2765:
2167:
2561:
2572:
2240:
93:
2401:
1903:
2183:
2389:
267:
2719:
68:
44:
1868:
2416:, who found that there were 115 oaks (of both species) in England with a circumference of 9 m or more, compared with just 96 in Europe. This is attributed to the persistence of mediaeval deer parks in the landscape. The Majesty Oak, with a circumference of 12.2 m (40 ft), is the thickest such tree in
1914:
The fruits (acorns) are borne in clusters of 2-3 on a long peduncle (stalk) 4-8 cm long. Each acorn is 1.5-4 cm long, ovoid with a pointed tip, starting out whitish-green and becoming brown, then black. As with all oaks, the acorns are carried in a shallow cup which can be distinctive in identifying
1898:
are arranged alternately along the twigs and are broadly oblong or ovate, 10–12 cm long by 7–8 cm wide, with a short (typically 2–3 mm) petiole. They have a cordate (auricled) base and 3–6 rounded lobes, divided no further than halfway to the midrib. The leaves are usually glabrous or
2174:
Pedunculate oak is a long-lived tree of high-canopy woodland, coppice and wood-pasture, and it is commonly planted in hedges. When compared to sessile oak, it is more abundant in the lowlands of the south and east in
Britain, and it occurs on more neutral (less acid) soils. It is rare on thin,
1886:
specimens. Older trees tend to be pollarded, with boles (the main trunk) 2–3 m long. These live longer and become more stout than unpollarded trees. The crown is spreading and unevenly domed, and trees often have massive lower branches. The bark is greyish-brown and closely grooved, with
1910:
Flowering takes place in spring (early May in
England). It is wind-pollinated. The male flowers occur in narrow catkins some 2-4 cm long and arranged in small bunches; the female flowers are small, brown with dark red stigmas, about 2 mm in diameter and are found at the tips of new shoots on
2215:. The latter are smaller and rougher than the former. A single, large exit hole indicates that the wasp inside has escaped, whereas a number of smaller holes shows that it was parasitised by another insect, and these emerged instead. The undersides of oak leaves are often covered in
2289:. Jays were overwhelmingly the primary propagators of oaks before humans began planting them commercially (and still remain the principal propagators for wild oaks), because of their habit of taking acorns from the umbra of its parent tree and burying them undamaged elsewhere.
3406:
Analysis of oak tannins by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Pirjo Mämmelä, Heikki
Savolainenb, Lasse Lindroosa, Juhani Kangasd and Terttu Vartiainen, Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 891, Issue 1, 1 September 2000, Pages 75–83,
3423:
Identification of triterpene saponins in
Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea Liebl. Heartwood by LC-ESI/MS and NMR. Arramon G, Saucier C, Colombani D and Glories Y, Phytochem Anal., November-December 2002, volume 13, issue 6, pages 305–310,
2440:. The largest historical oak was known as the Imperial Oak from Bosnia and Herzegovina. This specimen was recorded at 17.5 m in circumference at breast height and estimated at over 150 m³ in total volume. It collapsed in 1998.
2829:
warships. The naval associations are strengthened by the fact that oak was the main construction material for sailing warships. The Royal Navy was often described as "The Wooden Walls of Old
England" (a paraphrase of the
2198:
and other wildlife, supporting the highest biodiversity of insect herbivores of any
British plant (at least 400 species). The most well-known of these are the ones that form galls, which number about 35. In Britain, the
2104:'Concordia', golden oak, is a small, very slow-growing tree, eventually reaching 10 m (33 ft), with bright golden-yellow leaves throughout spring and summer. It was originally raised in Van Geert's nursery at
1980:
There are many synonyms, and numerous varieties and subspecies have been named. The populations in Iberia, Italy, southeast Europe, and Asia Minor and the
Caucasus are sometimes treated as separate species,
2158:
is also sometimes confused with it, but that species has "whiskers" on the winter buds and deeper lobes on the leaves (often more than halfway to the midrib). The acorn cups are also very different.
3584:
2598:
perpendicular to fibres. The wood is characterised by its distinct (often wide) dark and light brown growth rings. The earlywood displays a vast number of large vessels (around 0.5 mm or
2669:
In 1746, all oak trees in
Finland were legally classified as royal property, and oaks had enjoyed legal protection already from the 17th century. The oak is also the regional tree of the
3998:
2175:
well-drained calcareous (chalk and limestone) soil. Sometimes it is found on the margins of swamps, rivers and ponds, showing that it is fairly tolerant of intermittent flooding. Its
1973:
has been completely sequenced (GenOak project); a first version was published in 2016. It comprises 12 chromosome pairs (2n = 24), about 26,000 genes and 750 million
2662:, oak trees were considered to protect as lightning would strike them rather than on nearby inhabitation. Such struck trees would often be turned into places of worship, like the
3644:
1859:
in the lowlands and is notable for its value to natural ecosystems, supporting a very wide diversity of herbivorous insects and other pests, predators and pathogens.
4374:
3983:
4612:
4452:
4689:
4709:
4067:
1899:
have just a few simple hairs on the lower surface. They are dark green above, paler below, and are often covered in small disks of spangle gall by autumn.
3972:
3595:
2618: in) yellow or light brown lines running across the growth rings. The timber is around 720 kilograms (1,590 pounds) per cubic meter in density.
4299:
4714:
4387:
4312:
2271:, all of which can become extremely abundant on the first flush of leaves in May, but the oak trees do recover their foliage later in the year.
1882:
tree up to 40 m tall, with a single stout trunk that can be as much as 11 m in girth (circumference at breast height) or even 14 m in
4724:
4573:
4488:
4325:
3872:
3805:
3622:
3366:
3212:
3073:
3016:
3515:
2954:
2764:
2646:, a great oak which grew to block the movement of the sky, sunlight and moonlight, had to be felled, releasing its magic, thus creating the
2479:, that is over 1000 years old and 14 m (46 ft) around. Of maiden (not pollarded) specimens, one of the oldest is the great oak of
4734:
2412:
It is often claimed that
England has more ancient oaks than the rest of Europe combined. This is based on research by Aljos Farjon at the
2117:'Pectinata' (syn. 'Filicifolia'), cut-leaved oak, is a cultivar where the leaf is pinnately divided into fine, forward-pointing segments.
4213:
3668:
4247:
4208:
3500:
1891:
but do recover well from pruning or lightning damage. The twigs are hairless and the buds are rounded (ovoid), brownish and pointed.
4729:
4022:
3690:
3648:
3391:
3107:
3048:
2142:, its clusters of acorns being borne on a long peduncle, and the lack of stellate hairs on the underside of the leaf. The two often
2017:) is the only naturally-occurring hybrid, but the following crosses with other white oak species have been produced in cultivation:
4470:
3797:
Civilian uniforms as symbolic communication: sartorial representation, imagination, and consumption in Europe (18th - 21st century)
2459:, which are believed to be more than 1500 years old, possibly making them the oldest oaks in Europe; another specimen, called the '
2207:
produces somewhat similar spiky galls on the acorn cups. Also common in
Britain are two types of spherical galls on the twigs: the
2166:
92:
3888:
3612:
1966:
It has numerous common names, including "common oak", "European oak" and "English oak". In French it is called "chêne pédonculé".
