1805:
1469:
332:
2042:
1777:
30:
1319:
367:
824:
233:
295:
1127:
753:
582:
535:
1614:
1545:
1394:
474:
5411:
1157:
498:
1255:
888:
714:
1090:
1969:
432:
1225:
1195:
650:
2240:
announced the discovery and decipherment of a coin bearing the portrait of
Cleopatra Selene and a co-ruler; Kritt read the name of the ruler as Seleucus Philometor and, based on the epithet "Philometor", meaning mother loving, identified him with Cleopatra Selene's son, unnamed by Cicero. Kritt gave
1082:
Antiochus VIII died in 96 BC and
Antiochus IX followed him in 95 BC; the country became embroiled in a civil war in which Antiochus VIII's five sons and the descendants of Antiochus IX fought between themselves. The chronology of all those monarchs is problematic and is specially vague regarding
4273:
History of
Herodotus. A New English Version, Edited with Copious Notes and Appendices, Illustrating the History and Geography of Herodotus, from the Most Recent Sources of Information; and Embodying the Chief Results, Historical and Ethnographical, Which Have Been Obtained in the Progress of
2108:
There is no reason to believe that
Laodice III fell from grace as she survived her husband and was honoured throughout his and his successors reigns. Seleucid monarchs did not engage in polygamy and even the most hostile accounts, aside from the propagandistic work of Polybius, do not accuse
3984:
The Holy Bible. Containing the Old and New
Testaments: the Text, Printed from the Most Correct Copies of the Present Authorized Translation, Including the Marginal Readings and Parallel Texts. With a Commentary and Critical Notes. Designed as a Help to a Better Understanding of the Sacred
991:
790:
1854:
most of the times. Occasionally, other
Aramean regions were also referred to as Syria. In the view of W. Edward Glenny, the rendering of Aram by Syria might be explained by an anti-Syrian bias, since at the time of the translation, Syria belonged to the
1038:
1849:
were often translated as Syria and the
Syrians; hence, the king was referred to as the king of Syria, and this was carried on by many English translations. Aram in the Hebrew Old Testament and Syria in the translation indicated the kingdom of
180:(200 BC); he annexed the Syrian lands controlled by Egypt (Coele-Syria) and united them with his Syrian lands, thus gaining control of the entirety of Syria. Starting from the 2nd century BC, ancient writers, such as
3718:
Alten, Elif (2017). "Revolt of
Achaeus Against Antiochus III the Great and the Siege of Sardis, Based on Classical Textual, Epigraphic and Numismatic Evidence". In LaflΔ±, ErgΓΌn; Kan Εahin, GΓΌlseren (eds.).
2126:
Antiochus was a child of 4 or 5 years when he ascended the throne. Heliodorus might have killed
Seleucus IV, before being removed by Antiochus IV who kept his nephew as co-king before killing him in 170
3722:
Archaeology and
History of Lydia from the Early Lydian Period to Late Antiquity (8th century B.C.-6th century A.D.). An international Symposium May 17-18, 2017 / Izmir, Turkey. Abstracts Booklet
2241:
the newly discovered ruler the regnal name Seleucus VII, and considered it very likely that he is identical with Kybiosaktes. The reading of "Seleucus VII" was accepted by some scholars such as
617:
Diodotus Tryphon, who opposed Demetrius II by raising Antiochus VI to the throne, killed his protege and declared himself king ruling until 138 when the Seleucids unified Syria again.
2253:
rejected Kritt's reading, noting that the coin was badly damaged and some letters were unreadable; Hoover read the king's name as Antiochus and identified him with Antiochus XIII.
5703:
4936:
Abraham Ibn Daud's Dorot 'Olam (Generations of the Ages). A Critical Edition and Translation of Zikhron Divrey Romi, Divrey Malkhey YisraΚΎel, and the Midrash on Zechariah
2113:
suggests a solution for the problem of Antiochus' second wife; according to Polybius, Euboea was a name given by Antiochus to his second wife and it is the name of her
3725:. Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea, Acta Congressus Communis Omnium Gentium Smyrnae. Vol. IV. The Research Center for the Archaeology of Western Anatolia β EKVAM.
604:
Son of Alexander I and Cleopatra Thea. Was proclaimed king against Demetrius II by general Diodotus Tryphon who held actual power and eventually killed Antiochus.
4445:
Neo-Assyrian Historical Inscriptions and Syria-Palestine: Israelite/Judean-Tyrian-Damascene Political and Commercial Relations in the Ninth-Eighth Centuries BCE
1498:. The date of the invasion might actually be later, around 74 BC. The Armenian king captured Cleopatra Selene and killed her in 69 BC, but he was forced by the
6028:
2139:
proposed three possibilities: Antiochus was Demetrius I's son Antigonus who assumed the dynastic name Antiochus, a pretender, or Demetrius I's youngest son
1351:
Cleopatra Selene declared her son Antiochus XIII king following the deaths of both Antiochus XII and Philip I; she seems to have installed herself co-ruler.
5679:
276:
81:, who was proclaimed King of Syria on 8 March 1920. Faisal's reign lasted a few months before he was overthrown by France and the title fell out of use.
5699:
4874:
Spawforth, Tony (2006). "Macedonian Times: Hellenistic Memories in the Provinces of the Roman Near East". In Konstan, David; SaΓ―d, Suzanne (eds.).
5719:
1684:
188:, began referring to the Seleucid ruler as the king of Syria. The evidence for this title's usage by the kings is provided by the inscription of
5023:
2227:
Philip's death date is unknown but traditionally assumed to be the year 84 or 83 BC. Although there is a possibility that he ruled until 75 BC.
5789:
5667:
4991:
4970:
4943:
4883:
4843:
4824:
4805:
4786:
4767:
4748:
4729:
4710:
4691:
4672:
4636:
4617:
4594:
4575:
4545:
4490:
4471:
4452:
4224:
4205:
4174:
4147:
4128:
4101:
4074:
4055:
4036:
4009:
3972:
3900:
3881:
3862:
3785:
3766:
3747:
2117:. Hence, in the view of Kosmin, by marrying this girl, Antiochus signified that he was marrying the island which the girl became its symbol.
5889:
2209:
In 124/123 BC, he married Tryphaena who was murdered in 111 BC by Antiochus IX. By 103 BC, he married Tryphaena's sister Cleopatra Selene.
2163:(Alexander the bastard); this bastardy could have been the reason for the doubts ancient writers showed regarding Alexander's paternity.
5784:
5712:
5686:
4310:
Hoover, Oliver D. (2005). "Dethroning Seleucus VII Philometor (Cybiosactes): Epigraphical Arguments Against a Late Seleucid Monarch".
2183:
138 BC. However, the last coins struk in Antiochus' name date to the year142/141 BC indicating that he was murdered around that time.
5384:
4627:
McAuley, Alex (2017). "Mother Knows Best: Motherhood and Succession in the Seleucid Realm". In Cooper, Dana; Phelan, Claire (eds.).
4566:(2013) . "Cleopatra Selene". In Bagnall, Roger S.; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B.; Erskine, Andrew; Huebner, Sabine R. (eds.).
4815:
Schafer, Elizabeth D. (2013) . "Faisal, Prince (1885-1933)". In Tucker, Spencer C.; Matysek Wood, Laura; Murphy, Justin D. (eds.).
3928:
5950:
5609:
4501:
6076:
5835:
5036:
5370:
6106:
5640:
3855:
Nemrud Dagi: Recent Archaeological Research and Preservation and Restoration Activities in the Tomb Sanctuary on Mount Nemrud
1813:
1491:
337:
4119:
Georganas, Ioannis (2016). "Antiochus IV Epiphanes". In Phang, Sara E.; Spence, Iain; Kelly, Douglas; Londey, Peter (eds.).
781:
Was released by the Parthians and regained his throne and wife following Antiochus VII's death in a battle against Parthia.
5359:
5233:
5848:
5674:
5599:
920:
Cleopatra Thea assumed power in her own right; she abandoned her husband Demetrius II and arranged his murder in 125 BC.
526:
Claimed to be a son of Antiochus IV. He could have been an illegitimate son of Antiochus by a concubine named Antiochis.
189:
815:
Son of Demetrius II and Cleopatra Thea. He was elevated as king by his mother in an attempt to establish her authority.
5879:
5872:
5727:
5587:
1494:, invaded Syria; the year of the invasion is up to debate and is traditionally given as 83 BC based on the account of
462:
5825:
5623:
5460:
5056:
5016:
4540:. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Vol. 100. Peeters Publishers & Department of Oriental Studies, Leuven.
