244:
especially during harvest season. In addition, enslaved people were held to nearly-impossible daily production quotas while having to contend with lack of rest and food. Economically, in sugar plantations, it was cheaper for owners of enslaved
Africans to work them to death and get new replacement enslaved people. Conditions were so bad that even the Crown intervened on at least two occasions, forcing plantation owners to provide the people they enslaved with sufficient food.
61:
1927:
45:
197:
half of the 19th-century in Brazil, enslaved people typically took armed action as part of their resistance. The colony was undergoing both political transition, as it fought for independence from
Portugal, and new tensions associated with an increased slave trade, which brought in many more native-born Africans who resisted slavery.
196:
Quilombos are classified as one of the three basic forms of active resistance by enslaved
Africans. They also regularly attempted to seize power and conducted armed insurrections at plantations to gain amelioration of conditions. Typically, quilombos were a "pre-19th century phenomenon". In the first
386:
The region of Campo Grande and São
Francisco was often populated with quilombos. In 1741, Jean Ferreira organised an expedition against a quilombo, but many runaways escaped capture. In 1746, a subsequent expedition captured 120 members of the quilombo. In 1752, an expedition led by Pere Marcos was
390:
Quilombos continued to form in the nineteenth century. In 1810, a quilombo was discovered at
Linhares in Sao Paulo. A decade later, another was found in Minas. In 1828, another quilombo was discovered at Cahuca, near Recife, and a year later, an expedition was mounted against another at Corcovado,
265:
Enslaved people who tried to escape a second time would be sent to slave prisons, and those who tried a third time would be sold. In general, slaves who were caught running away were also required to wear an iron collar around their necks at all times, in addition to the punishment they received.
605:
granted the remaining quilombos the collective ownership of the lands they had occupied since colonial times. As of 2016, 294 villages have applied to be recognized as quilombos, because they were founded by escaped enslaved people and are mainly inhabited by their descendants. The certification
264:
Settlements were formed by enslaved
Africans who escaped from plantations. Some enslavers, such as Friedrich von Weech, regarded the first escape attempt as a part of the "breaking in" process for new slaves. The first escape attempt would be punished severely as a deterrent for future escapes.
243:
During the sugar boom period (1570–1670), the sugar plantations in Brazil presented hellish conditions, including the personal brutality of enslavers and the whip-wielding overseers in their employ. Physical torture was common for minor infractions. There was high physical exertion on workers,
379:
There were also reports of mocambos in 1591 in
Jaguaripe, in 1629 in Rio Vermelho, in 1636 in Itapicuru, in 1640 in Rio Real, in 1663 in Cairu, in 1723 in Camamu, in 1741 in Santo Amaro, in 1763 in Itapao, and 1797 in Cachoeira. All of these mocambos were in the Bahia region.
433:
In 1640, a Dutch scouting mission found that the self-freed community of
Palmares was spread over two settlements, with about 6,000 living in one location, and another 5,000 in another. Dutch expeditions against Palmares in the 1640s were similarly unsuccessful.
375:
There were also a number of smaller quilombos or mocambos. The first reported quilombo was in 1575 in Bahia. Another quilombo in Bahia was reported at the start of the seventeenth century. Between 1737-87, a small quilombo thrived in the vicinity of Sao Paulo.
90:
368:
Seven of the ten major quilombos in colonial Brazil were destroyed within two years of being formed. Four fell in Bahia in 1632, 1636, 1646 and 1796. The other three met the same fate in Rio in 1650, Parahyba in 1731, and Piumhy in 1758.
531:. It was organised as a republic, with democratic voting in place. Over the course of the Mola quilombo's life, it expanded to include four other similar settlements in the region; it was known as the Confederação do Itapocu
437:
At its height, Palmares had a population of over 30,000. In the 1670s, when the
Portuguese tried to take control of half of Palmares, it was estimated that the palmarista population of that half was between 15,000-20,000.
268:
Not all those who escaped slavery formed settlements in Brazil. Escaping from a life of slavery was a matter of opportunity. Settlements were formed in areas with dense populations of formerly enslaved people, like
1614:"Their forefathers were enslaved. Now, 400 years later, their children will be landowners. Rare victory for Brazilian poor, as record Amazon land tract is handed over to descendants of escaped enslaved people"
231:
taking place 52 years after the
Portuguese were the first Europeans to set foot in Brazil in 1500. The demand for enslaved Africans continued to increase through the 18th century, even as the Brazilian
383:
The Buraco de Tatu mocambo thrived for 20 years between 1743 and 1763. It was located between Salvador and Itapoa until it was eventually destroyed by a force led by Joaquim da Costa Cardozo.