4739:
4361:
2712:
2526:
4648:
4418:
3278:
4552:
4392:
4719:
4439:
2545:
1887:
vertical plates. There are often large burrs on the trunk, which typically produce many small shoots. Oaks do not produce
2857:
currency (1 through 10 Pfennigs; the 50 Pfennigs coin showed a woman planting an oak seedling), and now on German-issued
4154:
3229:
2738:
2004:
2111:'Pendula', weeping oak, is a small to medium-sized tree with pendulous branches, reaching up to 15 m (49 ft).
1915:
the species. It is an "alternate bearing" species, which means that big crops of acorns are produced every other year.
4599:
4136:
3980:
3163:
2655:
3825:"Покрајинска скупштинска одлука о изгледу и коришћењу симбола и традиционалних симбола Аутономне покрајине Војводине"
3300:
Kennedy, C. E. J.; Southwood, T. R. E. (1984). "The number of species associated with British Trees: a re-analysis".
3744:
3633:
Fifty Trees of Distinction by Prof. D.A. Webb and the Earl of Ross. Booklet, published by Birr Castle Demesne, 2000.
4653:
4586:
2689:
2413:
2216:
4457:
4744:
4413:
3159:
2750:
2685:
4704:
4493:
3969:
3934:
3812:
The oak, symbol of Serbia, symbolized strength, longevity, and the olive branch represented peace and fertility
2595:
4591:
3773:
2810:
Many place names in England include a reference to this tree, including Oakley, Occold and Eyke. Copdock, in
4286:
2321:
2200:
2022:
4330:
4291:
4265:
4174:
3715:
3145:
2040:
4699:
4260:
4079:
2862:
2746:
2734:
2708:
4047:
Oaks from Bialowieza Forest in Poland (biggest oak cluster with the monumental sizes in Europe) {English}
4046:
2783:
In England, the oak has assumed the status of a national emblem. This has its origins in the oak tree at
2788:
2742:
2278:, which produces large crops only every 4-10 years) and form a valuable food resource for several small
2233:
2204:
2062:
241:
214:
198:
4317:
3842:
2560:
4480:
4221:
2371:
2148:
2058:
2000:
4537:
3445:
2571:
57:
4431:
4031:
2918:
2814:, probably derives from a pollarded oak ("copped oak"). 'The Royal Oak' is the third most popular
2522:, a specimen over 400 years old has a girth of 6.5 m (21 ft), known as the Carroll Oak.
4661:
4578:
4273:
4200:
4117:
4056:
3913:
3317:
2978:
2349:
2329:
2259:
timing their egg hatching to the leaves opening. The most common caterpillar species include the
2212:
279:
87:
3961:
2444:
2239:
2078:
4379:
4278:
2301:
4514:
4182:
4018:
3868:
3824:
3801:
3795:
3686:
3618:
3496:
3425:
3387:
3362:
3274:
3208:
3103:
3069:
3044:
3012:
2796:
2754:
2697:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2549:
2405:
2361:
2325:
2252:
1943:
4694:
4519:
3466:
3408:
3309:
2913:
2723:
2659:
2650:. The oak tree also had a symbolic value in France. Some oaks were considered sacred by the
2530:
2488:
2400:
2377:
2264:
2228:
2208:
2143:
2139:
1902:
4542:
4405:
4353:
2182:
4501:
3987:
3976:
3965:
2701:
2681:
2437:
2388:
2176:
2127:
2089:
1832:
130:
3545:
2939:
1855:, and is widely cultivated in other temperate regions. It grows on soils of near neutral
2491:
of this tree and other oaks nearby gives an estimated age of 700 to 800 years. Also the
2114:'Purpurea' is another small form, growing to 10 m (33 ft), with purple leaves.
4565:
4560:
4051:
3892:
2784:
2504:
2366:
2155:
117:
4617:
3412:
2503:
is estimated to be 1,000 years old, making it the oldest in the UK, although there is
2097:
There are numerous cultivars available, among which the following are commonly grown:
4683:
4400:
3559:
3158:. Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
2904:
2854:
2850:
2819:
2804:
2492:
2472:
2417:
2268:
1938:
257:
77:
72:
3153:
2895:
2718:
4666:
4187:
2835:
2831:
2631:
2496:
2341:
2283:
2066:
2027:
1948:
1844:
266:
17:
3585:"The Oak Tree, from Peasant Torment to a Unifying Concept of Landscape Management"
3531:
3267:
Ellenberg's indicator values for British plants. ECOFACT Volume 2. Technical Annex
3124:
2849:
Oak leaves (not necessarily of this species) have been depicted on the Croatian 5
4604:
4141:
4128:
4061:
2436:
with a circumference of 10.2 m (33 ft) are among the thickest trees in
2101:'Fastigiata', cypress oak, is a large imposing tree with a narrow columnar habit.
4640:
4444:
4426:
4338:
4111:
2627:
2538:
2519:
2464:
2317:
2313:
2260:
2248:
2008:
1888:
3736:
2274:
The acorns are typically produced in large quantities every other year (unlike
3265:
2843:
2826:
2643:
2508:
2452:
2421:
2337:
2309:
2305:
1883:
4252:
4102:
4234:
3441:
2839:
2800:
2792:
2758:
2647:
2587:
2460:
2448:
2429:
2297:
2256:
2223:
1974:
1952:
1879:
4630:
4529:
3429:
2733:
In Serbia the oak is a national symbol, having been part of the historical
43:
4625:
4465:
4096:
2874:
2815:
2773:
2583:
2456:
2393:
2333:
1840:
176:
143:
4506:
4164:
4052:
Monumental Trees, Photos and location details of large English oak trees
3765:
4304:
4195:
3189:
2811:
2534:
2500:
2484:
2480:
2468:
2045:
166:
3707:
3594:. Linköping, Sweden: National Heritage Board of Sweden. Archived from
2428:
with a circumference of 10.86 m (35.6 ft) (in 2018) and the
4343:
4149:
3935:"The Definitive List of British Oak Trees & Their History | EHBP"
2777:
2727:
2515:
with a circumference of 4 m (13 ft) and more is in Latvia.
2476:
2433:
2425:
2279:
2195:
1895:
1848:
156:
4073:
3683:
Suomen terveyskasvit: luonnon parantavat yrtit ja niiden salaisuudet
3321:
1867:
4366:
4239:
2769:
2763:
2717:
2693:
2651:
2639:
2570:
2559:
2399:
2387:
2238:
2226:, a 4.5 cm diameter spongy ball created from the buds by the wasp
2181:
2165:
2105:
1927:
1901:
1866:
104:
4066:- information, genetic conservation units and related resources.
3335:
Redfern, Margaret; Shirley, Peter (2002). "British Plant Galls".
3313:
2463:' ('Kings Oak'), estimated to be about 1,200 years old, grows in
4226:
2858:
2635:
2608:
inch in diameter). There are rays of thin (about 0.1 mm or
2251:
species on an oak tree increases with the age of the tree, with
1852:
4077:
27:
Species of flowering plant in the beech and oak family Fagaceae
3264:
Hill, M.O.; Mountford, J.O.; Roy, D.B.; Bunce, R.G.H. (1999).