2065:
1468:
1029:
Due to the discontent arising from her becoming a queen regnant, Cleopatra Thea elevated Antiochus VIII as co-king.
420:
1804:
5903:
5435:
5376:
1324:
1018:
161:
6121:
6116:
5993:
5965:
5772:
1734:
1399:
740:
Son of Demetrius I and possibly Laodice V. Married his brother's wife after Demetrius II was captured by the
6111:
5604:
5594:
5455:
5440:
5340:
5294:
2055:
1709:
1423:
489:
Known from a coin minted in the same year Demetrius I lost his throne; his identity is left to speculations.
238:
169:
331:
5481:
5476:
5390:
5145:
5061:
2060:
1842:
1581:
1345:
1260:
1200:
1095:
1043:
372:
300:
268:
2246:
5998:
5920:
5820:
5662:
5645:
5572:
5450:
5348:
5190:
5009:
4563:
2242:
2140:
1776:
1738:
1230:
1132:
963:
795:
719:
587:
570:
355:
4682:
Mumford, Gregory D. (2013). "Egypt and the Levant". In Steiner, Margreet L.; Killebrew, Ann E. (eds.).
982:
He declared himself king following his father's murder against the wishes of his mother who killed him.
6013:
5815:
5650:
5354:
4650:. Studies in the Aramaic Interpretation of Scripture. Vol. 1. Harper & Brothers Publishers.
2250:
2006:
The only king mentioned by the name "Ben-Hadad" both in the Old Testament and extra-biblical sources.
1341:
829:
540:
197:
4878:. Cambridge Classical Journal. Supplementary Volumes. Vol. 29. Cambridge Philological Society.
4289:
Hoover, Oliver D. (2000). "A Dedication to Aphrodite Epekoos for Demetrius I Soter and His Family".
6033:
6023:
5915:
5577:
5185:
5180:
1794:
1162:
402:
3534:
2299:
2041:
29:
5975:
5925:
5884:
5744:
5732:
5657:
5618:
5582:
5445:
5419:
5077:
4922:
4360:
4259:
3929:"The Moon Is A Harsh Mistressβ The Rise and Fall of Cleopatra II Selene, Seleukid Queen of Syria"
3820:
2237:
2197:
2192:
Alexander fabricated a genealogy that presented him as the son of Alexander I Balas according to
2081:
1863:' main enemy; Aram-Damascus was the Jews' enemy during its Iron Age prime in the 9th century BC.
1817:
1637:
Freed by his captor, he ruled for one year before being deposed by Pompey who annexed Syria as a
1474:
458:
192:, who described himself as the "admiral of Alexander, king of Syria" (Alexander refers either to
120:
4397:
Houghton, Arthur (1993). "The reigns of Antiochus VIII and Antiochus IX at Antioch and Tarsus".
4121:
Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia
6045:
5830:
5754:
5560:
5364:
5299:
5254:
5107:
4987:
4966:
4949:
4939:
4914:
4879:
4862:
4839:
4820:
4801:
4782:
4763:
4744:
4725:
4706:
4687:
4668:
4651:
4632:
4613:
4590:
4571:
4551:
4541:
4513:
4486:
4467:
4448:
4431:
4419:
4406:
4385:
4352:
4319:
4298:
4277:
4251:
4220:
4201:
4180:
4170:
4153:
4143:
4124:
4107:
4097:
4080:
4070:
4051:
4032:
4015:
4005:
3988:
3968:
3940:
3915:
3896:
3877:
3858:
3841:
3812:
3781:
3762:
3743:
3726:
3701:
3673:
3657:
3636:
3598:
3582:
3566:
3550:
3495:
3463:
3419:
3168:
3128:
3097:
3081:
3065:
3061:
3045:
3041:
3025:
3009:
2990:
2942:
2867:
2742:
2577:
2561:
2542:
2526:
2505:
2486:
2470:
2445:
2414:
2398:
2379:
2363:
2347:
2283:
2136:
1318:
437:
366:
173:
4986:. Ancient Coins in Australian Collections. Vol. 2. Numismatic Association of Australia.
3617:
3518:
3479:
3447:
2974:
2958:
2926:
2910:
2836:
2820:
2801:
2782:
2726:
2665:
2636:
2605:
2331:
2315:
6069:
6050:
5985:
5867:
5803:
5767:
5537:
5396:
5289:
5269:
5264:
5210:
5082:
5044:
4906:
4344:
4243:
3804:
2176:
2070:
1890:
1782:
1726:
823:
655:
573:
of Egypt divorced his daughter Cleopatra Thea from Alexander I and married her to Demetrius.
232:
177:
74:
5970:
5945:
5935:
5930:
5284:
5249:
5215:
5130:
4853:
Shayegan, M. Rahim (2003). "On Demetrius II Nicator's Arsacid Captivity and Second Rule".
3776:
Austin, Michel (2010) . "Seleucids. Dynasty of Macedonian Kings". In Wilson, Nigel (ed.).
1985:
1598:
741:
503:
323:
Son of Antiochus III and Laodice III. He married Laodice IV, his brother Antiochus' widow.
193:
42:
5692:
4167:
Finding Meaning in the Text: Translation Technique and Theology in the Septuagint of Amos
2144:
1597:
Son of Philip I. Elevated by the people of Antioch following Antiochus XIII's capture by
4029:
The Lives of Ordinary People in Ancient Israel: When Archaeology and the Bible Intersect
3948:
845:
Claimed to be of Seleucid heritage. Declared himself king in opposition to Demetrius II.
752:
581:
534:
6085:
6040:
6003:
5958:
5737:
5633:
5532:
5527:
5279:
5259:
5225:
5200:
2110:
2076:
893:
515:
294:
108:
90:
70:
58:
4980:
Wright, Nicholas L. (2011). "The Iconography of Succession Under the Late Seleukids".
4895:"The Apology of Hazael: A Literary and Historical Analysis of the Tel Dan Inscription"
4192:
Greene, Joseph A. (1993). "Aram". In Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael David (eds.).
1126:
6100:
6018:
5628:
5511:
5506:
5491:
5329:
5306:
5274:
5239:
5175:
5117:
5087:
4983:
Coins from Asia Minor and the East: Selections from the Colin E. Pitchfork Collection
4926:
4606:
4521:
4483:
The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in the Seleucid Empire
4364:
1997:
1851:
1834:
132:
94:
54:
50:
4374:"The Double Portrait Coins of Antiochus XI and Philip I: a Seleucid Mint at Beroea?"
5840:
5501:
5312:
2180:
1613:
1544:
1499:
1393:
1055:
990:
914:
887:
789:
473:
45:
kings who ruled the entirety of the region of Syria. It was also used to refer to
4665:
Syria and the USA: Washington's Relations with Damascus from Wilson to Eisenhower
4194:
3761:. T&T Clark Jewish and Christian Texts. Vol. 23. Bloomsbury Publishing.
6007:
5779:
5762:
5205:
5165:
5097:
5092:
4348:
2193:
2047:
1931:
1701:
1638:
1246:
Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena. Took the throne with his twin Antiochus XI.
1156:
1037:
497:
250:
165:
62:
4836:
The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.-A.D. 135)
4741:
The Legend of Seleucus: Kingship, Narrative and Mythmaking in the Ancient World
1148:
Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena. Defeated Antiochus IX but was soon killed.
17:
5140:
5102:
3730:
2037:
1838:
1730:
910:
312:
272:
185:
4953:
4918:
4866:
4705:. Biblical Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. Society of Biblical Literature Press.
4655:
4555:
4517:
4435:
4410:
4389:
4356:
4323:
4302:
4281:
4255:
4184:
4157:
4111:
4084:
4019:
3992:
3944:
3816:
2099:
Antiochus son of Antiochus III was made co-king in 209 BC and died in 193 BC.
5486:
5195:
1957:
1856:
1705:
1010:
671:
Last coins date to 138 BC but his reign might have lasted into early 137 BC.
454:
136:
104:
4236:
Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
4069:. Studies in the Aramaic Interpretation of Scripture. Vol. 12. Brill.
4004:. Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum. Vol. 23. Mohr Siebeck.
3919:
3845:
3797:
Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
1254:
713:
358:
held real power, then Antiochus was made co-king by his uncle Antiochus IV.
1922:
The name "Hazib" was also used for him. Known only from the Old Testament.
1194:
1089:
5135:
5125:
4096:. Forschungen zum Alten Testament, 2. Reihe. Vol. 51. Mohr Siebeck.