420:
Part of the reason for the massive size of the quilombo at Palmares was because of its location in Brazil, at the median point between the Atlantic Ocean and Guinea, an important area of the
329:
and being commissioned to recapture other runaway slaves. At the same time, they facilitated the escape of even more enslaved persons. For this reason, they were targets of the
1880:
1894:
151:
word meaning "war camp". A mocambo is typically much smaller than a quilombo. "Quilombo" was not used until the 1670s, primarily in the more southerly parts of Brazil.
1264:
427:
was an autonomous community of escaped enslaved people from the Portuguese settlements in Brazil, "a region perhaps the size of Portugal in the hinterland of Bahia".
1268:
1260:
912:
926:
Shore, Edward (2017). "Geographies of Resistance: Quilombos, Afro-descendants, and the Struggle for Land and Environmental Justice in Brazil's Atlantic Forest".
1860:
544:
1530:
372:
One quilombo, in Minas Gerais, lasted from 1712-1719. Another, the "Carlota" of Mato Grosso, was wiped out after existing for 25 years, from 1770-1795.
1865:
1435:
1026:, in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 218-222.
1013:, in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 209-210.
1906:
1190:, in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 186-7.
1138:, in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 177-9.
1000:, in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 191-2.
547:
was established for the inhabitants of Curiaú de Dentro, Curiaú de Fora, Casa Grande, Curralinho and Mocambo. The area is located near the capital
413:, established in about 1600. Palmares was massive and consisted of several settlements with a combined population of over 30,000 citizens, mostly
1177:, in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 172.
1164:, in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 180.
1151:, in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 185.
1125:, in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 175.
1052:, in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 195.
1039:, in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 193.
987:, in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 172.
974:, in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 172.
727:, in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 205.
523:
The Mola quilombo comprised approximately 300 formerly enslaved people and had a high degree of political, social, and military organization.
1236:
862:
647:
1613:
1387:
828:"The plantation economy | West Indies | The Places Involved | Slavery Routes | Bristol and Transatlantic Slavery | PortCities Bristol"
628:; in Argentina, Bolivia, Honduras, Paraguay, and Uruguay, a mess, noise or disorder; in Venezuela, a remote or out-of-the-way place.
1704:
1649:
1359:
827:
1946:
1875:
1386:
Lima e Silva, Raullyan Borja; Freitas, João da Luz; Moreira dos Santos, João Ubiratan; Picanço Souto, Raimundo Nonato (2013).
1911:
564:
304:
from where the majority of slaves were forcibly brought to Brazil. During the era of slave trafficking, natives in central
568:
1870:
678:
293:, escaped to New York because his multiple attempts at escape and suicide led to him being sold to a ship's captain.
1677:
323:
were near Portuguese plantations and settlements. To keep their freedom, they were active both in defending against
1961:
1742:
281:. While many quilombos were formed in rural areas such as Palmares, some were formed inside of cities, such as the
227:
Legal slavery was present in Brazil for approximately three centuries, with the earliest known landing of enslaved
1951:
1654:
800:
31:
1764:
352:
that were farther from Portuguese settlements and the later Brazilian cities were tolerated and still exist as
1563:
480:). The governor from that province declared that "it is harder to defeat a quilombo than the Dutch invaders".
1672:
476:
to capture a quilombo warrior since they would defend themselves with a strangely moving fighting technique (
1966:
1640:
The Quilombo of Palmares: A New Overview of a Maroon State in Seventeenth-Century Brazil (scholarly article)
673:
668:
468:
Forced to defend against repeated attacks by Portuguese colonists, the warriors of Palmares were experts in
344:
and the surrounding Portuguese settlements, they were almost always eventually destroyed. Seven of 10 major
290:
1697:
551:
and measures 21,676 hectares (53,560 acres). As of 1999, the protected area is home to about 1,500 people.
602:
496:
1662:
1483:
935:
1931:
1565:
A titulação das terras das comunidades tradicionais quilombolas no Brasil: análise da atuação do Estado
567:, it has been designated a Quilombo settlement, and therefore, has been given territory similar to the
528:
430:
In 1612, the Portuguese tried in vain to take Palmares in an expedition that proved to be very costly.