2707:
In Germany, the oak tree can be found in several paintings of
2590:, much in demand for interior and furniture work. The wood of
1836:
186:
2567:
acorns in various stages of ripening, on an oak plank, Sweden
3176:
1856:
3190:"Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World"
2138:
by its leaves having auricles at the base, the very short
3041:
A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe
2243:
An oak apple on a pedunculate oak at Holkham NNR, Norfolk
3891:. Solihullcamra.org.uk. 15 November 2007. Archived from
3152:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
2511:
that is also said to be as old. The highest density of
2807:, which is continued to this day in some communities.
2711:
and in "Of the life of a Good-For-Nothing" written by
2179:
in Britain are L = 7, F = 5, R = 5, N = 4, and S = 0.
3560:"Kong Frederik den Syvendes Stiftelse paa Jægerspris"
3207:. Bristol: Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland.
2940:"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species"
3958:
3685:(in Finnish). Helsinki: Valitut Palat. p. 256.
2803:. This event was celebrated nationally on 29 May as
4086:
3743:(in Finnish). Karjalohjan Kotiseutuyhdistys. 2019.
3532:"The thickest, tallest, and oldest trees in Norway"
2861:currency coins (1 through 5 cents); and on British
2715:as a symbol of the state protecting every citizen.
2541:(Basque prime minister) swears his oath of office.
3592:The Oak – History, Ecology Management and Planning
3249:Preston, C.D.; Pearman, D.A.; Dines, T.D. (2002).
3203:Stace, C.A.; Preston, C.D.; Pearman, D.A. (2015).
2126:The species most likely to be confused with it is
3794:Elisabeth Hackspiel-Mikosch; Stefan Haas (2006).
2236:, while less common, is also easily recognised.
3011:(4th ed.). Suffolk: C & M Floristics.
51:Leaves and acorns (note the long acorn stalks)
3681:Marja-Leena Huovinen; Kaarina Kanerva (1982).
3361:(2020 ed.). Exeter: Pelagic. p. 78.
3308:(2). Wiley, British Ecological Society: 459.
2955:"English Oak (Quercus robur) - British Trees"
2919:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T63532A3126467.en
2443:Two individuals of notable longevity are the
8:
3546:"Pedunculate Oaks (Quercus robur) worldwide"
3352:
3350:
3155:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
4068:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
4008:Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles
4074:
3123:Global Biodiversity Information Facility.
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
2834:) and the Navy's official quick march is "
2818:in Britain (with 541 counted in 2007) and
2594:is identified by a close examination of a
2586:, and produces a long-lasting and durable
265:
66:
42:
31:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
2917:
2222:One of the most distinctive galls is the
1937:"hardwood, oak wood, oak") was named by
3889:"Real Ale and Pub News Features Archive"
3843:"Wiltshire - Moonraking - Oak Apple Day"
3386:. Oxford University Press. p. 131.
3251:New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora
3863:Sanford, Martin; Fisk, Richard (2010).
3647:. Donnybrookmail.com.au. Archived from
3002:
3000:
2998:
2886:
2799:; the tree has since been known as the
2544:The largest example in Australia is in
2219:, which persist after the leaves fall.
292:
274:Native distribution of pedunculate oak
2846:is purportedly to have taken shelter.
2656:cut down the mistletoe growing on them
3831:(in Serbian) (51). 15 September 2016.
3800:. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 196.
3671:. Niche Timbers. Accessed 19-08-2009.
3493:Ancient Oaks in the English Landscape
2749:, as well as the current traditional
2630:countries, oaks were considered the "
945:Lodd. ex Steud. not validly published
7:
4654:b7415528-aa5c-435d-a13c-a2b33d726385
4481:e73e770d-f7bf-472d-a04b-1c80caf9b226
4331:5A7D29A9-16F5-4ED1-BFB7-6CCB7E8780FA
3867:. Ipswich: D.K. & M.N. Sanford.
3384:Forest and Woodland Trees in Britain
3273:. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology.
2696:. After the announcement of General
2684:. One such tree, planted during the
2533:' is an ancient oak tree located in
1677:Ehrh. ex A.DC. not validly published
4690:IUCN Red List least concern species
2905:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1951:of the genus and classified in the
1947:(vol. 2, p.996) in 1753. It is the
4710:Trees of humid continental climate
3253:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2741:, the historical coat of arms and
2130:, which shares much of its range.
25:
3516:"Britain's record-breaking trees"
3205:Hybrid Flora of the British Isles
2825:has been the name of eight major
2772:) in the settlement of Kolare in
2704:represented him as a fallen oak.
2575:Seedling sprouting from its acorn
4592:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:304293-2
2344:are phenolic compounds found in
2194:is valued for its importance to
1479:Gand. nom. not validly published
91:
3990:. – Retrieved on 31 March 2009.
3970:Kuna and Lipa, Coins of Croatia
3776:from the original on 2022-06-03
3747:from the original on 2022-06-03
3718:from the original on 2022-06-03
3706:Nykänen, Topi (6 August 2006).
3643:Nina Smith (10 December 2009).
2894:Barstow, M.; Khela, S. (2017).
2768:A sacred pedunculate oak tree (
2722:The oak in the coat of arms of
2713:Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff
4715:Trees of mild maritime climate
4010:8th ed., revised. John Murray.
3645:"Australia's Biggest Oak Tree"
3495:. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens.
3102:. Harpenden: Brambleby Books.
3009:New Flora of the British Isles
2688:, survived the destruction of
2471:. Yet another can be found in
2146:in the wild, the hybrid being
1:
4725:Least concern biota of Europe
3467:"The Ancient Oaks of England"
3413:10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00624-5
3228:Royal Horticultural Society.
2680:, oaks were often planted as
1049:Salisb. not validly published
3583:Moström, Jerker (May 2006).
3357:MacDonald, Benedict (2019).
2795:pursuers in 1650 during the
2739:Socialist Republic of Serbia
2404:Ancient pedunculate oaks at
1471:Steud. not validly published
705:Gilib. not validly published
397:(Griseb. & Schenk) Nyman
4735:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
4015:Trees of Britain and Europe
3829:Službeni liist AP Vojvodine
3164:Harvard University Herbaria
3068:. London: Frederick Warne.
2186:Marble galls on an oak twig
1805:Gand. not validly published
1781:Gand. not validly published
1757:Gand. not validly published
1749:Gand. not validly published
1741:Gand. not validly published
1733:Gand. not validly published
1725:Gand. not validly published
1709:Gand. not validly published
1693:Gand. not validly published
1661:Gand. not validly published
1645:Gand. not validly published
1621:Gand. not validly published
1597:Gand. not validly published
1581:Gand. not validly published
1519:Gand. not validly published
1511:Gand. not validly published
1503:Gand. not validly published
1487:Gand. not validly published
1439:Gand. not validly published
1431:Gand. not validly published
1407:Gand. not validly published
1364:Quercus pseudotscharakensis
1348:Quercus pseudoschorochensis
1337:Gand. not validly published
1329:Gand. not validly published
1313:Gand. not validly published
1297:Gand. not validly published
1209:Gand. not validly published
1185:Gand. not validly published
1177:Gand. not validly published
1169:Gand. not validly published
1121:Gand. not validly published
1113:Gand. not validly published
1105:Gand. not validly published
1097:Gand. not validly published
1041:Gand. not validly published
1001:Gand. not validly published
993:Gand. not validly published
985:Gand. not validly published
953:Gand. not validly published
921:Gand. not validly published
905:Gand. not validly published
881:Gand. not validly published
777:Gand. not validly published
761:Gand. not validly published
745:Gand. not validly published
729:Gand. not validly published
721:Gand. not validly published
673:Gand. not validly published
625:Gand. not validly published
549:Gand. not validly published
533:Gand. not validly published
525:Gand. not validly published
517:Gand. not validly published
445:Gand. not validly published
429:Gand. not validly published
405:Gand. not validly published
373:Gand. not validly published
357:Gand. not validly published
317:Gand. not validly published
309:Gand. not validly published
4761:
3939:English Heritage Buildings
3914:"National Maritime Museum"
2414:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2392:An old pedunculate oak in
4057:Latvia - the land of oaks
3741:aikamatkakarjalohjalla.fi
3617:, AS Lauku Avīze, p. 25.