3987:. Vol. 1: Genesis to Esther. H.S. & J. Applegate & Company.
2175:
placed Antiochus' murder after the end of Demetrius II's first reign and
2172:
1846:
1115:
283:
181:
157:
140:
128:
112:
4502:"Numismatic Evidence For A New Seleucid King: Seleucus (VII) Philometor"
3874:
The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia
1968:
431:
5940:
3893:
The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History
1224:
46:
4333:"A Revised Chronology for the Late Seleucids at Antioch (121/0-64 BC)"
4263:
3824:
1186:
Avenged his father and killed Seleucus VI. He married his step-mother.
5542:
5496:
5170:
5155:
4684:
The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000-332 BCE
2156:
2114:
1974:
1912:
1569:
1495:
124:
66:
4938:. The Medieval and Early Modern Iberian World. Vol. 50. Brill.
4464:
Kings and Usurpers in the Seleukid Empire: The Men who Would be King
4373:
4332:
3910:
Bunbury, Edward Herbert (1872). "Laodice". In Smith, William (ed.).
3740:
Queen Salome: Jerusalem's Warrior Monarch of the First Century B.C.E
3720:
4910:
4648:
Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature
4247:
3808:
3795:
Bellinger, Alfred Raymond (1945). "King Antiochus in 151/0 B. C.".
649:
5410:
5160:
5032:
4981:
4894:
4876:
Greeks on Greekness: Viewing the Greek Past Under the Roman Empire
4242:(4). The American School of Classical Studies at Athens: 361β364.
2015:
419:
Son of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and possibly Laodice IV. His regent
393:
Son of Antiochus III and Laodice III. Married his brother's widow.
131:
dynasty used the term "Syria" to designate the region between the
116:
78:
5001:
453:
Son of Seleucus IV and Laodice IV. Might have married his sister
5150:
4667:. Library of International Relations. Vol. 56. I.B.Tauris.
3803:(1). The American School of Classical Studies at Athens: 58β59.
1860:
1602:
5005:
4002:
The Interpretation of the Old Testament in Greco-Roman Paganism
282:
Antiochus III's second wife is attested in the hostile work of
139:. The usage of the name in referring to the region during the
4276:. Vol. 1. Translated by Rawlinson, George. John Murray.
2147:
considered the suggestion of Antiochus VII the most credible.
1075:
He rose against Antiochus VIII with the help of Cleopatra IV.
4838:. Vol. 1 (A New English Version ed.). Bloomsbury.
4834:
SchΓΌrer, Emil (2014) . Vermes, Geza; Millar, Fergus (eds.).
3834:
Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences
1276:
Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena. Ruled only in Damascus.
4817:
The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
1837:
into Greek written during the third century BC (called the
1216:
Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena. Killed by Antiochus X.
4722:
Polygamy, Prostitutes and Death: The Hellenistic Dynasties
1984:
Probably a usurper; described in Assyrian records as "the
1903:
Also named "Ezron", and known only from the Old Testament.
4234:
Heichelheim, Fritz Moritz (1944). "Numismatic Comments".
3832:
Bellinger, Alfred R. (1949). "The End of the Seleucids".
3179:
3177:
2890:
2888:
1572:
confirmed Antiochus as king following Tigranes departure.
4169:. Vetus Testamentum, Supplements. Vol. 126. Brill.
4142:. Brill's Series in Jewish Studies. Vol. 8. Brill.
3399:
3397:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3194:
3192:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2616:
2614:
1183:
Son of Antiochus IX and a first wife whose name is lost.
4538:
The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion
3912:
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
3293:
3291:
2859:
2857:
2812:
2810:
41:
appeared in the second century BC in referring to the
3759:
A History of the Hasmonean State: Josephus and Beyond
3649:
3647:
3645:
3609:
3607:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3120:
3118:
3001:
2999:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
1870:
1743:
1741:; the kingdom collapsed on 24 July of the same year.
1653:
1514:
1438:
1363:
1288:
932:
857:
683:
619:
202:
3628:
3626:
2793:
2791:
2497:
2495:
2390:
2388:
5984:
5902:
5860:
5802:
5753:
5559:
5520:
5469:
5418:
5339:
5322:
5224:
5116:
5070:
5043:
4703:
Historical Roots of the Old Testament (1200β63 BCE)
4140:
Judaea and Mediterranean Politics: 219 to 161 B.C.E
3578:
2553:
2551:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2437:
2435:
2275:
2273:
2196:, or the adopted son of Antiochus VII according to
1708:of Egypt. He was declared king of Syria during the
4605:
4193:
1900:Mentioned as "ruling over Syria" in 1 Kings 11:25.
2179:placed the usurpation of Diodotus Tryphon in the
3530:
2218:His reign might have actually ended in 89/88 BC.
354:Son of Seleucus IV and Laodice IV. The minister
4724:. Duckworth with the Classical Press of Wales.
4405:. Schweizerischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft.
4384:. Schweizerischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft.
3333:
3234:
4604:Maxwell Miller, James; Hayes, John H. (1986).
4568:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (13 Vols.)
4418:Iossif, Panagiotis; Lorber, Catharine (2007).
4065:Flesher, Paul V.M.; Chilton, Bruce D. (2011).
3491:
164:established the Syrian kingdom which included
5017:
1867:Aramean kings referred to as "kings of Syria"
8:
3840:. Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.
3697:
2589:
4905:(3). University of Chicago Press: 163β176.
2677:
5908:
5808:
5565:
5428:
5424:
5049:
5024:
5010:
5002:
4312:Zeitschrift fΓΌr Papyrologie und Epigraphik
4291:Zeitschrift fΓΌr Papyrologie und Epigraphik
3415:
3164:
3077:
3057:
3021:
2986:
566:Son of Demetrius I and possibly Laodice V.
4760:Greater Syria: The History of an Ambition
4570:. Vol. III: Be-Co. Wiley-Blackwell.
4337:Historia: Zeitschrift fΓΌr Alte Geschichte
3431:
3258:
2738:
2701:
2689:
2661:
2573:
2295:
4646:McClintock, John; Strong, James (1867).
4430:(1). Association L'AntiquitΓ© Classique.
3594:
3443:
3183:
3037:
2922:
2894:
2879:
2863:
2832:
2816:
2778:
2025:Known in Assyrian inscription as Raqyan.
1419:Son of Antiochus X and Cleopatra Selene.
1072:Son of Antiochus VII and Cleopatra Thea.
279:, who preceded him in death, as co-king.
28:
5720:Popular Front for Change and Liberation
3685:
3459:
3388:
3345:
3270:
3246:
2970:
2954:
2938:
2410:
2343:
2327:
2269:
2092:
1956:Equated by many Biblical scholars with
979:Son of Demetrius II and Cleopatra Thea.
49:kings in the Greek translations of the
4399:Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau
4378:Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau
4274:Cuneiform and Hieroglyphical Discovery
3653:
3613:
3562:
3546:
3514:
3475:
3403:
3369:
3297:
3222:
3210:
3198:
3152:
3140:
3124:
3109:
3093:
3005:
2906:
2848:
2754:
2722:
2620:
2482:
2466:
2394:
2375:
2359:
1960:who was mentioned in Assyrian sources.
5728:Political status of the Golan Heights
4608:A History of Ancient Israel and Judah
4420:"Laodikai and the Goddess Nikephoros"
3669:
3632:
3357:
3321:
3309:
3282:
2797:
2766:
2632:
2601:
2501:
2426:
2311:
2279:
143:(ended 586 BC) is a modern practice.
7:
4343:(3). Franz Steiner Verlag: 280β301.
4067:The Targums: A Critical Introduction
2557:
2538:
2522:
2441:
1111:Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena.
107:in the 5th century BC to indicate a
65:, the region came under the rule of
4031:. William B. Eerdmans Publishing.
1940:Known only from the Old Testament.
25:
4196:The Oxford Companion to the Bible
3963:Burstein, Stanley Mayer (2007) .
53:, mainly indicating the kings of
5409:
4861:. Wayne State University Press.
4585:Mahaffy, John Pentland (2014) .
3967:. University of Oklahoma Press.
2040:
1967:
1833:In the first translation of the
1829:Biblical usage for Aramean kings
1803:
1787:(20 May 1885 β 8 September 1933)
1775:
1612:
1543:
1502:to evacuate Syria the same year.