1334:
Guimarães, José (2012). «Settlement in Southern Pará and Historical Origins of the Carajás Movement».
325:
1817:
500:
255:
144:
1406:
444:
Between 1672 and 1694, Palmares withstood, on average, one Portuguese expedition nearly every year.
560:
524:
492:
421:
406:
400:
278:
83:
1901:
1772:
1254:
1087:
1079:
906:
765:
757:
535:
In 1895, there were still traces of the settlement to be seen; as of 2020, they had disappeared.
454:
are the two best-known warrior-leaders of Palmares which, after a history of conflict with first
316:
that united various tribes of diverse lineage into a community designed for military resistance.
1388:"Caracterização agroecológica e socioeconômica dos moradores da comunidade quilombola do Curiaú"
1956:
1855:
1836:
1802:
1538:
1410:
1365:
1355:
1242:
1232:
858:
643:
357:
222:
182:
1310:
282:
1749:
1690:
1569:
1402:
1071:
809:
749:
301:
178:
155:
472:, a dance and martial art form. Portuguese soldiers sometimes stated it took more than one
1889:
1730:
1574:
663:
581:
459:
186:
129:
1200:
798:
Schwartz, Stuart B. (Summer 1970). "The "Mocambo": Slave Resistance in Colonial Bahia".
1797:
708:
640:
Fighting for Honor: The History of African Martial Art Traditions in the Atlantic World
586:
483:
In Brazil, both men are now honored as heroes and symbols of black pride, freedom, and
286:
228:
1940:
1792:
1782:
1091:
769:
615:
504:
159:
132:, and others sometimes called Carabali. Most of the inhabitants of quilombos, called
606:
process thus far has been slow, and 152 villages have been recognized as quilombos.
236:
economy ceased to dominate the world economy. In its place, commodity crops such as
1618:
455:
414:
330:
1438:(in Portuguese). SEMA: Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente (AP). 9 December 2013
487:. As his birthday is unknown, Zumbi's execution date, November 20, is observed as
939:
1338:(interview). Interview with Teixeira de Souza, M .. Teixeira de Souza, M. Belém.
462:
447:
334:
60:
53:
1436:"Novos conselheiros da Area de Protecao Ambiental do Rio Curiau sao empossados"
1827:
1667:
1075:
753:
270:
190:
133:
122:
49:
30:
This article is about a kind of settlement. For other uses of "Quilombo", see
27:
Type of Brazilian settlement inhabited by escaped slaves and their descendants
1650:
Buried Alive: Imagining Africa in the Brazilian Northeast (scholarly article)
1542:
1414:
1246:
1369:
484:
309:
210:
548:
1926:
1457:
1226:
852:
813:
1812:
1787:
1757:
1735:
1531:"Brazil Seeks to Return Ancestral Lands to Descendants of Runaway Slaves"
1349:
593:
is a historical epic that chronicles the lives of Ganga Zumba and Zumbi.
508:
477:
469:
274:
96:
65:
17:
1645:
Fugitive Slaves and Free Society: The Case of Brazil (scholarly article)
1511:
44:
1713:
1644:
624:
473:
348:
in colonial Brazil were terminated within two years of formation. Some
237:
148:
137:
38:
1639:
1083:
761:
465:
authorities, finally fell to a Portuguese artillery assault in 1694.
387:
attacked by quilimbo fighters, resulting in significant loss of life.
213:
warriors, which would soon be used in Brazil by freed Angolan slaves.
143:
Documentation about refugee slave communities typically uses the term
879:
683:
410:
391:
near Rio. In 1855, the Maravilha quilombo in Amazonia was destroyed.
305:
1458:"Livres anciens : Etat libre du Counani : Livre rouge n°3"
1285:
1777:
688:
451:
233:
209:(a fortified town surrounded by a wooden palisade) appeared among
59:
953:
527:
was the first leader of the community. The group was also led by
1517:
512:
441:
Palmares thrived in the years of peace that followed the 1640s.
353:
125:
1686:
1606:
Quilombo dos Palmares: Brazil's Lost Nation of Fugitive Slaves,
337:
authorities and, later, of the Brazilian state and enslavers.