3302:Journal of Animal Ecology
3160:Missouri Botanical Garden
2529:(Spain and France), the '
2348:. The heartwood contains
2190:Within its native range,
1342:Quercus pseudopedunculata
285:
278:
273:
264:
247:
240:
88:Scientific classification
86:
64:
55:
50:
41:
34:
4730:Plants described in 1753
3144:Nixon, Kevin C. (1997).
2865:(1987 and 1992 issues).
2638:, the god of thunder. A
2282:and some birds, notably
2085:Q. robur fastigiata
1492:Quercus scolopendrifolia
1062:Quercus longipedunculata
346:Quercus afghanistanensis
4740:Garden plants of Europe
3737:"Pipolan tammimetsikkö"
3708:"Elämänvoiman juurella"
3614:100 dižākie un svētākie
3039:Mitchell, Alan (1974).
2983:plants.sc.egov.usda.gov
2700:'s death, caricaturist
2324:, monogalloyl glucose,
2322:valoneic acid dilactone
2316:, monogalloyl glucose (
1911:peduncles 2-5 cm long.
806:Quercus falkenbergensis
782:Quercus estremadurensis
4013:Rushforth, K. (1999).
3959:Croatian National Bank
3611:Eniņš, Guntis (2008).
3491:Farjon, Aljos (2022).
3162:, St. Louis, MO &
3100:The Flora of Berkshire
3098:Crawley, M.J. (2005).
3064:Rose, Francis (2006).
2979:"USDA Plants Database"
2780:
2747:Principality of Serbia
2730:
2709:Caspar David Friedrich
2576:
2568:
2409:
2397:
2244:
2187:
2171:
2134:is distinguished from
1996:Kotschy respectively.
1990:Q. pedunculiflora
1983:Q. orocantabrica,
1907:
1872:
1843:. It is a large tree,
1356:Quercus pseudosessilis
1318:Quercus pinnatipartita
1270:Quercus pedunculiflora
630:Quercus comptoniifolia
554:Quercus bellogradensis
385:(Guss. ex Parl.) Nyman
3177:Oak genome sequencing
2767:
2721:
2634:trees", representing
2574:
2563:
2403:
2391:
2242:
2205:Andricus grossulariae
2185:
2169:
1905:
1870:
1701:Petz. & G.Kirchn.
1658:Quercus tholeyroniana
1642:Quercus tephrochlamys
1484:Quercus schlosseriana
1447:Petz. & G.Kirchn.
1294:Quercus petropolitana
1065:Cariot & St.-Lag.
929:Petz. & G.Kirchn.
870:Quercus fructipendula
458:Quercus atrosanguinea
365:Petz. & G.Kirchn.
4720:Least concern plants
4006:Bean, W. J. (1976).
3975:22 June 2009 at the
3382:White, John (1995).
3043:. Glasgow: Collins.
3007:Stace, C.A. (2019).
2912:: e.T63532A3126467.
2853:coin; on old German
2838:". In folklore, the
2372:Erysiphe alphitoides
2203:is very common, and
1594:Quercus stilbophylla
1558:Quercus sessiliflora
1546:Quercus sessiliflora
1534:Quercus sessiliflora
1524:Quercus sessiliflora
1463:Griseb. & Schenk
1372:Quercus pulverulenta
1126:Quercus malacophylla
958:Quercus horizontalis
886:Quercus geltowiensis
758:Quercus emarginulata
694:Quercus cupressoides
498:Quercus avellanoides
450:Quercus atropurpurea
434:Quercus asterotricha
3986:4 June 2011 at the
3564:www.kongfrederik.dk
3520:The Daily Telegraph
3473:. Oxford University
3446:Forestry Commission
3066:The Wild Flower Key
2787:, where the future
2556:Commercial forestry
2350:triterpene saponins
2287:Garrulus glandarius
2170:An oak knopper gall
2162:Habitat and ecology
1618:Quercus tanaicensis
1602:Quercus subvelutina
1516:Quercus semipinnata
1468:Quercus salicifolia
1388:Quercus pyramidalis
1262:Quercus pedunculata
1254:Quercus pedunculata
1246:Quercus pedemontana
1230:Quercus parmenteria
1137:Bondev & Gancev
1118:Quercus madritensis
1102:Quercus lugdunensis
950:Quercus hohenackeri
857:Schloss. & Vuk.
854:Quercus filipendula
846:Quercus filicifolia
710:Quercus cylindracea
622:Quercus commiserata
614:Quercus castanoides
574:Quercus brachycarpa
370:Quercus amoenifolia
58:Conservation status
18:Quercus pedunculata
3964:6 May 2009 at the
3941:. 16 February 2018
3865:A Flora of Suffolk
3845:. BBC. 29 May 1931
3230:"Quercus robur L."
3125:"Quercus robur L."
2781:
2731:
2577:
2569:
2537:, under which the
2489:Tree-ring research
2410:
2398:
2330:trigalloyl glucose
2245:
2188:
2172:
2047:Q. macrocarpa
2036:) (two worlds oak)
1908:
1873:
1831:, is a species of
1746:Quercus versatilis
1650:Quercus tetracarpa
1626:Quercus tardiflora
1586:Quercus speciensis
1321:(Boiss.) O.Schwarz
1158:Quercus monorensis
1150:Quercus microcarpa
1142:Quercus microcarpa
1054:Quercus longiglans
1022:Quercus lanuginosa
878:Quercus frutetorum
822:Quercus fastigiata
766:Quercus erucifolia
742:Quercus discredens
726:Quercus danubialis
654:Quercus coriifolia
646:Quercus condensata
466:Quercus atrovirens
437:Borbás & Csató
362:Quercus altissima
338:Quercus aestivalis
314:Quercus accomodata
298:Quercus abbreviata
4677:
4676:
4515:Open Tree of Life
4080:Taxon identifiers
3874:978-0-9564584-0-7
3807:978-3-515-08858-9
3623:978-9984-827-15-5
3368:978-1-78427-219-7
3214:978-0-901158-48-2
3075:978-0-7232-5175-0
3018:978-1-5272-2630-2
2953:Trust, Woodland.