1467:
1392:
1317:
1253:
1223:
1193:
1155:
1125:
1088:
1036:
989:
886:
822:
788:
751:
712:
648:
580:
533:
496:
472:
430:
365:
330:
293:
231:
4899:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
4612:. Westminster John Knox Press.
4443:Kah-Jin Kuan, Jeffrey (2016) .
3579:Maxwell Miller & Hayes 1986
1737:, declared himself king of the
1677:Parents, co-regents, and notes
1538:Parents, co-regents, and notes
1462:Parents, co-regents, and notes
1387:Parents, co-regents, and notes
1312:Parents, co-regents, and notes
956:Parents, co-regents, and notes
881:Parents, co-regents, and notes
707:Parents, co-regents, and notes
643:Parents, co-regents, and notes
226:Parents, co-regents, and notes
4855:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
4743:. Cambridge University Press.
4589:. Cambridge University Press.
4050:. Princeton University Press.
3778:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece
275:. He appointed his eldest son
57:. Following the defeat of the
1:
4447:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
3927:Burgess, Michael Roy (2004).
3914:. Vol. II. John Murray.
3853:Brijder, Herman A.G. (2014).
1816:and Abdiyah bint Abdullah of
1799:(8 March 1920 β 24 July 1920)
5868:Energy and mineral resources
5668:Supreme Constitutional Court
4893:Suriano, Matthew J. (2007).
4800:. Harvard University Press.
4779:The Modern History of Jordan
4485:. Harvard University Press.
4217:Who's Who in the Greek World
3531:McClintock & Strong 1867
2109:Antiochus III with the act.
2022:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1966:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1809:
1802:
1793:
1791:8 March 1920 β 24 July 1920
1790:
1781:
1774:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1683:
1681:
1634:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1580:
1578:
1565:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1473:
1466:
1416:
1414:
1407:
1398:
1391:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1323:
1316:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1259:
1252:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1229:
1222:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1199:
1192:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1161:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1131:
1124:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1094:
1087:
1069:
1054:
1051:
1042:
1035:
1026:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
976:
974:
971:
962:
960:
906:
904:
901:
892:
885:
842:
840:
837:
828:
821:
812:
810:
803:
794:
787:
778:
771:
764:
757:
750:
737:
730:
727:
718:
711:
668:
666:
663:
654:
647:
601:
598:
595:
586:
579:
563:
555:
548:
539:
532:
523:
514:
511:
502:
495:
486:
484:
481:
478:
471:
450:
448:
445:
436:
429:
416:
413:
410:
401:
399:
390:
383:
380:
371:
364:
351:
348:
345:
336:
329:
320:
311:
308:
299:
292:
264:
249:
246:
237:
230:
111:generally extending between
5890:Water supply and sanitation
5790:Weapons of mass destruction
5693:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
4762:. Oxford University Press.
4701:Nelson, Richard D. (2014).
4686:. Oxford University Press.
4587:The Empire of the Ptolemies
4512:(4). Kerry K. Wetterstrom.
4466:. Oxford University Press.
4349:10.25162/historia-2007-0021
4200:. Oxford University Press.
4046:Downey, Glanville (2015) .
4000:Cook, John Granger (2004).
3939:(3). Kerry K. Wetterstrom.
3895:. Oxford University Press.
3742:. McFarland & Company.
190:Antigonus son of Menophilus
6138:
5785:Chief of the General Staff
5713:National Progressive Front
5385:independent First Republic
4961:Whitehorne, John (2002) .
4798:The Middle East Under Rome
4777:Salibi, Kamal S. (2006) .
4318:. Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.
4297:. Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.
4165:Glenny, W. Edward (2009).
4094:Egypt as a Place of Refuge
4027:Dever, William G. (2012).
3757:Atkinson, Kenneth (2016).
3738:Atkinson, Kenneth (2012).
3492:Flesher & Chilton 2011
2066:List of Palmyrene monarchs
1422:Might have had a brother,
1083:Seleucus VI's successors.
88:
6063:
5911:
5811:
5568:
5431:
5427:
5407:
5052:
4536:LipiΕski, Edward (2000).
4462:Chrubasik, Boris (2016).
4372:Houghton, Arthur (1987).
1879:
1876:
1873:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1669:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1530:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1454:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1379:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1304:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1081:
948:
945:
938:
935:
873:
870:
863:
860:
699:
696:
689:
686:
635:
632:
625:
622:
286:and the story is debated.
218:
215:
208:
205:
162:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
119:. With the advent of the
4796:Sartre, Maurice (2005).
4481:Kosmin, Paul J. (2014).
4092:Galvin, Garrett (2011).
2590:Iossif & Lorber 2007
2145:Alfred Raymond Bellinger
1735:Syrian National Congress
1725:On 8 March 1920, prince
1619:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
1550:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
1400:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
5295:Principality of Antioch
4758:Pipes, Daniel (1992) .
4663:Moubayed, Sami (2012).
4629:Motherhood in Antiquity
4331:Hoover, Oliver (2007).
2056:List of Seleucid rulers
1710:Donations of Alexandria
1424:Seleucus VII Philometer
239:Antiochus III the Great
170:Antiochus III the Great
5836:International rankings
5482:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
5146:Middle Assyrian Empire
4934:Vehlow, Katja (2013).
4739:Ogden, Daniel (2017).
4720:Ogden, Daniel (1999).
4631:. Palgrave Macmillan.
4564:Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd
3982:Clarke, Adam (1851) .
3965:The Reign of Cleopatra
3891:Bryce, Trevor (2012).
3872:Bryce, Trevor (2009).
2061:List of Assyrian kings
1582:Philip II Philoromaeus
1261:Antiochus XII Dionysus
1201:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
1096:Demetrius III Eucaerus
1044:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
373:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
301:Seleucus IV Philopator
269:Seleucus II Callinicus
34:
6107:History of the Levant
5641:Government ministries
5191:Neo-Babylonian Empire
4500:Kritt, Brian (2002).
4424:L'AntiquitΓ© Classique
4215:Hazel, John (2002) .
3857:. Walter de Gruyter.
2243:Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones
2236:In 2002, numismatist
1739:Arab Kingdom of Syria
1231:Philip I Philadelphus
1133:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
996:Antiochus VIII Grypus
964:Seleucus V Philometor
796:Antiochus VIII Grypus
720:Antiochus VII Sidetes
588:Antiochus VI Dionysus
571:Ptolemy VI Philometor
457:, the former wife of
103:was first applied by
32:
5953:(2011–present)
5849:Securities Exchange
5600:Council of Ministers
5355:Haj Fadel Government
3334:Llewellyn-Jones 2013
3235:Llewellyn-Jones 2013
3225:, pp. 298, 299.
3112:, pp. 284, 289.
1685:Ptolemy Philadelphus
830:Alexander II Zabinas
758:Demetrius II Nicator
541:Demetrius II Nicator
198:Alexander II Zabinas
168:. The Seleucid king
5629:Golan Heights claim
5186:Neo-Assyrian Empire
5181:Syro-Hittite states
5071:Prehistorical Syria
4271:Herodotus (1862) .
2247:Michael Roy Burgess
1795:Huzaima bint Nasser
1733:, supported by the
1163:Antiochus X Eusebes
592:(148 BCβ142/141 BC)
403:Antiochus V Eupator
33:The region of Syria
5880:Telecommunications
5873:Petroleum industry
5377:Mandatory Republic
5323:Early modern Syria
5078:Levantine corridor
4138:Gera, Dov (1998).
4048:History of Antioch
2082:Syrian nationalism
1568:The Roman general
1475:Tigranes the Great
1329:(c. 135/130β69 BC)
423:held actual power.
387:(c. 175βc. 164 BC)
121:Hellenistic period
35:
6094:
6093:
6059:
6058:
5898:
5897:
5798:
5797:
5687:Political parties
5624:Foreign relations
5555:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5405:
5404:
5365:Syrian Federation
5300:County of Tripoli
5255:Ikhshidid dynasty
5108:Yarmukian culture
4993:978-0-646-55051-0
4972:978-0-415-05806-3
4945:978-9-004-22790-3
4885:978-0-906-01428-8
4845:978-1-472-55827-5
4826:978-1-135-50694-0
4807:978-0-674-01683-5
4788:978-1-860-64331-6
4769:978-0-195-36304-3
4750:978-1-107-16478-9
4731:978-0-715-62930-7
4712:978-1-628-37006-5
4693:978-0-19-166255-3
4674:978-1-780-76768-0
4638:978-3-319-48902-5
4619:978-0-664-21262-9
4596:978-1-10807-865-8
4577:978-1-405-17935-5
4547:978-9-042-90859-8
4492:978-0-674-72882-0
4473:978-0-198-78692-4
4454:978-1-498-28143-0
4226:978-1-134-80224-1
4207:978-0-199-74391-9
4176:978-9-047-42982-1
4149:978-9-004-09441-3
4130:978-1-610-69020-1
4103:978-3-161-50816-5
4076:978-9-004-21769-0
4057:978-1-4008-7773-7
4038:978-0-802-86701-8
4011:978-1-107-16478-9
3974:978-0-806-13871-8
3902:978-0-191-50502-7
3883:978-1-134-15908-6
3864:978-1-614-51622-4
3787:978-1-136-78800-0
3768:978-0-567-66903-2
3749:978-0-786-49073-8
3698:Kah-Jin Kuan 2016
3360:, p. 27, 28.
