359:
728:
acres) of timberland and 122,600 ha (1,226 km or 303,000 acres) of woodland. Of this land 60% is privately owned, 31% is in
National Forests, and 9% is on other public lands. It has greatly decreased from its historic abundance. This is due to a number of factors, including drought, disease, animal foraging, logging practices, fire suppression, and a variety of other human impacts. Cutting green trees for fuelwood has contributed to the decline of this species, and illegal harvesting of green trees from public lands is a continuing problem.
251:
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scrub-oak form on poor sites. In open areas, the crown is broad and rounded, with lower branches nearly touching the ground or forming a browse line. In closed stands, the crown is narrow and slender in young trees and irregularly broad in old trees. Trunks are usually free of branches on the lower
731:
It was long considered by foresters and government agencies to be a weed tree. In its earlier years, its only use to settlers was to feed the boilers of donkey engines bringing in the valuable pine and fir logs. For a period in the mid-1960s, the U.S. Forest
Service policy in California's National
727:
California black oak comprises a total volume of 29% of
California's hardwood timber resources, and is the major hardwood sawn into lumber there. The total estimated area of species occurrence is 361,800 hectares (3,618 square kilometers or 894,000 acres); 239,200 ha (2,392 km or 591,000
656:
The tree is adapted to wildfire. It is protected from smaller fires by its thick bark. If it is top-killed and burned away in a larger fire, it easily resprouts and has a good supply of nutrients and water stored in its root system. Acorns sprout into seedlings after fire, and sites that have been
732:
Forests was systematic extermination of
California black oak by girdling the trees. The objective was to make room for more coniferous growth. In the rush to use the pines, firs, and redwoods, the dense hardwoods were looked on with contempt. Like a few other visionaries in the 1960s,
742:
of
California black oak have been successfully established in clearcuts from acorn plantings. Thinning such stands promotes stand productivity and wood quality, and is recommended when trees are from 9–15 m (30–49 ft) tall or when stand density (basal area) exceeds 29 m/ha
400:
is thin and smooth in young trees, becoming thick, ridged, plate-like, and blackish with age. This oak grows from one to several vertical roots which penetrate to bedrock, with large, laterally spreading roots extending off from vertical ones. It also has a number of surface roots.
557:
spp.) may be the single most important genus used by wildlife for food and cover in
California forests and rangelands, and California black oak occupies more total area in California than any other hardwood species. Livestock also make heavy use of this species for food and cover.
459: in) long and deeply lobed, usually into seven portions; they are red and velvety when young, turning yellow-green then orange-brown in autumn. While individual trees generally have a lifespan between 100 and 200 years, California black oak can live up to 500 years.
743:(125 ft/acre). This tree has also been managed for hardwood production by maintaining scattered pure stands within coniferous forests. Stands of this species often establish on poorer sites, where conifer seedling establishment has not been successful.
338:) native to western North America. Although genetically separated from them for more than 20 million years, its leaves (though not its fruit) are remarkably similar in appearance to several other members of the red oak section including the red oak (
541:. The tree occurs in pure or mixed stands. Pure stands usually indicate sites unfavorable to conifer growth or recurring disturbance such as fire or logging activities. The tree can grow in many types of soils, but they must be well-drained.
383: ft) in diameter. Large trees may exceed 36 m (118 ft) in height and 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) diameter, with the record holder measuring 38 m (124 ft) tall and 2.7 m (9 ft) thick (in the
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1584:
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thought the
California black oak presented a beautiful challenge that deserved better than eradication. In 1965, Hall convinced federal agencies to cease their extermination policies.
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589:. Trees provide valuable shade for livestock and wildlife during the hot summer. California black oak forest types are heavily used for spring, summer, and fall cover by black bears.
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The management, manufacture, marketing of
California black oak, Pacific madrone and tanoak: A practical handbook on successful hardwood utilization in California and southern Oregon
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704:. Native Americans recognized the importance of fire to this oak, and purposely lit fires in oak woodlands to promote its health and ensure their food source.
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the acorns, and acorns that have been stored in the ground or otherwise buried are more likely to sprout than those that remain on the surface.