2797:English Civil War
2698:Charles de Gaulle
2690:Oradour-sur-Glane
2678:French Revolution
2671:Southwest Finland
2642:myth is that the
2550:Western Australia
2408:in Devon, England
2362:Acute oak decline
2326:digalloyl glucose
2149:Quercus × rosacea
2001:Quercus × rosacea
1992:K. Koch and
1944:Species Plantarum
1835:in the beech and
1816:
1815:
1806:
1802:Quercus wolgensis
1798:
1790:
1782:
1778:Quercus volhynica
1774:
1766:
1762:Quercus viminalis
1758:
1750:
1742:
1738:Quercus verecunda
1734:
1730:Quercus vallicola
1726:
1718:
1714:Quercus turbinata
1710:
1702:
1694:
1690:Quercus transiens
1686:
1678:
1674:Quercus tomentosa
1670:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1582:
1574:
1570:Quercus sieboldii
1566:
1554:
1542:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1488:
1480:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1452:Quercus rubicunda
1448:
1440:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1396:Quercus pyrenaica
1392:
1384:
1376:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1338:
1334:Quercus pluriceps
1330:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1286:Quercus pendulina
1282:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1238:Quercus pectinata
1234:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1206:Quercus oelandica
1202:
1194:
1190:Quercus nigricans
1186:
1182:Quercus nescensis
1178:
1170:
1166:Quercus montivaga
1162:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1134:Quercus mestensis
1130:
1122:
1114:
1110:Quercus macroloba
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1014:Quercus laciniata
1010:
1002:
994:
990:Quercus implicata
986:
978:
977:Steven ex Woronow
974:Quercus imeretina
970:
962:
954:
946:
942:Quercus hodginsii
938:
934:Quercus hispanica
930:
922:
914:
906:
902:Quercus grecescui
898:
894:Quercus germanica
890:
882:
874:
866:
858:
850:
842:
838:Quercus fennessii
834:
826:
818:
810:
802:
794:
790:Quercus ettingeri
786:
778:
774:Quercus esthonica
770:
762:
754:
746:
738:
730:
722:
714:
706:
702:Quercus cupulatus
698:
690:
682:
678:Quercus cunisecta
674:
666:
658:
650:
642:
638:Quercus concordia
634:
626:
618:
610:
602:
594:
586:
578:
570:
558:
550:
542:
534:
526:
518:
510:
506:Quercus axillaris
502:
494:
493:Secondat ex Bosc.
486:
482:Quercus australis
478:
470:
462:
454:
446:
438:
430:
426:Quercus assimilis
422:
414:
406:
398:
386:
374:
366:
358:
350:
342:
334:
326:
322:Quercus acutiloba
318:
310:
306:Quercus accessiva
302:
81:
16:(Redirected from
4752:
4745:Ornamental trees
4670:
4669:
4657:
4656:
4644:
4643:
4634:
4633:
4621:
4620:
4608:
4607:
4595:
4594:
4582:
4581:
4569:
4568:
4556:
4555:
4546:
4545:
4533:
4532:
4523:
4522:
4510:
4509:
4497:
4496:
4484:
4483:
4474:
4473:
4461:
4460:
4448:
4447:
4445:NBNSYS0000003845
4435:
4434:
4422:
4421:
4409:
4408:
4396:
4395:
4383:
4382:
4370:
4369:
4357:
4356:
4347:
4346:
4334:
4333:
4321:
4320:
4308:
4307:
4295:
4294:
4282:
4281:
4269:
4268:
4256:
4255:
4243:
4242:
4230:
4229:
4217:
4216:
4204:
4203:
4191:
4190:
4178:
4177:
4168:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4145:
4144:
4132:
4131:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4075:
4030:
4017:. HarperCollins
3999:Flora Europaea:
3991:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3625:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3589:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3522:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3438:
3432:
3421:
3415:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3272:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3185:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3166:, Cambridge, MA.
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3095:
3080:
3079:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3036:
3023:
3022:
3004:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2891:
2724:Gornji Milanovac
2682:trees of freedom
2660:Christianization
2617:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2420:. The Brureika (
2378:Sudden oak death
2247:The quantity of
2229:Biorhiza pallida
2177:Ellenberg values
2075:) (Turner's oak)
2054:) (heritage oak)
2041:Q. × macdanielli
1804:
1796:
1794:Quercus welandii
1788:
1786:Quercus vulgaris
1780:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1698:Quercus tricolor
1692:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1666:Quercus thomasii
1660:
1652:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1578:Quercus similata
1572:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1518:
1510:
1508:Quercus scythica
1502:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1476:Quercus scandica
1470:
1462:
1460:Quercus rumelica
1454:
1446:
1438:
1436:Quercus rostanii
1430:
1422:
1414:
1412:Quercus racemosa
1406:
1404:Quercus quaerens
1398:
1390:
1382:
1380:Quercus purpurea
1374:
1367:Kotschy ex A.DC.
1366:
1358:
1350:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1310:Quercus pilosula
1304:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1214:Quercus paleacea
1208:
1200:
1198:Quercus ochracea
1192:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1078:Quercus louettii
1072:
1070:Quercus longipes
1064:
1056:
1048:
1046:Quercus longaeva
1040:
1033:Kotschy ex A.DC.
1032:
1030:Quercus lasistan
1024:
1016:
1008:
1000:
992:
984:
982:Quercus immodica
976:
968:
966:Quercus hyemalis
960:
952:
944:
936:
928:
920:
912:
904:
896:
888:
880:
872:
864:
856:
848:
840:
832:
824:
816:
814:Quercus farinosa
808:
800:
792:
784:
776:
768:
760:
752:
750:Quercus dissecta
744:
736:
734:Quercus dilatata
728:
720:
712:
704:
696:
688:
680:
672:
670:Quercus croatica
664:
656:
648:
640:
632:
624:
616:
608:
600:
592:
590:Quercus brevipes
584:
582:Quercus brevipes
576:
568:
562:Quercus borealis
556:
548:
540:
532:
530:Quercus bavarica
524:
522:Quercus batavica
516:
514:Quercus banatica
508:
500:
492:
484:
476:
468:
460:
452:
444:
442:Quercus asturica
436:
428:
420:
418:Quercus argentea
412:
410:Quercus arenaria
404:
396:
390:Quercus appenina
384:
378:Quercus appenina
372:
364:
356:
354:Quercus alligata
348:
340:
332:
330:Quercus aesculus
324:
316:
308:
300:
269:
253:
219:
203:
96:
95:
75:
70:
69:
46:
32:
21:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4705:Trees of Europe
4680:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4665:
4660:
4652:
4647:
4639:
4637:
4629:
4624:
4616:
4611:
4603:
4598:
4590:
4585:
4577:
4572:
4564:
4559:
4551:
4549:
4541:
4536:
4528:
4526:
4518:
4513:
4505:
4502:Observation.org
4500:
4492:
4487:
4479:
4477:
4469:
4464:
4456:
4451:
4443:
4438:
4430:
4425:
4417:
4412:
4404:
4399:
4391:
4386:
4378:
4373:
4365:
4360:
4352:
4350:
4342:
4337:
4329:
4324:
4316:
4311:
4303:
4298:
4290:
4285:
4277:
4272:
4264:
4259:
4251:
4246:
4238:
4233:
4225:
4220:
4212:
4207:
4199:
4194:
4186:
4181:
4173:
4171:
4163:
4161:
4153:
4148:
4140:
4135:
4127:
4125:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4082:
4043:
4028:
3995:
3994:
3988:Wayback Machine
3977:Wayback Machine
3966:Wayback Machine
3957:
3953:
3944:
3942:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3919:
3917:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3898:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3848:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3779:
3777:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3750:
3748:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3721:
3719:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3667:
3663:
3654:
3652:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3610:
3606:
3598:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3568:
3566:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3476:
3474:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3451:
3449:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3422:
3418:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3270:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3234:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3171:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3129:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3097:
3096:
3083:
3076:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3038:
3037:
3026:
3019:
3006:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2985:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2963:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2924:
2922:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2871:
2793:Parliamentarian
2789:King Charles II
2702:Jacques Faizant
2686:1848 Revolution
2654:; druids would
2624:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2582:is planted for
2558:
2531:tree of Gernika
2518:In Ireland, at
2438:Northern Europe
2386:
2358:
2295:
2209:oak marble gall
2164:
2136:Q. petraea
2124:
2090:Q. bicolor
2023:Q. × bimundorum
1921:
1865:
1833:flowering plant
1825:pedunculate oak
1812:
1809:
1770:Quercus virgata
1706:Quercus tristis
1634:Quercus tennesi
1629:Czern. ex Stev.