3273:, p. 23, 24.
3249:, p. 20, 21.
2769:, pp. 45β46.
2161:Alexandros Nothos
2137:Fritz Heichelheim
2031:
2030:
1826:
1825:
1800:
1788:
1764:
1754:
1721:Hashemite dynasty
1718:
1717:
1690:
1674:
1664:
1647:
1646:
1630:
1623:
1587:
1561:
1554:
1535:
1525:
1508:
1507:
1480:
1459:
1449:
1432:
1431:
1412:
1405:
1384:
1374:
1357:
1356:
1330:
1309:
1299:
1285:Ptolemaic dynasty
1282:
1281:
1266:
1236:
1206:
1178:
1168:
1138:
1114:Declared king in
1101:
1067:
1061:
1049:
1024:
1016:
1007:
1000:
969:
953:
943:
926:
925:
899:
878:
868:
854:Ptolemaic dynasty
851:
850:
835:
808:
801:
776:
769:
762:
735:
725:
704:
694:
677:
676:
661:
640:
630:
610:
609:
593:
560:
553:
546:
521:
509:
504:Alexander I Balas
443:
438:Demetrius I Soter
408:
388:
378:
343:
318:
306:
262:
256:
244:
223:
213:
194:Alexander I Balas
174:Ptolemaic Kingdom
16:(Redirected from
6129:
6079:
6072:
5954:
5909:
5852:
5851:(stock exchange)
5844:
5809:
5722:
5715:
5706:
5704:regional command
5695:
5566:
5538:Fertile Crescent
5429:
5425:
5413:
5290:County of Edessa
5270:Mirdasid dynasty
5265:Hamdanid dynasty
5244:
5211:Palmyrene Empire
5196:Achaemenid Syria
5083:Natufian culture
5050:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5003:
4997:
4976:
4957:
4930:
4889:
4870:
4849:
4830:
4811:
4792:
4773:
4754:
4735:
4716:
4697:
4678:
4659:
4642:
4623:
4611:
4600:
4581:
4559:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4520:. Archived from
4496:
4477:
4458:
4439:
4414:
4393:
4368:
4327:
4306:
4285:
4267:
4230:
4211:
4199:
4188:
4161:
4134:
4115:
4088:
4061:
4042:
4023:
3996:
3978:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3947:. Archived from
3923:
3906:
3887:
3868:
3849:
3828:
3791:
3772:
3753:
3734:
3705:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3667:
3661:
3651:
3640:
3630:
3621:
3611:
3602:
3592:
3586:
3576:
3570:
3560:
3554:
3544:
3538:
3528:
3522:
3512:
3499:
3489:
3483:
3473:
3467:
3457:
3451:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3392:
3386:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3187:
3181:
3172:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3122:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3091:
3085:
3075:
3069:
3055:
3049:
3035:
3029:
3019:
3013:
3003:
2994:
2984:
2978:
2968:
2962:
2952:
2946:
2936:
2930:
2920:
2914:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2861:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2830:
2824:
2814:
2805:
2795:
2786:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2736:
2730:
2720:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2678:Heichelheim 1944
2675:
2669:
2659:
2640:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2609:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2571:
2565:
2555:
2546:
2536:
2530:
2520:
2509:
2499:
2490:
2480:
2474:
2464:
2449:
2439:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2408:
2402:
2392:
2383:
2373:
2367:
2357:
2351:
2341:
2335:
2325:
2319:
2309:
2303:
2293:
2287:
2277:
2254:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2190:
2184:
2177:Diodorus Siculus
2170:
2164:
2154:
2148:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2071:History of Syria
2050:
2045:
2044:
1971:
1917:10th century BC
1895:10th century BC
1871:
1807:
1798:
1786:
1779:
1762:
1752:
1744:
1689:(36βafter 30 BC)
1688:
1672:
1662:
1654:
1650:Antonian dynasty
1628:
1621:
1616:
1585:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1533:
1523:
1515:
1511:Seleucid dynasty
1478:
1471:
1457:
1447:
1439:
1435:Artaxiad dynasty
1426:, as a co-ruler.
1410:
1403:
1396:
1382:
1372:
1364:
1360:Seleucid dynasty
1328:
1325:Cleopatra Selene
1321:
1307:
1297:
1289:
1264:
1257:
1234:
1227:
1204:
1197:
1176:
1174:Cleopatra Selene
1166:
1159:
1136:
1129:
1099:
1092:
1065:
1063:Cleopatra Selene
1059:
1047:
1040:
1022:
1019:Cleopatra Selene
1014:
1005:
998:
993:
967:
951:
941:
933:
929:Seleucid dynasty
897:
890:
876:
866:
858:
833:
826:
806:
799:
792:
774:
767:
760:
755:
733:
723:
716:
702:
692:
684:
680:Seleucid dynasty
659:
656:Diodotus Tryphon
652:
638:
628:
620:
591:
584:
558:
551:
544:
537:
519:
507:
500:
476:
441:
434:
406:
386:
376:
369:
341:
334:
316:
304:
297:
260:
254:
242:
235:
221:
211:
203:
178:Battle of Panium
152:Seleucid dynasty
147:List of monarchs
21:
6137:
6136:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6122:Syrian monarchs
6117:Queens of Syria
6097:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6082:
6075:
6068:
6055:
5980:
5966:Public holidays
5952:
5894:
5856:
5850:
5842:
5794:
5749:
5718:
5711:
5698:
5691:
5547:
5516:
5465:
5414:
5401:
5391:Second Republic
5335:
5318:
5285:Crusader states
5250:Tulunid dynasty
5243:(Bilad al-Sham)
5242:
5240:Caliphal Syria
5234:Muslim conquest
5220:
5216:Byzantine Syria
5131:Akkadian Empire
5112:
5066:
5039:
5030:
5000:
4994:
4979:
4973:
4960:
4946:
4933:
4892:
4886:
4873:
4852:
4846:
4833:
4827:
4814:
4808:
4795:
4789:
4776:
4770:
4757:
4751:
4738:
4732:
4719:
4713:
4700:
4694:
4681:
4675:
4662:
4645:
4639:
4626:
4620:
4603:
4597:
4584:
4578:
4562:
4548:
4535:
4527:
4525:
4499:
4493:
4480:
4474:
4461:
4455:
4442:
4417:
4396:
4371:
4330:
4309:
4288:
4270:
4233:
4227:
4214:
4208:
4191:
4177:
4164:
4150:
4137:
4131:
4118:
4104:
4091:
4077:
4064:
4058:
4045:
4039:
4026:
4012:
3999:
3981:
3975:
3962:
3954:
3952:
3926:
3909:
3903:
3890:
3884:
3871:
3865:
3852:
3831:
3794:
3788:
3775:
3769:
3756:
3750:
3737:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3696:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3668:
3664:
3652:
3643:
3631:
3624:
3612:
3605:
3593:
3589:
3577:
3573:
3561:
3557:
3545:
3541:
3529:
3525:
3513:
3502:
3490:
3486:
3474:
3470:
3458:
3454:
3442:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3416:Whitehorne 2002
3414:
3410:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3336:, p. 1573.
3332:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3308:
3304:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3237:, p. 1572.
3233:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3197:
3190:
3182:
3175:
3165:Whitehorne 2002
3163:
3159:
3155:, pp. 294.
3151:
3147:
3143:, pp. 288.