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6–12 m (20–39 ft) in closed stands. Trunks are often forked, and usually decayed and hollow in older trees. The
952:. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
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prefer
California black oak acorns over those of other species for making acorn meal. Historically, this acorn was a
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It is a preferred foraging substrate for many birds. All of 68 bird species observed in oak woodlands of the
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and western Oregon. It can be found at altitudes of up to 1,800 m (5,900 ft), for example near
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during good mast years. Fawn survival rates increase or decrease with the size of the acorn crop.
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984:. Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
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forests. California black oak is distributed along foothills and lower mountains of
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770:, and various types of municipal, commercial, and agency sustainable landscape and
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646:), which commonly grows on this oak, produces berries that attract birds, as well.
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typically grows from 9–25 meters (30–82 feet) in height and from 0.3–1.4 m (1–
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The tree reproduces when its acorns sprout to form seedlings. It also reproduces
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of
California used California black oak for part of their foraging activities.
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with new growth sprouting from the root crown after the tree is top-killed by
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Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees
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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. Downloaded on 19 July 2017.
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County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
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and livestock. Acorns are heavily used by livestock, mule deer, feral
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for many Native American groups, who usually leached out the bitter
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are relatively large in this species, from 2.5–4 centimeters (1–
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Mediterranean California lower montane black oak–conifer forest
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The pollen is released in spring and is a severe allergen.
1585:
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
978:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
635:
show strong preferences for California black oak. The
1224:
1076:
Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides)
549:The California black oak is a critical species for
715:, and construction timber. The tree is used as an
573:have cavities which provide den or nest sites for
1017:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
878:Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) .
1590:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
1038:. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.
850:Note that this website has been superseded by
350:) found in eastern and central North America.
1610:Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
1605:Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
8:
1580:Flora of the West Coast of the United States
981:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
807:California interior chaparral and woodlands
1212:
837:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
801:California montane chaparral and woodlands
249:
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661:in fires are ideal for seedling success.
1615:Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
1595:Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
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421: in) long and 1.5–1.8 cm (
1570:IUCN Red List least concern species
1026:
1024:
1188:University of California, Berkeley
1168:Nupa (Black Oak Acorn) Soup recipe
1163:University of California, Berkeley
795:California chaparral and woodlands
362:California black oak leaf and bark
14:
884:(field guide ed.). Seattle:
1521:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:296332-1
758:trade as an ornamental tree for
75:
1144:. Western Hardwood Association.
754:is cultivated in the specialty
445:are typically 10–25 cm (4–
1625:Garden plants of North America
1620:Trees of Mediterranean climate
711:is used for making furniture,
1:
391:). The species also grows in
539:San Diego County, California
1079:. New York: Knopf. p.
990:Harvard University Herbaria
565:Young California black oaks
1651:
842:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
784:Black oak (disambiguation)
486:California black oak is a
1073:Whitney, Stephen (1985).
986:Missouri Botanical Garden
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72:Scientific classification
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1600:Plants described in 1859
970:Nixon, Kevin C. (1997).
944:Fryer, Janet L. (2007).
766:, water-conserving, and
569:Older trees affected by
482:Distribution and habitat
385:Siskiyou National Forest
1172:from Tuolumne Rancheria
1105:"California Black Oak (
492:mixed evergreen forests
1635:Drought-tolerant trees
988:, St. Louis, MO &
672:. It is vulnerable to
657:cleared of canopy and
610:western gray squirrels
566:
363:
644:Phoradendron villosum
564:
361:
344:) and the black oak (
1159:The Jepson Herbarium
888:. pp. 234–238.
587:American black bears
517:, south through the
441: in) wide. The
312:California black oak
1193:Interactive Map of
1050:"Quercus kelloggii"
1032:"Quercus kelloggii"
946:"Quercus kelloggii"
791:– plant association
668:than its associate
621:Tehachapi Mountains
515:Lane County, Oregon
478:, or other events.
273:Quercus californica
42:Conservation status
16:Species of oak tree
1201:Beckman, E. 2016.