1610:Quercus svecica
1541:(Lapeyr.) Nyman
1500:Quercus scotica
1428:Quercus rossica
1383:Lodd. ex Loudon
1326:Quercus plebeia
1305:(Schur) Simonk.
1278:Quercus pendula
1222:Quercus palmata
1174:Quercus natalis
1086:Quercus lucorum
1038:Quercus lentula
1006:Quercus kurdica
926:Quercus hentzei
918:Quercus haerens
862:Quercus foemida
809:Booth ex Loudon
798:Quercus extensa
606:Quercus bruttia
569:(Schur) Simonk.
546:Quercus belgica
291:
290:
260:
255:
249:
236:
217:
201:
90:
82:
71:
67:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4758:
4756:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4682:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4667:wfo-0000292858
4658:
4645:
4635:
4622:
4609:
4596:
4583:
4570:
4557:
4547:
4534:
4524:
4511:
4498:
4485:
4475:
4462:
4449:
4436:
4423:
4410:
4397:
4384:
4371:
4358:
4348:
4335:
4322:
4309:
4296:
4283:
4270:
4257:
4244:
4231:
4218:
4205:
4192:
4179:
4169:
4159:
4146:
4133:
4123:
4108:
4092:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4042:
4041:External links
4039:
4038:
4037:
4026:
4011:
4004:
3993:
3992:
3951:
3926:
3905:
3880:
3873:
3855:
3834:
3816:
3806:
3786:
3772:(in Finnish).
3757:
3728:
3714:(in Finnish).
3698:
3691:
3673:
3661:
3635:
3626:
3604:
3601:on 2015-01-23.
3575:
3551:
3537:
3523:
3508:
3502:978-1842467664
3501:
3483:
3458:
3433:
3416:
3399:
3392:
3374:
3367:
3346:
3327:
3292:
3279:
3256:
3241:
3220:
3213:
3195:
3180:
3169:
3136:
3115:
3108:
3081:
3074:
3056:
3049:
3024:
3017:
2994:
2970:
2959:Woodland Trust
2945:
2931:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2832:Delphic Oracle
2785:Boscobel House
2664:Chêne chapelle
2623:
2620:
2557:
2554:
2527:Basque Country
2505:Knightwood Oak
2406:Wistman's Wood
2385:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2367:Powdery mildew
2364:
2357:
2354:
2294:
2291:
2234:pineapple gall
2163:
2160:
2123:
2122:Identification
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2094:
2076:
2055:
2037:
1986:Q. brutia
1969:The genome of
1920:
1917:
1864:
1861:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1754:Quercus vialis
1751:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1722:Quercus urbica
1719:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1682:Quercus tozzae
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1531:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1444:Quercus rubens
1441:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1302:Quercus pilosa
1299:
1291:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1094:Quercus ludens
1091:
1083:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1051:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1003:
998:Quercus kunzei
995:
987:
979:
971:
963:
955:
947:
939:
931:
923:
915:
907:
899:
891:
883:
875:
867:
859:
851:
843:
835:
830:Quercus femina
827:
819:
811:
803:
795:
787:
779:
771:
763:
755:
747:
739:
731:
723:
718:Quercus dacica
715:
713:Guss. ex Parl.
707:
699:
691:
686:Quercus cuprea
683:
675:
667:
662:Quercus crispa
659:
651:
643:
635:
627:
619:
611:
603:
598:Quercus brutia
595:
587:
579:
577:Guss. ex Parl.
571:
559:
551:
543:
535:
527:
519:
511:
503:
495:
487:
479:
471:
463:
455:
447:
439:
431:
423:
415:
407:
399:
387:
375:
367:
359:
351:
343:
335:
327:
319:
311:
303:
294:
288:
287:
286:
283:
282:
276:
275:
271:
270:
262:
261:
256:
245:
244:
238:
237:
230:
228:
224:
223:
212:
208:
207:
196:
192:
191:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
147:
146:
141:
134:
133:
128:
121:
120:
115:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
84:
83:
65:
62:
61:
56:
53:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4757:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4700:Trees of Asia
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4668:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4544:
4543:Quercus robur
4539:
4535:
4531:
4530:Quercus_robur
4525:
4521:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4472:
4471:Quercus~robur
4467:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4279:Quercus robur
4275:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4214:Quercus_robur
4210:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4156:
4155:quercus-robur
4151:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4119:
4118:Quercus robur
4113:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4088:Quercus robur
4085:
4081:
4076:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4063:Quercus robur
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4034:Quercus robur
4027:
4024:
4023:0-00-220013-9
4020:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4003:
4002:
4001:Quercus robur
3997:
3996:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3955:
3952:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3895:on 2012-03-01
3894:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3856:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3790:
3787:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3717:
3713:
3712:Turun Sanomat
3709:
3702:
3699:
3694:
3692:951-9078-87-8
3688:
3684:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3662:
3651:on 2011-07-06
3650:
3646:
3639:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3608:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3576:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3484:
3472:
3471:BRAHMS online
3468:
3462:
3459:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3393:0-19-854883-4
3389:
3385:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3337:Field Studies
3331:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3293:
3282:
3276:
3269:
3268:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3231:
3224:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3148:Quercus robur
3140:
3137:
3126:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3109:0-9543347-4-4
3105:
3101:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3057:
3052:
3050:0-00-219213-6
3046:
3042:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2898:Quercus robur
2890:
2887:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2855:Deutsche Mark
2852:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2806:
2805:Oak Apple Day
2802:
2798:
2794:
2791:hid from his
2790:
2786:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2658:. Even after
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2619:
2597:
2596:cross-section
2593:
2592:Q. robur
2589:
2585:
2581:
2580:Quercus robur
2573:
2566:
2565:Quercus robur
2562:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2513:Q. robur
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2493:Bowthorpe Oak
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2418:Great Britain
2415:
2407:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2384:Notable trees
2383:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:Eurasian jays
2281:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2269:mottled umber
2266:
2265:green tortrix
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2217:spangle galls
2214:
2213:cola nut gall
2210:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2132:Quercus robur
2129:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:Q. robur
2070:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2052:Q. robur
2049:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2034:Q. robur
2031:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:Q. robur
2012:
2011:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1924:Quercus robur
1918:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:Quercus robur
1869:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1820:Quercus robur
1803:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1773:Martrin-Donos
1771:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1562:tcharachensis
1559:
1556:
1553:(Colla) Nyman
1551:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1530:(Schur) Nyman
1529:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1423:(Ten.) A. DC.
1421:
1420:Quercus robur
1418:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1281:(Neill) Lodd.