3139:
3135:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3092:
3088:
3078:Whitehorne 2002
3076:
3072:
3058:Whitehorne 2002
3056:
3052:
3036:
3032:
3022:Whitehorne 2002
3020:
3016:
3004:
2997:
2987:Whitehorne 2002
2985:
2981:
2969:
2965:
2953:
2949:
2937:
2933:
2921:
2917:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2862:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2831:
2827:
2815:
2808:
2796:
2789:
2777:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2737:
2733:
2721:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2660:
2643:
2631:
2627:
2619:
2612:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2572:
2568:
2556:
2549:
2537:
2533:
2521:
2512:
2500:
2493:
2481:
2477:
2465:
2452:
2440:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2409:
2405:
2393:
2386:
2374:
2370:
2358:
2354:
2342:
2338:
2326:
2322:
2310:
2306:
2294:
2290:
2278:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2251:Oliver D Hoover
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2191:
2187:
2171:
2167:
2155:
2151:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2077:region of Syria
2046:
2039:
2036:
1986:son of a nobody
1869:
1831:
1814:Hussein bin Ali
1797:
1785:
1761:
1751:
1731:House of Hashim
1723:
1687:
1671:
1661:
1652:
1627:
1620:
1599:Sampsiceramus I
1586:( βafter 57 BC)
1584:
1558:
1551:
1532:
1522:
1513:
1477:
1456:
1446:
1437:
1409:
1402:
1381:
1371:
1362:
1327:
1306:
1296:
1287:
1263:
1233:
1203:
1175:
1165:
1135:
1098:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1046:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1004:
997:
966:
950:
940:
931:
898:(c. 165β121 BC)
896:
875:
865:
856:
832:
805:
798:
773:
766:
759:
732:
722:
701:
691:
682:
664:142/141β138 BC
658:
637:
627:
615:
596:144β142/141 BC
590:
561:
557:
550:
543:
518:
506:
440:
405:
385:
377:(c. 215β164 BC)
375:
342:(c. 180β170 BC)
340:
315:
305:(c. 218β175 BC)
303:
259:
257:
253:
243:(c. 241β187 BC)
241:
220:
210:
154:
149:
97:
89:Main articles:
87:
23:
22:
18:Queens of Syria
15:
12:
11:
5:
6135:
6133:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6112:Kings of Syria
6109:
6099:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6081:
6080:
6073:
6065:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6031:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6001:
5996:
5990:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5948:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5912:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5864:
5862:
5861:Infrastructure
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5846:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5812:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5765:
5759:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5738:Syria (region)
5730:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5643:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5621:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5605:Prime Minister
5597:
5595:Vice President
5592:
5591:
5590:
5580:
5575:
5569:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5533:Southern Syria
5530:
5528:Syria (region)
5524:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5432:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5374:
5371:State of Syria
5368:
5360:French Mandate
5357:
5352:
5345:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5282:
5280:Saljuqid Syria
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5260:Zangid dynasty
5257:
5252:
5247:
5237:
5230:
5228:
5226:Medieval Syria
5222:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5201:Seleucid Syria
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5122:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5062:Years in Syria
5059:
5053:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5006:
4999:
4998:
4992:
4977:
4971:
4958:
4944:
4931:
4911:10.1086/521754
4890:
4884:
4871:
4850:
4844:
4831:
4825:
4812:
4806:
4793:
4787:
4781:. I.B.Tauris.
4774:
4768:
4755:
4749:
4736:
4730:
4717:
4711:
4698:
4692:
4679:
4673:
4660:
4643:
4637:
4624:
4618:
4601:
4595:
4582:
4576:
4560:
4546:
4533:
4497:
4491:
4478:
4472:
4459:
4453:
4440:
4415:
4394:
4369:
4328:
4307:
4286:
4268:
4248:10.2307/146704
4231:
4225:
4212:
4206:
4189:
4175:
4162:
4148:
4135:
4129:
4116:
4102:
4089:
4075:
4062:
4056:
4043:
4037:
4024:
4010:
3997:
3979:
3973:
3960:
3924:
3907:
3901:
3888:
3882:
3869:
3863:
3850:
3829:
3809:10.2307/146752
3792:
3786:
3773:
3767:
3754:
3748:
3735:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3690:
3688:, p. 174.
3678:
3662:
3641:
3622:
3603:
3587:
3571:
3555:
3539:
3523:
3500:
3484:
3468:
3452:
3436:
3432:Spawforth 2006
3424:
3408:
3406:, p. 299.
3393:
3374:
3372:, p. 297.
3362:
3350:
3338:
3326:
3314:
3302:
3287:
3275:
3263:
3259:Bellinger 1949
3251:
3239:
3227:
3215:
3213:, p. 298.
3203:
3201:, p. 296.
3188:
3186:, pp. 79.
3173:
3157:
3145:
3133:
3114:
3102:
3086:
3070:
3050:
3030:
3014:
2995:
2979:
2963:
2947:
2931:
2915:
2899:
2884:
2882:, pp. 88.
2872:
2853:
2851:, p. 108.
2841:
2825:
2806:
2787:
2771:
2759:
2747:
2739:Chrubasik 2016
2731:
2706:
2702:Bellinger 1945
2694:
2690:Bellinger 1945
2682:
2680:, p. 364.
2670:
2662:Chrubasik 2016
2641:
2625:
2623:, p. 107.
2610:
2594:
2582:
2574:Georganas 2016
2566:
2547:
2531:
2510:
2491:
2475:
2450:
2431:
2419:
2403:
2384:
2368:
2352:
2336:
2320:
2304:
2296:Herodotus 1862
2288:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2185:
2165:
2149:
2129:
2119:
2111:Paul J. Kosmin
2101:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1980:
1979:c. 842β800 BC
1977:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1808:
1801:
1792:
1789:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1753:(and lifespan)
1748:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1663:(and lifespan)
1658:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:Roman province
1633:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1564:
1562:
1560:(second reign)
1555:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1524:(and lifespan)
1519:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1448:(and lifespan)
1443:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1408:83 or 83β74 BC
1406:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1373:(and lifespan)
1368:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1298:(and lifespan)
1293:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1053:
1050:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1008:
1006:(second reign)
1001:
994:
986:
985:
984:
983:
980:
975:
973:
970:
961:
958:
957:
954:
947:
944:
942:(and lifespan)
937:
930:
927:
924:
923:
922:
921:
918:
905:
903:
900:
894:Cleopatra Thea
891:
883:
882:
879:
872:
869:
867:(and lifespan)
862:
855:
852:
849:
848:
847:
846:
841:
839:
836:
827:
819:
818:
817:
816:
811:
809:
802:
793:
785:
784:
783:
782:
777:
772:Cleopatra Thea
770:
768:(second reign)
763:
756:
748:
747:
746:
745:
736:
731:Cleopatra Thea
729:
726:
717:
709:
708:
705:
698:
695:
693:(and lifespan)
688:
681:
678:
675:
674:
673:
672:
667:
665:
662:
653:
645:
644:
641:
634:
631:
629:(and lifespan)
624:
614:
611:
608:
607:
606:
605:
600:
597:
594:
585:
577:
576:
575:
574:
567:
562:
556:Cleopatra Thea
554:
547:
538:
530:
529:
528:
527:
522:
516:Cleopatra Thea
513:
510:
501:
493:
492:
491:
490:
485:
483:
480:
477:
469:
468:
467:
466:
449:
447:
444:
435:
427:
426:
425:
424:
415:
412:
409:
400:
397:
396:
395:
394:
389:
382:
379:
370:
362:
361:
360:
359:
350:
347:
344:
335:
327:
326:
325:
324:
319:
310:
307:
298:
290:
289:
288:
287:
280:
263:
248:
245:
236:
228:
227:
224:
217:
214:
212:(and lifespan)
207:
153:
150:
148:
145:
91:Syria (region)
86:
83:
71:United Kingdom
59:Ottoman Empire
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6134:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6074:
6071:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5853:
5847:
5845:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5710:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5685:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5656:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5512:Syrian Desert
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5492:Golan Heights
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5412:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5331:
5330:Ottoman Syria
5328:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5307:Ayyubid Syria
5305:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5275:Fatimid Syria
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5176:Aram-Damascus
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5118:Ancient Syria
5115:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5088:Halaf culture
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5027:
5022:
5020:
5015:
5013:
5008:
5007:
5004:
4995:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4965:. Routledge.
4964:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4937:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4891:
4887:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4819:. Routledge.
4818:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4761:
4756:
4752:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4704:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4524:on 2018-10-13
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4219:. Routledge.
4218:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3951:on 2021-01-06
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:. Routledge.
3875:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3780:. Routledge.
3779:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3595:LipiΕski 2000
3591:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3444:Moubayed 2012
3440:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3391:, p. 24.
3390:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3351:
3348:, p. 20.
3347:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3327:
3324:, p. 28.