740:
Kent, R. K. (1965). "Palmares: An African State in Brazil".
1682:
1462:
Bibliotheque Numerique Caraibe Amazone Plateau des Guyanes
300:
establishes a link between settlements and the culture of
880:"Quilombo no Leblon foi o primeiro abolicionista no país"
205:
In 17th century Angola, a new military formation called
1673:
Voice of the Leopard: African Secret Societies and Cuba
1228:
Children of the days : a calendar of human history
857:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 303.
793:
791:
1062:
Kent (1965). "Palmares: An African State in Brazil".
258:
for a comprehensive presentation of slavery in Brazil
1656:
Oppression & Rebellion: The Quilombo at Palmares
1311:"Quilombolas: quem são, origem, tradição, condições"
1845:
1720:
585:depicts the rise and fall of Palmares. Directed by
563:is better known as the capital of the unrecognised
340:Despite the atmosphere of cooperation between some
409:, an independent, self-sufficient community near
642:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
1280:
1278:
1024:The Mocambo: Slave Resistance in Colonial Bahia
1011:The Mocambo: Slave Resistance in Colonial Bahia
725:The Mocambo: Slave Resistance in Colonial Bahia
417:. It was to survive almost an entire century.
100:
1698:
1407:10.18561/2179-5746/biotaamazonia.v3n3p113-138
1225:Galeano, Eduardo, 1940–2015 (30 April 2013).
172:
163:
8:
1663:Articles and sources for quilombos in Brazil
1354:. São Paulo, SP, Brasil: Edusp. p. 47.
1263:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
106:
52:during a meeting in the capital of Brazil,
1705:
1691:
1683:
1588:Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy, "
1267:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1259:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
911:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1573:
1201:"Tucuruí - Informações, Imagens e Vídeos"
782:
1381:
1379:
1351:Dicionário da escravidão negra no Brasil
545:Rio Curiaú Environmental Protection Area
43:
37:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1608:Hanover, CT:New London Librarium, 2014.
699:
1252:
904:
854:Slave Life in Rio de Janeiro 1808–1850
735:
733:
312:, had created an institution called a
1575:10.11606/T.8.2018.tde-09042018-155054
1568:(Thesis) (in Portuguese). São Paulo.
713:, Luanda Argente, Santos, p. 127
162:, such villages or camps were called
82:
7:
1562:Silva, Marcelo Gonçalves da (2017).
1484:"Cabo Orange National Park - Brazil"
1188:Palmares: An African State in Brazil
1175:Palmares: An African State in Brazil
1162:Palmares: An African State in Brazil
1149:Palmares: An African State in Brazil
1136:Palmares: An African State in Brazil
1123:Palmares: An African State in Brazil
985:Palmares: An African State in Brazil
972:Palmares: An African State in Brazil
356:today, with their dwellers speaking
296:It is widely believed that the term
1592:", senses 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
273:, where the biggest collection of
25:
899:Biography of Mahommah G. Baquaqua
614:In South American Spanish of the
1925:
638:Desch-Obi, M. Thomas J. (2008).
503:, and his image has appeared on
277:formed the quilombo that became
1678:Discovering Rio's Little Africa
1612:Phillips, Dom (March 5, 2018).
707:A. de Assis Junior, "Kilómbo",
565:Republic of Independent Guiana
1:
710:Dicionário kimbundu-português
405:The most famous quilombo was
147:for settlements, which is an
140:, a term for escaped slaves.
1861:British and French Caribbean
1668:Maroon community in Colombia
1529:Brooke, James (1993-08-15).
1106:The Perspective of the World
679:Slave states and free states
1110:Civilization and Capitalism
954:"Web Server's Default Page"
1983:
1866:Spanish New World colonies
1064:Journal of African History
742:Journal of African History
398:
220:
173:
164:
36:
29:
1317:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
1292:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
1207:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
1076:10.1017/s0021853700005582
851:Karasch, Mary C. (1987).
832:discoveringbristol.org.uk
801:Journal of Social History
754:10.1017/s0021853700005582
240:increased in prominence.
80:Portuguese pronunciation:
32:Quilombo (disambiguation)
489:Dia da Consciência Negra
1947:Ethnic groups in Brazil
1348:Moura, Clóvis. (2004).