1279:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1129:(Schur) Schur
1127:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1004:
999:
996:
991:
988:
983:
980:
975:
972:
967:
964:
959:
956:
951:
948:
943:
940:
935:
932:
927:
924:
919:
916:
911:
908:
903:
900:
895:
892:
887:
884:
879:
876:
871:
868:
863:
860:
855:
852:
847:
844:
839:
836:
831:
828:
823:
820:
815:
812:
807:
804:
801:(Schur) Schur
799:
796:
791:
788:
783:
780:
775:
772:
767:
764:
759:
756:
751:
748:
743:
740:
735:
732:
727:
724:
719:
716:
711:
708:
703:
700:
695:
692:
687:
684:
679:
676:
671:
668:
663:
660:
655:
652:
647:
644:
639:
636:
631:
628:
623:
620:
615:
612:
607:
604:
599:
596:
591:
588:
583:
580:
575:
572:
567:
563:
560:
555:
552:
547:
544:
539:
538:Quercus bedoi
536:
531:
528:
523:
520:
515:
512:
507:
504:
499:
496:
491:
490:Quercus auzin
488:
483:
480:
475:
474:Quercus aurea
472:
467:
464:
459:
456:
451:
448:
443:
440:
435:
432:
427:
424:
419:
416:
411:
408:
403:
402:Quercus apula
400:
395:
391:
388:
383:
379:
376:
371:
368:
363:
360:
355:
352:
347:
344:
339:
336:
331:
328:
323:
320:
315:
312:
307:
304:
299:
296:
295:
293:
284:
281:
277:
272:
268:
263:
259:
254:
252:
251:Quercus robur
246:
243:
242:Binomial name
239:
235:
234:
233:Q. robur
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:Tracheophytes
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
94:
89:
85:
79:
74:
73:Least Concern
63:
59:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
36:Quercus robur
33:
30:
19:
4087:
4062:
4033:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3954:
3943:. Retrieved
3938:
3929:
3918:. Retrieved
3908:
3897:. Retrieved
3893:the original
3883:
3864:
3858:
3847:. Retrieved
3837:
3828:
3819:
3811:
3796:
3789:
3778:. Retrieved
3770:Luontoportti
3769:
3760:
3749:. Retrieved
3740:
3731:
3720:. Retrieved
3711:
3701:
3682:
3676:
3664:
3653:. Retrieved
3649:the original
3638:
3629:
3613:
3607:
3596:the original
3591:
3578:
3567:. Retrieved
3563:
3554:
3540:
3526:
3519:
3511:
3492:
3486:
3475:. Retrieved
3470:
3461:
3450:. Retrieved
3442:"Oak mildew"
3436:
3419:
3402:
3383:
3377:
3358:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3314:10.2307/4528
3305:
3301:
3295:
3284:. Retrieved
3266:
3259:
3250:
3244:
3223:
3204:
3198:
3188:Hassler, M.
3183:
3172:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3118:
3099:
3065:
3059:
3040:
3008:
2986:. Retrieved
2982:
2973:
2962:. Retrieved
2958:
2948:
2934:
2923:. Retrieved
2909:
2903:
2897:
2889:
2848:
2836:Heart of Oak
2821:
2809:
2782:
2751:coat of arms
2735:coat of arms
2732:
2706:
2675:
2668:
2632:thunderstorm
2628:Scandinavian
2625:
2591:
2579:
2578:
2564:
2543:
2524:
2517:
2512:
2497:Lincolnshire
2445:Stelmužė Oak
2442:
2411:
2370:
2345:
2342:ellagic acid
2296:
2286:
2275:
2273:
2246:
2227:
2221:
2201:knopper gall
2191:
2189:
2173:
2154:
2147:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2072:
2068:Q. ilex
2067:
2059:Q. × turneri
2057:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2029:Q. alba
2028:
2021:
2014:
2009:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1949:type species
1942:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1913:
1909:
1906:Male flowers
1893:
1875:
1874:
1851:and western
1828:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1491:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1347:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1013:
1005:
997:
989:
981:
973:
965:
957:
949:
941:
933:
925:
917:
910:Quercus haas
909:
901:
893:
885:
877:
869:
861:
853:
845:
837:
829:
821:
813:
805:
797:
789:
781:
773:
765:
757:
749:
741:
733:
725:
717:
709:
701:
693:
685:
677:
669:
661:
653:
645:
637:
629:
621:
613:
605:
597:
589:
581:
573:
565:
561:
553:
545:
537:
529:
521:
513:
505:
497:
489:
481:
473:
465:
457:
449:
441:
433:
425:
417:
409:
401:
393:
389:
381:
377:
369:
361:
353:
345:
337:
329:
321:
313:
305:
297:
250:
248:
232:
231:
215:
199:
187:
150:
137:
124:
111:
35:
29:
4427:NatureServe
4339:iNaturalist
4112:Wikispecies
4029:(in French)
3981:5 Lipa Coin
3916:. Nmm.ac.uk
3669:British Oak
2863:pound coins
2676:During the
2539:Lehendakari
2520:Birr Castle
2465:Jaegerspris
2318:glucogallin
2314:gallic acid
2261:winter moth
2249:caterpillar
2128:sessile oak
1863:Description
1847:to most of
1829:English oak
1550:pedemontana
382:cylindracea
131:Angiosperms
4684:Categories
4566:kew-174750
4561:Plant List
4172:Calflora:
4070:(EUFORGEN)
3945:2018-03-12
3920:2012-05-02
3899:2012-05-02
3849:2012-05-02
3780:2022-06-03
3751:2022-06-03
3722:2022-06-03
3655:2012-05-02
3569:2017-10-23
3477:2023-05-20
3452:2013-04-13
3343:: 207–531.
3286:2017-05-29
3280:1870393481
3235:2023-02-08
3233:Retrieved
3130:2023-01-29
3128:Retrieved
2988:2024-06-17
2964:2024-06-17
2925:2021-11-19
2881:References
2844:Robin Hood
2827:Royal Navy
2644:World tree
2622:In culture
2546:Donnybrook
2509:New Forest
2453:Granit Oak
2422:Bridal Oak
2369:caused by
2338:quercitrin
2310:vescalagin
2306:castalagin
2276:Q. petraea
2257:great tits
2156:Turkey oak
2080:Q. × warei
2010:Q. petraea
1933:, "oak" +
1926:(from the
1538:microcarpa
1528:condensata
195:Subgenus:
4292:210001863
4266:210001863
3359:Rebirding
2842:is where
2840:Major Oak
2822:Royal Oak
2801:Royal Oak
2759:Vojvodina
2648:Milky Way
2588:heartwood
2473:Kvilleken
2461:Kongeegen
2449:Lithuania
2430:Kaive Oak
2396:, England
2302:roburin E
2298:Grandinin
2293:Chemistry
2253:blue tits
2224:oak apple
2144:hybridise
1955:section (
1953:white oak
1884:pollarded
1880:deciduous
1391:C.C.Gmel.
785:O.Schwarz
227:Species:
211:Section:
101:Kingdom:
4649:VicFlora
4638:VASCAN:
4631:13100004
4626:Tropicos
4527:PalDat:
4466:NSWFlora
4432:2.147862
4380:11400298
4367:296690-1
4209:eFloraSA
4162:BioLib:
4097:Wikidata
4032:Chênes:
3984:Archived
3973:Archived
3962:Archived
3774:Archived
3745:Archived
3716:Archived
3430:12494747
2875:Femeiche
2869:See also
2816:pub name
2774:Jagodina
2673:region.