3323:
3318:
3315:
3312:, p. 27.
3311:
3306:
3303:
3300:, p. 95.
3299:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3285:, p. 25.
3284:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3264:
3261:, p. 79.
3260:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3184:Houghton 1987
3180:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3038:Atkinson 2012
3034:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2923:Burstein 2007
2919:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2900:
2897:, p. 96.
2896:
2895:Shayegan 2003
2891:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2880:Houghton 1993
2876:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2864:Atkinson 2012
2860:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2833:Atkinson 2016
2829:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2817:Atkinson 2016
2813:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2779:Atkinson 2016
2775:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2757:, p. 43.
2756:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2704:, p. 58.
2703:
2698:
2695:
2692:, p. 59.
2691:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2592:, p. 68.
2591:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2429:, p. 27.
2428:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2181:consular year
2178:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:called Balas
2158:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2141:Antiochus VII
2138:
2133:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1998:Ben-Hadad III
1993:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1949:Ben-Hadad II
1945:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1852:Aram-Damascus
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:Old Testament
1828:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1784:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1706:Cleopatra VII
1703:
1699:
1698:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1655:
1649:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1629:(third reign)
1622:(c. 94β63 BC)
1615:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1553:(c. 94β63 BC)
1546:
1541:
1537:
1516:
1510:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1476:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1440:
1434:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1411:(first reign)
1404:(c. 94β63 BC)
1401:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1365:
1359:
1350:
1347:
1346:Cleopatra III
1344:and his wife
1343:
1339:
1338:
1326:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1290:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1262:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1232:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1164:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1097:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1057:
1045:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1012:
992:
987:
981:
978:
977:
965:
959:
955:
934:
928:
919:
916:
912:
908:
907:
895:
889:
884:
880:
859:
853:
844:
843:
831:
825:
820:
814:
813:
807:(first reign)
797:
791:
786:
780:
779:
754:
749:
743:
739:
738:
721:
715:
710:
706:
685:
679:
670:
669:
657:
651:
646:
642:
621:
618:
612:
603:
602:
589:
583:
578:
572:
569:First reign;
568:
565:
564:
552:(first reign)
542:
536:
531:
525:
524:
517:
505:
499:
494:
488:
487:
475:
470:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:
439:
433:
428:
422:
418:
417:
404:
398:
392:
391:
374:
368:
363:
357:
353:
352:
339:
333:
328:
322:
321:
314:
302:
296:
291:
285:
281:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:
252:
240:
234:
229:
225:
204:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:defeated the
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:According to
151:
146:
144:
142:
138:
134:
133:Mediterranean
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
96:
95:Name of Syria
92:
84:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:Aram-Damascus
52:
51:Old Testament
48:
44:
40:
39:King of Syria
31:
27:
19:
5999:Coat of arms
5921:Demographics
5821:Central Bank
5702: /
5663:High council
5646:Human rights
5573:Constitution
5451:Governorates
5349:Arab kingdom
5341:Modern Syria
5313:Mamluk Syria
5241:
4982:
4962:
4935:
4902:
4898:
4875:
4858:
4854:
4835:
4816:
4797:
4778:
4759:
4740:
4721:
4702:
4683:
4664:
4647:
4628:
4607:
4586:
4567:
4537:
4526:. Retrieved
4522:the original
4509:
4505:
4482:
4463:
4444:
4427:
4423:
4402:
4398:
4381:
4377:
4340:
4336:
4315:
4311:
4294:
4290:
4272:
4239:
4235:
4216:
4195:
4166:
4139:
4123:. ABC-CLIO.
4120:
4093:
4066:
4047:
4028:
4001:
3983:
3964:
3953:. Retrieved
3949:the original
3936:
3932:
3911:
3892:
3873:
3854:
3837:
3833:
3800:
3796:
3777:
3758:
3739:
3721:
3693:
3686:Suriano 2007
3681:
3665:
3590:
3574:
3558:
3542:
3526:
3487:
3471:
3460:Schafer 2013
3455:
3439:
3434:, p. 6.
3427:
3411:
3389:Burgess 2004
3365:
3353:
3346:Burgess 2004
3341:
3329:
3317:
3305:
3278:
3271:Burgess 2004
3266:
3254:
3247:Burgess 2004
3242:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3160:
3148:
3136:
3105:
3089:
3073:
3053:
3033:
3017:
2982:
2971:Brijder 2014
2966:
2955:McAuley 2017
2950:
2939:SchΓΌrer 2014
2934:
2918:
2902:
2875:
2844:
2828:
2774:
2762:
2750:
2734:
2697:
2685:
2673:
2628:
2597:
2585:
2569:
2534:
2478:
2422:
2411:Bunbury 1872
2406:
2371:
2355:
2344:Mahaffy 2014
2339:
2328:Mumford 2013
2323:
2307:
2291:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2188:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2132:
2122:
2104:
2095:
2020:750sβ733 BC
1832:
1763:(and tenure)
1724:
1673:(and tenure)
1534:(and tenure)
1483:83/74β69 BC
1458:(and tenure)
1383:(and tenure)
1342:Ptolemy VIII
1340:Daughter of
1308:(and tenure)
1269:87β84/83 BC
1239:94β84/83 BC
1141:96β94/93 BC
1137:( β94/93 BC)
1060:(114β112 BC)
1056:Cleopatra IV
1015:(124β111 BC)
952:(and tenure)
915:Cleopatra II
909:Daughter of
877:(and tenure)
775:(129β125 BC)
734:(138β129 BC)
703:(and tenure)
639:(and tenure)
616:
613:Non-dynastic
559:(145β138 BC)
520:(150β145 BC)
442:(187β150 BC)
407:(172β161 BC)
317:(187β175 BC)
261:(191β187 BC)
255:(200β187 BC)
222:(and tenure)
155:
100:
98:
38:
36:
26:
5816:Agriculture
5773:air defense
5733:Nationalism
5393:(1950β1963)
5332:(1516β1918)
5315:(1260β1516)
5309:(1174β1260)
5206:Roman Syria
5098:Abu Hureyra
5093:Uruk period
4506:The Celator
3933:The Celator
3654:Nelson 2014
3614:Galvin 2011
3563:Glenny 2009
3547:Clarke 1851
3515:Greene 1993
3476:Salibi 2006
3404:Hoover 2007
3370:Hoover 2007
3298:Hoover 2005
3223:Hoover 2007
3211:Hoover 2007
3199:Hoover 2007
3153:Hoover 2007
3141:Hoover 2007
3125:Downey 2015
3110:Hoover 2007
3094:Kosmin 2014
3006:Downey 2015
2907:Kosmin 2014
2849:Hoover 2000
2755:Wright 2011
2723:Kosmin 2014
2621:Hoover 2000
2483:Vehlow 2013
2467:Kosmin 2014
2395:Kosmin 2014
2376:Austin 2010
2360:Kosmin 2014
2238:Brian Kritt
2194:Poseidonius
2048:Asia portal
1932:Ben-Hadad I
1702:Mark Antony
1479:(140β55 BC)
1023:(103β96 BC)
902:125β121 BC
838:128β123 BC
728:138β129 BC
512:150β145 BC
446:162β150 BC
411:164β162 BC
381:175β164 BC
346:175β170 BC
309:187β175 BC
251:Laodice III
247:200β187 BC
166:Coele-Syria
73:and Prince
63:World War I
6101:Categories
6034:television
5916:Censorship
5843:(currency)
5675:Parliament
5634:Iskandaron
5578:Corruption
5141:Canaanites
4963:Cleopatras
4528:2017-08-09
3955:2017-08-09
3731:6848755244
3700:, p.
3672:, p.
3670:Dever 2012
3656:, p.
3635:, p.
3633:Bryce 2012
3616:, p.
3597:, p.
3581:, p.
3565:, p.
3549:, p.
3533:, p.
3517:, p.
3494:, p.
3478:, p.
3462:, p.
3446:, p.
3418:, p.
3358:Kritt 2002
3322:Kritt 2002
3310:Kritt 2002
3283:Kritt 2002
3167:, p.
3127:, p.
3096:, p.
3080:, p.
3060:, p.
3040:, p.
3024:, p.
3008:, p.
2989:, p.
2973:, p.
2957:, p.
2941:, p.
2925:, p.
2909:, p.
2866:, p.
2835:, p.
2819:, p.
2800:, p.
2798:Hazel 2002
2781:, p.
2767:Ogden 1999
2741:, p.
2725:, p.
2664:, p.
2635:, p.