886:Mountaineers Books
852:World Flora Online
567:
364:
281:Quercus sonomensis
1557:
1556:
1482:Quercus kelloggii
1464:Open Tree of Life
1256:Quercus kelloggii
1226:Quercus kelloggii
1218:Taxon identifiers
1204:Quercus kelloggii
1195:Quercus kelloggii
1179:Quercus kelloggii
1140:Hall, G. (1998).
1009:Quercus kelloggii
974:Quercus kelloggii
895:978-1-68051-329-5
830:Quercus kelloggii
664:The tree is less
640:Pacific mistletoe
633:Nashville warbler
614:black-tailed deer
592:It is browsed by
535:Peninsular Ranges
513:It is found from
367:Quercus kelloggii
307:Quercus kelloggii
303:
302:
297:
289:Quercus tinctoria
285:
277:
235:Quercus kelloggii
217:Q. kelloggii
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25:Quercus kelloggii
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1630:Ornamental trees
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1107:Quercus kellogii
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764:drought-tolerant
694:Native Americans
692:Some California
674:sudden oak death
629:Bullock's oriole
625:Acorn woodpecker
490:tree growing in
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846:The Plant List
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666:shade tolerant
606:Steller's jays
602:mountain quail
583:tree squirrels
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1054:www.fs.fed.us
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760:native plant
756:horticulture
752:Q. kelloggii
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1363:iNaturalist
1250:Wikispecies
1126:Ethnobotany
797:– ecoregion
772:restoration
747:Cultivation
740:Plantations
698:staple food
659:leaf litter
600:, rodents,
579:woodpeckers
354:Description
316:Kellogg oak
293:californica
115:Angiosperms
1564:Categories
1495:kew-173428
1490:Plant List
1264:Calflora:
1059:2019-05-27
904:1141235469
832:Newb."
814:References
774:projects.
717:ornamental
577:, various
531:Transverse
525:, and the
504:California
500:coniferous
336:Agrifoliae
330:, section
179:Subgenus:
1329:233501052
1184:CalPhotos
571:heart rot
488:deciduous
334:, series
211:Species:
195:Section:
85:Kingdom:
1534:13100090
1529:Tropicos
1433:2.157648
1420:61982990
1394:10242839
1381:296332-1
1235:Wikidata
1036:Calflora
778:See also
734:Guy Hall
553:. Oaks (
551:wildlife
468:wildfire
318:, is an
264:Synonyms
242:Newberry
200:Quercus
184:Quercus
161:Fagaceae
157:Family:
128:Eudicots
62:IUCN 3.1
1575:Quercus
1342:2878586
1293:1151511
1241:Q693392
1182:in the
713:pallets
555:Quercus
545:Ecology
472:logging
454:⁄
436:⁄
426:⁄
416:⁄
393:shrubby
378:⁄
332:Lobatae
328:Quercus
324:red oak
322:in the
204:Lobatae
188:Quercus
172:Quercus
167:Genus:
151:Fagales
147:Order:
89:Plantae
60: (
1503:PLANTS
1469:403375
1453:NZOR:
1355:316806
1316:quekel
1313:FEIS:
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723:Timber
702:tannin
631:, and
585:, and
533:, and
521:, the
498:, and
443:leaves
405:Acorns
389:Oregon
310:, the
141:Rosids
1446:97698
1407:19366
1389:IRMNG
1368:49919
1306:QUEKE
1280:78RPJ
1197:Range
651:cache
527:Coast
476:frost
296:Torr.
291:var.
202:sect.
186:subg.
135:Clade
122:Clade
109:Clade
96:Clade
1516:POWO
1508:QUKE
1477:PfaF
1441:NCBI
1415:IUCN
1402:ITIS
1376:IPNI
1350:GRIN
1337:GBIF
1301:EPPO
1267:7000
1085:ISBN
900:OCLC
890:ISBN
709:wood
707:The
688:Uses
612:and
598:pigs
594:deer
575:owls
398:bark
1542:WFO
1324:FNA
1288:EoL
1275:CoL
1081:396
537:to
387:in
320:oak
314:or
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