674:Slave revolts in Brazil
669:San Basilio de Palenque
601:Article 68 of the 1988
425:. Quilombo dos Palmares
101:
1912:Quilombola territories
1907:Quilombola communities
958:novo.mgquilombo.com.br
928:Afro - Hispanic Review
897:Moore, Samuel (1854).
603:Constitution of Brazil
597:Constitution of Brazil
569:indigenous territories
171:. Its inhabitants are
69:
57:
1934:at Wikimedia Commons
1336:Carajás Youth Debates
579:A 1984 film entitled
283:pt:Quilombo do Leblon
177:. They spoke various
128:founded by people of
63:
47:
291:Mahommah G. Baquaqua
256:Atlantic slave trade
1852:History of slavery
1658:(scholarly article)
1604:Glenn Alan Cheney,
1050:The Other Quilombos
1037:The Other Quilombos
998:The Other Quilombos
814:10.1353/jsh/3.4.313
525:Felipa Maria Aranha
495:" in the states of
493:Black Awareness Day
422:African slave trade
401:Palmares (quilombo)
302:West Central Africa
289:. Some, among them
1902:Haitian Revolution
1743:Great Dismal Swamp
1535:The New York Times
1401:(3). Macapá: 113.
1104:Braudel, Fernand,
333:, then Portuguese
70:
58:
1962:Slavery in Brazil
1930:Media related to
1922:
1921:
1464:(in French). 1906
1397:(in Portuguese).
1238:978-1-56858-971-8
1022:Stuart Schwartz,
1009:Stuart Schwartz,
878:Talarico, Bruna.
864:978-0-691-07708-6
723:Stuart Schwartz,
649:978-1-57003-718-4
622:has come to mean
529:Maria Luiza Piriá
358:Portuguese Creole
223:Slavery in Brazil
217:Slavery in Brazil
121:) is a Brazilian
84:[kiˈlõbu]
16:(Redirected from
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1952:Maroons (people)
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1112:, 1984, p. 390.
1103:
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1048:Roger Bastide,
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1035:Roger Bastide,
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448:Ganga Zumba
360:languages.
174:palenqueros
134:quilombolas
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1941:Categories
1828:Quilombola
1803:Paramaccan
1625:2018-03-05
1548:2016-12-06
1491:Ramsar.org
1321:2021-01-02
1296:2021-01-02
1231:. London.
1211:2021-01-02
1070:(2): 163.
940:2076933136
901:. Detroit.
837:2016-01-18
695:References
632:Literature
610:In Spanish
460:Portuguese
285:inside of
271:Pernambuco
221:See also:
191:Palenquero
126:settlement
123:hinterland
48:Brazilian
1932:Quilombos
1837:Mauritius
1754:Honduras
1543:0362-4331
1415:2179-5746
1255:cite book
1247:895700030
1186:RK Kent,
1173:RK Kent,
1160:RK Kent,
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1134:RK Kent,
1121:RK Kent,
1092:162914470
983:RK Kent,
970:RK Kent,
907:cite book
770:162914470
509:banknotes
501:São Paulo
485:democracy
458:and then
364:Quilombos
346:quilombos
342:quilombos
321:quilombos
310:Imbangala
308:, called
211:Imbangala
18:Quilombos
1957:Quilombo
1823:Quilombo
1813:Kalungas
1788:Saramaka
1773:Suriname
1769:Guianas
1758:Garifuna
1736:Mascogos
1590:quilombo
1513:Quilombo
1497:29 March
1468:29 March
1370:62236622
1205:Amazônia
936:ProQuest
884:Palmares
658:See also
620:quilombo
591:Quilombo
582:Quilombo
478:capoeira
470:capoeira
463:colonial
407:Palmares
395:Palmares
350:mocambos
335:colonial
298:quilombo
279:Palmares
275:mocambos
229:Africans
189:such as
166:palenque
116:war camp
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75:quilombo
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1809:Brazil
1798:Matawai
1750:Jamaica
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1442:4 April
1420:4 April
625:brothel
474:dragoon
314:kilombo
248:History
238:tobacco
207:kilombo
185:-based
183:African
179:Spanish
154:In the
149:Ambundu
145:mocambo
138:maroons
136:, were
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201:Origin
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1778:Aluku
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1080:JSTOR
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758:JSTOR
689:Zambo
513:coins
456:Dutch
452:Zumbi
354:towns
331:Dutch
319:Many
234:sugar
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1539:ISSN
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