2633:Hazel 2002
2604:, p.
2602:Hazel 2002
2576:, p.
2560:, p.
2541:, p.
2525:, p.
2504:, p.
2502:Ogden 2017
2485:, p.
2469:, p.
2444:, p.
2427:Alten 2017
2413:, p.
2397:, p.
2378:, p.
2362:, p.
2346:, p.
2330:, p.
2314:, p.
2312:Pipes 1992
2298:, p.
2282:, p.
2280:Bryce 2009
2260:References
1839:Septuagint
1177:(95β92 BC)
1066:(96β95 BC)
1052:114β95 BC
968:( β125 BC)
911:Ptolemy VI
834:( β123 BC)
765:129β125 BC
761:( β125 BC)
724:( β129 BC)
660:( β138 BC)
599:Unmarried
549:145β138 BC
545:( β125 BC)
508:( β145 BC)
479:Antiochus
414:Unmarried
384:Laodice IV
356:Heliodorus
349:Unmarried
313:Laodice IV
273:Laodice II
186:Posidonius
127:and their
85:Background
37:The title
5976:Squatting
5951:refugees
5926:Education
5885:Transport
5826:Companies
5768:Air force
5745:Terrorism
5658:Judiciary
5619:Elections
5583:President
5487:Euphrates
5477:Al-Jazira
5461:Volcanoes
5446:Districts
5420:Geography
5397:Civil war
5387:(1946β50)
5379:(1930β46)
5373:(1925β30)
5367:(1922β25)
4954:1569-1934
4927:162347286
4919:0022-2968
4867:0890-4464
4656:174522454
4556:0777-978X
4518:1048-0986
4436:2295-9076
4411:0035-4163
4390:0035-4163
4365:159573100
4357:0018-2311
4324:0084-5388
4303:0084-5388
4282:833767387
4256:0018-098X
4185:0083-5889
4158:0926-2261
4112:1611-4914
4085:1570-1336
4020:1436-3003
3993:312892775
3945:1048-0986
3817:0018-098X
2558:Gera 1998
2539:Cook 2004
2523:Gera 1998
2442:Gera 1998
2265:Citations
1958:Adad-Idri
1874:Portrait
1857:Seleucids
1767:Standard
1747:Portrait
1693:34β30 BC
1657:Portrait
1590:67β65 BC
1518:Portrait
1442:Portrait
1367:Portrait
1348:of Egypt.
1333:83β69 BC
1292:Portrait
1265:( β84 BC)
1235:( β83 BC)
1209:94β93 BC
1205:( β93 BC)
1171:95β92 BC
1104:96β88 BC
1100:( β88 BC)
1048:( β95 BC)
1011:Tryphaena
1003:125β96 BC
999:( β96 BC)
936:Portrait
917:of Egypt.
861:Portrait
800:( β96 BC)
742:Parthians
687:Portrait
623:Portrait
455:Laodice V
338:Antiochus
277:Antiochus
206:Portrait
137:Euphrates
105:Herodotus
99:The term
6086:Category
6046:Religion
5971:Scouting
5946:diaspora
5831:Industry
5755:Military
5700:national
5680:Speakers
5561:Politics
5470:Features
5136:Arameans
5126:Amorites
5057:Timeline
5037:articles
3985:Writings
2173:Josephus
2034:See also
1847:Arameans
1626:65β64 BC
1557:69β67 BC
1490:King of
1116:Damascus
284:Polybius
182:Polybius
158:Polybius
141:Iron Age
135:and the
129:Seleucid
113:Anatolia
43:Seleucid
6070:Outline
6051:Smoking
6004:Cuisine
5986:Culture
5904:Society
5804:Economy
5521:Related
5507:Orontes
5436:Borders
5045:History
3920:9176630
3846:4520682
3711:Sources
1812:Son of
1760:Consort
1729:of the
1700:Son of
1670:Consort
1660:Monarch
1531:Consort
1521:Monarch
1492:Armenia
1455:Consort
1445:Monarch
1380:Consort
1370:Monarch
1305:Consort
1295:Monarch
972:125 BC
949:Consort
939:Monarch
874:Consort
864:Monarch
700:Consort
690:Monarch
636:Consort
626:Monarch
482:150 BC
463:Macedon
459:Perseus
267:Son of
219:Consort
209:Monarch
176:in the
160:, King
47:Aramean
5994:Anthem
5941:People
5936:Hunger
5931:Health
5841:Pound
5543:Levant
5502:Hermon
5497:Hauran
5456:Rivers
5441:Cities
5351:(1920)
5171:Ugarit
5156:Yamhad
5035:
4990:
4969:
4952:
4942:
4925:
4917:
4882:
4865:
4842:
4823:
4804:
4785:
4766:
4747:
4728:
4709:
4690:
4671:
4654:
4635:
4616:
4593:
4574:
4554:
4544:
4516:
4489:
4470:
4451:
4434:
4409:
4388:
4363:
4355:
4322:
4301:
4280:
4264:146704
4262:
4254:
4223:
4204:
4183:
4173:
4156:
4146:
4127:
4110:
4100:
4083:
4073:
4054:
4035:
4018:
4008:
3991:
3971:
3943:
3918:
3899:
3880:
3861:
3844:
3825:146752
3823:
3815:
3784:
3765:
3746:
3729:
2249:, but
2198:Justin
2157:Appian
2115:island
1975:Hazael
1913:Hezion
1883:Notes
1880:Reign
1859:, the
1783:Faisal
1770:Notes
1757:Reign
1727:Faysal
1667:Reign
1570:Pompey
1528:Reign
1500:Romans
1496:Appian
1452:Reign
1377:Reign
1302:Reign
1167:( β92)
946:Reign
871:Reign
804:128 BC
697:Reign
633:Reign
421:Lysias
258:Euboea
216:Reign
125:Greeks
109:region
75:Faisal
69:, the
67:France
6077:Index
6041:Music
6029:State
6024:Media
6014:Films
5959:women
5236:(636)
5161:Qatna
5103:Aswad
5033:Syria
4923:S2CID
4361:S2CID
4260:JSTOR
3821:JSTOR
2088:Notes
2016:Rezin
1891:Rezon
1877:Name
1818:Mecca
1603:Emesa
117:Egypt
101:Syria
79:Hejaz
6019:Flag
6008:wine
5780:Navy
5763:Army
5651:LGBT
5610:list
5588:list
5166:Mari
5151:Ebla
4988:ISBN
4967:ISBN
4950:ISSN
4940:ISBN
4915:ISSN
4880:ISBN
4863:ISSN
4840:ISBN
4821:ISBN
4802:ISBN
4783:ISBN
4764:ISBN
4745:ISBN
4726:ISBN
4707:ISBN
4688:ISBN
4669:ISBN
4652:OCLC
4633:ISBN
4614:ISBN
4591:ISBN
4572:ISBN
4552:ISSN
4542:ISBN
4514:ISSN
4487:ISBN
4468:ISBN
4449:ISBN
4432:ISSN
4407:ISSN
4386:ISSN
4353:ISSN
4320:ISSN
4299:ISSN
4278:OCLC
4252:ISSN
4221:ISBN
4202:ISBN
4181:ISSN
4171:ISBN
4154:ISSN
4144:ISBN
4125:ISBN
4108:ISSN
4098:ISBN
4081:ISSN
4071:ISBN
4052:ISBN
4033:ISBN
4016:ISSN
4006:ISBN
3989:OCLC
3969:ISBN
3941:ISSN
3916:OCLC
3897:ISBN
3878:ISBN
3859:ISBN
3842:OCLC
3813:ISSN
3782:ISBN
3763:ISBN
3744:ISBN
3727:OCLC
2666:XXIV
2245:and
2075:the
1861:Jews
1845:and
1843:Aram
1750:Name
1704:and
913:and
271:and
184:and
115:and
93:and
4907:doi
4345:doi
4316:151
4295:131
4244:doi
3805:doi
3702:125
3674:363
3658:109
3637:178
3599:369
3583:214
3567:152
3551:843
3535:353
3496:339
3464:245
3420:209
3169:168
3129:133
3098:243
3082:167
3066:167
3062:165
3046:115
3042:114
3026:166
3010:129
2991:165
2943:133
2868:114
2743:162
2578:106
2562:115
2543:220
2527:110
2506:241
2487:145
2471:137
2446:283
2415:719
2399:112
2380:652
2364:122
2348:493
2300:126
2284:680
2127:BC.
1841:),
1601:of
461:of
200:).
196:or
77:of
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