais, Quebec 642: 579:Churchill River 504: 499: 498: 497: 495: 490: 421: 396:interconnectors 377: 372: 371: 370: 364:Churchill Falls 361: 356: 332:Churchill River 328: 320:Churchill Falls 274:La Grande River 262: 243: 237: 171: 128:interconnectors 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3861: 3859: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3810: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3773: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3761: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3714: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3689: 3682: 3674: 3666: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3648:(16.0 MB) 3617: 3612: 3605: 3604:External links 3602: 3599: 3598: 3589: 3578: 3562: 3550: 3520: 3490: 3477: 3442: 3407: 3379: 3345: 3306: 3278: 3249: 3240: 3215: 3181: 3167:. 2003-11-24. 3152: 3124: 3108:Rutland Herald 3094: 3069: 3044: 3018: 3005: 2980: 2955: 2927: 2903: 2874: 2849: 2823: 2795: 2773: 2754: 2729: 2704: 2684: 2658: 2636: 2610: 2585: 2575:. Our Labrador 2564: 2538: 2505: 2475: 2463: 2438: 2413: 2383: 2358: 2327: 2306: 2281: 2251: 2236: 2205: 2180: 2170:. Hydro-Québec 2147: 2113: 2083: 2052: 2026: 1998: 1969: 1941: 1895: 1873: 1843: 1800: 1777: 1759:Green, Peter. 1748: 1734:Green, Peter. 1721: 1714: 1696: 1671: 1647: 1622: 1597: 1557: 1536: 1511: 1473: 1445: 1416: 1401:"Hydro-Québec" 1388: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1349: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1315: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1275: 1261: 1258: 1242: 1239: 1204:George W. Bush 1201:U.S. President 1196: 1193: 1184: 1183: 1139: 1138: 1115:Main article: 1112: 1111:1998 ice storm 1109: 1080:magnetic field 1056:Main article: 1053: 1050: 1041: 1038: 1019: 1018:Other features 1016: 934:Sainte-Eulalie 908: 905: 896:direct current 880:Main article: 877: 874: 870: 869: 866: 863: 860: 857: 806: 803: 786: 785: 784:Pylon strength 761: 760: 736: 735: 651: 650: 641: 638: 621:L'Ange-Gardien 558: 557: 529: 528: 503: 500: 492: 491: 484: 483: 482: 441:IEEE Milestone 420: 417: 376: 373: 358: 357: 350: 349: 348: 324:Main article: 322: 321: 290: 289: 278:Eastmain River 258:Main article: 256: 255: 239:Main article: 236: 233: 170: 167: 161:following the 90:power stations 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3860: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 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Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system

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