2584:forestry
2457:Bulgaria
2451:and the
2394:Baginton
2356:Diseases
2346:Q. robur
2334:rhamnose
2267:and the
2211:and the
2192:Q. robur
2108:in 1843.
1988:Tenore,
1971:Q. robur
1959:section
1939:Linnaeus
1919:Taxonomy
1871:Oak bark
1841:Fagaceae
1839:family,
1201:Morogues
1153:Morogues
421:Morogues
394:rumelica
280:Synonyms
216:Quercus
200:Quercus
177:Fagaceae
173:Family:
144:Eudicots
78:IUCN 3.1
4695:Quercus
4414:MoBotPF
4305:2878688
4227:1151323
4196:Ecocrop
4103:Q165145
3766:"Tammi"
2812:Suffolk
2745:of the
2737:of the
2692:by the
2640:Finnish
2626:In the
2613:⁄
2603:⁄
2535:Gernika
2525:In the
2507:in the
2501:England
2485:Germany
2481:Ivenack
2469:Denmark
2280:mammals
2196:insects
2140:petiole
2005:Bechst.
1994:Q. haas
1961:Quercus
1957:Quercus
1931:quercus
1889:suckers
1857:acidity
1797:Simonk.
1161:Simonk.
1145:Lapeyr.
1057:Debeaux
913:Kotschy
873:Schrank
737:A.Kern.
585:A.Kern.
485:A.Kern.
220:Quercus
204:Quercus
188:Quercus
183:Genus:
167:Fagales
163:Order:
105:Plantae
76: (
4618:1901-1
4574:PLANTS
4520:239659
4478:NZOR:
4419:280706
4253:172457
4150:ARKive
4126:APDB:
4021:
3871:
3804:
3689:
3621:
3499:
3448:. 2013
3428:
3390:
3365:
3320:
3277:
3211:
3106:
3072:
3047:
3015:
2778:Serbia
2728:Serbia
2477:Sweden
2434:Latvia
2426:Norway
2320:) and
2263:, the
2232:. The
2063:Willd.
1896:leaves
1849:Europe
1845:native
1823:, the
1789:Bubani
1685:Dippel
1613:Borbás
1589:Dippel
1573:Dippel
1495:K.Koch
1455:Dippel
1399:Steven
1375:K.Koch
1351:Boiss.
1273:K.Koch
1265:Hoffm.
1241:K.Koch
1193:K.Koch
1081:Dippel
1073:Steven
969:Steven
961:Dippel
937:Willk.
889:K.Koch
769:Steven
753:K.Koch
697:K.Koch
689:K.Koch
681:Borbás
641:K.Koch
633:K.Koch
609:Borbás
593:Borbás
566:pilosa
557:Borbás
541:Borbás
477:K.Koch
461:K.Koch
453:K.Koch
413:Borbás
349:K.Koch
341:Steven
333:Boiss.
325:Borbás
157:Rosids
4613:SANBI
4605:14294
4579:QURO2
4550:PFI:
4489:NZPCN
4458:38942
4406:63532
4393:19405
4375:IRMNG
4351:IPA:
4344:56133
4326:IFPNI
4318:30739
4274:FoAO2
4248:EUNIS
4240:QUERO
4188:4R5YN
4175:12827
4142:71373
4129:13665
3599:(PDF)
3588:(PDF)
3318:JSTOR
3271:(PDF)
2770:Zapis
2743:flags
2694:Nazis
2652:Gauls
2424:) in
2106:Ghent
1935:robur
1928:Latin
1878:is a
1637:Wesm.
1605:Schur
1565:Albov
1560:var.
1548:var.
1536:var.
1526:var.
1359:Schur
1257:Ehrh.
1249:Colla
1233:Mutel
1217:Desf.
1017:Lodd.
1009:Wenz.
897:Lasch
865:Mill.
849:A.DC.
841:A.DC.
833:Mill.
649:Schur
564:var.
509:Schur
392:var.
380:var.
218:sect.
202:subg.
151:Clade
138:Clade
125:Clade
112:Clade
4641:5969
4587:POWO
4538:PfaF
4507:7286
4494:3137
4453:NCBI
4401:IUCN
4388:ITIS
4362:IPNI
4354:9742
4313:GRIN
4300:GBIF
4235:EPPO
4201:9138
4165:3458
4137:APNI
4019:ISBN
3869:ISBN
3802:ISBN
3687:ISBN
3619:ISBN
3497:ISBN
3426:PMID
3388:ISBN
3363:ISBN
3322:4528
3275:ISBN
3209:ISBN
3104:ISBN
3070:ISBN
3045:ISBN
3013:ISBN
2910:2017
2859:euro
2851:lipa
2820:HMS
2755:flag
2753:and
2636:Thor
2340:and
2255:and
1894:The
1853:Asia
1765:Bosc
1717:Kit.
1669:Ten.
1653:Vuk.
1415:Lam.
1344:Vuk.
1289:Kit.
1225:Vuk.
1089:Vuk.
1025:Beck
825:Lam.
817:Vuk.
793:Vuk.
665:Vuk.
657:Vuk.
617:Vuk.
601:Ten.
501:Vuk.
301:Vuk.
289:List
4662:WFO
4600:RHS
4553:271
4440:NBN
4287:FoC
4261:FNA
4222:EoL
4183:CoL
3409:doi
3310:doi
2914:doi
2757:of
2615:256
2495:in
2455:in
2447:in
2432:in
1963:).
1941:in
1837:oak
1827:or
469:Sm.
4686::
4664::
4651::
4628::
4615::
4602::
4589::
4576::
4563::
4540::
4517::
4504::
4491::
4468::
4455::
4442::
4429::
4416::
4403::
4390::
4377::
4364::
4341::
4328::
4315::
4302::
4289::
4276::
4263::
4250::
4237::
4224::
4211::
4198::
4185::
4152::
4139::
4114::
4099::
3979::
3968:.
3937:.
3827:.
3810:.
3768:.
3739:.
3710:.
3590:.
3562:.
3518:,
3469:.
3444:.
3349:^
3341:10
3339:.
3316:.
3306:53
3304:.
3084:^
3027:^
2997:^
2981:.
2957:.
2908:.
2902:.
2776:,
2761:.
2726:,
2666:.
2605:64
2552:.
2548:,
2499:,
2487:.
2483:,
2475:,
2467:,
2352:.
2336:,
2332:,
2328:,
2312:,
2304:,
2152:.
2093:).
2087:x
2071:×
2050:×
2032:×
2013:x
1977:.
1975:bp
258:L.
153::
140::
127::
114::
4025:.
3948:.
3923:.
3902:.
3877:.
3852:.
3783:.
3754:.
3725:.
3695:.
3658:.
3572:.
3548:.
3534:.
3505:.
3480:.
3455:.
3411::
3396:.
3371:.
3324:.
3312::
3289:.
3238:.
3217:.
3192:.
3150:"
3146:"
3133:.
3112:.
3078:.
3053:.
3021:.
2991:.
2967:.
2942:.
2928:.
2916::
2900:"
2896:"
2611:1
2601:1
2308:/
2300:/
2083:(
2065:(
2044:(
2026:(
2007:(
80:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
